









































786

Buddhist Meditation and Mindfulness Practices as Tools for 

Lifelong Learning

Ven. Phrakhrubaidika Thippanakorn Jayabhinando

Ven. Yodhakandiye Ariyawansa Thero, Atit Thomma

Abstract  
Buddhist meditation and mindfulness practices have gained global 

recognition for their profound impact on mental health and overall well-be-

ing. This abstract explores the potential of these ancient techniques as tools 

for lifelong learning. Rooted in the rich traditions of Buddhism, meditation and 

mindfulness offer more than just stress reduction; they foster a deep sense of 

awareness, concentration, and emotional regulation, which are essential skills 

for continuous personal and professional development.

The practice of mindfulness involves maintaining a moment-by-mo-

ment awareness of thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and the surrounding 

environment. This heightened state of awareness promotes cognitive flexibility, 

resilience, and creativity, crucial attributes in an era characterized by rapid tech-

nological advancements and constant change. Similarly, meditation practices, 

such as Meditation practices, such as Vipassana (insight meditation) and Samatha 

(calm meditation), cultivate inner peace, compassion, and a balanced mind, 

further enhancing one’s ability to learn and adapt.

This paper argues that integrating Buddhist meditation and mindful-

ness into educational frameworks can revolutionize the learning process. By 

developing a mindful approach to learning, individuals can enhance their focus, 

reduce anxiety, and improve memory retention. Furthermore, these practices 

encourage a reflective learning style, enabling learners to connect deeply with 

the material and derive meaningful insights.



787

Empirical studies support the efficacy of mindfulness and meditation 

in educational settings. Research indicates that students who engage in regular 

mindfulness practice exhibit improved academic performance, better emotional 

regulation, and increased empathy. Educators can also benefit from these prac-

tices by fostering a calm and focused classroom environment, leading to more 

effective teaching and learning experiences.

In conclusion, Buddhist meditation and mindfulness practices are 

invaluable tools for lifelong learning. They not only enhance cognitive and emo-

tional capabilities but also promote a holistic approach to personal growth. By 

embracing these practices, individuals can navigate the complexities of modern 

life with greater ease and continue to learn and grow throughout their lives. 

This paper highlights the transformative potential of integrating mindfulness 

and meditation into educational systems, advocating for a shift towards a more 

mindful, compassionate, and effective learning paradigm.

Keywords: Buddhist, Meditation, Mindfulness, Lifelong Learning

Introduction  
In an era defined by rapid technological advancements and constant 

change, the pursuit of lifelong learning has become essential for personal and 

professional development. Traditional educational models, however, often fall 

short in addressing the holistic needs of individuals navigating the complexities 

of modern life. This is where Buddhist meditation and mindfulness practices 

come into play, offering timeless tools that can enhance the learning process 

and promote overall well-being.

Buddhist meditation and mindfulness practices have their roots in 

ancient traditions that date back over 2,500 years. These practices were originally 

developed to cultivate mental clarity, emotional balance, and spiritual insight. 

In recent years, they have transcended their religious origins and gained wide-

spread recognition for their secular benefits. Mindfulness, defined as the practice 



788

of maintaining a non-judgmental awareness of the present moment, and med-

itation, a method to achieve focused attention and mental tranquility, are now 

integrated into various fields, including psychology, healthcare, and education.

The relevance of these practices to lifelong learning is profound. 

Meditation and mindfulness foster a state of heightened awareness and con-

centration, crucial for absorbing new information and skills. They also enhance 

emotional regulation, resilience, and cognitive flexibility—attributes necessary 

for adapting to new challenges and environments. By incorporating these prac-

tices into educational frameworks, learners can develop a more reflective and 

engaged approach to their studies, leading to deeper understanding and reten-

tion of knowledge.

Moreover, the benefits of mindfulness and meditation extend beyond 

cognitive enhancement. They promote physical health by reducing stress and 

anxiety, which can otherwise hinder the learning process. They also encour-

age a sense of inner peace and compassion, contributing to a supportive and 

collaborative learning environment. Educators who practice mindfulness can 

create classrooms that are not only more focused and calmer but also more 

empathetic and inclusive.

