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this emblematic structure, ensuring it remains a source of identity and wisdom 

for years to come.

Keywords: Lanna Pulpit, Aesthetics, Identity, Wisdom

Introduction
The Lanna Kingdom, which flourished from the 13th - the 18th century 

in what is now Northern Thailand, has left a profound legacy in art, architecture, 

and Buddhist practices (Angela S. Chiu, 2017, p. 2). Central to this legacy is the 

Lanna pulpit, a distinctive feature of Buddhist temples that embodies the aes-

thetics of identity, wisdom, and cultural heritage intrinsic to the region. The pul-

pit, or Dhammasa serves not only as a platform for monastic discourse but also 

as a canvas showcasing the intricate artistry and symbolic narratives of Lanna 

culture (Swearer, 2010, p. 45).
The importance of the Lanna pulpit is multifaceted as physical manifestation of spiritual 

teachings, facilitating the transmission of wisdom from monks to the lay community (Tambiah, 1984, p. 78). 

The elaborate designs and motifs carved into the pulpit reflect local interpretations of Buddhist cosmology, 

intertwined with indigenous beliefs and artistic traditions (Woodward, 1997, p. 63). This fusion of religious 

function and aesthetic expression underscores the pulpit role in preserving and conveying the cultural 

identity of the Lanna people.

Artistic elements of the Lanna pulpit are characterized by intricate 

woodcarvings, gilded decorations, and vibrant colors, all signifying various as-

pects of Buddhist teachings and local folklore (Stratton & Scott, 2004, p. 112). 

The common motifs include mythical creatures like the Nāgā and Garuda, floral 

patterns, and scenes from the Jātaka tales, each imbued with symbolic meanings 

that convey moral and ethical lessons (Renard, 1999, p. 89). These artistic ex-

pressions not only enhance the visual appeal of the pulpit but also serve as ed-

ucational tools, illustrating complex spiritual concepts in an accessible manner.

The preservation of the Lanna pulpit is crucial for maintaining the re-

gional Buddhist cultural heritage. Modernization and changing of socio-economic 

dynamics pose significant challenges to the conservation of these artifacts (Cros-



982

by, 2007, p. 34). There is an increasing risk of deterioration and loss of traditional 

craftsmanship as younger generations migrate towards urban centers, leaving 

behind the artisanal knowledge required to create and maintain such intricate 

works (Singh, 2001, p. 56). Efforts to document, restore, and educate about the 

Lanna pulpit are essential to safeguard this cultural legacy for future generations 

(Lee, 2021, p. 44).

This study aims to explore the aesthetics of the Lanna pulpit, delving 

into how it embodies the identity and wisdom of the Lanna people and serves as 

a vital component of Buddhist cultural heritage by examining historical contexts, 

artistic techniques, and symbolic meanings, the researchers seek to highlight the 

significance of the pulpit within both religious and cultural context. Furthermore, 

the study will address contemporary challenges in preserving this heritage, 

advocating for strategies that ensure the continuity of the Lanna pulpit legacy.

Historical Context of the Lanna Kingdom
The Lanna Kingdom, often referred to as the “Kingdom of a Million 

Rice Fields,” was a significant political and cultural entity in Southeast Asia. Lan-

na played a crucial role in shaping the regional history through its unique blend 

of indigenous and external influences (Wyatt, 1984: p. 85).

In 1296, by King Mangrai, Lanna established of Lanna Kingdom marked 

the unification of various Tai principalities in the region. He strategically chose 

Chiang Mai as the capital due to its fertile lands and strategic location along trade 

routes (Ongsakul, 2005: p. 47). Under his rule, the kingdom was expanded terri-

tory and influence, forging alliances and occasionally engaging in conflicts with 

neighboring states like Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (Vickery, 1995: p. 200).

Lanna was renowned for its rich cultural heritage, particularly in art, 

architecture, and religion. The kingdom embraced Theravada Buddhism, which 

became deeply integrated into its society and governance (Swearer, 1999: p. 

112). The construction of magnificent temples such as Wat Phra Singh and Wat 

Chedi Luang exemplifies the kingdom architectural achievements and religious 



983

devotion (McDaniel, 2008: p. 75). These temples are not only served religious 

purposes but also acted as centers for education and community gatherings.

