1

Volume 24
2025
e251013

Systematic Review 
and Meta-Analysis

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v24i00.8671013

1 School of Dentistry, Federal 
University of Amazonas (UFAM), 
Manaus, AM, Brazil.

2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical 
Sciences, Federal University of 
Amazonas (UFAM), Brazil.

Corresponding author:  
Larissa Neves Quadros 
Federal University of Amazonas 
(UFAM), School of Dentistry 
Brazil. Avenida Waldemar Pedrosa, 
1539, Praça 14 de janeiro, Manaus, 
AM, 69025-050. 
Fone: (92) 99242-4095 
Email: lissaquadros_@hotmail.com

Editor: Dr. Altair A. Del Bel Cury

Received: September 14, 2022

Accepted: January 18, 2025

Frequency of 
sugar-sweetened food 
consumption among 
Brazilian schoolchildren: 
a scoping review
Larissa Neves Quadros1* , Janete Maria Rebelo 
Vieira1 , Andressa Coelho Gomes1 , Ana Cyra dos 
Santos Lucas2 , Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo1

Aim: To map the available evidence about the frequency 
of consumption of sugary foods among schoolchildren 
enrolled in public and private schools, in urban areas, in Brazil. 
Methods: This scoping review followed the methodological 
procedures established by the Joanna Briggs Institute 
(JBI) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic 
reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews  
(PRISMA-ScR) for its reporting. Studies whose data were 
collected in the last 10 years until July 2021 were included. 
The search was conducted in five electronic databases: 
MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and 
LILACS, and for unpublished studies, the CAPES Theses and 
Dissertations Library. Results: Of the 9.028 studies retrieved 
in the search, 24 were included in the review. The largest 
number of publications is between the years 2011 and 2016. 
Among the sugar-rich foods evaluated, the consumption of 
soft drinks was the most investigated. A high frequency of 
consumption of these foods among schoolchildren was 
observed. Conclusion: This review allowed us to identify 
a high frequency of sugar-sweetened food consumption 
among schoolchildren, and thus contribute to the formulation 
and strengthening of public policies that favor healthier  
eating habits.

Keywords: Sugars. Students. Noncommunicable diseases.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2828-5450
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7125-9082
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-8474
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1174-0579
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-9868


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Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Introduction

Reducing dietary intake of added sugars has been emphasized as a strategy to pre-
vent chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)1. Understanding the risk factors 
for chronic diseases is one of the first steps in developing effective prevention pro-
grams. The etiology of chronic disease is complex and multifactorial. Risk factors 
include age, family history, genetic predisposition, current and lifetime weight, cur-
rent and lifetime physical activity, smoking, alcohol, and diet. Of these risk factors, 
the greatest impact on public health will be made by reducing modifiable risk factors 
such as diet2.

In Brazil, similar to many other countries, the dietary pattern has changed rapidly 
and drastically in the last decades with an increase in the intake of processed foods 
and consequently of saturated fats and simple sugars. Data from the 2008-2009 
national survey3 showed that average energy intake was 7.958 kJ/d (1.902 kcal/d) 
and added sugar accounted for 13% of total energy, exceeding the World Health 
Organization (WHO) recommended value of reducing free sugar intake to less 
than 10% (strong recommendation) and 5% (conditional recommendation) of total 
energy intake1. Thus, the authors concluded that the dietary intake of Brazilians is 
compatible with high risk of obesity and noncommunicable chronic diseases, being 
characterized by high intake of added sugar and saturated fat3. In addition, 68% of 
Brazilian adolescents consume some sweetened beverage daily4.

Prevention and health promotion actions are considered fruitful when targeted at 
the adolescent stage, since during this stage of life the physical, emotional, social, 
and cognitive attributes and skills acquired become the foundation for future life, 
and it is recognized that investments related to adolescent health and well-being 
have repercussions for future generations5. Based on this information, data on ado-
lescent health and its associated factors such as diet are necessary to guide and 
support strategies for this age group5. Moreover, it is important to note that many 
studies in the literature involve only the consumption of sugary drinks, not consid-
ering the participation of other types of foods that have high sugar content in its 
composition, highlighting the usefulness of studies that synthesize consumption 
data on these other foods.

Thus, the present analysis sought to provide an overview of the use and daily fre-
quency of sugary foods and beverages in schoolchildren (children and adolescents), 
presenting epidemiological data and thus contributing to measures that can prevent 
the occurrence of chronic noncommunicable diseases. 

Materials and Methods
A scoping review of the literature was performed, following the methodological pro-
cedures established by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and the Preferred Report-
ing Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews 
(PRISMA-ScR), to report this review6,7. Therefore, with the purpose of exploring 
the types of evidence available on the frequency of consumption of sugary foods 
among Brazilian schoolchildren, verify how the investigations are being conducted 



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Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

and identify the possible gaps in the scientific literature, the scoping review meth-
odology was chosen. The review steps consisted of elaboration of the research 
question, search and survey of studies, selection of studies according to inclusion 
criteria, data extraction, organization and mapping of studies, and presentation of 
results6. The review was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform 
with DOI identification: 10.17605/OSF.IO/6JMZY. 

The research question was established using the PCC strategy, according to the JBI 
methodology, which corresponds to Population (P), Concept (C) and Context (C), rep-
resented by the guiding question: “What is the daily frequency of consumption of sug-
ary foods among schoolchildren in Brazil?”. It is noteworthy that a preliminary search 
was conducted in PROSPERO, MEDLINE (via PubMed), and the Joanna Briggs Insti-
tute Database of Systematics Review and Implementation Reports and no reviews 
with this same guiding question were found. 

Selection Criteria

The inclusion criteria consisted of primary research studies: observational studies 
(cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies) with quantitative 
or qualitative approaches and systematic literature reviews that had their data col-
lected in the last 10 years until July 2021. This time limit was determined consider-
ing the period coinciding with the publication of the “Plano de Ações Estratégicas 
para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) no Brasil  
2011 - 2022”, by the Ministry of Health/ Federal Government8. The document aims 
to establish a plan to confront and mitigate chronic noncommunicable diseases in 
Brazil, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. 

This review selected studies involving schoolchildren aged 6 to 19 years properly 
enrolled in public and private schools in urban areas of Brazil and that had been eval-
uated regarding the frequency of consumption of sugary foods in their daily diet. 
Duplicate studies in more than one database, studies that evaluated the consumption 
of sugar in specific groups with some pathology, disease or syndrome, studies that 
evaluate the energy potential of the diet consumed and studies in which the consump-
tion of sugary foods among schoolchildren was reported by parents and/or guardians 
were excluded. Editorials, letters to editors, book chapters, and conference abstracts 
were also excluded. Regarding language, it was limited to those understood by the 
researchers, represented by English, Portuguese, and Spanish. 

Search Methods

The search was conducted in five electronic databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), 
Embase, Web of Science (via Clarivate Analytics), Scopus and LILACS. In addition to 
these, the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of the Coordination for the Improve-
ment of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES Periodicals) was used to search for 
unpublished studies/gray literature. And finally, a manual search through the refer-
ences of the included studies was done to screen for possible additional studies.

The keywords and descriptors were stipulated through discussions among the 
researchers, a consultation with a librarian for assistance, and preliminary searches 



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Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

to identify the keywords that best fit the objective of the study. Three controlled health 
vocabulary tools: Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), Health Sciences Descriptors 
(Decs), and EMTREE (Embase) were also consulted in order to adapt the search strat-
egy for each database. The complete and detailed search strategy for one of the data-
bases used is presented in Appendix 1.

After searching the databases, the studies were exported to the Endnote® reference 
manager for organization and removal of duplicates, proceeding with the selection of 
studies conducted by two reviewers independently. First, the selection was performed 
by evaluating the title and abstract according to the eligibility criteria. Subsequently, 
the selection was made by reading the full texts. In cases of disagreement in both 
steps, these were resolved by mutual agreement between the two reviewers. The 
selection steps were performed using the Rayyan®9 web application. 

Data Extraction and Summary of the Results

The data extraction corresponded to the filling of a table, elaborated with the use of Mic-
rosoft Excel® spreadsheets, also executed independently between two reviewers and 
containing the following fields: Authors, Year of Publication, City of Origin, Objectives, 
Population and Sample Size, Age, Methodology, Outcomes (i.e., the type and quantity of 
sugary foods consumed by Brazilian schoolchildren), and the Main Results. 

After extracting the data, it was possible to explore the bibliographic information and 
perform a more accurate visualization of the studies, providing a descriptive analysis 
of the information collected in order to present an overview of the material surveyed. 
In this step, the results were compiled and presented in tabular and descriptive format 
to map the findings, following the recommendations of the JBI manual6. 

Results
From the database search, 9.028 studies were found. After removing the duplicates, 
7.657 studies remained for analysis of the titles and abstracts and thus, 92 potentially 
eligible studies were kept for full reading.  Of these, 56 articles did not meet the inclu-
sion criteria, 11 were excluded because they corresponded to book chapters, letters 
to editors, and abstracts from scientific conferences, and 6 were excluded because 
access to the full article was not available. Therefore, 19 studies were included at this 
stage10-28. It was succeeded with a search of the references of the included articles, 
which resulted in the addition of 2 more articles29,30. In the gray literature search, 289 
studies were retrieved, however only 3 were deemed eligible and were included31-33, 
resulting in a total of 24 included studies10-33 as shown in the flowchart in Figure 1. 

The frequency of sugar-sweetened food consumption among Brazilian schoolchildren 
was reported in 24 studies, as presented in Table 1. Of these, twenty-two studies had 
their data collected between 2011 and 201610-26,29-33 and two studies between 2017 and 
202127,28. Among the sugary foods evaluated by the studies are: soft drinks, chocolate 
milk, candies such as lollipops and chewing gum, cookies, chocolate, ice cream, milk-
shakes, artificial juices, sweet popcorn, cakes, confectionary foods, and sugar to sweeten. 
Soft drink consumption was the most evaluated among the studies, being present in 
approximately 92% (n = 22)10-12,14-23,25-33, of the publications included in this review.



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Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

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Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

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on

th
. 

In
ta

ke
 o

f s
of

t d
rin

ks
, 

fr
ui

ts
 a

nd
 v

eg
et

ab
le

s,
 

an
d 

cu
rr

en
t a

lc
oh

ol
 u

se
.  

So
ft

 d
rin

k 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
w

as
 c

on
si

de
re

d 
hi

gh
 if

 
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s 
re

po
rt

ed
 d

ai
ly

 
us

e.

Da
ily

 c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
of

 s
of

t d
rin

ks
 w

as
 

re
po

rt
ed

 b
y 

47
.6

%
, (

95
%

 C
I: 

45
.1

-5
0.

0)
 o

f 
th

e 
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s.

Co
nt

in
ue



7

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

Ba
rb

os
a 

Fi
lh

o 
et

 a
l.20

 (2
01

4)
Br

az
il 

(2
01

1)

To
 a

na
ly

ze
 th

e 
pr

ev
al

en
ce

 o
f 

ph
ys

ic
al

 in
ac

tiv
ity

, 
se

de
nt

ar
y 

be
ha

vi
or

s,
 

an
d 

un
he

al
th

y 
ea

tin
g 

ha
bi

ts
.

