1 Volume 22 2023 e237543 Original Article Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8667543 1 Dentistry School, ATITUS Educação, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. Corresponding author: Lilian Rigo Dentistry School, ATITUS Educação, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. Major João Schell, 1121, Annes, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; ZIP Code: 99020-020 E-mail: lilian.rigo@atitus.edu.br Editor: Dr. Altair A. Del Bel Cury Received: November 13, 2021 Accepted: September 29, 2022 Impact of xerostomia and the use of dental prosthesis on the quality of life of elderly: a cross-sectional study Larissa Steilmann Demarchi1 , Mayara Trapp Vogel1 , Gabrielle Haubert1 , Lilian Rigo1,* Aim: To evaluate the impact of xerostomia, edentulism, use of dental prosthesis, and presence of chronic diseases on quality of life in relation to oral health in institutionalized elderly individuals. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was administered containing the following instruments: Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), which measures the quality of life related to oral health; the Summated Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire (SXI-PL) for evaluation of xerostomia, sociodemographic data, clinical description, and patient-reported factors was assessed (edentulism, use of dental prostheses, and chronic diseases). Results: Most elderly individuals did not have any teeth in their mouths and used dental prosthesis. The impact on quality of life, considering the mean of the OHIP-14 scores, was positive in 58.3% of the elderly. Those who used a dental prosthesis were three times more likely to have their oral health negatively impacted (OR=3.09; 95%CI =1.17 8.11), compared to those who did not use, and individuals with xerostomia were more likely to have their oral health negatively impacted (OR=1.57; 95%CI=1.25-1.98) compared to those without xerostomia. There was no difference in the quality of life of individuals with and without chronic diseases. Conclusions: The feeling of dry mouth and use of dental prostheses negatively impacted the quality of life in relation to oral health of the elderly. Keywords: Xerostomia. Quality of life. Oral health. Aged. Chronic diseases. Aging. Dental prosthesis. Drug utilization. Mouth, edentulous. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-6214 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0370-0048 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-8446 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3725-3047 2 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 Introduction Aging of the global population is becoming increasingly evident. The increase in peo- ple’s life expectancy can be attributed to socioeconomic development, advances in science, improvements in healthcare, and a greater focus on health promotion1,2. Thus, with an increase in life expectancy, there is also an increase in the number of institutionalized elderly people3. However, the aging process brings with it the issue of frailty in the elderly, a complex condition that affects their social, psychological, physical, and cognitive domains, increasing society’s concern regarding the health of this rising population3. Aging has some consequences, such as an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD’s), which can negatively impact the quality of life of these individuals4,5. In addition to NCD’s, there are more chances of appearance of several lesions in the oral mucosa, which can arise from the absence of natural teeth, or can be manifesta- tions of chronic oral diseases, oral infections, or other factor6. Some oral manifestations affect the elderly and generate feelings of discomfort. Xero- stomia, a prevalent condition, is defined as a subjective sensation of dry mouth and is often associated with hypofunction of the salivary gland7. Most of the time, xero- stomia causes discomfort in the oral mucosa and lesions in hard and soft tissues of the mouth, leading to inflammation, such as stomatitis, fissured tongue, glossitis, angular cheilitis, mucositis, stomatodynia (burning sensation), aphthous and ulcer- ative lesions, traumatic ulcerations, chapped lips, tongue without papillae, and diffi- culty in using prostheses8-10. It is unquestionable that these comorbidities represent a problem for global public health, reflecting on the quality of life and general health of the population4. There is, hence, a growing concern regarding the quality of life across various dimensions. Limitations of life concerning age are part of the physiological pro- cess, among which changes in the oral cavity stand out, which can cause poorer quality of food, social isolation, and dissatisfaction with life, among others11. Some studies have reported a direct relationship between oral health and quality of life; for example, when