This paper aims to explore the potential of Buddhist meditation and 

mindfulness practices as transformative tools for lifelong learning. It will examine 

empirical evidence supporting their efficacy, discuss practical applications within 

educational settings, and highlight the broader implications for personal growth 

and societal well-being. By embracing these ancient practices, we can foster a 

more mindful, compassionate, and effective approach to lifelong learning in the 

modern world.

Examine how meditation and mindfulness practices enhance cog-

nitive abilities and lifelong learning
Meditation and mindfulness practices have garnered significant at-

tention in recent years for their positive impacts on mental health and cognitive 



789

functions. Rooted in ancient traditions, particularly Buddhism, these practices 

offer a range of benefits that extend beyond mere stress reduction. This paper 

explores how meditation and mindfulness can enhance cognitive abilities and 

foster lifelong learning.  

Abdul Manan H, Mir IA, Humayra S, Tee RY and Vasu DT, gave a conclu-

sion in their research work that “Mindfulness-based interventions are beneficial 

for improving coronary artery disease (CAD) patients’ anxiety, depression and 

stress symptoms. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct more rigorous and 

robust studies with an equal gender ratio and long-term follow-up.” (Abdul 

Manan H, Mir IA, Humayra S, Tee RY and Vasu DT (2024)).

Cognitive Enhancement through Meditation and Mindfulness
1. Improved Attention and Focus

Meditation, especially focused attention meditation, trains individu-

als to sustain their attention on a single object or thought, thereby improving 

their ability to concentrate. Research indicates that regular meditation practice 

increases attention span and the ability to focus, which are crucial for effective 

learning and cognitive performance

2. Enhanced Memory and Learning Capacity

Mindfulness practices have been shown to enhance both working 

memory and long-term memory. Mindfulness meditation helps individuals to 

process information more deeply, leading to better retention and recall. A study 

by Jha et al. (2007: 109–119) demonstrated that participants who engaged in 

mindfulness training showed significant improvements in working memory ca-

pacity.

3. Increased Cognitive Flexibility

Cognitive flexibility, the ability to adapt to new and changing situa-

tions, is vital for lifelong learning. Mindfulness meditation fosters an open and 

accepting mindset, allowing individuals to approach problems and new infor-

mation with a flexible and adaptive attitude. This adaptability is essential in the 



790

ever-changing landscape of modern education and professional development 

4. Emotional Regulation and Resilience

Effective learning is not just about cognitive abilities but also about 

managing emotions. Meditation and mindfulness practices enhance emotional 

regulation by promoting awareness and acceptance of one’s emotions. This 

regulation helps in reducing anxiety and stress, which are significant barriers to 

effective learning. Enhanced emotional resilience allows individuals to cope 

better with academic and professional challenges (Hölzel et al., 2011: 36-43).

Lifelong Learning and Mindfulness
1. Cultivating a Growth Mindset

Mindfulness encourages a growth mindset by fostering an attitude of 

curiosity and openness to new experiences. This mindset is essential for lifelong 

learning, as it drives individuals to continually seek knowledge and self-improve-

ment. By staying present and engaged, learners can fully immerse themselves in 

the learning process and derive deeper insights (Dweck, 2006: 4).

2. Promoting Reflective Learning

Meditation practices encourage reflective thinking, enabling indi-

viduals to assess their thoughts, behaviors, and learning processes critically. 

This reflection leads to a deeper understanding of the material and promotes 

continuous learning and personal development. Reflective learning is partic-

ularly beneficial in adapting to new information and integrating it effectively 

(Schonert-Reichl & Roeser, 2016: 3-16).

3. Building Resilience to Change

In an era of rapid technological and societal changes, the ability to 

adapt and learn continuously is crucial. Mindfulness practices build resilience by 

enhancing individuals’ capacity to handle change and uncertainty. This resilience 

supports ongoing learning and the ability to thrive in dynamic environments

Meditation and mindfulness practices significantly enhance cognitive 

abilities, including attention, memory, cognitive flexibility, and emotional regu-



791

lation. These improvements are instrumental in fostering a mindset conducive 

to lifelong learning. By integrating these practices into educational and profes-

sional frameworks, individuals can enhance their learning capacity, adapt to new 

challenges, and pursue continuous personal and professional development.