Th
e 

sy
st

em
at

ic
 

re
vi

ew
 c

ou
nt

ed
 

5,
87

2 
po

te
nt

ia
l 

ar
tic

le
s 

an
d 

69
 

w
er

e 
se

le
ct

ed
, 

ac
co

rd
in

g 
to

 th
e 

in
cl

us
io

n 
cr

ite
ria

. 
Th

e 
sa

m
pl

e 
si

ze
 

of
 th

e 
in

cl
ud

ed
 

st
ud

ie
s 

ra
ng

ed
 

fr
om

 1
05

 to
 

60
,9

73
 in

di
vi

du
al

s.

10
 to

 1
9 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Th
e 

se
ar

ch
 s

tra
te

gi
es

 
w

er
e 

bu
ilt

 a
ro

un
d 

th
re

e 
gr

ou
ps

 o
f k

ey
w

or
ds

: 
ris

k 
be

ha
vi

or
s,

 s
am

pl
e 

ty
pe

 a
nd

 n
at

io
na

lit
y.

 
ob

se
rv

at
io

na
l s

tu
di

es
 

sh
ow

in
g 

th
e 

pr
ev

al
en

ce
 

of
 a

t l
ea

st
 o

ne
 o

f t
he

 
be

ha
vi

or
al

 ri
sk

 fa
ct

or
s 

in
cl

ud
ed

 in
 th

e 
re

vi
ew

.

Th
e 

st
ud

ie
s 

th
at

 
ev

al
ua

te
 th

e 
pr

ev
al

en
ce

 
of

 u
nh

ea
lth

y 
ea

tin
g 

ha
bi

ts
 c

on
si

de
rin

g 
fo

od
 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

in
 tw

o 
w

ay
s:

 lo
w

 c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
of

 h
ea

lth
y 

fo
od

s 
(f

ru
its

 
an

d 
ve

ge
ta

bl
es

) o
r h

ig
h 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 u

nh
ea

lth
y 

fo
od

s 
(s

w
ee

ts
, s

of
t d

rin
ks

).  

H
ig

h 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 s
of

t d
rin

ks
 w

as
 

th
e 

m
os

t s
tu

di
ed

 o
ut

co
m

e 
(3

7.
5%

), 
fo

llo
w

ed
 b

y 
hi

gh
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

of
 s

w
ee

ts
 

(3
1.

2%
). 

 T
he

 p
re

va
le

nc
e 

of
 h

ig
h 

so
ft

 
dr

in
k 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

ra
ng

ed
 fr

om
 2

0.
4%

 
to

 7
1.

0%
 a

nd
 8

4.
6%

 o
f t

he
se

 fo
un

d 
pr

ev
al

en
ce

 a
bo

ve
 3

0%
. I

n 
th

e 
10

 s
tu

di
es

 
ex

am
in

in
g 

hi
gh

 c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
of

 s
w

ee
ts

, 
th

e 
pr

ev
al

en
ce

 ra
ng

ed
 fr

om
 2

0.
1%

 to
 

96
.9

%
. F

ou
r o

f t
he

se
 s

tu
di

es
 (4

0%
) 

es
tim

at
ed

 a
 p

re
va

le
nc

e 
of

 h
ig

h 
sw

ee
t 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

ab
ov

e 
50

%
. 

Ba
rb

os
a 

et
 a

l.14
 

 (2
01

6)
Je

qu
ié

, B
A 

(2
01

2)

To
 d

es
cr

ib
e 

he
al

th
 

ris
k 

be
ha

vi
or

s 
of

 h
ig

h 
sc

ho
ol

 s
tu

de
nt

s 
fr

om
 

pu
bl

ic
 s

ch
oo

ls
.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

si
ze

 
w

as
 8

27
 s

tu
de

nt
s 

fr
om

 7
88

 s
ch

oo
ls

 
w

ith
 3

31
 (4

0%
) 

m
al

e 
an

d 
49

6 
(6

0%
) f

em
al

e.

14
 to

 1
9 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l 

po
pu

la
tio

n-
ba

se
d 

st
ud

y 
w

ith
 s

im
pl

e 
ra

nd
om

 
sa

m
pl

in
g.

 A
 v

al
id

at
ed

 
qu

es
tio

nn
ai

re
 w

as
 u

se
d 

fo
r s

oc
io

de
m

og
ra

ph
ic

 
re

se
ar

ch
, p

hy
si

ca
l 

ac
tiv

ity
, e

at
in

g 
ha

bi
ts

, 
to

ba
cc

o 
us

e,
 a

nd
 

al
co

ho
l c

on
su

m
pt

io
n.

W
ee

kl
y 

fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
of

 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 fr
ie

d 
fo

od
s,

 s
w

ee
ts

 a
nd

 s
of

t 
dr

in
ks

, f
ru

its
 a

nd
 n

at
ur

al
 

ju
ic

es
 a

nd
 v

eg
et

ab
le

s.
 

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 s

w
ee

ts
 

an
d 

so
ft

 d
rin

ks
 th

re
e 

or
 

m
or

e 
da

ys
 a

 w
ee

k 
w

as
 

co
ns

id
er

ed
 a

 b
ad

 h
ab

it.

Th
e 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 s

w
ee

ts
/s

of
t d

rin
ks

 
w

as
 c

on
si

de
re

d 
in

ap
pr

op
ria

te
 in

 5
5.

8%
 

an
d 

60
.6

%
 in

 th
e 

m
al

e 
an

d 
fe

m
al

e 
se

xe
s,

 
re

sp
ec

tiv
el

y.

Br
ito

32
 (2

01
6)

Te
re

si
na

, P
I 

(2
01

5)

To
 in

ve
st

ig
at

e 
th

e 
re

la
tio

ns
hi

p 
be

tw
ee

n 
di

et
 a

nd
 d

en
ta

l 
ca

rie
s 

in
 a

do
le

sc
en

ts
 

w
ith

 h
ig

h 
su

ga
r 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

in
 th

e 
ch

ild
ho

od
.

In
 th

e 
fir

st
 p

ha
se

 
of

 th
e 

st
ud

y, 
22

0 
st

ud
en

ts
 fr

om
 

th
re

e 
to

 fi
ve

 y
ea

rs
 

w
er

e 
ex

am
in

ed
. 

Af
te

r 1
0 

ye
ar

s,
 

a 
re

sp
on

se
 ra

te
 

of
 8

0%
 o

f t
he

 
in

iti
al

 s
am

pl
e 

w
as

 
ob

ta
in

ed
. O

f t
he

 
17

6 
re

-e
xa

m
in

ed
, 

61
.4

%
 w

er
e 

fe
m

al
e.

13
 to

 1
5 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Co
ho

rt
 s

tu
dy

 w
ith

 
sc

ho
ol

ch
ild

re
n 

fr
om

 
a 

pr
iv

at
e 

ed
uc

at
io

na
l 

in
st

itu
tio

n.
 T

he
 

pa
rt

ic
ip

an
ts

 c
om

pl
et

ed
 

a 
Fo

od
 F

re
qu

en
cy

 
Q

ue
st

io
nn

ai
re

 (F
FQ

). 

Da
ily

 c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
of

 
ex

tr
in

si
c 

su
ga

r, 
w

hi
ch

 
w

as
 c

on
si

de
re

d 
as

 
ze

ro
 (0

), 
w

he
n 

th
e 

fo
od

 
w

as
 n

ot
 c

on
su

m
ed

; t
he

 
fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

op
tio

n 
“o

nc
e 

a 
da

y”
 a

s 
a 

va
lu

e 
on

e 
(1

) 
an

d 
w

en
t t

o 
tra

ns
fo

rm
 

th
e 

ot
he

r o
pt

io
ns

 
in

to
 d

ai
ly

 fr
eq

ue
nc

ie
s 

pr
op

or
tio

na
lly

. T
he

 v
ar

ia
bl

e 
w

as
 c

at
eg

or
iz

ed
 in

to
 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

≤6
x 

pe
r d

ay
 

an
d 

>6
 ti

m
es

 p
er

 d
ay

.

Th
e 

nu
m

be
r a

nd
 p

er
ce

nt
ag

e 
of

 s
tu

de
nt

s 
w

ho
 c

on
su

m
ed

 c
of

fe
e,

 te
a,

 m
ilk

 w
ith

 
su

ga
r; 

fr
ui

t v
ita

m
in

s 
w

ith
 s

ug
ar

; s
of

t 
dr

in
ks

, n
at

ur
al

/a
rt

ifi
ci

al
 ju

ic
e 

w
ith

 
su

ga
r; 

ch
oc

ol
at

e;
 c

an
di

es
, c

he
w

in
g 

gu
m

, l
ol

lip
op

s;
 s

w
ee

t o
r fi

lle
d 

co
ok

ie
s 

an
d 

sw
ee

t c
ak

e 
w

er
e:

10
7 

(6
0.

8%
), 

98
 

(5
5.

7%
), 

14
2 

(8
0.

7%
), 

16
5 

(9
3.

8%
), 

16
7 

(9
4.

9%
), 

16
5 

(9
3.

8%
), 

15
1 

(8
5.

8%
),1

40
 

(7
9.

5%
), 

re
sp

ec
tiv

el
y.

 T
he

 a
na

ly
si

s 
of

 th
e 

fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
of

 s
ug

ar
-ri

ch
 fo

od
s 

sh
ow

ed
 

th
at

 5
0%

 o
f t

he
 s

ch
oo

lc
hi

ld
re

n 
co

ns
um

e 
m

or
e 

th
an

 6
 ti

m
es

 d
ai

ly.

Co
nt

in
ue



8

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

Ca
rm

o 
et

 a
l.21

 
(2

01
8)

Sã
o 

Lu
ís

, 
M

A 
(J

an
ua

ry
 

20
14

 a
nd

 
Ju

ly
 2

01
6)

.

To
 e

st
im

at
e 

th
e 

as
so

ci
at

io
n 

be
tw

ee
n 

ad
de

d 
su

ga
r c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

an
d 

ch
ro

ni
c 

or
al

 
di

se
as

e 
bu

rd
en

 in
 

ad
ol

es
ce

nt
s.

St
ud

en
ts

 e
nr

ol
le

d 
in

 1
3 

pu
bl

ic
 h

ig
h 

sc
ho

ol
s.

 T
he

 
fin

al
 s

am
pl

e 
w

as
 

co
m

po
se

d 
of

 
40

5 
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s,
 

44
.4

%
 w

er
e 

m
al

e 
an

d 
55

.6
%

 w
er

e 
fe

m
al

e.

17
 to

 1
8 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Ob
se

rv
at

io
na

l a
nd

 
an

al
yt

ic
al

 c
ro

ss
-s

ec
tio

na
l 

st
ud

y c
on

si
de

rin
g 

th
e 

pa
th

w
ay

s 
of

 
ob

es
ity

 a
nd

 s
ys

te
m

ic
 

in
fla

m
m

at
io

n 
th

ro
ug

h 
st

ru
ct

ur
al

 e
qu

at
io

n 
m

od
el

in
g.

  T
hr

ee
-s

ta
ge

 
co

m
pl

ex
 ra

nd
om

 
sa

m
pl

in
g 

pr
oc

ed
ur

e 
w

as
 p

er
fo

rm
ed

. A
 fo

od
 

fre
qu

en
cy

 q
ue

st
io

nn
ai

re
 

w
as

 u
se

d 
to

 id
en

tif
y 

ad
de

d 
su

ga
rs

.  

