









































866

The Use of English Language Among Development Monk Scholars

Decha Talanuek

Chalermphong Tham-ngarn

Abstract
This study examines the growing significance of English proficiency 

among Buddhist monks in Thailand, who have expanded their roles to include 

social development and education. English, as a global lingua franca, facilitates 

their participation in international Buddhist scholarship, conferences, and ac-

ademic collaborations, enhancing their ability to share teachings and engage 

in intercultural dialogue. Benefits include better access to academic resourc-

es, improved communication across cultures, and the ability to develop and 

teach educational programs. However, monks face challenges such as limited 

resources, cultural barriers, and demanding schedules. To address these, strat-

egies like partnering with educational institutions, using digital platforms, and 

integrating English into monastic curricula are suggested. Case studies show that 

with appropriate support, monks can achieve proficiency, thereby contributing 

to global Buddhist discourse and fostering a more educated and harmonious 

global community.

Keywords: English Proficiency, Development Monk Scholars, Social Develop

           ment, Intercultural Communication

Introduction
The role of Buddhist monks in Thailand has undergone significant 

transformation over the centuries. Traditionally seen as spiritual guides and 

custodians of Buddhist teachings, monks have increasingly taken on roles that 

extend beyond the confines of monastic life. They are now active participants 



867

in social development, education, healthcare, and community service. This 

multifaceted involvement necessitates new skills and knowledge, among which 

proficiency in the English language stands out as particularly crucial.

English has emerged as the global lingua franca, facilitating interna-

tional communication and access to a vast repository of knowledge. For devel-

opment monk scholars, mastering English is not merely a beneficial skill but 

an essential one. It enables them to engage with global Buddhist scholarship, 

participate in international conferences, and collaborate with academic and de-

velopment organizations worldwide. Moreover, English proficiency allows monks 

to disseminate Buddhist teachings to a broader audience, thereby fulfilling their 

spiritual and educational missions more effectively.

The increasing importance of English among monk scholars is reflec-

tive of broader trends in globalization and the internationalization of education 

and knowledge. As Thailand becomes more integrated into the global commu-

nity, the ability to communicate and engage in English has become a key driver 

of educational and developmental success. For monks involved in community 

development and education, English proficiency provides a critical tool for ac-

cessing international resources, engaging in scholarly discourse, and enhancing 

the quality of education and development initiatives within their communities.

However, the journey towards English proficiency is fraught with chal-

lenges. Monasteries, particularly those in rural areas, often lack access to quali-

fied English teachers and adequate learning materials. The traditional monastic 

lifestyle, with its emphasis on spiritual practice and community service, can 

also present obstacles to language learning. Furthermore, cultural perceptions 

of English as a secular, non-spiritual pursuit may deter some monks from fully 

embracing it.

Buddhist monks often face significant challenges when it comes to 

learning English due to the lack of opportunities and resources within their mo-

nastic communities. English language skills are increasingly essential, especially 

as Buddhism gains global attention and monks interact more frequently with 



868

international communities.

One of the main issues is the limited access to formal education in 

English, as many monasteries prioritize religious studies over secular subjects. 

This educational gap leaves monks with few opportunities to learn English effec-

tively, which can hinder their ability to engage with the global community and 

share their teachings more broadly.

There are volunteer programs that aim to address this gap by offering 

English teaching opportunities within monasteries. However, these programs are 

not always widespread, and the quality of instruction can vary greatly depending 

on the availability of qualified teachers. Additionally, the strict monastic sched-

ules and rules can sometimes limit the time monks have to dedicate to learning 

a new language.

Efforts to improve English learning opportunities for monks are ongo-

ing, but more support and resources are needed to make significant progress.

This paper explores the significance of English proficiency for devel-

opment monk scholars in Thailand. It examines the benefits that English brings 

to their roles as educators, community leaders, and global citizens. Additionally, 

it addresses the challenges they face in learning and using English and proposes 

strategies to overcome these obstacles. Through case studies of successful En-

glish language programs in Thai monasteries, this paper highlights how monks can 

achieve English proficiency and leverage it for academic growth and community 

development.

By understanding the intersection of language, education, and social 

development, this paper aims to shed light on the critical role of English profi-

ciency in empowering monks to fulfill their expanded roles in modern Thai soci-

ety. It underscores the need for targeted support and resources to help monks 

overcome language barriers and fully realize their potential as agents of change 

and development.