Present research on the psychological and educational benefits of 

mindfulness 

Mindfulness, the practice of maintaining a moment-by-moment 

awareness of our thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and surrounding envi-

ronment, has gained significant attention in recent years for its psychological and 

educational benefits. This growing body of research highlights how mindfulness 

practices can enhance mental well-being and improve educational outcomes.

Psychological Benefits
1. Reduced Stress and Anxiety: Numerous studies have shown that 

mindfulness practices can significantly reduce stress and anxiety levels. For 

instance, a meta-analysis by Hélène Poissan et al. (2019: Online) found that 

mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) were effective in reducing symptoms of 

anxiety, depression, and stress across various populations. 

2. Enhanced Emotional Regulation: Mindfulness helps individuals de-

velop better emotional regulation skills. A study by Simonsson et al. (2023: 1-9) 

demonstrated that mindfulness training could lead to significant improvements 

in emotional regulation and decreased negative affect.

3. Improved Mental Health: Mindfulness has been linked to better 

mental health outcomes. A review by Hofmann et al. (2010: 169-183) found that 

mindfulness-based therapy was associated with significant improvements in 

depression and anxiety symptoms.



792

Educational Benefits
1. Improved Attention and Focus: Mindfulness practices have been 

shown to enhance attention and focus, which are critical for effective learning. 

Research by Hölzel et al. (2011: 36–43) indicated that brief mindfulness training 

improved cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and executive func-

tioning.

2. Enhanced Academic Performance: Incorporating mindfulness into 

educational settings can positively impact academic performance. A study by 

Warren et al. (2021: Online) found that students who participated in mindfulness 

programs demonstrated improved academic performance and better classroom 

behavior compared to their peers.

3. Increased Empathy and Compassion: Mindfulness training fosters 

empathy and compassion, which are essential for creating a positive learning en-

vironment. Research by Dvořáková et al. (2019: 146–156) showed that teachers 

who practiced mindfulness reported increased empathy and better classroom 

management skills.

The research on mindfulness underscores its substantial psychological 

and educational benefits. By reducing stress and anxiety, enhancing emotional 

regulation, and improving mental health, mindfulness contributes to overall 

psychological well-being. In educational settings, mindfulness practices enhance 

attention, academic performance, and empathy, creating a more conducive envi-

ronment for learning. As mindfulness continues to gain recognition, its integration 

into psychological and educational frameworks holds great promise for fostering 

healthier and more effective learning experiences.

Provide examples of mindfulness programs in schools and work-

places promoting continuous education 
Mindfulness programs have been increasingly integrated into edu-

cational and workplace settings to enhance continuous learning and personal 

development. These programs aim to cultivate mindfulness, reduce stress, and 



793

improve overall well-being, leading to more effective learning and productivity.

Examples in Schools

1. Mindful Schools Program

The Mindful Schools program offers comprehensive training for edu-

cators to integrate mindfulness into their classrooms. The program focuses on 

teaching students’ mindfulness techniques to improve attention, emotional 

regulation, and resilience. Studies have shown that students participating in 

mindfulness programs exhibit better academic performance and social skills.

2. MindUP Curriculum

Developed by the Goldie Hawn Foundation, the MindUP curriculum 

is designed for PreK-12 classrooms. It provides lessons on mindfulness, neu-

roscience, and social-emotional learning. Teachers report that students who 

participate in MindUP demonstrate increased focus, empathy, and a positive 

outlook on learning.

3. The Inner Resilience Program

Founded by Linda Lantieri, this program offers professional develop-

ment for educators to help them incorporate mindfulness into their teaching. 

It emphasizes building inner resilience among students, which translates into 

better stress management and enhanced learning capacities. Research indicates 

that students involved in the program show improved emotional stability and 

academic results.

Examples in Workplaces
1. Google’s Search Inside Yourself (SIY) Program

The SIY program, initiated at Google, combines mindfulness with emo-

tional intelligence training. It aims to reduce workplace stress, improve focus, and 

foster a culture of continuous learning and innovation. Employees who undergo 

the program report higher levels of job satisfaction, creativity, and productivity.