Moreover, the kingdom economy thrived on agriculture, handicrafts, 

and trade. Lanna’s strategic position along the overland trade routes between 

China and the rest of Southeast Asia facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, 

and culture (Grabowsky & Turton, 2003: p. 58). The production of lacquerware, 

textiles, and silverwork became notable exports, contributing to the kingdom 

wealth and international recognition (Renard, 2002: p. 33).

Lanna political system was characterized by a hierarchical structure 

with the king at the apex, followed by nobles and commoners. The society was 

organized into “Muang” (city-states), each governed by local lords who pledged 

allegiance to the king (Ongsakul, 2005: p. 123). This system allowed for regional 

autonomy while maintaining overall unity and order within the kingdom.

Throughout its history, Lanna engaged in the complex relationships 

with neighboring kingdoms; diplomatic marriages, alliances, and conflicts which 

were common as Lanna navigated its position among more powerful states. 

Notably, the kingdom faced repeated threats from Burmese invasions, which 

eventually led to periods of Burmese dominance over Lanna in the 16th century 

(Wyatt, 1984: p. 137).

Several factors contributed to the decline of the Lanna Kingdom, in-

cluding internal strife, economic challenges, and external pressures from more 

dominant powers like Burma and Siam. By the late 18th century, Lanna became 

a vassal state under Siamese control (Grabowsky & Turton, 2003: p. 102). The for-

mal integration into Siam occurred in the early 20th  century, leading to significant 

administrative and social changes in the region (Renard, 2002: p. 54).

The historical context of the Lanna Kingdom is essential for under-

standing the cultural and political landscape of Northern Thailand today. Lanna 

unique traditions, language, and artistic expressions have left an indelible mark 

on the regional identity (McDaniel, 2008: p. 98). Thus, the efforts to preserve 

Lanna heritage continue reflecting the kingdom enduring influence on contem-



984

porary Thai society.

The Lanna Kingdom rich history showcases the complexities of region-

al politics, cultural development, and economic interactions in Southeast Asia. 

Its legacy persists in the cultural fabric of Northern Thailand, offering valuable 

insights into the regional past and its impact on present-day identities.

The Lanna Pulpit: Function and Symbolism
The Lanna Kingdom is renowned for its rich cultural and artistic heri-

tage (Freeman, 2001, p. 15). Among its most significant contributions to Buddhist 

architecture is the Lanna pulpit, a structure that embodies both functional utility 

and profound symbolism.

Functionally, the Lanna pulpit serves as a platform for monks to 

deliver sermons and teachings during religious ceremonies. Elevated above the 

congregation, it facilitates better acoustics and visibility, ensuring that the Dham-

ma—the teachings of the Buddha—reaches all attendees (Swearer, 2004, pp. 

67-68). This elevation also symbolizes the spiritual ascent and the higher plane 

of understanding that the teachings represent.

Figure 1: The Lanna pulpit at Wat Phra That Lampang Luang

Symbolically, the pulpit is adorned with intricate carvings and motifs 



985

that reflect Buddhist cosmology and local folklore. Common decorations in-

clude depictions of mythical creatures like the Nāgā (serpent deities) and the 

Garuda (a legendary bird-like creature), which represent protection and the inter-

play between earthly and celestial realms (Woodward, 1997, p. 112). The use of 

gold leaf and vibrant colors not only enhances aesthetic appeal but also signifies 

enlightenment and the impermanence of material wealth (Freeman, 2001, p. 23).

The architectural design of the pulpit often incorporates elements 

symbolizing Mount Sumeru, considered the center of the universe in Buddhist 

cosmology. This connection elevates the pulpit from a mere physical structure 

to a representation of the cosmos, bridging the human and the divine (Wood-

ward, 1997, pp. 115-116). The monk ascent to the pulpit mirrors the spiritual 

journey toward enlightenment, reinforcing the sanctity of the teachings delivered 

from it.

Furthermore, the craftsmanship of the Lanna pulpit reflects the com-

munal devotion and artistic excellence of the Lanna people. Artisans spend 

years mastering wood carving and gilding techniques, passing these skills down 

through generations. Thus, the pulpit becomes a vessel not only for spiritual 

teachings but also for preserving cultural identity (Freeman, 2001, p. 30).

In conclusion, the Lanna pulpit is a profound embodiment of function 

intertwined with rich symbolism. It is a testament to the Lanna Kingdom dedi-

cation to Buddhism and its commitment to artistic expression. Understanding 

its multifaceted roles offers deeper insights into the regional religious practices 

and cultural achievements.