A 
la

te
nt

 v
ar

ia
bl

e 
na

m
ed

 
ad

de
d 

su
ga

r c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
w

as
 c

om
po

se
d 

of
 th

e 
fo

llo
w

in
g 

fo
od

s:
 c

an
di

es
, 

so
ft

 d
rin

ks
, c

oo
ki

es
 a

nd
 

ch
oc

ol
at

es
.  

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

w
as

 o
bt

ai
ne

d 
by

 
m

ul
tip

ly
in

g 
th

e 
w

ee
kl

y 
(0

 
to

 7
 ti

m
es

 p
er

 w
ee

k)
 a

nd
 

da
ily

 (1
 to

 6
 ti

m
es

 p
er

 d
ay

) 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

fo
r 

ea
ch

 fo
od

.

Re
ga

rd
in

g 
th

e 
fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

of
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

of
 s

of
t d

rin
ks

, 3
3%

 o
f t

he
 s

tu
de

nt
s 

re
po

rt
ed

 c
on

su
m

in
g 

th
em

 th
re

e 
or

 m
or

e 
da

ys
 a

 w
ee

k,
 w

hi
le

 fo
r t

he
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

of
 s

w
ee

ts
 th

is
 p

er
ce

nt
ag

e 
w

as
 5

2.
8%

.

D’
Av

ila
 e

t a
l.10

 
(2

01
6)

Fl
or

ia
nó

po
lis

, 
SC

 
(S

ep
te

m
be

r 
20

12
 to

 J
un

e 
20

13
)

To
 e

va
lu

at
e 

th
e 

as
so

ci
at

io
n 

be
tw

ee
n 

di
et

, p
hy

si
ca

l a
ct

iv
ity

, 
an

d 
so

ci
oe

co
no

m
ic

 
fa

ct
or

s 
w

ith
 b

od
y 

fa
t 

pe
rc

en
ta

ge
.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

co
ns

is
te

d 
of

 2
,5

06
 

st
ud

en
ts

 (1
,1

72
 

m
al

es
 a

nd
 1

,3
34

 
fe

m
al

es
) f

ro
m

 
pu

bl
ic

 (n
=1

9)
 a

nd
 

pr
iv

at
e 

(n
=1

1)
 

sc
ho

ol
s.

7 
to

 1
4 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

 
w

ith
 a

 p
ro

ba
bi

lis
tic

 
sa

m
pl

e.
 T

he
 F

oo
d 

Q
ue

st
io

nn
ai

re
 o

f t
he

 
Pr

ev
io

us
 D

ay
 (Q

UA
DA

), 
ve

rs
io

n 
3,

 w
as

 a
pp

lie
d.

Fo
od

s 
be

lo
ng

in
g 

to
 th

e 
ris

k 
gr

ou
p 

(c
ho

co
la

te
 m

ilk
, 

ju
ic

es
, s

of
t d

rin
ks

, s
w

ee
ts

, 
in

du
st

ria
liz

ed
 s

na
ck

s,
 

po
ta

to
 fr

en
ch

 fr
ie

s,
 a

nd
 

fa
st

 fo
od

 s
na

ck
s)

.

Th
e 

fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
of

 s
tu

de
nt

s 
co

ns
um

in
g 

ris
ky

 fo
od

s 
in

ap
pr

op
ria

te
ly

 (>
3 

tim
es

 p
er

 
da

y)
 w

as
 4

0.
5%

.

Do
 C

ar
m

o 
 

et
 a

l.23
 (2

01
6)

Be
lo

 
H

or
iz

on
te

, 
M

G
 (2

01
3)

To
 e

va
lu

at
e 

fo
od

 
fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

an
d 

nu
tr

iti
on

al
 s

ta
tu

s 
am

on
g 

st
ud

en
ts

 
ac

co
rd

in
g 

to
 

pa
rt

ic
ip

at
io

n 
in

 
th

e 
Bo

ls
a 

Fa
m

íli
a 

Pr
og

ra
m

.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

co
ns

is
te

d 
of

 3
19

 
st

ud
en

ts
, w

ith
 

56
.4

%
 m

al
e 

an
d 

43
.6

%
 fe

m
al

e.

Av
er

ag
e:

 8
.6

 
to

 1
1.

9 
ye

ar
s.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l 

st
ud

y.
 C

on
gl

om
er

at
e 

sa
m

pl
in

g 
w

as
 u

se
d 

in
 

tw
o 

st
ag

es
 a

cc
or

di
ng

 
to

 th
e 

re
gi

on
s 

of
 th

e 
m

un
ic

ip
al

ity
. F

oo
d 

in
ta

ke
 w

as
 a

ss
es

se
d 

by
 th

e 
Fo

od
 F

re
qu

en
cy

 
Q

ue
st

io
nn

ai
re

 (F
FQ

).

Th
e 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 

ni
ne

 fo
od

s 
in

 th
e 

la
st

 
si

x 
m

on
th

s 
(s

of
t d

rin
ks

, 
ar

tifi
ci

al
 ju

ic
e,

 p
ro

ce
ss

ed
 

sn
ac

ks
, s

tu
ff

ed
 c

oo
ki

es
, 

sw
ee

ts
, f

ru
its

, v
eg

et
ab

le
s,

 
m

ilk
, a

nd
 b

ea
ns

). 
Th

e 
fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

of
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

w
as

 c
la

ss
ifi

ed
 a

s 
re

gu
la

r 
(≥

 5
 ti

m
es

 p
er

 w
ee

k)
 a

nd
 

irr
eg

ul
ar

 (<
 5

 ti
m

es
 p

er
 

w
ee

k)
.

H
ig

h 
pr

ev
al

en
ce

 o
f r

eg
ul

ar
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

of
 s

of
t d

rin
ks

 (3
4.

3%
), 

ar
tifi

ci
al

 ju
ic

e 
(4

9.
5%

) a
nd

 s
w

ee
ts

 (4
0.

3%
). 

Fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
of

 fo
od

 c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
by

 th
e 

st
ud

en
ts

: 
So

ft
 d

rin
ks

 - 
Irr

eg
ul

ar
: 6

5.
7%

, R
eg

ul
ar

: 
34

.3
%

, A
rt

ifi
ci

al
 ju

ic
e 

- I
rr

eg
ul

ar
: 5

0.
5%

, 
Re

gu
la

r: 
49

.5
%

, F
ill

ed
 c

oo
ki

es
 - 

Irr
eg

ul
ar

: 
67

.3
%

, R
eg

ul
ar

: 3
2.

7%
, C

an
dy

: I
rr

eg
ul

ar
: 

59
.7

%
, R

eg
ul

ar
: 4

0.
3%

. Co
nt

in
ue



9

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

Du
ar

te
 J

r e
t a

l.28
 

(2
02

1)
Po

rt
o 

Al
eg

re
, 

RS
 (2

01
9)

To
 v

er
ify

 th
e 

m
ul

tiv
ar

ia
te

 
re

la
tio

ns
hi

ps
 a

m
on

g 
di

et
ar

y 
ha

bi
ts

, 
ca

rd
io

re
sp

ira
to

ry
 

fit
ne

ss
, b

od
y 

m
as

s 
in

de
x 

an
d 

ca
rd

io
m

et
ab

ol
ic

 ri
sk

 
fa

ct
or

s 
in

 c
hi

ld
re

n.

Th
e 

st
ud

y 
po

pu
la

tio
n 

in
cl

ud
ed

 
al

l s
tu

de
nt

s 
fro

m
 fi

rs
t t

o 
fif

th
 

gr
ad

e 
in

 a
 p

ub
lic

 
sc

ho
ol

 (n
=4

80
). 

Th
e 

co
nv

en
ie

nc
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

co
ns

is
te

d 
of

 6
0 

st
ud

en
ts

 (2
7 

bo
ys

 a
nd

 3
3 

gi
rls

).

6 
to

 1
1 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Q
ua

nt
ita

tiv
e 

cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

. F
oo

d 
ha

bi
ts

 w
er

e 
as

se
ss

ed
 

th
ro

ug
h 

th
e 

Fo
od

 
Fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

Su
rv

ey
 o

f 
th

e 
N

at
io

na
l F

oo
d 

an
d 

N
ut

rit
io

n 
Se

cu
rit

y 
Sy

st
em

 (S
IS

VA
N

).

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 u

nh
ea

lth
y 

di
et

ar
y 

fo
od

s 
su

ch
 a

s 
fri

ed
 

sn
ac

ks
, s

w
ee

ts
 a

nd
 c

an
di

es
, 

so
ft 

dr
in

ks
, u

ltr
a-

pr
oc

es
se

d 
sa

lty
 fo

od
s.

 C
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
w

as
 c

la
ss

ifi
ed

 a
s 

fre
qu

en
t 

(m
or

e 
th

an
 fi

ve
 ti

m
es

 p
er

 
w

ee
k)

 a
nd

 in
fre

qu
en

t (
fo

r 
le

ss
 th

an
 fi

ve
 ti

m
es

 p
er

 
w

ee
k)

.

Fo
r t

he
 m

ar
ke

rs
 o

f u
nh

ea
lth

y 
ea

tin
g,

 
48

.3
%

 o
f t

he
 c

hi
ld

re
n 

co
ns

um
ed

 u
ltr

a-
pr

oc
es

se
d 

fo
od

s,
 4

1.
3%

 c
on

su
m

ed
 s

of
t 

dr
in

ks
, 6

9.
2%

 c
on

su
m

ed
 s

w
ee

ts
, a

nd
 

14
.5

%
 fr

ie
d 

sn
ac

ks
.

Fe
rn

an
de

s e
t a

l.11
  

(2
01

5)
DF

 (2
01

4)

To
 e

va
lu

at
e 

th
e 

fo
od

 in
ta

ke
 a

nd
 

so
ci

oe
co

no
m

ic
 

pr
ofi

le
s 

of
 fu

ll-
tim

e 
st

ud
en

ts
 in

 a
 p

ub
lic

 
sc

ho
ol

.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

w
as

 
co

m
po

se
d 

of
 2

2 
st

ud
en

ts
 o

f b
ot

h 
ge

nd
er

s,
 6

3.
6%

 
be

in
g 

m
al

e.

10
 to

 1
2 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

A 
de

sc
rip

tiv
e 

cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

 u
si

ng
 th

e 
24

-h
ou

r r
ec

al
l (

R2
4)

, w
ith

 
in

fo
rm

at
io

n 
on

 fo
od

 a
nd

 
be

ve
ra

ge
s 

in
ge

st
ed

 fr
om

 
th

e 
fir

st
 to

 th
e 

la
st

 m
ea

l, 
an

d 
a 

Fo
od

 F
re

qu
en

cy
 

Q
ue

st
io

nn
ai

re
 (F

FQ
).

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 fo

od
s 

su
ch

 a
s 

fa
st

 fo
od

, s
of

t 
dr

in
ks

, f
ru

its
, v

eg
et

ab
le

s 
an

d 
pa

ck
ag

ed
 s

na
ck

s.
 

Fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
w

as
 c

at
eg

or
iz

ed
 

as
: n

o 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n,
 o

nc
e 

a 
w

ee
k,

 tw
o 

or
 m

or
e 

tim
es

 
a 

w
ee

k,
 o

r d
ai

ly.

Am
on

g 
th

e 
m

os
t c

on
su

m
ed

 d
ai

ly
 fo

od
s 

w
er

e 
sw

ee
ts

, f
ru

its
 a

nd
 s

of
t d

rin
ks

; 
pa

ck
ag

ed
 s

na
ck

s 
tw

o 
or

 m
or

e 
tim

es
 a

 
w

ee
k 

an
d 

“f
as

t f
oo

d”
 o

nc
e 

a 
w

ee
k.