2. Aetna’s Mindfulness at Work Program

Aetna, a leading health insurance company, introduced mindfulness 



794

training for its employees to promote wellness and continuous learning. The pro-

gram includes guided meditation sessions and resilience training. Results show 

significant reductions in stress levels and healthcare costs, as well as improved 

employee engagement and performance.

3. General Mills’ Mindful Leadership Program

General Mills offers mindfulness courses and meditation sessions to 

its employees to encourage mindful leadership and continuous professional 

development. The program helps employees develop better decision-making 

skills, emotional intelligence, and work-life balance, contributing to a more pro-

ductive and innovative workplace.

Integrating mindfulness programs into schools and workplaces has 

proven to be an effective strategy for promoting continuous education and 

personal growth. These programs not only enhance academic and professional 

performance but also foster a supportive and resilient environment for lifelong 

learning.

The Monk Chat Program: An Academic Exploration of Its Role in 

Teaching Vipassana Meditation to Foreigners
The Monk Chat Program is a distinctive initiative designed to facilitate 

informal interactions between Buddhist monks and foreigners. Initially intended 

to offer insights into Buddhist philosophy, Thai culture, and monastic life, the 

program has since evolved to include instruction in Vipassana meditation. Vipas-

sana, or insight meditation, is a practice centered on developing mindfulness and 

gaining insight into the nature of reality, and it has become a crucial element of 

the program. This article delves into the significance of the Monk Chat Program 

as a platform for introducing Vipassana meditation to a global audience.

Background of the Monk Chat Program
Launched in the early 2000s, the Monk Chat Program was conceived 

as a means for tourists and expatriates in Thailand to learn about Buddhism 



795

directly from monks. Typically hosted in temples or university settings, the pro-

gram creates a relaxed environment where participants can ask questions about 

Buddhism, meditation, and Thai culture. Over time, the program has expanded 

to include structured meditation sessions, reflecting the growing global interest 

in mindfulness and meditation practices. 

Vipassana Meditation: Core Practice of the Monk Chat Program
Vipassana meditation, deeply rooted in the teachings of the Buddha, 

is a practice that emphasizes the development of mindfulness (Sati) and clear 

comprehension (Sampajañña). The practice involves observing the body, 

thoughts, and emotions without attachment, which leads to profound insights 

into the nature of impermanence, suffering, and non-self. Within the Monk Chat 

Program, Vipassana meditation serves as the primary practice tool, offering  

participants a direct experience of Buddhist principles.

 The program typically begins with an introduction to meditation, 

followed by guided sessions in which participants practice mindfulness of 

breathing (Anapanasati) or body contemplation (Kayanupassana). Monks provide 

personalized guidance, answering questions and offering support as participants 

navigate their meditation experiences. This hands-on approach helps demystify 

meditation, making it accessible to individuals from diverse cultural and religious 

backgrounds.

Impact on Foreign Participants
The inclusion of Vipassana meditation in the Monk Chat Program has 

had a significant impact on foreign participants, many of whom come to the 

program with little or no prior experience in meditation. For many, the program 

serves as their first introduction to the practice, and participants often report 

transformative experiences, including increased mindfulness, emotional balance, 

and a deeper understanding of Buddhist teachings.



796

The program also fosters a sense of community among participants, 

who often form lasting connections with each other and the monks. These 

relationships frequently extend beyond the program, with many participants 

continuing their meditation practice and even returning to Thailand for further 

study. In this way, the program serves as a gateway for deeper engagement with 

Buddhism and meditation.

Challenges and Considerations
Despite its success, the Monk Chat Program faces several challenges. 

Language barriers can impede communication, even though the monks make  

efforts to converse in English. Additionally, participants’ varying levels of  

familiarity with meditation require the monks to adapt their teaching methods, 

sometimes leading to a more generalized approach that accommodates all 

participants.

Another challenge is the short duration of the program, which may 

not provide enough time for participants to fully grasp the depth of Vipassana 

practice. This limitation highlights the need for follow-up sessions or more ex-

tensive meditation retreats, which some participants pursue after their initial 

experience in the program.