an individual’s oral health is impaired, the quality of life will often also be affected12-14. Subjective perceptions of the amount of saliva in the mouth and the experience of speaking difficulty affected the quality of life in patients with xerostomia13. Dental prosthesis and edentulism negatively impacted the oral health of the elderly5,12. The hypothesis of this research is that edentulism, the use of dental prosthesis, and the presence of chronic diseases and xerostomia have a negative impact on the qual- ity of life of the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of xerostomia, edentulism, use of dental prosthesis, and presence of chronic diseases on the quality of life about oral health in institutionalized elderly aged 70 years or older. 3 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 Materials and Methods Study design and sample Our research work was previously submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of Faculty IMED and approved under number 2.711.544, CAAE 90966718.0.0000.5319. This scientific article was written in accordance with the report of STROBE (Strength- ening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology)15. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020. The sampling was of the non-probabilistic type, consisting of interviews with the institutionalized elderly liv- ing in the seven nursing homes in the southern Brazil municipality (Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul). The following inclusion criteria were employed: elderly aged 70 years or older, absence of neurological disease, and the possibility of answering the research questionnaire (not be illiterate). The strategy to select the sample was based on the total number of elderly residents of the twelve Long-stay Institutions for the Elderly in the municipality. The total number of institutionalized elderlies in these institutions was 300, however, only 202 elderly people met the inclusion criteria of this study. Of these, 46 refused to participate in the research, and the final sample consisted of 156 individuals. Data collection instruments For data collection, a questionnaire was used to address the following parameters: sex, age, presence of diabetes, depression or anxiety, hypertension, rheumatoid arthri- tis, or other chronic diseases; edentulism; use of dental prostheses; self-reported xerostomia; and impact of quality of life-related to oral health. For the geriatric quality of life associated with oral health, the Oral Health Impact Profile instrument, in its reduced version (OHIP-14)16,17, was used, containing ques- tions related to the last four weeks, divided into seven dimensions: 1. Functional limitations (Have you had trouble pronouncing any words because of problems with your teeth, mouth or dentures?; Have you felt that your sense of taste has wors- ened because of problems with your teeth, mouth or dentures?); 2. Physical pain (Have you had painful aching in your mouth?; Have you found it uncomfortable to eat any foods because of problems with your teeth, mouth, or dentures?); 3. Psy- chological discomfort (Have you felt self-conscious because of problems with your teeth, mouth or dentures?; Have you felt tense because of problems with your teeth, mouth, or dentures?); 4. Physical disability (Has your diet been unsatisfactory because of problems with your teeth, mouth or dentures?; Have you had to interrupt meals because of problems with your teeth, mouth, or dentures?); 5. Psychological disability (Have you found it difficult to relax because of problems with your teeth, mouth or dentures?; Have you been a bit embarrassed because of problems with your teeth, mouth, or dentures?); 6. Social disability (Have you been a bit irritable with other people because of problems with your teeth, 4 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 mouth or dentures?; Have you had difficulty doing your usual jobs because of prob- lems with your teeth, mouth, or dentures?); and 7. Social Handicap (Have you been a bit irritable with other people because of problems with your teeth, mouth, or dentures?; Have you had difficulty doing your usual jobs because of problems with your teeth, mouth or den- tures? The answer options were never, hardly ever, occasionally, fairly often, or very often. Subsequently, scores were assigned to each answer: never = 0, hardly ever = 1, occasionally = 2, fairly often = 3, and very often = 416,17. To check the self-reported xerostomia, a short version of the Xerostomia Inven- tory (Xerostomia Inventory) was used as designed by Thomson et al.18. The Sum- mated Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire (SXI-PL) was validated in the Por- tuguese version and was used to check for dry mouth sensation in the Brazilian population19. It was composed of five questions, with each item having four pos- sible answers (never, occasionally, frequently, always): “Do