  S
of

t 
dr

in
ks

 w
er

e 
co

ns
um

ed
 tw

o 
or

 m
or

e 
tim

es
 a

 w
ee

k 
by

 5
9.

09
 %

 o
f t

he
 s

tu
de

nt
s 

an
d 

54
.5

5 
%

 c
on

su
m

e 
sw

ee
ts

 d
ai

ly.

Fe
rra

ri27
 (2

01
9)

Ba
rra

 d
os

 
G

ar
ça

s,
 M

T 
(2

01
8)

To
 e

va
lu

at
e 

th
e 

pr
ev

al
en

ce
 o

f 
ex

ce
ss

iv
e 

bo
dy

 
w

ei
gh

t a
nd

 e
at

in
g 

ha
bi

ts
 in

 s
tu

de
nt

s 
of

el
em

en
ta

ry
 s

ch
oo

l. 

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

co
ns

is
te

d 
of

 2
02

 
st

ud
en

ts
 (8

7 
gi

rls
 

an
d 

11
5 

bo
ys

), 
w

ith
 9

8 
fr

om
 

pu
bl

ic
 s

ch
oo

l a
nd

 
10

4 
fr

om
 p

riv
at

e 
sc

ho
ol

.

8 
to

 9
 y

ea
rs

 
ol

d.

N
o 

in
fo

rm
at

io
n 

ab
ou

t 
th

e 
st

ud
y 

de
si

gn
. 

A 
fo

od
 fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

an
d 

ph
ys

ic
al

 a
ct

iv
ity

 
qu

es
tio

nn
ai

re
 w

as
 

ap
pl

ie
d 

(n
ot

 v
al

id
at

ed
).

In
ta

ke
 o

f s
w

ee
ts

, c
an

di
es

 
an

d 
co

nf
ec

tio
ne

ry
, 

as
se

ss
ed

 b
y 

a 
fo

od
 

fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
qu

es
tio

nn
ai

re
.

Th
e 

fo
od

 in
ta

ke
 o

f s
w

ee
ts

 a
nd

 c
an

di
es

 
w

as
 c

on
si

de
re

d 
ex

ce
ss

iv
e,

 w
ith

 
37

.1
3%

 a
nd

 3
9.

11
%

 o
f t

he
 s

tu
de

nt
s 

co
ns

um
in

g 
fr

om
 tw

o 
to

 fo
ur

 d
ay

s 
or

 fi
ve

 
to

 s
ev

en
 d

ay
s,

 re
sp

ec
tiv

el
y.

 A
s 

fo
r t

he
 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 s

of
t d

rin
ks

, 4
9.

5%
 a

nd
 

27
.2

3%
 c

on
su

m
ed

 th
em

 fr
om

 tw
o 

to
 fo

ur
 

da
ys

 a
nd

 fi
ve

 to
 s

ev
en

 d
ay

s,
 re

sp
ec

tiv
el

y.

Li
nh

ar
es

 e
t a

l.12
 

(2
01

8)
M

uc
am

bo
, 

CE
 (2

01
2)

Co
m

pa
re

 th
e 

fo
od

 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 
pu

bl
ic

 a
nd

 p
riv

at
e 

sc
ho

ol
 c

hi
ld

re
n.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

w
as

 
co

m
po

se
d 

of
 9

0 
st

ud
en

ts
, 6

0 
fr

om
 

pu
bl

ic
 s

ch
oo

ls
 

(n
=3

7)
 a

nd
 3

0 
fr

om
 p

riv
at

e 
sc

ho
ol

s 
(n

=1
9)

, 
63

.3
%

 b
ei

ng
 

fe
m

al
e.

9 
to

 1
2 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

De
sc

rip
tiv

e 
cr

os
s-

se
ct

io
na

l s
tu

dy
 u

si
ng

 
a 

Fo
od

 F
re

qu
en

cy
 

Q
ue

st
io

nn
ai

re
 (F

FQ
). 

Th
e 

st
ud

en
ts

 w
er

e 
as

ke
d 

ab
ou

t t
he

ir 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 fo
od

s 
fr

om
 d

iff
er

en
t f

oo
d 

gr
ou

ps
 d

ur
in

g 
th

e 
se

ve
n 

da
ys

 p
rio

r t
o 

th
e 

ap
pl

ic
at

io
n 

of
 th

e 
qu

es
tio

nn
ai

re
.

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 it

em
s 

be
lo

ng
in

g 
to

 th
e 

fo
llo

w
in

g 
gr

ou
ps

: “
m

ilk
 a

nd
 

da
iry

 p
ro

du
ct

s”
, “

m
ea

t 
an

d 
eg

gs
”, 

“f
ru

its
 a

nd
 

ve
ge

ta
bl

es
”, 

“c
er

ea
ls

 a
nd

 
le

gu
m

es
”, 

“f
at

s”
, a

nd
 “s

of
t 

dr
in

ks
 a

nd
 s

na
ck

s”
.

In
 th

e 
“s

of
t d

rin
ks

 a
nd

 s
na

ck
s”

 g
ro

up
, 

th
e 

pr
iv

at
e 

sc
ho

ol
 s

tu
de

nt
s 

re
po

rte
d 

co
ns

um
in

g 
th

es
e 

pr
od

uc
ts

 fo
ur

 o
r 

m
or

e 
da

ys
 a

 w
ee

k.
 T

he
 fr

eq
ue

nc
ie

s 
of

 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 “a
rti

fic
ia

l j
ui

ce
s”

, “
pl

ai
n 

sw
ee

t c
oo

ki
es

/b
is

cu
its

”, 
“c

oo
ki

es
/b

is
cu

its
 

w
ith

 fi
lli

ng
, s

w
ee

ts
, c

ho
co

la
te

 o
r i

ce
 c

re
am

” 
an

d 
“c

hi
ps

” w
er

e 
co

ns
id

er
ed

 m
od

er
at

e,
 

oc
cu

rri
ng

 o
n 

on
e 

to
 th

re
e 

da
ys

, o
r e

ve
n 

no
t a

t a
ll 

du
rin

g 
th

e 
pe

rio
d 

as
se

ss
ed

, b
ut

 
m

os
t p

ub
lic

 s
ch

oo
l s

tu
de

nt
s 

re
po

rte
d 

no
t 

co
ns

um
in

g 
su

ch
 fo

od
s.

Co
nt

in
ue



10

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

Lo
ng

o-
Si

lv
a 

et
 

al
.18

 (2
01

6)
Br

as
il 

(2
01

2)

To
 in

ve
st

ig
at

e 
th

e 
fre

qu
en

cy
 o

f 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 
ob

es
og

en
ic

 fo
od

s 
am

on
g 

ad
ol

es
ce

nt
s 

an
ds

oc
io

de
m

og
ra

ph
ic

, 
fa

m
ily

, b
eh

av
io

ra
l a

nd
 

en
vi

ro
nm

en
ta

l f
ac

to
rs

 
as

so
ci

at
ed

 w
ith

 th
ei

r 
re

gu
la

r c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
ba

se
d 

on
 d

at
a 

fro
m

 
Pe

N
SE

-2
01

2.

Th
e 

st
ud

y 
po

pu
la

tio
n 

co
ns

is
te

d 
of

 
9t

h 
gr

ad
e 

(h
ig

h 
sc

ho
ol

) s
tu

de
nt

s 
at

te
nd

in
g 

pu
bl

ic
an

d 
pr

iv
at

e 
sc

ho
ol

s 
du

rin
g 

th
e 

da
y.

  T
he

 fi
na

l 
sa

m
pl

e 
co

ns
is

te
d 

of
 1

09
,1

04
 

st
ud

en
ts

, w
ith

 a
 

pr
ed

om
in

an
ce

 o
f 

fe
m

al
es

 (5
7.

1%
).

11
 to

 1
9 

ye
ar

s 
or

 o
ld

er
; 

th
e 

la
rg

es
t 

nu
m

be
r 

of
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s 
w

er
e 

yo
un

ge
r 

th
an

 1
4 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d 
(6

8.
4%

).

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

. 
A 

st
ru

ct
ur

ed
 s

el
f-

re
po

rt
 q

ue
st

io
nn

ai
re

 
w

as
 u

se
d.

 F
or

 fo
od

 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n,
 th

e 
va

ria
bl

es
 w

er
e 

ca
te

go
riz

ed
 a

s 
fo

llo
w

s:
 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 3

 o
r 

m
or

e 
da

ys
 a

nd
 2

 o
r 

fe
w

er
 d

ay
s 

in
 th

e 
se

ve
n 

da
ys

 p
rio

r t
o 

th
e 

st
ud

y.

Th
e 

de
pe

nd
en

t v
ar

ia
bl

es
 

w
er

e,
 a

m
on

g 
ot

he
r f

oo
ds

, 
sw

ee
ts

 (c
an

dy
, h

ar
d 

ca
nd

y, 
ch

oc
ol

at
es

, g
um

, a
nd

 
lo

lli
po

p 
st

ic
ks

) a
nd

 s
of

t 
dr

in
ks

.

Th
e 

pr
op

or
tio

n 
of

 s
tu

de
nt

s 
w

ho
 re

gu
la

rly
 

co
ns

um
ed

 s
ug

ar
 s

w
ee

ts
 (6

0.
9%

) a
nd

 
so

ft
 d

rin
ks

 (5
6.

2%
) a

nd
 h

ig
he

r a
m

on
g 

gi
rls

. R
eg

ar
di

ng
 th

e 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 th
e 

in
ve

st
ig

at
ed

 fo
od

 g
ro

up
s 

(f
rie

d 
sn

ac
ks

, 
pa

ck
ag

ed
 s

na
ck

s,
 s

ug
ar

 s
w

ee
ts

 a
nd

 s
of

t 
dr

in
ks

), 
th

e 
pr

op
or

tio
n 

of
 s

tu
de

nt
s 

w
ho

 
co

ns
um

ed
 re

gu
la

rly
 (t

hr
ee

 o
r m

or
e 

da
ys

 
a 

w
ee

k)
 ra

ng
ed

 b
et

w
ee

n 
27

.1
7%

 a
nd

 
65

.9
6%

. T
he

 p
re

va
le

nc
e 

of
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

sw
ee

ts
 s

ev
en

 d
ay

s 
a 

w
ee

k 
w

as
 2

7.
9%

 
fo

r b
ot

h 
ge

nd
er

s 
an

d 
34

%
 fo

r g
irl

s,
 w

hi
le

 
so

da
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

w
as

 1
9.

4%
 fo

r b
ot

h 
ge

nd
er

s.

M
es

si
as

 e
t a

l.16
 

(2
01

6)

Pe
tro

lin
a 

– 
PE

 (A
ug

us
t 

20
13

 to
 J

un
e 

of
 2

01
5)

.

To
 e

va
lu

at
e 

th
e 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 u

ltr
a-

pr
oc

es
se

d 
fo

od
s 

an
d 

fo
od

 c
ol

or
in

g 
ag

en
ts

 
by

 a
do

le
sc

en
ts

 in
 a

 
pu

bl
ic

 s
ch

oo
l.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

w
as

 
co

m
po

se
d 

of
 

st
ud

en
ts

 e
nr

ol
le

d 
in

 th
e 

ye
ar

 2
01

3 
of

 
bo

th
 g

en
de

rs
 (n

 =
 

52
6)

, w
ith

 6
6.