Artistic Aesthetics of the Lanna Pulpit
Among its significant contributions is the Lanna pulpit, a central 

element in Buddhist temples that exemplifies the regional unique aesthetic 

principles (Woodward, 1997, p. 112). The Lanna pulpit, known locally as the 

“Dhammāsa,” serves not only as a platform for monastic teachings but also as a 

canvas showcasing the intricate artistry of Lanna craftsmen (Freeman & Stadtner, 



986

2010, p. 85). Crafted predominantly from teak wood—a material abundant in 

Northern Thailand—the pulpits are adorned with elaborate carvings depicting 

mythological creatures, floral patterns, and scenes from Buddhist lore (Nimmana-

haeminda, 1980, p. 47).

A defining characteristic of these pulpits is the meticulous wood carv-

ing techniques employed. Artisans utilize deep relief carving to create dynamic, 

multi-layered images that convey depth and movement (Brown, 1996, p. 58). 

The carvings often feature the Nāgā (serpent deities) and the Garuda (mythical 

bird), symbolizing protection and the transcendence of earthly desires (Chan-

tharak, 2005, p. 73).

In addition to wood carving, the application of lacquer and gold leaf 

enhances the pulpit visual appeal. The use of gold leaf not only signifies the sa-

credness of the space but also reflects light, illuminating the temple interior and 

creating an ethereal ambiance (McGill, 2009, p. 129). This interplay of light and 

shadow is a deliberate aesthetic choice, emphasizing the spiritual enlightenment 

that Buddhism advocates (Wijeyewardene, 1986, p. 214).

The pulpit structural design often incorporates multiple tiers and 

spires, drawing inspiration from the traditional Lanna pagoda architecture (Wood-

ward, 1997, p. 115). These tiers are symbolic of the Buddhist cosmology, repre-

senting different levels of existence and the path towards Nibbāna (Freeman & 

Stadtner, 2010, p. 88). The upward orientation of the spires guides the devotee’s 

gaze skyward, reinforcing the connection between the earthly realm and the 

spiritual plane (McGill, 2009, p. 132).

The color symbolism plays a significant role in the aesthetic of the 

Lanna pulpit. Dominant hues include red, black, and gold—each carrying specific 

connotations. Red symbolizes life force and vitality; black represents the mys-

teries of the unknown; and gold denotes purity and enlightenment (Chantharak, 

2005, p. 76). The strategic use of these colors enhances the pulpit spiritual sig-

nificance and visual impact.



987

Furthermore, the integration of glass mosaics and mother-of-pearl 

inlays adds a layer of complexity and brilliance to the pulpit appearance (Brown, 

1996, p. 62). These materials catch and refract light, contributing to the overall 

luminosity of the structure. This technique reflects the Lanna artisans’ mastery 

of combining different mediums to achieve a harmonious aesthetic (Nimmana-

haeminda, 1980, p. 52).

In conclusion, the artistic aesthetics of the Lanna pulpit are a testa-

ment to the regional rich cultural and religious heritage. Through the fusion of 

intricate woodwork, symbolic motifs, and thoughtful use of materials and colors, 

the pulpit embodies the spiritual ideals and artistic excellence of the Lanna 

Kingdom (Woodward, 1997, p. 118).

Interplay of Indigenous Beliefs and Buddhist Cosmology
The integration of Buddhism into various cultures has resulted in a 

syncretism between Buddhist cosmology and indigenous beliefs, enriching the 

spiritual landscapes of regions where Buddhism has spread. This interplay has 

led to unique expressions of Buddhist practice that reflect local traditions and 

cosmological understandings.

In Southeast Asia, the incorporation of animistic and ancestral worship 

practices into Buddhism is evident. In Cambodia, Buddhism coexists with the 

indigenous belief in “Neak Ta”, local spirits believed to inhabit natural features 

like trees and stones (Harris, 2005: 37). This fusion demonstrates how Buddhist 

cosmology adapts to encompass local spiritual entities, providing a comprehen-

sive worldview addressing both soteriological concerns and everyday life.



988

Figure 2: Lanna Pulpit at Wat Phra That Hariphunchai

Similarly, in Tibet, the pre-Buddhist Bon religion significantly influ-

enced Tibetan Buddhism. Elements such as the belief in a multitude of deities 

and spirits, and complex rituals for appeasing them, were integrated into Tibetan 

Buddhist practice (Samuel, 1993: 56). Tibetan Buddhist cosmology thus reflects a 

layered understanding of the universe, where Samsāra intertwine with indigenous 

cosmological concepts.