you feel dry mouth during meals?”, “Do you feel dry mouth?”, “Do you have difficulty eating dry foods?” , “Do you have difficulty swallowing certain foods?”, “Do your lips feel dry”? The responses had values of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, which when added together, generated a score ranging from 5 to 20; the higher the value, greater the severity of xerostomia. First, a pilot test was carried out with 10 participants, similar to definitive research, making it possible to train the researcher in data -collection and guide the application of the questionnaire to the elderly, thus minimizing bias. Variables in the study For this research, the outcome variable was “impact of oral health on quality of life”, according to OHIP-14 values16,17, which was dichotomized in the presence and absence of impact on quality of life, with at least one answer meaning presence, such as “occasionally”, “fairly often”, or “very often”, and the answers “never” and “hardly ever” in the two items corresponded to the absence of impact on the quality of life of each The exposure variables analysed were: sex (male/female), age group (70-80 years/81- 90 years), edentulism (yes/no), use of dental prosthesis (yes/no), self-reported xero- stomia (values quantitative - responses with values of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were added together, generating a total score - continuous variable), and presence of chronic dis- eases (yes/no) - all comorbidities: the presence of diabetes, depression or anxiety, high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic diseases were combined in this variable. Data analysis For data analysis, all variables were descriptively analyzed accordingly. The Pear- son’s chi-square test (p <0.05), a univariate analysis, was performed between the outcome and exposure variables. Logistic models were also used for bivariate and multivariate regression tests with the associated variables (p <0.20). In the mul- tivariate analysis, odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals 5 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 were estimated, both crude and adjusted for exposure variables in a binary logistic regression model (p-value <0.05) and were reported accordingly. The data were ana- lyzed using the statistical program IBM SPSS® software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0, Armonk, NY, USA). Results The study included 156 participants who completed the questionnaires. Table 1 shows the descriptive results of the elderly, most of whom were women (64.1%), with a mean age of 80 years old (± 10.5). Regarding chronic diseases, most of the elderly reported having depression and/or anxiety (45.5%), 41% hypertension, 22.4% diabe- tes, 21.2% heumatoid arthritis, and 46.2% reported having another disease(s), except those mentioned. Regarding chronic diseases, 86.5% of the elderly had at least one comorbidity. More than half (51.3%) used some type of dental prosthesis, (complete dental prostheses to fixed rehabilitation) and 25.6% did not have any teeth in their mouth (edentulism). Table 1. Description of demographic variables, diseases chronic, and oral conditions, southern Brazil municipality, 2020. (n = 156). Variables n % Sex Feminine 100 64.1 Male 56 35.9 Age 70-80 years 88 56.4 81-97 years 68 43.6 Diabetes No 121 77.6 Yes 35 22.4 Depression / anxiety No 85 54.5 Yes 71 45.5 Hypertension No 92 59.0 Yes 64 41.0 Rheumatoid arthritis No 123 78.8 Yes 33 21.2 Other diseases No 84 53.8 Yes 72 46.2 Continue 6 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 Continuation Edentulism Yes 40 25.6 No 116 74.4 Dental prosthesis Yes 80 51.3 No 76 48.7 Table 2, which refers to the questions of the Xerostomia Inventory, shows that 56.4% of the elderly did not report dry mouth when eating a meal; however, 37.8% reported that their mouth frequently felt dry. When asked about the difficulty when eating dry foods, 55.1% reported not having any difficulties, and 9% reported frequently encoun- tering difficulties while eating dry foods. Regarding dry lips, a significant number (23.1%) of the elderly reported that their lips were always dry. For the prevalence of self-reported xerostomia, all answers were either “frequently” or “always” for the five questions in the questionnaire, resulting in a prevalence of 18.5%. Table 2. Xerostomia Inventory Data - Summated Xerostomia Inventory-5 (SXI-PL) - of institutionalized elderly, southern Brazil municipality, 2020. (n = 156). Variables n % 1. My mouth feels dry when eating a meal Never 88 56.4 Occasionally 43 27.6 Frequently 9 5.8 Always 16 10.3 2. My mouth feels dry Never 58 37.2 Occasionally 59 37.8 Frequently 13 8.3 Always 26 16.7 3. I find it difficult to eat dry food Never 86 55.1 Occasionally 48 30.8 Frequently 7 4.5 Always 15 9.6 4. I have difficulty swallowing certain foods Never 101 64.7 Occasionally 41 