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English Communication Skills under the Project to Propagate  

Dhamma to Foreigners of Monk Chat Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya 

Chiang Mai Campus

Phra Hongthong Souksavanh, Phra Aphiwat Charungkhiri

 Zhang Yan, Phra Chanchai Thatinjan
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya Chiang Mai Campus

E-mail CC.bridgefoundation@gmail.com

Abstract
The objectives of this research were: 1) to examine the process of 

developing English communication skills within the Monk Chat MCU Chiang Mai 

project for propagating Dhamma to foreigners, and 2) to propose models for im-

proving English communication for Dhamma propagators involved in the project. 

The findings showed that 1) the Monk Chat MCU Chiang Mai project uses English 

communication methods such as discussions, question-and-answer sessions, 

presentations, and meditation retreats to share Buddhist teachings with inter-

national audiences. 2) Effective models for English communication for Dhamma 

propagators emphasize the four key characteristics of the Buddha’s teachings: 

Clarity (making the teachings understandable), Engagement (inviting the listener 

to participate and practice), Motivation (inspiring the listener to be active and 

diligent), and Comfort (providing reassurance and mental clarity).

However, the development of 21st-century English communication skills 

needs to be integrated with the five qualities of Dhamma propagators (Dhammad-

esaka). The project provides a valuable platform for Buddhist monks to improve 

their English skills and enhance cross-cultural communication with foreign visitors. 

Nevertheless, some students continue to face challenges in areas such as English 

listening, speaking, vocabulary, and grammar, which can impact effective commu-

nication with foreigners. Addressing these issues will ensure that the Monk Chat 

project benefits both the monks and participants, leading to even greater success.



749

Keywords: Monk Chat MCU Chiang Mai, English communication skills, Innovation 

                   Education, propagation of Buddhism, and Mahachulalongkornrajavidy

                  alaya Chiang Mai Campus   

Introduction
 In the 21st century, innovation and sustainable development 

of communication skills for various purposes are essential. According to Visit 

Ketratanakul, Natthawat Sutthiyotin, and Karn Bunsiri (2020), communication 

has played a vital role throughout history, serving as a mechanism for progress 

in all sectors of society. In ancient times, oral communication was the primary 

means of exchanging information, typically limited to specific groups within a 

community. However, with advancements in communication technology and 

the integration of media, exchanging information has become more efficient and 

accessible, benefiting communities at large.

Today, Buddhism has gained widespread acceptance in Western soci-

eties, with English being the primary language for the exchange of ideas (Arkom 

Ukhote, Phacharaphong Phaenthong, & Phra Supawat Sukhawattano, 2023, p. 

75). However, while English communication skills are crucial for propagating 

Buddhism to foreigners, they alone are not sufficient. As Phrachonyanmune, 

Boonton Dockthaisong, and Phramaha Boonlert Indhapanyo (2017) note, the pro-

cess of disseminating Buddhism must be open to global society by providing op-

portunities for people of all levels, nations, and languages to access education.

The successful propagation of Buddhism by exemplary monks like 

Phra Dhammamongkol (Viriyong) and Phra Bhavanavitesa (Khemmadhammo) 

followed five key virtues of teaching:

1. Structuring lessons with progressive detail,

2. Using reasoning and cause-and-effect in instruction,

3. Teaching with compassion for the benefit of others,

4. Teaching without expecting financial gain, and

5. Teaching in a way that avoids harming oneself or others.



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In addition to these virtues, a solid education and deep understand-

ing of Dhamma are essential. The use of 21st-century innovations to develop 

education, communication skills, and the propagation of Buddhism is necessary 

because the conditions of ancient times differ significantly from the present. 

These innovations will be beneficial for various purposes (Somboon Watana & 

Yaoping Liu, 2021).

Globalization, facilitated by the use of online social media, has accel-

erated worldwide communication. If Thai Buddhism does not embrace social 

media, it will face challenges in spreading the Buddha’s teachings and promoting 

morality and ethics in society.