The Monk Chat Program plays a pivotal role in introducing Vipassana 

meditation to a global audience. By offering foreigners direct access to medita-

tion instruction from experienced monks, the program enhances participants’ 

understanding of Buddhism and contributes to their personal growth and 

well-being. As global interest in meditation continues to rise, the Monk Chat 

Program remains a vital resource for those seeking to explore the depths of 

mindfulness and insight meditation.



797

Analytical Knowledge of Buddhist Meditation and Mindfulness 

Practices as Tools for Lifelong Learning
1. Introduction to Buddhist Meditation and Mindfulness

- Definition of Meditation: A practice where an individual uses a 

technique – such as mindfulness, or focusing the mind on a particular object, 

thought, or activity – to train attention and awareness, and achieve a mentally 

clear and emotionally calm state.

- Definition of Mindfulness: The quality or state of being conscious 

or aware of something. In a meditative context, it refers to maintaining a mo-

ment-by-moment awareness of thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and the 

surrounding environment.

2. Types of Buddhist Meditation

- Vipassana (Insight Meditation): Focuses on seeing things as they truly 

are to gain insight into the nature of reality. It involves deep self-observation and 

understanding the impermanence, suffering, and non-self-nature of phenomena.

- Samatha (Concentration Meditation): Aims at calming the mind and 

developing deep concentration (samadhi). It often involves focusing on a single 

object, such as the breath, to bring the mind to a state of tranquility.

3. Benefits of Meditation and Mindfulness

- Cognitive Benefits: Improved concentration, memory retention, and 

cognitive flexibility.

- Emotional Benefits: Enhanced emotional regulation, reduced stress 

and anxiety, increased empathy and compassion.

- Physical Benefits: Lowered blood pressure, improved sleep, and 

better overall health.

4. Integration into Lifelong Learning

- Educational Settings: Programs like Mindful Schools, MindUP Cur-

riculum, and The Inner Resilience Program integrate mindfulness practices into 

school curriculums to improve student focus, emotional regulation, and aca-

demic performance.



798

- Workplace Settings: Initiatives such as Google’s Search Inside Your-

self, Aetna’s Mindfulness at Work, and General Mills’ Mindful Leadership Pro-

gram promote mindfulness to enhance employee well-being, productivity, and 

continuous professional development.

5. Empirical Evidence and Research

- Studies in Education: Research shows that students engaged in mind-

fulness programs exhibit improved academic performance, better social skills, 

and greater emotional stability.

- Studies in Workplace: Data indicates that employees participating 

in mindfulness programs report higher job satisfaction, reduced stress, and in-

creased creativity and productivity.

6. Practical Applications

- Daily Mindfulness Practices: Simple exercises such as mindful breath-

ing, body scans, and mindful walking can be incorporated into daily routines.

- Structured Programs: Schools and workplaces can adopt structured 

mindfulness programs tailored to their specific environments and needs.

7. Challenges and Considerations

- Cultural Adaptation: Ensuring that mindfulness programs are culturally sensi-

tive and appropriately adapted to different contexts.

- Sustainability: Developing strategies to maintain long-term engage-

ment and practice of mindfulness among participants.

Buddhist meditation and mindfulness practices offer valuable tools 

for lifelong learning. By fostering cognitive, emotional, and physical well-being, 

these practices enhance the ability to adapt and thrive in an ever-changing 

world. Integrating mindfulness into educational and workplace settings can 

lead to a more mindful, compassionate, and effective approach to learning and 

personal development.



799

Figure: The Buddhist Meditation and Mindfulness Practices as Tools 

for Lifelong Learning

Conclusion
Buddhist meditation and mindfulness practices are powerful tools 

for enhancing lifelong learning. These practices, rooted in ancient traditions, 

improve cognitive functions, emotional regulation, and overall well-being. Key 

types of meditation include Vipassana (insight meditation) and Samatha (calm 

meditation), each contributing to better focus and inner peace. Integrating 

mindfulness into educational and workplace settings has proven effective, with 

programs like Mindful Schools and Google’s Search Inside Yourself showing signif-

icant benefits in academic performance and employee productivity. By adopting 

these practices, individuals can develop resilience, creativity, and a balanced 

approach to continuous personal and professional growth.