54
%

 
fe

m
al

e.

10
 to

 1
7 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

. 
Th

e 
in

st
ru

m
en

t u
se

d 
to

 e
va

lu
at

e 
fo

od
 in

ta
ke

 
w

as
 th

e 
24

-h
ou

r r
ec

al
l 

(R
24

 h
). 

 T
he

 re
ca

ll 
w

as
 a

pp
lie

d 
in

 tw
o 

in
te

rv
ie

w
s 

(a
 ty

pi
ca

l 
da

y 
- M

on
da

y 
to

 F
rid

ay
, 

an
d 

an
 a

ty
pi

ca
l d

ay
 - 

Sa
tu

rd
ay

, S
un

da
y 

an
d 

ho
lid

ay
).

Th
e 

Co
lle

gi
at

e 
Re

so
lu

tio
n 

(R
DC

) N
o.

 2
4,

 d
at

ed
 J

un
e 

15
, 2

01
0,

 w
as

 u
se

d 
as

 a
 

re
fe

re
nc

e 
to

 c
la

ss
ify

 fo
od

s 
hi

gh
 in

 s
od

iu
m

, s
ug

ar
s 

an
d 

fa
ts

. T
he

 c
la

ss
ifi

ca
tio

n 
fo

r 
fo

od
s 

hi
gh

 in
 s

ug
ar

s 
w

as
 

≥ 
15

 g
 p

er
 1

00
 g

 o
f f

oo
d 

or
 

7.
5 

g 
pe

r 1
00

 m
L)

.

Th
e 

pe
rc

en
ta

ge
 o

f c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
of

 
su

ga
r-r

ic
h 

fo
od

s 
w

as
: p

ow
de

re
d 

ch
oc

ol
at

e 
an

d 
re

ad
y-

m
ad

e 
ch

oc
ol

at
e:

 
Fe

m
al

e:
 8

8 
(2

5.
14

%
), 

M
al

e:
 3

8 
(2

1.
59

%
); 

fil
le

d 
co

ok
ie

s:
 F

em
al

e:
 7

5 
(2

1.
42

%
), 

M
al

e:
 4

2 
(2

3.
86

%
); 

br
ea

kf
as

t c
er

ea
l: 

Fe
m

al
e:

 2
0 

(5
.7

1%
), 

M
al

e:
 1

7 
(9

.6
5%

); 
so

ft
 d

rin
ks

: F
em

al
e:

 1
65

 (4
7.

14
%

), 
M

al
e 

10
7 

(6
0.

79
%

); 
Ic

e 
cr

ea
m

 a
nd

 m
ilk

sh
ak

es
: 

Fe
m

al
e:

 5
8 

(1
6.

57
%

), 
M

al
e:

 1
3 

(7
.3

8%
); 

Ca
nd

y, 
lo

lli
po

ps
, g

um
: F

em
al

e:
 3

9 
(1

1.
14

%
), 

M
al

e:
 1

3 
(7

.3
8%

).

M
ou

ra
31

 (2
01

3)
Cu

ia
bá

, M
T 

(2
01

2)

To
 e

va
lu

at
e 

th
e 

as
so

ci
at

io
n 

be
tw

ee
n 

su
ga

r c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
pa

tte
rn

 a
nd

 th
e 

pr
es

en
ce

 o
f o

ra
l 

ch
an

ge
s.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

in
vo

lv
ed

 1
,1

69
 

st
ud

en
ts

, 5
96

 
(5

0.
9%

) m
al

e 
an

d 
57

3 
(4

9.
1%

) 
fe

m
al

e.

6 
to

 1
2 

ye
ar

s(
av

er
ag

e 
of

 8
.3

 y
ea

rs
).

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

. 
A 

fo
od

 fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
qu

es
tio

nn
ai

re
 w

as
 

ap
pl

ie
d,

 w
ith

 th
e 

fo
od

s 
ch

ar
ac

te
riz

ed
 

ac
co

rd
in

g 
to

 th
e 

fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
co

ns
um

ed
 

w
ith

ou
t e

st
im

at
in

g 
th

e 
qu

an
tit

y.

Th
e 

fo
od

s 
w

ith
 s

ug
ar

 w
er

e 
cl

as
si

fie
d 

in
 c

at
eg

or
ie

s:
 

fo
od

s 
co

nt
ai

ni
ng

 re
te

nt
iv

e 
su

ga
rs

: c
an

di
es

, d
rie

d 
fr

ui
ts

, s
w

ee
ts

 c
on

ta
in

in
g 

su
ga

r, 
je

lli
es

, s
au

ce
s;

 fo
od

s 
co

nt
ai

ni
ng

 s
ta

rc
h 

an
d 

su
ga

r: 
co

ok
ie

s,
 c

er
ea

ls
 

an
d 

in
du

st
ria

liz
ed

 c
ak

es
; 

m
ilk

 a
nd

 d
ai

ry
 p

ro
du

ct
s:

 
ch

oc
ol

at
e 

m
ilk

, y
og

ur
t, 

fla
ns

, c
re

am
s 

an
d 

ic
e 

cr
ea

m
; b

ev
er

ag
es

 w
ith

 
su

ga
r: 

ju
ic

es
 a

nd
 s

of
t 

dr
in

ks
.

A 
hi

gh
 d

ai
ly

 in
ta

ke
 o

f s
ug

ar
s 

an
d 

ca
rb

oh
yd

ra
te

s 
w

as
 o

bs
er

ve
d.

 
Ap

pr
ox

im
at

el
y 

70
%

 (n
=8

07
) o

f t
he

 
re

sp
on

de
nt

s 
re

po
rt

ed
 e

at
in

g 
ch

oc
ol

at
e 

m
ilk

, y
og

ur
t, 

fla
ns

, c
re

am
s,

 a
nd

 ic
e 

cr
ea

m
 e

ve
ry

 d
ay

.

Co
nt

in
ue



11

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

N
ol

l e
t a

l.17
 

(2
01

6)
Po

le
 c

ity
-G

O.
 

(2
01

4)

To
 e

va
lu

at
e 

th
e 

an
th

ro
po

m
et

ric
 

pr
ofi

le
 a

nd
 th

e 
ea

tin
g 

ha
bi

ts
 o

f 
sc

ho
ol

ch
ild

re
n 

fr
om

 
di

ff
er

en
t e

du
ca

tio
na

l 
ne

tw
or

ks
.

A 
to

ta
l o

f 8
27

 h
ig

h 
sc

ho
ol

 s
tu

de
nt

s 
of

 b
ot

h 
ge

nd
er

s 
pa

rt
ic

ip
at

ed
 in

 
th

e 
st

ud
y, 

w
ith

 
40

8 
(4

9.
3%

) m
al

e 
st

ud
en

ts
 a

nd
 4

19
 

(5
0.

7%
) f

em
al

e 
st

ud
en

ts
.

14
 to

 1
9 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l 

po
pu

la
tio

n-
ba

se
d 

st
ud

y.
 

Th
e 

in
st

ru
m

en
t u

se
d 

to
 a

ss
es

s 
ea

tin
g 

ha
bi

ts
 

w
as

 th
e 

de
ve

lo
pe

d 
an

d 
va

lid
at

ed
 q

ue
st

io
nn

ai
re

 
us

ed
 in

 th
e 

N
at

io
na

l 
Su

rv
ey

 o
f S

ch
oo

l H
ea

lth
 

(P
eN

SE
).

Th
e 

fo
od

s 
w

er
e 

di
vi

de
d 

in
to

 tw
o 

gr
ou

ps
: h

ea
lth

y 
ea

tin
g 

m
ar

ke
rs

 a
nd

 
un

he
al

th
y 

ea
tin

g 
m

ar
ke

rs
 

(c
an

di
es

, s
au

sa
ge

s,
 

fr
ie

d 
sn

ac
ks

, p
iz

za
, 

sa
nd

w
ic

he
s 

an
d 

fr
en

ch
 

fr
ie

s,
 s

al
ty

 c
oo

ki
es

 a
nd

 
cr

ac
ke

rs
, s

w
ee

t c
oo

ki
es

 
an

d 
cr

ac
ke

rs
, s

od
a 

an
d 

pr
oc

es
se

d 
ju

ic
e)

.

Th
e 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 s

w
ee

t c
oo

ki
es

, 
ca

nd
ie

s,
 in

du
st

ria
liz

ed
 s

od
as

 a
nd

 
ju

ic
es

, a
nd

 e
ne

rg
y 

dr
in

ks
 w

as
 h

ig
he

r 
th

an
 re

co
m

m
en

de
d.

 T
he

 h
ig

he
st

 
w

ee
kl

y 
fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

(f
iv

e 
da

ys
 o

r m
or

e)
 

fo
r s

w
ee

t c
oo

ki
es

 w
as

 2
0.

1%
, 2

8.
8%

, 
an

d 
18

.8
%

; f
or

 c
an

dy
 w

as
 3

5.
4%

, 
49

.8
%

, a
nd

 4
5.

3%
; f

or
 s

of
t d

rin
ks

 a
nd

 
in

du
st

ria
liz

ed
 ju

ic
es

 w
as

 2
8.

3%
, 4

9.
8%

, 
an

d 
39

.6
%

, f
or

 th
e 

fe
de

ra
l, 

st
at

e,
 a

nd
 

pr
iv

at
e 

ne
tw

or
ks

, r
es

pe
ct

iv
el

y.

Ol
ive

ira
-C

am
po

s  
et

 a
l.26

 (2
01

8)
Br

az
il 

 
(2

01
2-

 2
01

5)

To
 a

na
ly

ze
 tr

en
d 

es
tim

at
es

 o
n 

th
e 

pr
ev

al
en

ce
 o

f r
is

k 
an

d 
pr

ot
ec

tiv
e 

be
ha

vi
or

s 
fo

r c
hr

on
ic

 
no

nc
om

m
un

ic
ab

le
 

di
se

as
es

 in
 

ad
ol

es
ce

nt
s,

 
ac

co
rd

in
g 

to
 d

at
a 

fr
om

 th
e 

20
09

, 2
01

2,
 

an
d 

20
15

 e
di

tio
ns

 o
f 

th
e 

(P
eN

SE
).

Da
ta

 fr
om

 th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

of
 9

th
 

gr
ad

e 
st

ud
en

ts
 

re
si

di
ng

 in
 

Br
az

ili
an

 c
ap

ita
ls

 
w

er
e 

us
ed

.  
In

 
20

15
, 5

1,
19

2 
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s 
w

er
e 

in
te

rv
ie

w
ed

.

Av
er

ag
e 

ag
e:

 
14

 y
ea

rs

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

 
w

ith
 s

ec
on

da
ry

 d
at

a 
fr

om
 P

eN
SE

 fr
om

 th
e 

ye
ar

s 
20

09
, 2

01
2 

an
d 

20
15

*.
 T

he
 s

am
pl

in
g 

pl
an

 w
as

 c
on

du
ct

ed
 

in
 c

on
gl

om
er

at
es

 w
ith

 
st

ag
es

 a
nd

 s
el

ec
tio

n 
w

ith
 p

ro
po

rt
io

na
l 

pr
ob

ab
ili

tie
s.