However, some monastic students participating in the Monk Chat MCU 

project still face challenges in communicating with and understanding foreign 

guests. Some students reported difficulty understanding English, especially when 

foreign visitors spoke quickly. Others mentioned that their limited language skills 

hindered meaningful conversations, particularly when translating Pali words into 

English, as some Pali terms lack direct equivalents in English and require addi-

tional explanation for clarity. These students need to improve their oral English 

communication skills to avoid misunderstandings and enhance their proficiency 

in the language.

Content 
1. The propagation of Buddhism in the Buddha Era

Buddhism was able to expand throughout India during the lifetime 

of the Buddha because he adopted an approach of journeying from person to 

person, preaching on different occasions using various teaching philosophies 

and styles. Later, during the period of King Ashoka, nine Buddhist ambassadors 

were sent to propagate Buddhism throughout various nations (Phra Srisittivites 

& Phra Mahamit Thitpanyo, 2021:234). The main characteristic of the Buddha’s 

teaching was oral communication. As Phra Krusunthornsangkhapinit and Phra-



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khrubhaitighaatippanangorn Laolee (2015) explained, the Buddha initially prop-

agated his teachings orally to mankind, traveling from village to village and city 

to city. In the digital age, humans must adjust their daily activities to the evolving 

instruments of technology. For instance, while humans used to speak face-to-

face, we now connect through digital tools like smartphones.

In conclusion, the teaching and propagation of Buddhism during 

the Buddha’s time were conducted by the Buddha himself, and later this duty 

belonged to the four Buddhist assemblies. The method of teaching and prop-

agation at that time, both by the Buddha and Buddhist ambassadors, was oral 

communication using various methods.

There are four characteristics of the Buddha’s teaching:
1. Sandassana: Explaining clearly—explaining, analyzing, and giving 

reasons until the listener understands.

2. Samādapanā: Inviting the mind to accept and practice.

3. Samuttejana: Arousing courage—stimulating the mind to be active, 

diligent, strong-minded, and confident of success.

4. Sampahaṃsana: Comforting the mind—making it bright and clear, 

nourishing joy by pointing out the benefits to be received.

The five qualities of Buddhist propagators, known as the Dhammade-

saka-dhamma—teaching methods that teachers must know and adjust appro-

priately to suit the time and place—are:

1.  Anupubbikathā: Speaking in order—explaining the principles or 

content sequentially, from the simple to the profound.

2. Pariyāyadassāvī: Explaining and citing reasons to make it under-

standable—clarifying each aspect and issue thoroughly.

3. Anudayatāpaṭicca: Teaching with loving-kindness—aiming 

to benefit the audience.

4. Anāmisa: Not teaching for the sake of gain—not seeking profit 

or benefits in return.



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5. Attaṇañca parañca anupahacca: Teaching without harming one-

self and others—adhering to principles and content. (Mahidol University, n.d.: 

online)

There are many methods of teaching or preaching, such as:
1. Lecture: This method is always used, mostly in settings with a large 

audience.

2. Conversation: Often used because the audience has the opportu-

nity to express their opinions, making teaching engaging.

3. Question-and-Answer: Divided into four types:

(1) Answering directly without evasion or conditions.

(2) Asking back before answering; some questions require clarifi-

cation before a proper response.

(3) Separating the issues; sometimes answers are divided into 

different issues.

(4) Declining to answer, which is called “Avyākata” problems.

(Payutto.net, n.d.: online)

In conclusion, the history and methods of spreading Buddhism during 

the time of the Buddha involved the Buddha himself teaching, allowing Bud-

dhism to spread throughout India during his lifetime. After the Buddha passed 

away, the propagation was undertaken by the four groups of Buddhists: monks, 

nuns, laymen, and laywomen. The Buddha preached through various conversa-

tions containing his teachings. His method involved setting the purpose of each 

teaching, preparing the content or subjects, and considering the audience’s 

ability to understand and apply the teachings, thereby creating a desire to learn 

and increasing interest.



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Effective English Communication skills in the 21st century
English offers numerous advantages, including fostering connections 

within the global speech community and enhancing modern education. As a 

result, English is considered a global language for those who value effective 

communication with people from different countries. In today’s society, where 

exchanges and communication are more frequent, Thai people increasingly uti-

lize English. Given its significance, English is essential not only for professionals 

who use it for various purposes but also for its impact on education (Wongkum-

sai, 2023, p. 237).