In Mongolia, the interaction between Shamanism and Buddhism led 

to a unique cosmology. Mongolian Buddhism absorbed shamanistic practices, 

incorporating them into its rituals and cosmological views. The reverence for the 

sky god “Tengri”, a central figure in Mongolian indigenous belief, was assimilated 

into Buddhist cosmology (Bold, 2001: 82). This Syncretism facilitated the accep-

tance of Buddhism among the Mongolian people, aligning Buddhist teachings 

with their traditional cosmological framework.

The adaptation of Buddhism in Japan also illustrates this interplay. 

Shinto, the indigenous spirituality of Japan, emphasizes the worship of “Kami”, 

spirits associated with natural phenomena. The concept of “Honji Suijaku” posits 



989

that Buddhist deities manifest as Shinto Kami to save sentient beings (Grapard, 

1992: 211). This doctrine allowed for a harmonious relationship between Bud-

dhist cosmology and indigenous beliefs, leading to a syncretic religious environ-

ment.

These examples underscore the flexibility of Buddhist cosmology in 

accommodating indigenous beliefs. The syncretic practices not only facilitated 

the spread of Buddhism but also enriched its cosmological narratives. This inter-

play has allowed Buddhism to remain relevant and responsive to the cultural 

contexts in which it is practiced.

Therefore, understanding this interplay is crucial for appreciating the 

diversity within Buddhist traditions. It highlights the dynamic nature of religious 

cosmologies and their capacity to evolve through intercultural exchanges. Future 

studies could further explore how this syncretism affects contemporary Buddhist 

practices and the preservation of indigenous traditions.

The Lanna Pulpit as Cultural Heritage
The Lanna pulpit, an integral element of Northern Thailand religious 

and cultural identity, stands as a testament to the rich heritage of the Lanna 

Kingdom. Flourishing between the 13th – 18th centuries, the Lanna Kingdom 

developed a unique artistic and architectural style distinct from other regions 

in Thailand. The pulpit, known locally as “Dhammāsa, serves not only as a plat-

form for monastic teachings but also as an embodiment of intricate craftsman-

ship and religious symbolism.

These pulpits are renowned for their elaborate woodwork, featuring 

detailed carvings that depict scenes from Buddhist cosmology, local folklore, 

and nature. Artisans employ traditional techniques passed down through genera-

tions, utilizing indigenous materials like teak wood to create these masterpieces. 

The carvings often include motifs of mythical creatures, such as Nāgā (serpent 

deities) and Garuda (mythical birds), which hold significant meaning in Buddhist 

and local beliefs.



990

The artistic significance of the Lanna pulpit extends beyond its aes-

thetic appeal. It plays a crucial role in religious practices, enhancing the spiritual 

atmosphere during sermons and ceremonies. The visual narratives carved into 

the pulpits serve as educational tools, illustrating moral lessons and Buddhist 

teachings for the lay community. This intertwining of art and religion underscores 

the pulpit importance in preserving and conveying cultural values.

Preservation of the Lanna pulpit is vital for maintaining the cultural 

heritage of Northern Thailand. Modernization and economic development pose 

threats to these traditional structures, as newer architectural styles and materials 

replace historical ones. Efforts by local communities, scholars, and cultural or-

ganizations aim to document, restore, and protect these pulpits such initiatives 

not only safeguard the physical artifacts but also ensure the continuation of 

traditional craftsmanship and religious practices associated with them.

International recognition of the Lanna pulpit cultural value has also 

grown. The UNESCO has highlighted the importance of preserving intangible cul-

tural heritage, which includes traditional craftsmanship and oral traditions asso-

ciated with artifacts like the pulpit. Its conservation programs focus on educating 

younger generations about the significance of these cultural assets, fostering a 

sense of pride and responsibility towards heritage preservation.

Conclusions, the Lanna pulpit is more than a religious fixture; it is a 

cultural symbol that encapsulates the artistic ingenuity, spiritual devotion, and 

historical legacy of the Lanna people. Protecting and promoting to this heritage 

is essential for sustaining the region cultural identity and ensuring that future 

generations can appreciate and learn from these profound expressions of human 

creativity.