869

The role of monks in Thailand has evolved significantly over the years, 

expanding beyond spiritual guidance to encompass social development and 

education. In this context, the use of the English language among monk scholars 

has become increasingly important. This article explores the reasons behind this 

trend, the benefits it brings, and the challenges faced by monks in learning and 

using English.

Importance of English for Development Monk Scholars 
English has emerged as a global lingua franca, facilitating international 

communication and access to a vast repository of knowledge. For development 

monks, proficiency in English opens doors to global Buddhist scholarship, inter-

national conferences, and academic collaborations. It enables them to dissem-

inate Buddhist teachings to a wider audience, engage in intercultural dialogues, 

and contribute to global discourses on Buddhism and development (Watson, 

2020).

The use of English among development monk scholars is not just a 

modern trend but a necessity born out of the increasing interconnectedness of 

the world. English proficiency is crucial for monks who are involved in develop-

ment work because it enables them to access international resources, engage 

in scholarly activities, and communicate effectively with diverse populations.

Historically, Buddhist monks have been at the forefront of education 

and social development in Thailand. Their roles have included teaching, pro-

viding healthcare, and engaging in community development projects. In recent 

years, as globalization has accelerated, the scope of their work has expanded 

further, necessitating the use of English.
English as a Global Lingua Franca

In the contemporary academic and professional landscape, English 

has emerged as the predominant global lingua franca. This status is particularly 

significant in fields related to development, where English serves as a critical 



870

medium for international communication, collaboration, and dissemination of 

knowledge. For development monks—scholars who integrate Buddhist prin-

ciples with contemporary development practices—the ability to engage with 

English is crucial for several reasons.

Access to Global Knowledge and Resources
English proficiency enables development monks to access a vast array 

of global knowledge and resources. Many of the leading academic journals, re-

search publications, and development reports are published in English. By mas-

tering English, development monks can tap into these resources, staying abreast 

of the latest research, theories, and methodologies relevant to their fields. This 

access is vital for informing their own research and practice, ensuring that their 

work is aligned with current global standards and innovations.

Participation in International Dialogues and Conferences

English facilitates participation in international dialogues and  

conferences, which are essential for scholarly exchange and collaboration.  

Development monks often engage with global academic communities through 

conferences, workshops, and seminars. Proficiency in English allows them to 

present their research, discuss ideas with international peers, and contribute 

to global conversations on development issues. This engagement not only  

enhances their visibility but also fosters cross-cultural and interdisciplinary  

collaborations that can lead to innovative solutions to development chal-

lenges.

Collaboration with Global Organizations
Many international development organizations, non-governmental 

organizations (NGOs), and governmental agencies operate primarily in English. 

Development monks working in or with these organizations need English to 



871

collaborate effectively on projects, write proposals, and communicate their 

findings. English proficiency thus becomes a tool for building partnerships, se-

curing funding, and implementing development initiatives that align with global 

priorities and standards.

Translation and Dissemination of Knowledge
The role of English in translating and disseminating Buddhist teachings 

and development strategies cannot be understated. Many traditional Buddhist 

texts and teachings are being translated into English to reach a broader audience. 

Development monks, who are often involved in this translation process, rely on 

English to share Buddhist perspectives on development with a global audience. 

This dissemination helps bridge cultural and linguistic gaps, promoting a more 

nuanced understanding of Buddhist approaches to development.

Enhancing Scholarly Influence
English proficiency enhances the scholarly influence of development 

monks. By publishing in English-language journals and participating in global ac-

ademic networks, development monks can amplify their impact and contribute 

to the global discourse on development and Buddhism. This influence can lead 

to greater recognition of their work and its relevance to contemporary develop-

ment practices.

Navigating Global Challenges
In an era marked by global challenges such as climate change, pov-

erty, and inequality, development monks need to engage with international 

strategies and solutions. English enables them to understand and contribute to 

global efforts to address these issues, ensuring that their work is informed by and 

contributes to international frameworks and strategies.



872

Benefits of English Proficiency
1. Access to Knowledge: English proficiency allows monk scholars to 

access a broad range of academic resources, including books, research papers, 

and online courses. This access is crucial for staying updated with the latest de-

velopments in Buddhist studies and related fields (Smith, 2019).

2. Intercultural Communication: English serves as a bridge for inter-

cultural communication. Monks proficient in English can participate in interna-

tional forums, exchange ideas with scholars from different cultural backgrounds, 

and foster mutual understanding (Jones, 2018).

