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The Differences Paths between Hinduism and Buddhism 

from a Nepalese Perspective

Dhaniram Ghimire

Santi Sukhprasert
Nepal

Abstract
This article explores the fundamental  differences between Hinduism 

and Buddhism through the unique lens of Nepalese culture and society. Given 

Nepal’s historical significance as the birthplace of the Buddha and its deep-root-

ed Hindu traditions, the Nepalese perspective offers a rich and nuanced under-

standing of how these two religions coexist and influence each other. By delving 

into their origins, core beliefs, practices, and their impact on Nepalese identity, 

daily life, and social structures, the article illuminates the dynamic interplay 

between these two spiritual traditions.

Hinduism, with its origins in the Vedic traditions of ancient India, 

presents a complex tapestry of gods, rituals, and philosophies. It emphasizes 

the pursuit of dharma (duty), artha (prosperity), kama (pleasure), and moksha 

(liberation). Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) in the 6th 

century BCE, offers a path to enlightenment through the Four Noble Truths and 

the Eightfold Path, focusing on the cessation of suffering and the attainment of 

Nirvana.

In Nepal, these religious traditions are not only historical and spiritual 

pillars but also integral to the socio-cultural fabric. The article examines how 

Hinduism and Buddhism shape Nepalese festivals, rituals, and daily practices, 

highlighting their distinct yet complementary roles. It also explores how Nep-

alese society navigates the theological and philosophical differences, such as 

Hinduism’s caste system versus Buddhism’s egalitarian ethos, and the differing 

views on karma and rebirth.



838

Furthermore, the article addresses the contemporary relevance of 

these religions in Nepal, considering the challenges and opportunities posed by 

modernity and globalization. Through documentary research and case studies, 

it presents personal narratives that reflect the lived experiences of Nepalese 

people, illustrating how they harmonize the teachings of both Hinduism and 

Buddhism in their quest for spiritual and social fulfillment.

Keywords: Nepalese culture, Hinduism, Buddhism

Introduction 
Nepal is a remarkable confluence of religious traditions, predominant-

ly characterized by Hinduism and Buddhism, which have coexisted for centuries 

within its diverse cultural landscape. Lumbini is the birthplace of Lord Buddha, 

which is now in the Nepal region. Buddhism was quickly spread across the region 

and integrated with existing Hindu traditions. Lumbini holds a unique position in 

the history of both religions. The reverberations of this historical significance are 

deeply woven into the fabric of Nepalese society, influencing cultural practices, 

social norms, and communal life.

Hinduism, with its vast pantheon of deities and rich philosophical 

texts, has shaped Nepalese spiritual life for millennia. It permeates daily prac-

tices, from rituals and festivals to the moral and ethical frameworks guiding indi-

vidual behavior. Conversely, Buddhism, introduced in the 5th century BCE, has 

fostered a unique spiritual ethos characterized by compassion and mindfulness, 

leaving an indelible mark on Nepalese art, architecture, and meditation practices. 

(Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal. 1974)

Throughout the centuries, Nepal has been a crucible where Hindu and 

Buddhist ideas and practices have mingled and coexisted. The Licchavi dynasty 

(circa 400–750 CE), known for its patronage of both religions, played a crucial 

role in this synthesis. Many Hindu temples built during this period often included 



839

Buddhist shrines, reflecting a harmonious blend of religious traditions. The Malla 

period (12th–18th centuries) further exemplified this interweaving, as rulers and 

subjects alike practiced both religions simultaneously, fostering a unique cultural 

symbiosis. (Ancient and Medieval Nepal. 1992)

This article delves into the fundamental differences between Hindu-

ism and Buddhism through the lens of Nepalese culture, exploring their historical 

interactions, philosophical underpinnings, and the role they play in shaping Nep-

alese identity. It is essential to understand these differences, not only for aca-

demic inquiry in a nation where both religions influence daily life. By examining 

their origins, core beliefs, rituals, and social implications, we aim to illuminate the 

unique ways in which these two great traditions coexist, interact, and enrich the 

spiritual landscape of Nepal. Through this exploration, we can better appreciate 

the complexities and nuances that define the Nepalese experience of religion.