 S
tu

de
nt

s 
co

m
pl

et
ed

 a
n 

in
di

vi
du

al
 

qu
es

tio
nn

ai
re

.  

* 
In

 th
e 

pr
es

en
t s

co
pi

ng
 

re
vi

ew
, o

nl
y 

da
ta

 fr
om

 
th

e 
20

15
 e

di
tio

n 
w

as
 

us
ed

.

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 s

w
ee

ts
 

(c
an

di
es

, c
ho

co
la

te
, g

um
 

or
 lo

lli
po

ps
) a

nd
 s

of
t 

dr
in

ks
. C

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

w
as

 
co

ns
id

er
ed

 re
gu

la
r f

or
 

st
ud

en
ts

 w
ho

 re
po

rt
ed

 
in

ge
st

in
g 

th
es

e 
ite

m
s 

on
 a

t 
le

as
t fi

ve
 o

f t
he

 s
ev

en
 d

ay
s 

pr
io

r t
o 

da
ta

 c
ol

le
ct

io
n.

Re
gu

la
r c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

(>
5 

da
ys

 a
 w

ee
k 

of
 s

w
ee

ts
 a

nd
 s

of
t d

rin
ks

) w
as

 re
po

rt
ed

 
by

 4
1.

8%
 (4

1.
0 

- 4
2.

5)
 a

nd
 2

8.
8%

 (2
8.

2 
- 

29
.5

) o
f t

he
 s

ch
oo

lc
hi

ld
re

n,
 re

sp
ec

tiv
el

y.

Co
nt

in
ue



12

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

Pa
iv

a 
et

 a
l.24

 
(2

01
8)

Po
ço

s 
de

 
Ca

ld
as

, M
G

 
(2

01
5-

20
16

)

Id
en

tif
y 

BM
I (

bo
dy

 
m

as
s 

in
de

x)
 

an
d 

ev
al

ua
te

 th
e 

re
la

tio
ns

hi
p 

be
tw

ee
n 

bi
oc

he
m

ic
al

 a
na

ly
si

s,
 

an
th

ro
po

m
et

ric
 d

at
a,

 
an

d 
di

et
ar

y 
pa

tte
rn

s.

A 
sa

m
pl

e 
of

 1
04

 
ch

ild
re

n 
w

as
 

ob
ta

in
ed

 fr
om

 a
 

po
pu

la
tio

n 
of

 3
50

 
ch

ild
re

n,
 5

8 
fr

om
 

pu
bl

ic
 s

ch
oo

l a
nd

 
46

 fr
om

 p
riv

at
e 

sc
ho

ol
, a

nd
 5

3.
9%

 
(5

6)
 m

al
e 

an
d 

46
.2

%
 (4

8)
 fe

m
al

e.

6 
to

 1
2 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

. 
Th

e 
ev

al
ua

te
d 

va
ria

bl
es

 
w

er
e 

bi
o-

so
ci

oe
co

no
m

ic
, 

an
th

ro
po

m
et

ric
 d

at
a 

an
d 

ea
tin

g 
ha

bi
ts

 
th

ro
ug

h 
an

 in
te

rv
ie

w
. 

Th
e 

fo
od

 h
is

to
ry

 
co

ns
id

er
ed

 o
ne

 d
ay

 
be

fo
re

 d
at

a 
co

lle
ct

io
n 

an
d 

th
e 

fre
qu

en
cy

 o
f 

fo
od

 c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
in

 
po

rti
on

s 
ov

er
 a

 o
ne

-
w

ee
k 

pe
rio

d 
by

 fe
ed

in
g 

cl
as

si
fic

at
io

n 
ac

co
rd

in
g 

to
 th

e 
Br

az
ili

an
 S

oc
ie

ty
 

of
 P

ed
ia

tri
cs

 (S
BP

).

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

an
d 

po
rt

io
ns

 
of

 b
re

ad
s,

 c
er

ea
ls

, t
ub

er
s 

an
d 

ro
ot

s,
 o

ils
 a

nd
 fa

ts
, 

su
ga

rs
, f

ru
its

, v
eg

et
ab

le
s 

an
d 

le
gu

m
es

, m
ea

t a
nd

 
eg

gs
, m

ilk
, c

he
es

e 
an

d 
yo

gu
rt

, a
nd

 w
at

er
.

Re
ga

rd
in

g 
fo

od
 p

or
tio

ns
, a

n 
ex

ac
er

ba
te

d 
in

ta
ke

 o
f s

ug
ar

s 
w

as
 o

bs
er

ve
d,

 a
t a

ll 
ag

es
, i

n 
bo

th
 p

ub
lic

 a
nd

 p
riv

at
e 

sc
ho

ol
s,

 
w

ith
 a

 v
al

ue
 a

bo
ve

 th
e 

re
co

m
m

en
de

d 
by

 S
BP

.

Pi
nt

o 
et

 a
l.29

 
(2

01
6)

Ri
be

irã
o 

Pr
et

o,
 S

P 
(2

01
3-

20
14

)

To
 d

et
er

m
in

e 
th

e 
pr

ev
al

en
ce

 o
f 

ov
er

w
ei

gh
t a

nd
 

ob
es

ity
 a

nd
 it

s 
as

so
ci

at
io

n 
w

ith
 

di
et

ar
y 

an
d 

be
ha

vi
or

al
 

fa
ct

or
s.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

co
ns

is
te

d 
of

 5
05

 
st

ud
en

ts
, o

f w
hi

ch
 

26
5 

(5
3%

) w
er

e 
m

al
e.

10
 to

 1
6 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l, 

ra
nd

om
iz

ed
 s

tu
dy

 
co

nd
uc

te
d 

in
 1

1 
el

em
en

ta
ry

 s
ch

oo
ls

. 
Da

ta
 w

er
e 

co
lle

ct
ed

 
th

ro
ug

h 
in

te
rv

ie
w

s 
w

ith
 th

e 
se

le
ct

ed
 

st
ud

en
ts

. D
at

a 
on

 
di

et
 w

er
e 

ob
ta

in
ed

 
th

ro
ug

h 
a 

st
ru

ct
ur

ed
 

qu
es

tio
nn

ai
re

.

Ea
tin

g 
ha

bi
ts

 (d
rin

ki
ng

 
w

at
er

, e
at

in
g 

br
ea

kf
as

t, 
lu

nc
h,

 s
na

ck
s 

an
d 

di
nn

er
 

da
ily

; e
at

in
g 

sw
ee

ts
 a

nd
 

dr
in

ki
ng

 s
of

t d
rin

ks
).

Da
ily

 c
on

su
m

pt
io

n 
of

 s
w

ee
ts

 a
nd

 
so

ft
 d

rin
ks

 w
as

 re
po

rt
ed

 b
y 

54
.1

%
 

of
 a

do
le

sc
en

ts
 b

ei
ng

 s
ig

ni
fic

an
tly

 
m

or
e 

fr
eq

ue
nt

 a
m

on
g 

gi
rls

 [R
R=

0.
75

 
(0

.6
4-

0.
88

) a
nd

 P
R=

0.
82

 (0
.7

0-
0.

97
), 

re
sp

ec
tiv

el
y]

.

Co
nt

in
ue



13

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

Re
go

 e
t a

l.22
 

(2
02

0)
M

an
au

s,
 A

M
 

(2
01

6)

To
 in

ve
st

ig
at

e 
th

e 
re

la
tio

ns
hi

p 
be

tw
ee

n 
nu

tr
iti

on
al

 s
ta

tu
s 

an
d 

de
nt

al
 c

ar
ie

s 
am

on
g 

12
-y

ea
r-

ol
d 

lo
w

-in
co

m
e 

ch
ild

re
n 

co
ns

id
er

in
g 

so
ci

oe
co

no
m

ic
, 

ps
yc

ho
so

ci
al

, a
nd

 
be

ha
vi

or
al

 fa
ct

or
s.

Th
e 

ra
nd

om
iz

ed
 

sa
m

pl
e 

in
vo

lv
ed

 
40

6 
st

ud
en

ts
, 2

35
 

(5
7.

9%
) f

em
al

e 
an

d 
17

1 
(4

2.
1%

) 
m

al
e.

12
 y

ea
rs

 o
ld

.

Cr
os

s-
se

ct
io

na
l s

tu
dy

 
w

ith
 a

 re
pr

es
en

ta
tiv

e 
sa

m
pl

e 
of

 s
tu

de
nt

s 
us

in
g 

a 
tw

o-
st

ag
e,

 
ra

nd
om

iz
ed

 s
am

pl
in

g 
pr

oc
es

s.
 F

re
e 

su
ga

r 
in

ta
ke

 w
as

 in
ve

st
ig

at
ed

 
us

in
g 

a 
Fo

od
 F

re
qu

en
cy

 
Q

ue
st

io
nn

ai
re

 (F
FQ

).

Fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
an

d 
am

ou
nt

 
of

 s
ug

ar
y 

fo
od

s 
an

d 
be

ve
ra

ge
s 

co
ns

um
ed

 
in

 th
e 

pa
st

 1
2 

m
on

th
s,

 
in

cl
ud

in
g 

su
ga

r, 
m

ilk
 

ch
oc

ol
at

e,
 s

od
a,

 p
ow

de
re

d 
ch

oc
ol

at
e,

 c
an

dy
/

gu
m

, j
el

ly,
 g

ua
va

, c
an

dy
, 

ch
oc

ol
at

e 
ba

rs
, s

tu
ff

ed
 

co
ok

ie
s,

 c
ak

e,
 s

w
ee

t 
po

pc
or

n,
 c

or
n 

sn
ac

ks
, 

an
d 

ic
e 

cr
ea

m
. F

re
qu

en
cy

 
an

d 
an

nu
al

 s
ug

ar
 in

ta
ke

 
w

er
e 

ca
te

go
riz

ed
 in

to
 

th
re

e 
gr

ou
ps

 a
cc

or
di

ng
 

to
 te

rc
ile

s 
(lo

w
, m

od
er

at
e,

 
an

d 
hi

gh
).

Th
e 

m
ea

n 
of

 d
ai

ly
 fr

eq
ue

nc
y 

of
 s

ug
ar

 
in

ta
ke

 w
as

 7
.2

 ti
m

es
 p

er
 d

ay
, a

nd
 th

e 
m

ea
n 

an
nu

al
 s

ug
ar

 in
ta

ke
 w

as
 4

2.
5 

kg
.S

ug
ar

 in
ta

ke
 le

ss
 th

an
 o

nc
e 

a 
da

y, 
on

e 
to

 fo
ur

 ti
m

es
 a

 d
ay

, fi
ve

 to
 e

ig
ht

 
tim

es
 a

 d
ay

, a
nd

 n
in

e 
or

 m
or

e 
tim

es
 a

 
da

y 
w

as
 o

bs
er

ve
d 

in
 1

%
, 3

7%
, 3

4%
, a

nd
 

28
%

 o
f t

he
 s

am
pl

e,
 re

sp
ec

tiv
el

y.

Si
lv

a 
et

 a
l.13

 
(2

01
5)

Cu
pi

ra
, P

E 
(2

01
3)

To
 a

na
ly

ze
 h

ow
 

ad
ol

es
ce

nt
s 

pe
rc

ei
ve

 
he

al
th

y 
ea

tin
g.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

w
as

 
co

m
po

se
d 

of
 4

0 
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s 
of

 
bo

th
 s

ex
es

, 1
5 

(3
7.

5%
) m

al
es

 
an

d 
25

 (6
2.