The Lanna Pulpit in Academic Discourse
The academic studies have highlighted the Lanna pulpit as a symbol 

of the intertwining of art and religion in Northern Thai culture. According to 

Freeman and Warner (2001, p. 112), the pulpit is often elaborately decorated 



991

with carvings depicting Buddhist cosmology and local folklore, reflecting the 

syncretism of beliefs in the region. These carvings are not merely ornamental; 

they serve as visual aids that reinforce the teachings delivered from the pulpit.

The construction techniques of the Lanna pulpit have also been a 

subject of scholarly interest. Srisuchat (2004, p. 85) notes that traditional wood-

working methods were employed, utilizing interlocking joints without the use of 

nails. This technique not only showcases the advanced woodworking skills of 

Lanna artisans but also symbolizes the interconnectedness of the community 

and the teachings of Buddhism.

In terms of stylistic features, the pulpit often incorporates Nāgā 
(serpent deities) motifs and lotus flowers, which are significant in Buddhist ico-

nography (Smith, 2010, p. 47). The Nāgā represents protection and the guarding 

of sacred spaces, while the lotus symbolizes purity and enlightenment. These 

elements are meticulously carved and sometimes inlaid with gold leaf, indicating 

the importance of the pulpit within the temple hierarchy.

Figure 3: Dissemination of knowledge about the pulpit to the public at the 

Tourist Service Center, Lamphun Province, on June 25, 2024.



992

Recent research has focused on the preservation of Lanna pulpits 

amid modernization. Charoensri (2018, p. 23) discusses the challenges faced in 

conserving these structures due to environmental factors and the loss of tradi-

tional artisanship. The study emphasizes the need for sustainable preservation 

methods that involve local communities and knowledge transmission to younger 

generations.

The Lanna pulpit role extends beyond the religious sphere; it is a tes-

tament to the region historical and cultural identity as globalization influences 

local practices, academic discourse underscores the importance of preserving 

such artifacts. The pulpit is not only a piece of religious furniture but also a cul-

tural symbol that encapsulates the artistic heritage of the Lanna Kingdom.

Conclusions, the Lanna pulpit remains a focal point in the study of 

Southeast Asian art and architecture. Its intricate designs, construction methods, 

and symbolic meanings offer valuable insights into the religious and cultural fab-

ric of Northern Thailand that ongoing academic interest and preservation efforts 

are essential in ensuring this emblematic structure continues to be appreciated 

by future generations.

Conclusion
The Lanna Kingdom, which thrived from the 13th - the 18th century in 

Northern Thailand, has left an enduring legacy in art, architecture, and Buddhist 

practices. Central to this heritage is the Lanna pulpit, or “Dhammāsa”, a unique 

feature of Buddhist temples that embodies the region identity, wisdom, and 

cultural heritage. Serving as both a platform for monastic discourse and a canvas 

for intricate artistry, the pulpit plays a multifaceted role in transmitting spiritual 

teachings and preserving cultural values.

Functionally, the Lanna pulpit elevates monks during sermons, sym-

bolizing spiritual ascent and facilitating better acoustics and visibility. Symboli-

cally, it is adorned with elaborate woodcarvings, gilded decorations, and vibrant 

colors, depicting Buddhist cosmology, local folklore, and mythical creatures like 



993

the Nāgā and Garuda. These artistic elements not only enhance visual appeal 

but also serve as educational tools, illustrating complex spiritual concepts and 

moral lessons in an accessible manner.

The pulpit design often incorporates elements representing Mount 

Sumeru from Buddhist cosmology, connecting the structure to the universe 

and bridging the human and divine realms. The use of traditional materials like 

teak wood and techniques such as interlocking joints without nails showcases 

the advanced woodworking skills of Lanna artisans and symbolizes community 

interconnectedness.

The preservation of the Lanna pulpit is crucial amid modernization 

and shifting socio-economic dynamics. Challenges include environmental deteri-

oration, and the loss of traditional craftsmanship as younger generations migrate 

to urban centers, leaving behind the artisanal knowledge required for creation 

and maintenance. The academic discourse emphasizes sustainable preservation 

methods involving local communities and the transmission of knowledge to 

future generations.

Thus, the Lanna pulpit stands as a cultural symbol encapsulating the 

artistic ingenuity, spiritual devotion, and historical legacy of the Lanna people. 

It represents the intertwining of art and religion and serves as a vital component 

of Buddhist cultural heritage. Ongoing academic interest and preservation efforts 

are essential to safeguard this emblematic structure, ensuring it continues to be 

appreciated and serves as a source of identity and wisdom for future generations.

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