3. Educational Development: By mastering English, monks can 

improve their educational programs and teach English to their communities, 

thus enhancing the overall educational standards within their monasteries and 

communities (Brown, 2017).

The ability to access a wide range of knowledge resources is particu-

larly beneficial. Many of the latest research papers, books, and academic journals 

are published in English. By being proficient in English, monks can stay abreast of 

the latest developments in their fields of interest. This knowledge can then be 

shared with their communities, thus uplifting the overall educational standards.

Furthermore, English proficiency enables monks to engage in in-

tercultural communication. In an increasingly globalized world, the ability to 

communicate across cultures is invaluable. Monks who are proficient in English 

can participate in international conferences and forums, exchange ideas with 

scholars from different cultural backgrounds, and foster mutual understanding. 

This intercultural exchange not only enriches the monks’ own perspectives but 

also contributes to a more harmonious global community.

In addition to accessing knowledge and fostering intercultural com-

munication, English proficiency also enhances the monks’ ability to develop 

educational programs. By mastering English, monks can improve their own ed-

ucational programs and teach English to their communities. This is particularly 

important in rural areas where access to quality education may be limited. By 



873

teaching English, monks can help bridge the educational gap and provide their 

communities with the skills needed to succeed in a globalized world.

Challenges in Learning English for monks 
Despite the evident benefits, monks face several challenges in learn-

ing and using English:

1, Limited Resources: Many monasteries lack sufficient resources, 

such as qualified English teachers and learning materials, making it difficult for 

monks to acquire and improve their English skills (Williams, 2021).

2. Cultural Barriers: The traditional monastic lifestyle and cultural 

norms may sometimes hinder the learning of a foreign language, which is per-

ceived as secular and outside the spiritual domain (Davies, 2020).

3. Time Constraints: Monks often have demanding schedules filled 

with religious duties and community service, leaving limited time for language 

study (Clark, 2019).

One of the primary challenges faced by monks in learning English is 

the limited availability of resources. Many monasteries, particularly those in rural 

areas, lack access to qualified English teachers and adequate learning materi-

als. This makes it difficult for monks to acquire and improve their English skills. 

Moreover, the cost of English language education can be prohibitive for many 

monasteries.

Cultural barriers also pose a significant challenge. The traditional 

monastic lifestyle and cultural norms may sometimes hinder the learning of a 

foreign language, which is perceived as secular and outside the spiritual domain. 

This perception can create resistance to learning English among some monks. 

Additionally, the monastic code of conduct and the emphasis on traditional 

Buddhist teachings can limit the time and effort monks can devote to learning 

a new language.



874

Time constraints are another major challenge. Monks often have de-

manding schedules filled with religious duties and community service, leaving 

limited time for language study. Balancing their spiritual responsibilities with the 

need to learn English can be a daunting task. This is particularly true for senior 

monks who have additional administrative responsibilities.

Strategies for Overcoming Challenges 
To address these challenges, several strategies can be employed. 

Firstly, increasing access to English language resources is crucial. This can be 

achieved through partnerships with educational institutions and non-govern-

mental organizations that can provide English language training and materials to 

monasteries. Additionally, online platforms and digital resources can be utilized 

to provide English language education to monks in remote areas.

Secondly, fostering a supportive learning environment within the 

monastic community is important. This can involve integrating English language 

learning into the monastic curriculum and encouraging monks to view English 

proficiency as a valuable tool for their development work. Providing opportuni-

ties for monks to practice English through conversations, group discussions, and 

language exchange programs can also be beneficial.

Finally, addressing time constraints requires innovative approaches to 

learning. Flexible learning schedules, personalized learning plans, and the use 

of technology can help monks manage their time more effectively. For instance, 

mobile apps and online courses can allow monks to learn English at their own 

pace and according to their own schedules.

Case Studies of Successful English Language Programs 
Several monasteries in Thailand have successfully implemented En-

glish language programs for their monks. For example, Wat Phra Dhammakaya 

in Pathum Thani Province has established an English language center that offers 



875

courses and resources for monks and novices. The center provides a structured 

curriculum, qualified teachers, and access to a wide range of learning materials.

Another successful example is the International Buddhist College (IBC) 

in Songkhla Province. IBC offers English language courses as part of its under-

graduate and postgraduate programs. The college also organizes workshops and 

seminars on English language teaching and learning for monks and laypeople.

These case studies demonstrate that with the right resources and 

support, monks can overcome the challenges of learning English and achieve 

proficiency in the language.