26.3 Frequently 6 3.8 Always 8 5.1 Continue 7 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 Continuation 5. I feel my lips dry Never 50 32.1 Occasionally 63 40.4 Frequently 7 4.5 Always 36 23.1 When analysing the measures of central tendency of the scores of the Reduced Xero- stomia Inventory-5 (SXI-PL), an overall average of self-reported xerostomia of 8.5 was observed. Regarding the means, standard deviation, minimum and maximum quality of life, and the seven dimensions of the OHIP-14 questionnaire, the average quality of life was 1.26 (± 1.13), whose domain was physical pain, which most negatively impacted the quality of life, having a value of 2.21 (± 2.08) (Table 3). Table 3. Descriptive statistics of the scores of the five dimensions and self-reported total xerostomia Summated Xerostomia Inventory-5 (SXI-PL) and the negative impact of oral health on quality of life related to oral health and the seven domains (OHIP-14) of the elderly, southern Brazil municipality, 2020 (n = 156). Minimum Maximum Average Standard deviation 1. Dry mouth when eating meal 1 4 1.35 0.78 2. Dry mouth 1 4 1.58 1.00 3. Difficulty eating dry foods 1 4 1.65 1.05 4. Difficulty swallowing food 1 4 2.04 1.19 5. Dry lips 1 4 1.82 1.15 Total Xerostomia scores 5 20 8.5 3.80 1. Functional Limitation 0 8 1.10 1.65 2. Physical Pain 0 8 2.21 2.08 3. Psychological Discomfort 0 8 1.77 2.00 4. Physical Disability 0 8 1.18 1.70 5. Psychological Disability 0 7 1.27 1.73 6. Social Disability 0 7 0.63 1.20 7. Social Handicap 0 8 0.65 1.35 OHIP-14 scores 0 7 1.26 1.13 However, in reaction to the impact of oral health on the quality of life of the elderly, it was observed that it was positive in 58.3% of the elderly and negative in 41.7%. To perform the binary logistic regression, all variables that were associated with Pear- son’s chi-square test with p <0.20 were entered in the crude model: sex, age, use of dental prosthesis, edentulism, self-reported xerostomia, and disease chronicles with variable oral health outcomes in quality of life. After multivariate adjustment, the vari- 8 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 ables used for dental prosthesis and self-reported xerostomia remained significant (p<0.05), with the other variables losing their association in the final adjusted model of the multivariate regression analysis (Table 4). Elderly people who use a dental pros- thesis are 3.09 times (OR = 3.09; 95% CI 1.17-8.11) more likely to have a negative impact on oral health, and those with self-reported xerostomia were 1.57 times, more likely to have a negative impact on oral health (OR = 1.57; 95% CI 1.25-1.98). Table 4. Bivariate (crude) and multivariate (adjusted) binary logistic regression model for the impact of oral health on oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-14) of institutionalized elderly, southern Brazil municipality, 2020. Crude OR (95% CI) p-value * Adjusted OR (95% CI) p-value ** Age 70 to 80 1 0.029 1 81 to 97 2.22 (1.08-4.55) 0.73 (0.24-2.25) 0.596 Sex Male 1 0.116 Feminine 1.63 (0.88-2.99) - - Use of dental prosthesis No 1 0.001 1 <0.001 Yes 3.50 (1.70-7.21) 3.09 (1.17-8.11) Edentulism No 1 0.036 1 0.967 Yes 2.09 (1.05-4.17) 1.02 (0.34-3.01) Chronic diseases No 1 0.091 1 Yes 2.23 (0.88-5.69) 2.92 (0.62-5.88) 0.252 Self-reported Xerostomia 1.60 (1.29-1.99) <0.001 1.57 (1.25-1.98) 0.022 * Chi-square test; ** Wald test (p <0.05 - statistically significant) OR - Chance Ratio; 95% CI - 95% confidence interval % - Frequency-percentage Adjusted for the variables: age group, sex, use of dental prosthesis, edentulism, chronic diseases, and self- reported xerostomia (p <0.05). Discussion This study evaluated the impact of certain conditions on the quality of life of institu- tionalized elderly people, and it was found that xerostomia and usage of dental pros- thesis had a negative impact on their quality of life in relation to oral health. This study revealed that individuals who have self-reported xerostomia are 1.57 times more likely to have a negative impact on their oral health. In a study of 566 patients from a dental clinic, patients with xerostomia had worse quality of life 9 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 scores than those without xerostomia19. In another study of 2,209 New Zealanders aged 75 and over, quality of life was worse in individuals with xerostomia20. Stud- ies report problems that individuals affected by xertostomia may have: dysgeusia, dysphagia, dysphonia, masticatory efficiency reduction, nutritional inadequacy, can- didiasis, oral lesions and ulcerations, atrophic tongue, dental caries, periodontal dis- eases, halitosis, loss of denture retention21-26. Although the purpose of this study was not to verify the association between xerosto- mia and oral problems, there is much evidence to support this relationship. Lesions in the hard and soft tissues of the mouth, which many