In the 21st century, effective communication skills in English are key 

to success in various contexts. Globalization and cross-cultural communica-

tion demand an understanding of diverse cultural norms, nonverbal cues, and 

differences in directness and formality. Communicators must develop cultural 

sensitivity, active listening, and the ability to adapt their communication styles to 

different audiences (Morreale, Osborn, & Pearson, 2000). Additionally, proficiency 

in digital literacy and multimodal communication is crucial. This includes using 

a range of digital platforms and tools, such as email, videoconferencing, and so-

cial media, and effectively combining text, visuals, audio, and other multimedia 

elements (Pulakos, Arad, Donovan, & Plamondon, 2000).

Moreover, adaptability and a mindset of lifelong learning are essen-

tial for staying current with emerging communication trends and technologies. 

Effective communicators must be able to adjust their strategies in response to 

a rapidly evolving landscape. The British Council Thailand (n.d.) also empha-

sizes critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and innovation as necessary 

21st-century skills.

In conclusion, effective communication in today’s globalized and 

digital world requires a multifaceted approach that includes cross-cultural sensi-

tivity, digital literacy, audience-centered attention, critical thinking, collaboration, 

adaptability, and lifelong learning. By mastering these skills, individuals can suc-

cessfully navigate modern communication challenges, engage meaningfully with 



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others, solve problems creatively, and thrive in a rapidly changing environment.

 
Overall Monk Chat Project of MUC Chiang Mai Campus

1. Propagate Dhamma to Foreigners under the Monk Chat MCU 

Chiang Mai project

Monk Chat.Net (n.d.) provides communication guidelines for foreigners 

interested in contacting the Monk Chat program at Mahachulalongkornrajavidy-

alaya University (MCU), Chiang Mai Campus. Visitors can reach the program via 

email at monkchat2023@gmail.com or through the website https://www.monk-

chat.net/web2020/index.php. The website welcomes foreign tourists to visit 

the “MONK CHAT” program, which allows informal conversations with monks. 

Through these discussions, participants can learn about the monk’s life, Thai 

culture and traditions, Buddhism, meditation, and more.

For those interested in the “Meditation Retreat,” contact monk-

chat2023@gmail.com or the Academic Affairs office at Mahachulalongkornra-

javidyalaya University, Chiang Mai Campus, located at Wat Suan Dok, Suthep 

Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. The Monk Chat program operates Monday 

through Friday, from 4:00 pm to 7:00 pm (private groups are required to schedule 

in advance). Visitors and tourists can also drop by at any time to get information 

about meditation retreats, and if monks are available, they can engage in a monk 

chat session.

The MONK CHAT program also offers a weekly meditation retreat for 

those interested in practicing meditation. The retreat schedule is as follows:

1-day retreat: Mondays & Fridays, from 9:30 am to 5:00 pm

2-day retreat: Tuesdays & Wednesdays, starting at 1:30 pm

4-day retreat: Tuesdays, starting at 1:30 pm, and finishing on Fridays 

at 3:00 pm.



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According to Phramaha Varasaya Varasayananda and Chanomkorn 

Prakrai (2020), monks who serve as instructors rely heavily on English for instruc-

tion and communication. If monks serving as ambassadors of the Dhamma are 

proficient in English, they can translate the Tipitaka and interpret Buddhist texts 

to propagate Buddhism in other countries. Therefore, monks must have strong 

English communication skills.

Wongsi, Katbandit (2018) emphasizes that one of the primary roles 

and responsibilities of monks in monasteries is to impart the knowledge of the 

Dhamma, or the Buddha’s teachings. As a result, monks have long played a cru-

cial role in spreading the Dhamma of the Buddha.

2. The problems of the students using English with foreign tourists at 

Monk chat MCU Chiang Mai

Several students mentioned that they continued to face challenges 

in understanding and interacting with foreign visitors. Some reported difficulty 

in comprehending English when spoken quickly by international visitors. Others 

stated that their limited language skills prevented them from effectively com-

municating with foreign visitors, particularly when trying to form complete or 

complex sentences (Chaiyasit, 2018, pp. 49-50).