Beside those two case studies, the Monkchat program at Wat Suan-

dok in Chiang Mai under the administration of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya 

University is a well-regarded initiative aimed at fostering cultural exchange and 

improving English language skills among Buddhist monks. Here’s an overview of 

the program and how it contributes to both the monks’ language proficiency 

and the propagation of Buddhism: 

The Monkchat program was established to provide monks with the 

opportunity to practice English with visitors, volunteers, and tourists, and to 

facilitate intercultural dialogue. This interaction not only helps monks improve 

their English but also enables them to share their knowledge of Buddhism with 

a broader audience. 

1. Monks engage in informal conversations with visitors and volun-

teers, focusing on improving their English speaking and listening skills. These 

interactions typically cover various topics, including Buddhism, Thai culture, and 

daily life in the monastery.

2. Visitors and volunteers gain insight into Buddhist practices and mo-

nastic life, enriching their understanding of Buddhism and Thai culture.

3. The program may include workshops or structured sessions where 

monks receive targeted English language instruction and practice.



876

Benefits for Monks:
1. Enhanced Communication Skills: Regular practice with native 

English speakers helps monks improve their conversational skills, vocabulary, 

and overall language proficiency.

2. Increased Global Outreach: By effectively communicating in En-

glish, monks can share Buddhist teachings with a wider, international audience, 

promoting cross-cultural understanding and dialogue.

3. Academic and Professional Opportunities: Improved English 

proficiency opens up opportunities for monks to participate in international 

conferences, publish academic work, and engage in global Buddhist scholarship.

Benefits for Visitors:
1. Cultural Immersion: Visitors have the chance to engage directly 

with monks, gaining a deeper understanding of Buddhism and Thai monastic life.

2. Educational Experience: The program provides an educational 

experience for visitors interested in learning about Buddhist philosophy and 

practices from a first-hand perspective.

3. Building Bridges: The Monkchat program fosters mutual respect 

and cultural exchange, helping to build bridges between different cultures and 

communities.

Recommendations for Enhancement
1. Expand Language Training:

Advanced Workshops: Introduce advanced language workshops fo-

cusing on specific topics like academic writing, public speaking, and intercultural 

communication.

Professional Development: Offer training for monks on how to pres-

ent their research or teachings effectively in English.



877

2. Increase Digital Integration:

Online Platforms: Develop online chat platforms or virtual exchange 

programs to reach a broader audience and provide more flexible learning op-

portunities.

Multimedia Resources: Utilize multimedia tools such as videos and 

interactive content to support language learning.

3. Strengthen Community Partnerships:

Collaborations: Partner with universities and language institutions for 

additional resources, support, and expertise.

Volunteer Programs: Expand volunteer programs to include more 

English-speaking participants who can offer diverse perspectives and language 

practice opportunities.

4. Evaluate and Adapt:

Feedback Mechanisms: Implement regular feedback mechanisms 

to assess the effectiveness of the program and identify areas for improvement.

Program Adjustments: Adjust the program based on feedback and 

evolving needs to ensure it remains relevant and effective.

By continuing to develop and expand the Monkchat program, the 

institute can further enhance the English proficiency of its monks, enrich the 

cultural exchange experience, and support the global dissemination of Buddhist 

teachings.

Ways to improve the English proficiency among Buddhist monks 

Improving English proficiency among Buddhist monks to en-

hance their ability to propagate Buddhism involves a multifac-

eted approach which can be done from these practical suggestions: 

1. Establish English Language Programs

1. Partnerships with Institutions: Collaborate with educational 

institutions or language schools to provide tailored English courses for monks.

Monastic Curriculum Integration: Incorporate English language 



878

studies into the existing monastic curriculum, ensuring it aligns with their sched-

ules and duties.

2. Utilize Digital Tools and Resources

Online Courses and Apps: Leverage online platforms and lan-

guage-learning apps that offer flexible learning options and interactive content.

Educational Websites: Provide access to online resources such 

as English-language academic journals, Buddhist teachings, and intercultural 

communication materials.

3. Create a Supportive Learning Environment

Language Exchange Programs: Facilitate language exchange with 

native English speakers or other learners to practice conversational skills.

English-Speaking Community: Encourage English-speaking 

monks or volunteers to engage with monks in informal settings to provide prac-

tice and mentorship.

4. Implement Flexible Learning Schedules

Adaptive Learning Plans: Design personalized learning plans that 

fit around the monks’ religious duties and community service.