800

Suggestion for further studies
Suggestion for Further Studies of Buddhist Meditation and Mindfulness 

Practices as Tools for Lifelong Learning

This article aims to explore the potential of Buddhist meditation and 

mindfulness practices as effective tools for lifelong learning. To advance our 

understanding, it is essential to approach this topic through rigorous research 

methodologies, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative studies.

Key areas for further research include:
1. Longitudinal Studies: Examining the long-term effects of consistent 

meditation and mindfulness practices on cognitive abilities, emotional intelli-

gence, and learning adaptability across different stages of life.

2. Comparative Analysis: Comparing Buddhist meditation techniques 

with other mindfulness-based interventions to evaluate their unique contribu-

tions to lifelong learning.

3. Cultural and Contextual Influences: Investigating how cultural back-

ground and individual context influence the effectiveness of these practices as 

tools for lifelong learning.

4. Neuroscientific Research: Utilizing neuroimaging and other ad-

vanced scientific techniques to study the impact of Buddhist meditation on brain 

plasticity and cognitive function over time.

5.Educational Integration: Researching the integration of Buddhist 

meditation and mindfulness practices into formal and informal education sys-

tems, assessing their impact on learning outcomes, motivation, and student 

well-being.

The findings from such research will be invaluable in understanding 

how Buddhist meditation and mindfulness can be effectively applied to foster 

continuous personal and intellectual growth throughout an individual’s life.



801

References
C arol S. Dweck. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Pen-

guin Random House LLC,.

Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl, Robert W. Roeser. (2516). Mindfulness in Education: 

Introduction and Overview of the Handbook. in Handbook of Mind-

fulness in Education Integrating Theory and Research into Practice. 

Schonert-Reichl, K.A.: Roeser, R.W. (Eds.). 

Britta K. Hölzel, James Carmody, Mark Vangel, Christina Congleton, Sita M. Yer-

ramsetti, Tim Gard and Sara W. Lazara. Mindfulness practice leads to 

increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Res. 2011 

Jan 30; 191(1): 36–43.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/

pii/S092549271000288X?via%3Dihub

Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ. Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of at-

tention. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. 2007;7:109–

119. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/cabn.7.2.109

Kamila Dvořáková, Mark T. Greenberg, and Robert W. Roeser. On the Role of 

Mindfulness and Compassion Skills in Students’ Coping, Well-being 

and Development across the Transition to College: A Conceptual 

Analysis.  Health. 2019 Apr; 35(2): 146–156. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

gov/pmc/articles/PMC6491916/

Otto Simonsson, Christine Bergljottsdotter, Jayanth Narayanan, Stephen Fisher, 

Jamie Bristow, Ruth Ormston, and Richard Chambers. Mindfulness in Politics: 

A Qualitative Study on Mindfulness Training in the UK Parliament. 

Mindfulness (N Y). 2023 May 29 : 1–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.

gov/37362193/

Stefan G. Hofmann, Alice T. Sawyer, Ashley A. Witt, and Diana Oh. The Effect of 

Mindfulness-Based Therapy on Anxiety and Depression: A Meta-An-

alytic Review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010 Apr; 78(2): 169–183. 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848393/

Hélène Poissant, Adrianna Mendrek, Nadine Talbot, Bassam Khoury, and Jennifer 



802

Nolan. Behavioral and Cognitive Impacts of Mindfulness-Based 

Interventions on Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Dis-

order: A Systematic Review. Behav Neurol. 4 April 2019. https://

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31093302/

Michael T. Warren, Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl,  Randip Gill, Anne M. Gader-

mann, and Eva Oberle. Naturalistic development of trait mind-

fulness: A longitudinal examination of victimization and sup-

portive relationships in early adolescence. PLoS One. 2021; 16(5): 

e0250960.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8104379/

Abdul Manan H, Mir IA, Humayra S,Tee RY and Vasu DT (2024) Research. Effect 

of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety, depression, and 

stress in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review 

and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Psychol. 

15:1435243. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1435243