5%
) 

fe
m

al
es

.

10
 to

 1
4 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

A 
de

sc
rip

tiv
e 

an
d 

ex
pl

or
at

or
y 

st
ud

y, 
w

ith
 

a 
qu

al
ita

tiv
e 

ap
pr

oa
ch

. 
A 

sc
rip

t w
as

 u
se

d 
w

ith
 th

e 
fo

llo
w

in
g 

qu
es

tio
ns

: “
H

ow
 d

o 
yo

u 
ea

t d
ai

ly
?”

 “W
ha

t 
in

fo
rm

at
io

n 
ha

ve
 y

ou
 

re
ce

iv
ed

 a
bo

ut
 h

ea
lth

y 
ea

tin
g 

in
 th

e 
sc

ho
ol

 
en

vi
ro

nm
en

t?
” “

W
ha

t 
do

 y
ou

 u
nd

er
st

an
d 

by
 

he
al

th
y 

ea
tin

g?
” “

W
ha

t 
he

lp
s 

yo
u 

to
 m

ai
nt

ai
n 

a 
he

al
th

y 
di

et
?”

 “W
ha

t 
m

ak
es

 it
 d

iffi
cu

lt 
fo

r 
yo

u 
to

 m
ai

nt
ai

n 
a 

he
al

th
y 

di
et

?”

Th
e 

ea
tin

g 
pr

ac
tic

es
 w

er
e 

di
vi

de
d 

in
to

 tw
o 

cl
as

se
s:

 
“R

ou
tin

e 
fo

od
 re

ca
ll”

 
an

d 
“E

at
in

g 
du

rin
g 

th
e 

w
ee

ke
nd

”; 
an

d 
Ed

uc
at

io
na

l 
Pr

ac
tic

es
 w

ith
 fo

ur
 

cl
as

se
s:

 “F
ac

to
rs

 th
at

 
in

te
rf

er
e 

an
d 

fa
ci

lit
at

e 
th

e 
m

ai
nt

en
an

ce
 o

f h
ea

lth
y 

ea
tin

g 
pr

ac
tic

e”
, “

Ro
le

 o
f 

th
e 

sc
ho

ol
 in

 th
e 

pr
oc

es
s 

of
 e

du
ca

tio
n 

fo
r h

ea
lth

y 
ea

tin
g”

, “
Kn

ow
le

dg
e 

ab
ou

t h
ea

lth
y 

ea
tin

g”
, a

nd
 

“F
am

ily
 a

nd
 th

e 
pr

om
ot

io
n 

of
 h

ea
lth

y 
ea

tin
g”

.

Sn
ac

ki
ng

 c
or

re
sp

on
de

d 
to

 th
e 

fa
vo

rit
e 

m
ea

l, 
ev

en
 a

m
on

g 
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s 
w

ho
 

re
po

rt
ed

 h
at

in
g 

ea
tin

g,
 re

in
fo

rc
in

g 
th

e 
re

pl
ac

em
en

t o
f t

he
 m

ai
n 

m
ea

ls
.  

Th
e 

in
cr

ea
se

d 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 s
na

ck
s 

fa
vo

re
d 

th
e 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 fo

od
s 

ric
h 

in
 s

ug
ar

s 
an

d 
fa

ts
: “

In
 th

e 
af

te
rn

oo
n 

I 
ha

ve
 a

 s
na

ck
, s

om
et

im
es

 I 
ea

t c
oo

ki
es

, 
ra

re
ly

 fr
ui

t, 
w

hi
ch

 I 
do

n’
t l

ik
e 

ve
ry

 m
uc

h.
 

I r
ea

lly
 li

ke
 to

 e
at

 c
oo

ki
e,

 c
ho

co
la

te
”. 

 
Th

e 
w

ee
ke

nd
 re

ca
ll 

of
 e

at
in

g 
ro

ut
in

e 
an

d 
ha

bi
ts

 s
ho

w
ed

 fr
eq

ue
nt

 o
m

is
si

on
 

of
 m

ai
n 

m
ea

ls
, p

ra
ct

ic
e 

of
 ir

re
gu

la
r a

nd
 

re
st

ric
te

d 
di

et
s,

 h
ig

h 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
of

 
en

er
gy

 fo
od

s 
ric

h 
in

 s
ug

ar
s 

an
d 

fa
ts

.

Co
nt

in
ue



14

Quadros et al.

Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Co
nt

in
ua

tio
n

Si
lv

a 
et

 a
l.15

 
(2

01
6)

Fl
or

es
 d

a 
Cu

nh
a,

 R
S 

(2
01

3)

To
 id

en
tif

y 
th

e 
nu

tr
iti

on
al

 p
at

te
rn

, 
fo

od
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

an
d 

sc
ho

ol
 

pe
rf

or
m

an
ce

 o
f 

st
ud

en
ts

 fr
om

 a
 s

ta
te

 
sc

ho
ol

.

Th
e 

sa
m

pl
e 

w
as

 
co

m
po

se
d 

of
 

10
0 

hi
gh

 s
ch

oo
l 

st
ud

en
ts

.  
M

os
t o

f 
th

e 
ad

ol
es

ce
nt

s 
w

er
e 

fe
m

al
e 

(7
4%

).

14
 to

 1
7 

ye
ar

s 
ol

d.

De
sc

rip
tiv

e 
an

d 
cr

os
s-

se
ct

io
na

l s
tu

dy
. C

lin
ic

al
 

an
d 

an
th

ro
po

m
et

ric
 

va
ria

bl
es

, f
re

qu
en

cy
 o

f 
fo

od
 c

on
su

m
pt

io
n 

an
d 

ac
ad

em
ic

 p
er

fo
rm

an
ce

 
w

er
e 

ev
al

ua
te

d.
 

Fo
od

 q
ua

lit
y 

w
as

 
in

ve
st

ig
at

ed
 u

si
ng

 
a 

fo
od

 fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
qu

es
tio

nn
ai

re
.

Co
ns

um
pt

io
n 

of
 s

of
t 

dr
in

ks
, s

w
ee

ts
, c

an
di

es
 

an
d 

su
ga

r t
o 

sw
ee

te
n.

Re
ga

rd
in

g 
so

ft 
dr

in
k 

co
ns

um
pt

io
n:

 9
%

 d
id

 
no

t c
on

su
m

e;
 3

7%
 c

on
su

m
ed

 le
ss

 th
an

 
on

ce
 a

 w
ee

k;
 4

1%
 c

on
su

m
ed

 fr
om

 1
 to

 
3 

tim
es

 a
 w

ee
k;

 a
nd

 1
3%

 c
on

su
m

ed
 4

 o
r 

m
or

e 
tim

es
 a

 w
ee

k.
 C

an
dy

 a
nd

 s
w

ee
ts

: 
9%

 c
on

su
m

ed
 le

ss
 th

an
 o

nc
e 

a 
w

ee
k;

 
43

%
 c

on
su

m
ed

 1
 to

 3
 ti

m
es

 a
 w

ee
k;

 a
nd

 
45

%
 c

on
su

m
ed

 4
 o

r m
or

e 
tim

es
 a

 w
ee

k.
 

Us
e 

of
 s

ug
ar

 to
 s

w
ee

te
n:

 1
0%

 c
on

su
m

ed
 

it 
le

ss
 th

an
 o

nc
e 

a 
w

ee
k;

 2
1%

 c
on

su
m

ed
 

it 
1 

to
 3

 ti
m

es
 a

 w
ee

k,
 a

nd
 6

3%
 c

on
su

m
ed

 
it 

4 
tim

es
 a

 w
ee

k 
or

 m
or

e.

Si
lv

a 
et

 a
l.30

 
(2

01
6)

Se
rg

ip
e 

(2
01

1)

To
 d

et
er

m
in

e 
th

e 
pr

ev
al

en
ce

 o
f f

ru
it 

an
d 

ve
ge

ta
bl

e 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
an

d 
id

en
tif

y 
th

e 
as

so
ci

at
io

n 
w

ith
 lo

w
 

ph
ys

ic
al

 a
ct

iv
ity

 le
ve

l, 
ex

po
su

re
 to

 s
ed

en
ta

ry
 

be
ha

vi
or

, s
of

t d
rin

k 
co

ns
um

pt
io

n 
an

d 
ov

er
w

ei
gh

t/
ob

es
ity

 in
 

ad
ol

es
ce

nt
s.

Th
e 

fin
al

 s
am

pl
e 

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Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

Most of the studies are scientific articles published in journals (n = 21, 87.5%)10-30, with 
the remainder published in a repository of theses and dissertations31-33. As for articles, 
these were published in journals in the areas of public health (n = 4)10,11,13,20, pediatrics 
(n = 4)23,25,29,30, medicine (n = 4)15-17,27, dentistry (n = 3)19,21,22, nutrition (n = 2)18,28, nursing 
(n = 2)14,24, epidemiology (n = 1)26, and interdisciplinary (n = 1)12.

In the matter of study designs, twenty observational studies were included, with 
nineteen cross-sectional studies10-12,14-19,21-26,28-31, and one cohort study32, one sys-
tematic review20, two qualitative studies13,33, and one study that did not report its 
design27. As for the type of data, twenty studies used primary data10-17,19,21-25,27-29,31-33, 
while four used secondary data, being a systematic review20, a population-based  
cross-sectional study in Sergipe30, and two using data from the National School Health 
Survey (PeNSE)34. For this review, it was chosen to select two studies, representing 
PeNSE 2012 and 2015, respectively18,26.

In regard to the methods used, there was a predominance in the use of quantitative 
approaches10-12,14-19,21-32, to assess the frequency of sugar-sweetened food consump-
tion among Brazilian schoolchildren, with only two of the included studies conducted 
by qualitative approaches, being one study using the interview method13 and one 
study using the focus group technique33. It was also observed that most of the studies 
(79%) used questionnaires to collect data10-12,14,15,17-19,21-23,25-32. With regard to the char-
acteristics of the schoolchildren in the included studies, their age ranged from 6 to  
19 years of age, with a predominance of female participants, that is, four-
teen of the studies that used primary data obtained girls as the majority of the  
sample10,12-19,21,22,28,30,32. As for the type of institution, fourteen of these involved exclu-
sively schoolchildren enrolled in public schools11,13-16,19,21-23,25,28-31. 

The studies were conducted in the states of Santa Catarina (n = 1), Distrito Federal 
(n = 1), Ceará (n = 1), Pernambuco (n = 2), Mato Grosso (n = 2), Minas Gerais (n = 3), 
Bahia (n = 1), Rio Grande do Sul (n = 2), Goiás (n = 1), São Paulo (n = 2), Maranhão  
(n = 1), Amazonas (n = 1), Paraná (n = 1), Sergipe (n = 1), and Piauí (n = 1).

From the analysis of the studies included, it was found a significant frequency of 
consumption of foods rich in sugar in the daily diet of brazilian schoolchildren, con-
sidering that most studies showed a consumption considered high or inadequate of 
this food group. Furthermore, despite the significant part of the evidence included 
being characterized as quantitative and cross-sectional studies, the qualitative stud-
ies showed agreement with this scenario, identifying the eating habits of school-age 
children and adolescents, consisting of the high intake of foods rich in sugar and with 
a high degree of potential harm to health.