Modular Learning: Offer short, intensive modules on specific 

areas such as public speaking, academic writing, or intercultural communication.

5. Promote Practical Application of English

Organize Workshops and Seminars: Hold workshops on English 

usage in academic writing, presentations, and discussions related to Buddhism.

Facilitate International Conferences: Encourage monks to par-

ticipate in international conferences and events, providing them with practical 

experience in using English in professional settings.

6. Foster a Community of Practice

Study Groups: Create study groups or English clubs within the 

monastic community to promote regular practice and peer support.

Mentorship Programs: Pair monks with experienced En-



879

glish-speaking mentors who can guide their language development and aca-

demic writing skills.

7. Provide Access to Resources and Materials

Books and Learning Materials: Supply English-language text-

books, Buddhist literature, and academic resources relevant to their studies and 

teachings.

Media and Technology: Offer access to English-language media 

such as videos, podcasts, and lectures on Buddhist topics.

8. Encourage Cultural Exchange

Intercultural Dialogues: Facilitate interactions with scholars and 

practitioners from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds to enhance cultural 

awareness and language skills.

Cultural Immersion Programs: Support short-term study or ex-

change programs in English-speaking countries for immersive learn-

ing experiences.
By implementing these strategies, Buddhist monks can improve their 

English proficiency, thereby enhancing their ability to share Buddhist teachings 

and engage more effectively with the global community. 

Development monk scholars who have developed English proficien-

cy can effectively use the language to propagate Buddha’s teachings in various 

ways. 

1. Teachings and Dharma Talks

Online Dharma Talks: Monks can offer Dharma talks in English 

through online platforms such as YouTube, Zoom, or podcasts. This allows them 

to reach a global audience, sharing teachings on mindfulness, meditation, and 

ethical living with English speakers worldwide.



880

International Retreats and Workshops: Conducting retreats or 

workshops in English, either in their own countries or abroad, can help spread 

Buddhist teachings to non-native communities interested in Buddhism.

2. Writing and Publishing

Books and Articles: Monks can write books, articles, or blogs in En-

glish on Buddhist philosophy, meditation practices, and spiritual insights. These 

can be published through traditional or digital means, making Buddhist teachings 

accessible to a broader audience.

Translation of Texts: Monks proficient in English can translate im-

portant Buddhist scriptures and texts from their original languages into English, 

helping to preserve and disseminate these teachings more widely.

3. Engagement on Social Media

Social Media Presence: By creating and maintaining profiles on social 

media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, monks can share daily 

wisdom, quotes, and reflections in English, reaching a diverse audience interest-

ed in Buddhism.

Interactive Q&A Sessions: Hosting live Q&A sessions on social me-

dia or other platforms like Reddit (e.g., AMA sessions) allows monks to interact 

directly with followers, answering questions about Buddhism and spiritual prac-

tices in English.

4. Educational Programs and Courses

Online Courses: Monks can develop and offer online courses or 

webinars in English, covering topics such as meditation, Buddhist philosophy, or 

ethical living. Platforms like Coursera or their own monastery websites can be 

used to host these courses.

Collaborations with Educational Institutions: Partnering with uni-

versities or spiritual centers in English-speaking countries to offer guest lectures 

or workshops can help propagate Buddhist teachings to students and spiritual 

seekers.



881

5. Community Outreach

Interfaith Dialogues: Participating in interfaith dialogues and confer-

ences where English is the primary language allows monks to present Buddhist 

perspectives on various global and ethical issues, fostering understanding and 

peace among different religious communities.

Local Community Events: Organizing or participating in English-lan-

guage community events, such as meditation sessions or mindfulness work-

shops, can help introduce Buddhist teachings to local populations in En-

glish-speaking regions.

6. Humanitarian and Social Work

Charity and Social Work: Engaging in humanitarian projects or social 

work in English-speaking countries can be an avenue to practice engaged Bud-

dhism. Monks can use their English skills to communicate Buddhist values of 

compassion and mindfulness while providing practical help to those in need.

Advocacy and Public Speaking: Monks can use their English profi-

ciency to advocate for causes aligned with Buddhist principles, such as peace, 

environmental sustainability, and social justice, through public speaking and 

writing in English.

7. Cultural Exchange Programs

Hosting International Visitors: Monasteries can host international 

visitors interested in learning about Buddhism, offering teachings and guided 

meditation sessions in English, which can deepen cultural and spiritual exchange.