A significant number of first-year students struggle with using English 

to communicate with foreigners, especially since English is the primary language 

used in Thailand when interacting with international visitors. Despite this, many 

Thai people still find it difficult to communicate with and understand Western-

ers. Improving oral communication skills in English is crucial for Thai people, 

particularly those who regularly interact with foreigners, to eliminate misunder-

standings and enhance their proficiency in the language. Effective communica-

tion in English is especially important in the business sector, where it can help 

boost foreign investment and trade. Furthermore, it plays a significant role in 

promoting Thailand’s domestic tourism industry (Leelaviriyawong, 2015, p. 1).



756

3. The process of English communication skills under the monk chat 

MCU Chiang Mai project to propagate Dhamma to foreigners.

Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, Chiang Mai Campus, 

launched the MONK CHAT initiative in 1999 to teach Buddhist principles. The 

three main tenets of this initiative—dialogue, Q&A sessions, and mindfulness ex-

ercises—serve as a platform for student Buddhist monks to practice English while 

sharing their knowledge with foreigners on various topics, including Buddhism and 

Thai culture. This conversational format begins with an overview of the subject and 

progresses to a deeper understanding of how Buddhism is integrated into everyday 

life. The Monk Chat MCU Project also provides monastic students with the op-

portunity to enhance their English skills and engage in the exchange of knowledge, 

religion, culture, and other related subjects (Phongsiri, 2017, p. 1).

Additionally, Monk Chat offers foreigners the chance to discuss Dham-

ma with monks from Sangha University, which benefits both the monks’ English 

language training and the dissemination of Buddhism to a global audience. It 

also supports academic services related to Buddhism (Creative Chiang Mai, n.d.).

In conclusion, the Monk Chat Project of MCU Chiang Mai Campus, 

initiated in 1999, aims to propagate Buddhist principles through informal conver-

sations with monks. Participants can learn about the life of a monk, Thai culture 

and tradition, Buddhism, meditation, and more. While the language monks use 

for instruction and communication is primarily English, some monks face chal-

lenges in understanding and interacting with foreign tourists, particularly due to 

the fast pace of spoken English. Despite these challenges, the three main tenets 

of dialogue, Q&A sessions, and mindfulness exercises continue to be effective 

tools for propagating Buddhism, improving English communication skills, and 

sharing knowledge on general topics, Buddhism, and Thai culture.



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Figure No.1 the processes of Monk Chat Project

of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya Chiang Mai Campus)



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New Theory Knowledge 

Figure No. 2 New Theory knowledge for International Dhamma Prop-

agators

Conclusion
1. The process of developing English communication skills under 

the Monk Chat MCU Chiang Mai project, aimed at propagating Dhamma to for-

eigners, revealed that the Dhamma propagators use various forms of English 

communication, including discussion, Q&A sessions, presentations, and medita-

tion retreats to teach Buddhism to foreigners.

2. The models for enhancing English communication skills for 

Dhamma propagators in the Monk Chat MCU Chiang Mai project include:



759

1). Integrating the four characteristics of the Buddha’s teachings:

(1) Sandassana: Explaining clearly.

(2) Samathpanana: Inviting the mind to accept and practice.

(3) Samattechana: Arousing the mind to be active and diligent.

(4) Sampahangsana: Comforting the mind, making it bright and clear.

These characteristics should be incorporated into teaching methods 

to spread Buddhism to non-native speakers of English.

2)  Developing effective 21st-century English communication skills 

while enhancing the five characteristics of Buddhist propagators (Dhammade-

saka), which involve using appropriate language, order, and intent to share the 

Dhamma with an international audience.

Suggestions:

1. Enhance students’ English listening and speaking training to 

improve cross-cultural communication skills. Innovative teaching methods such 

as multimedia tools and role-playing can be employed.

2. Establish interaction mechanisms between teachers and stu-

dents, encouraging communication with foreigners. Provide timely feedback and 

improvements. Additionally, focus on expanding the English vocabulary related 

to Buddhism to support effective Dhamma propagation.

3. Maximize the potential of the Monk Chat project by further 

enriching interactive formats and increasing the appeal and impact of Dhamma 

dissemination to foreign audiences.

This approach will foster better communication skills, encourage the 

sharing of Buddhist teachings, and promote effective cross-cultural dialogue.



760

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