Discussion
The purpose of this review was to map the evidence on the frequency of con-
sumption of sugary foods among schoolchildren in Brazil, and for this purpose 
it was able to identify twenty-four studies. Most of the studies were published 
between the years 2011 and 2016, where it is also noticed an uneven distribu-
tion among the publications obtaining few studies that were concentrated in the 
Northern region of Brazil, for example. The review also showed that there is a 



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Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

predominance of quantitative and cross-sectional studies and with predominance 
in public schools, although some studies performed their inferences in public and 
private schools concomitantly.

It is also noteworthy that most studies used questionnaires to conduct their inves-
tigation and that among the sugar-sweetened foods evaluated, soft drinks were the 
most investigated among the studies. This might be associated with the production 
of recent scientific literature, in witch sugary drinks are in evidence due to their high 
consumption and contribution to the onset of chronic noncommunicable diseases, 
and that for these reasons, taxation for this type of product in order to reduce their 
intake have been implemented with positive results in some countries, such as  
Mexico35. Brazil also has some initiatives to tax sugary drinks in its history, but not 
yet consistently and sufficiently to reduce their consumption36. 

From the studies included, sugary foods such as soft drinks, processed juices, choc-
olate drinks, candies, sweets, filled cookies, and confectionary foods are notably 
present in the daily diet of Brazilian children and adolescents, with a significant por-
tion of the studies reporting daily and habitual consumption. This consumption was 
also reported by an epidemiological study that among its objectives reported the 
intake of sugars among children and adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. The authors 
identified that the main sources of sugars in the diet were sugary drinks, cookies, 
candies, cakes, bread and table sugar, with only 20.1% of these adolescents report-
ing an adequate consumption, corroborating the findings observed in this review37.

In addition to data published in the scientific literature, a national survey conducted 
periodically with students from public and private schools also aims, among its 
assumptions to characterize the food consumption of children and adolescents. The 
National School Health Survey (PeNSE), had in its latest edition held in 2019, the eval-
uation of the habitual consumption of food markers of healthy and unhealthy eat-
ing, having as representatives of the markers of unhealthy eating, sweets and soft 
drinks38. The consumption proportions reached 32.8% for sweets and 17.2% for soft 
drinks, showing a reduction in the proportions of students with habitual consumption 
of soft drinks compared to PeNSE 201538. However, a previous study presenting data 
from a household-based survey also reported this sugar consumption profile, demon-
strating a high consumption of sugars by the Brazilian population that exceeds the 
limits established by official recommendations39. 

An increase in sugar consumption has been reported in emerging countries, such 
as those in Latin America. In these developing countries, between 1963 and 2003,  
a 127% increase in calories from sugars was observed, with a concomitant decline in 
consumption of legumes and tubers in both developed and emerging countries over 
the same period40. These changes in food consumption have among their facilitat-
ing factors urbanization, globalization, food industry marketing, the actions of trans-
national food corporations, and trade liberalization, leading to a change in the food 
environment and in the behavior of consumers and contributors to an unhealthy and 
unsustainable food system40. 

This consumption by Brazilian schoolchildren leads to reflect on how much this pop-
ulation group may be exposed to chronic diseases in the short or long term, since 



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Braz J Oral Sci. 2025;24:e251013

the high consumption of sugar has been associated with obesity and diseases such 
as diabetes mellitus41. Oral disorders can also be a consequence of this high intake 
such as periodontal disease, oral cancer, dental caries and consequently tooth loss, 
which also burden the global public health services, along with an economic burden 
of high relevance, presenting direct and indirect costs42. These consequences are 
aggravated due to the high prevalence of these diseases, having untreated dental 
caries for example, as the most prevalent condition in the year 2010, impacting 35% 
of the population worldwide42. 

Relations between high sugar intake and health harms are under constant discus-
sion in scientific productions. Thus, in a review that synthesized recommendations 
at individual and population level to reduce its consumption and consequently 
reduce the incidence of dental caries and other chronic diseases, such as: education 
strategies for families, taxation of sugary drinks, regulation of advertising, labeling 
of sugary foods, reformulation of foods with high sugar content and promoting sug-
ar-free areas are among the actions to achieve these goals43. The latter is one of the 
objectives in which Brazil already has norms in order to achieve this purpose spe-
cifically for schoolchildren, such as the National School Feeding Program (PNAE)44. 
However, the program still has obstacles that demand a greater engagement and 
strengthening, such as the commitment to establish itself as a social policy and the 
recognition as a right to children44.

These actions to control sugar consumption have some barriers to be achieved, since 
economic interests are involved in this scenario. The sugar industry represents a nota-
ble segment of the commercial determinants of health, a concept that establishes the 
role of the private sector in exercising strategies in order to promote products that 
are harmful to health, with corporate actions that involve lobbying, influence in the 
political agenda, performance in the media and marketing strategies45. A food system 
that values profit over the health status of the population is suggested, including the 
influence of commercial interests on research agendas and a consequent disconnect 
between research agendas and public health priorities46,47. 

Given the purposes of a scoping review, it was possible to identify whether there are 
scientific gaps about this theme in the scope of publications found and discussed 
by the authors.  Despite the diversity of designs, methodologies, and samples of the 
studies included, it was found that a significant portion of the studies have a limited 
sample size, and may be non-representative, thus restricting their assumptions and 
findings. It was also observed that although studies from various parts of the country 
were included, an uneven concentration of studies was perceived, demonstrating a 
scarce number of studies in some regions. Taking into consideration the continental 
size of the country and the particularities of each region, future studies are needed 
in order to understand more rigorously the dietary profiles and the consumption of 
sugary foods among Brazilian students.

This review has some limitations, and they should be listed. Considering   a scop-
ing design, consequently a mapping purpose, an assessment of the quality of the 
included studies was not performed. Nevertheless, it follows as a contribution to 
draw a profile of the frequency of consumption of foods rich in sugars among chil-
dren and adolescents from public and private schools in Brazil, and establish an 



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overview about the scientific productions that encompass this proposal. And con-
sequently, cooperate with the formulation of public policies that favor changes in 
eating patterns, achieving healthier eating habits.

In conclusion, this study has shown that the frequency of sugar consumption was con-
sidered high, requiring the immediate search for solutions to mitigate this frequency. 
A healthy and adequate diet is considered in universal terms, a human right. There-
fore, environments that favor access to healthy foods and without harmful effects on 
health are essential for healthy eating patterns to be achieved, especially for children 
and adolescents who require good nutrition for their development. 

Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Data availability 
Datasets related to this article will be available to the corresponding author upon request.

Author Contribution 
Larissa Neves Quadros: designed the study, contributed to data collection and analy-
sis, wrote the first draft of the article. Janete Maria Rebelo Vieira, Andressa Coelho 
Gomes and Ana Cyra dos Santos Lucas: contributed to data collection and analysis. 
Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo: designed the study, contributed to data collection and 
analysis, wrote the first draft of the article. All authors read and approved the final 
manuscript and actively participated in the discussion of the manuscript’s findings.

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Appendix 1. Search strategy used in one of the searched databases.

Database Search Estrategy

MEDLINE
(via PubMed)

Sugar  OR Sugars OR “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages” OR “Beverage, Sugar Sweetened” 
OR “Beverages, Sugar-Sweetened” OR “Sugar-Sweetened Beverage” OR “Sugar-Added 

Beverages” OR “Sugar Added Beverages” OR “Sugar Sweetened Beverage” OR “Beverage, 
Sugar Sweetened” OR “Beverages, Sugar Sweetened” OR  “Sugar Sweetened Beverages” 
OR “Sweetened Beverage, Sugar” OR “Sweetened Beverages, Sugar” OR  “Sugar-Added 
Beverage” OR “Beverage, Sugar-Added” OR “Beverages, Sugar-Added” OR “Sugar Added 

Beverage” OR “Sweetened Drinks” OR  “Sweetened Drink” OR  “Drink, Sweetened” OR  
“Drinks, Sweetened” OR “Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks” OR “Sugar Sweetened Soft Drinks” 

OR “Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink” OR  “Drink, Sugar-Sweetened Soft” OR  “Drinks, Sugar-
Sweetened Soft” OR “Soft Drink, Sugar-Sweetened” OR “Soft Drinks, Sugar-Sweetened” 

OR “Sugar Sweetened Soft Drink” OR “Sweetened Beverages” OR “Sweetened Beverage” 
OR “Beverage, Sweetened” OR “Beverages, Sweetened” OR “Sugar-Sweetened Sodas” OR 
“Sugar Sweetened Sodas” OR “Sugar-Sweetened Soda” OR “Soda, Sugar-Sweetened” OR 
“Sodas, Sugar-Sweetened” OR “Sugar Sweetened Soda” OR  “Dietary Sugars” OR “Sugars, 

Dietary” OR “Dietary Sugar” OR “Sugar, Dietary” OR  “Feeding Behavior”  OR “Behavior, 
Feeding” OR “Feeding Behaviors” OR “Eating Behavior” OR “Behavior, Eating” OR “Eating 
Behaviors” OR “Feeding-Related Behavior” OR “Behavior, Feeding-Related” OR “Feeding 
Related Behavior” OR “Feeding-Related Behaviors” OR “Feeding Patterns” OR “Feeding 
Pattern” OR “Pattern, Feeding” OR “Food Habits” OR “Food Habit” OR “Habit, Food” OR 

“Eating Habits” OR “Eating Habit” OR “Habit, Eating” OR “Dietary Habits” OR “Dietary Habit” 
OR “Habit, Dietary” OR “Diet Habits” OR “Diet Habit” OR “Habit, Diet” OR “Habits, Diet” OR 
“Fast Foods” OR “Fast Food” OR “Food, Fast” OR “Foods, Fast” OR “Convenience Foods” 

OR “Convenience Food” OR “Food, Convenience” OR “Foods, Convenience” OR  
“Ready-Prepared Foods” OR “Food, Ready-Prepared” OR “Foods, Ready-Prepared” OR 

“Ready Prepared Foods” OR “Ready-Prepared Food” OR “Ready-To-Eat Meals” OR “Ready 
To Eat Meals” OR “Meals, Ready-To-Eat” OR “Meal, Ready-To-Eat” OR “Meals, Ready 

To Eat” OR “Ready-To-Eat Meal” OR Sucrose OR Saccharose OR Snacks OR Snack OR 
“Snack Food” OR “Food, Snack” OR “Foods, Snack” OR “Snack Foods” OR Snacktime 

OR Snacktimes OR Snacking OR Candy OR Candies OR Confection OR Confections OR 
“Caramel Candy” OR “Candies, Caramel” OR “Candy, Caramel” OR “Caramel Candies” OR  

Carbohydrates  OR Carbohydrate  OR  Meals OR Meal OR Mealtimes OR “Meal Times” 
OR “Time, Meal” OR “Times, Meal” OR “Meal Time” OR Mealtime OR “Energy intake”  

OR “Caloric intake” OR“Sugar intake”  OR  “Sugar consumption”  OR  “Free sugars”  OR 
“Extrinsic sugar” OR “Ultra-processed foods” AND Child OR Children OR Adolescent  OR 
Adolescents OR Adolescence OR Teens OR Teen OR Teenagers OR Teenager OR Youth 
OR Youths OR “Adolescents, Female” OR “Adolescent, Female” OR “Female Adolescent” 

OR “Female Adolescents” OR “Adolescents, Male” OR “Adolescent, Male” OR “Male 
Adolescent” OR “Male Adolescents” OR Students OR Student OR Schoolchildren AND 

Brazil OR Brazilians


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