Participating in International Pilgrimages: Monks can lead or join 

international Buddhist pilgrimage tours where English is the medium of commu-

nication, allowing them to guide participants through sacred sites while imparting 

teachings.

By utilizing these methods, Buddhist monks can effectively spread the 

teachings of the Buddha to a global audience, making the wisdom of Buddhism 

accessible to English speakers around the world.



882

Conclusion
The evolution of the role of Buddhist monks in Thailand from solely 

spiritual guides to active participants in social development, education, health-

care, and community service underscores the increasing necessity for English 

proficiency among development monk scholars. This proficiency is not just a 

modern skill but an essential tool for engaging with global Buddhist scholarship, 

participating in international conferences, and collaborating with academic and 

development organizations worldwide. Moreover, it allows monks to effectively 

disseminate Buddhist teachings to a broader audience and engage in meaningful 

intercultural dialogues.

The benefits of English proficiency for monk scholars are manifold. It 

enhances access to a wide range of academic resources, facilitates intercultural 

communication, and enables the development of educational programs that 

can uplift their communities. By accessing the wealth of knowledge available in 

English, monks can stay abreast of the latest developments in Buddhist studies 

and other relevant fields. This knowledge can then be shared with their com-

munities, enriching their educational experiences and fostering a more informed 

populace.

Despite the clear advantages, monks face significant challenges in 

acquiring and using English. Limited resources, such as qualified teachers and 

adequate learning materials, particularly in rural monasteries, are substantial 

barriers. Cultural barriers and the demanding schedules of monastic life further 

complicate the pursuit of language proficiency. Overcoming these challenges re-

quires a multifaceted approach, including increasing access to resources, creating 

supportive learning environments, and integrating flexible learning schedules.

Successful case studies from Thai monasteries illustrate that with the 

right support and resources, monks can achieve English proficiency and leverage 

it for academic growth and community development. These examples highlight 

the importance of targeted initiatives and structured programs in facilitating 

language learning.



883

In conclusion, the proficiency in English among development monk 

scholars is pivotal for their academic and professional growth, as well as for their 

ability to contribute to global Buddhist discourse and community development. 

By addressing the challenges, they face and providing the necessary support, 

we can empower monks to use English effectively in their development work, 

thereby fostering a more harmonious and educated global community. This en-

deavor not only benefits the monks themselves but also enhances the overall 

progress and integration of Thai society into the global context.

Suggestions 
To give more opportunities for Buddhist monks to learn English, sev-

eral strategies can be implemented: 

1. Partnerships with Educational Institutions: Collaborate with uni-

versities and language institutes to offer tailored English courses, and provide 

access to online learning platforms.

2. Volunteer Teaching Programs: Establish volunteer teaching ini-

tiatives where native English speakers can teach in monasteries, potentially 

including long-term residencies for continuity.

3. Incorporating English into Monastic Education: Introduce bilin-

gual curriculums and immersion programs within monasteries to integrate English 

learning into daily routines.

4. Access to Digital Resources: Ensure monasteries have the neces-

sary technology for accessing digital learning materials and create digital libraries 

with English resources.

5. Scholarships and Exchange Programs: Offer scholarships for 

studying English abroad and establish exchange programs with English-speaking 

monasteries.

6. Community Support and Engagement: Organize local English class-

es and engage lay practitioners to help with tutoring and conversation practice.



884

These approaches can help monks improve their English proficiency, 

enabling them to engage more effectively with global audiences and it is a gate-

way to propagate Buddha’s teachings worldwide. 

References:
Brown, J. (2017). Educational Development in Monastic Communities. Journal 

of Buddhist Education, 23(4), 567-589. 

Clark, M. (2019). Time Management for Monks: Balancing Duties and Learning. 

Monastic Studies Quarterly, 15(2), 212-230. 

Davies, R. (2020). Cultural Barriers in Monastic Education. Buddhist Studies Re-

view, 29(1), 45-67. 

Jones, A. (2018). Intercultural Communication in Buddhist Monasteries. Global 

Buddhism Journal, 11(3), 345-362. 

Smith, L. (2019). Accessing Knowledge in a Global Language. Buddhist Academic 

Review, 12(1), 78-96. 

Watson, P. (2020). The Global Role of English in Buddhist Studies. Journal of 

Global Buddhism, 14(2), 123-139. 

Williams, T. (2021). Challenges in Learning English for Monks. Language Learning 

Journal, 19(2), 157-175. 