patients report as causing dis- comfort and pain, are common in patients with xerostomia, due to dryness on the sur- face of the tongue, palate, oral floor, and mucosa15,21,27. The xerostomia scores in this study were high, consistent with other studies13,19,24,28-31. In the present study, 45.5% of the elderly have depression or anxiety. With the growth of the elderly population, the number of chronic physical and behavioural diseases increases and, consequently, the use of continuous medication. Thus, it may be that the use of continuous medi- cation for anxiety/depression or other diseases by the elderly has contributed to the prevalence of xerostomia. In the present study, having one or more chronic diseases and quality of life were not found to be associated with oral health in the elderly. It is emphasized that, often, an increase in life expectancy and longevity occurs with the increase in the preva- lence of chronic diseases32. Currently, longevity is an achievement of human beings; however, the high prevalence of chronic diseases is associated with the ability to live longer33. Statistics show that between 80 to 85% of the elderly aged 65 years or older have at least one chronic medical condition34. The prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity, especially in the elderly, is high and may lead to, above all, a poor quality of life30,35,36. Regarding the use of dental prostheses, it was found in the present study that the elderly are three times more likely to experience a negative impact on their oral health. This result corroborates that of a study by Masood et al.37, conducted in 1,277 elderly people in the United Kingdom, in which the use of total prosthesis negatively impacted oral health, and prosthetic wearers were twice as likely to have functional limitations, physical discomfort, and psychological discomfort than non-users. Other studies have also reported an association between the use of den- tal prostheses and worse quality of life5,38,39. One of the ziggest consequences of poor oral health is edentulism12,40. Data from the National Oral Health Survey (SB Brazil)41 showed that the characteristic of not having any teeth was common in many elderly people in the country, with a rate of 53.7%. In the present study, even though the prevalence of total edentulism patients is lower (25.6%) than that in the national survey, it is still quite high. In interpreting the results, it should be taken into account that the quality of the dental prosthesis and the masticatory efficiency were not evaluated in this study, which could influence the impact on quality of life. Dental prostheses are not always ideal, so many individuals are not satisfied with the clin- ical effects of their dentures, due to deficiencies in feeding and speech, discomfort, poor retention, and stability42. In addition, dental care is not offered to institutional- ized elderlies in the municipality investigated in the present research. 10 Demarchi et al. Braz J Oral Sci. 2023;22:e237543 It is important to highlight and recognise the limitations of the present study. One of the limitations is the fact that the study was not population-based, and therefore, the results cannot be generalised for the population of this age in the city. However, this limitation does not invalidate the present study. The study raises unique ques- tions because the institutionalised population represents an often-forgotten contin- gent. Besides, another limitation was the lack of information about the quality of the prosthesis and the evaluation of masticatory efficiency. We also point out as lim- itation, the absence of data on income, education, and knowledge of oral health by the elderly. Increasing age, low education, ethnicity, low income, lack of knowledge about oral health has a negative impact on oral health-related quality of life among the elderly43. Thus, the relevance of the quality of life of institutionalized elderlies is clear. It is also essential to carry out further studies on this condition, as it frequently presents itself in the elderlies, since there is a general increase in life expectancy and the geriatric contingent is increasingly on the rise. Future research is encouraged, with a larger sample and from other locations, aiming at a greater understanding of the factors that contribute to the quality of life in relation to oral health. In conclusion, self-reported xerostomia and the use of dental prostheses negatively affected the quality of life with the oral health of the elderly, and people who have these conditions are more likely to have a worse quality of life. Author contribution Larissa Steilmann Demarchi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft. Mayara Trapp Vogel: Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Gabrielle Haubert: Supervision, Project administration. 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