Religion in Nepal
Religion in Nepal is characterized by a remarkable diversity and syn-

cretism, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the two most prominent faiths. Hin-

duism is the predominant religion, with about 81% of the population identifying 

as Hindus, influencing many aspects of daily life, from rituals and festivals to so-

cial structures and laws. Major Hindu festivals such as Dashain and Tihar are cele-

brated nationwide, and significant pilgrimage sites like the Pashupatinath Temple 

attract devotees globally. Buddhism, practiced by around 9% of the population, 

has a profound historical and cultural presence, with Nepal being the birthplace 

of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. The three main Buddhist traditions—Ther-

avada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana—are represented in the country, and sites 

like Swayambhunath and Boudhanath stupas are major religious landmarks. A 

unique feature of Nepalese religious life is the syncretism between Hinduism and 

Buddhism, with shared sacred sites and festivals, and the blending of religious 

practices and deities. Beyond these two major religions, Nepal is home to smaller 

communities of Muslims, Christians, Jains, Sikhs, and practitioners of indigenous 



840

animist traditions, each contributing to the country’s rich cultural tapestry. Nepal 

is celebrated for its religious tolerance and harmony, with its 2015 constitution 

declaring the country a secular state, underscoring the importance of religious 

freedom and equality. Despite occasional inter-religious tensions, efforts to pro-

mote interfaith dialogue and education aim to reinforce the values of tolerance 

and coexistence. Overall, religion in Nepal is a dynamic and integral part of the 

nation’s identity, creating a unique and harmonious spiritual environment. (Hin-

du-Buddhist Synthesis in Nepal.” History of Religions, 1993). 

Philosophical Foundations between Hinduism and Buddhism 
In Hinduism Atman and Brahman is the major concept of Hinduism. 

Atman (the individual soul) and Brahman (the universal consciousness or abso-

lute reality). The realization of the unity between Atman and Brahman is seen 

as the ultimate goal of life, leading to Moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth 

and rebirth).  Four Vedas are the sacred texts form the foundation of Hindu phi-

losophy, containing hymns, rituals, and spiritual guidance. They emphasize the 

importance of Dharma (moral duty) and the pursuit of knowledge. And Moksha 

is the ultimate goal of Hinduism.  Which is the liberation from samsara (the cycle 

of rebirth) is achieved through various paths, including Jnana (knowledge), Bhakti 

(devotion), Karma (action), and Raja Yoga (meditative practices).

In Buddhism the Four Noble Truths (truth of the nature) Central to 

Buddhist philosophy, these truths outline the truth of suffering, the truth of the 

cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that 

leads to the end of suffering. Middle Way, in Buddhism, complement of general 

and specific ethical practices and philosophical views that are said to facilitate 

enlightenment by avoiding the extremes of self-gratification on one hand and 

self-mortification on the other view of life.  Sanskrit: Madhyama-pratipadā Pāli: 
Majjhima-patipadā the path comprises Right Understanding, Right Intention, Right 

Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right 

Concentration. It guides adherents toward ethical living and mental discipline. 



841

One of the major different concepts from Hinduism is Anatta (Non-self) Bud-

dhism challenges the notion of a permanent self, asserting that all phenomena, 

including the self, are impermanent and interdependent. This realization is es-

sential for overcoming suffering.

Navigating Theological and Philosophical Differences: Hinduism 

and Buddhism in Nepalese Society
Nepalese society demonstrates a remarkable ability to navigate the 

theological and philosophical differences between Hinduism and Buddhism, 

particularly concerning Hinduism’s caste system and Buddhism’s egalitarian 

ethos, as well as their differing views on karma and rebirth. Hinduism’s caste sys-

tem, which categorizes individuals based on their karma and dharma from past 

lives, significantly influences social status, occupation, and community roles. In 

contrast, Buddhism rejects the caste system, promoting the idea that all individ-

uals have the potential for enlightenment, regardless of their social status. This 

egalitarian ethos is particularly evident among Nepal’s Buddhist communities, 

such as the Newar Buddhists and Tibetan Buddhists, where social practices are 

more inclusive and merit-based (Muni, 1987). Nepalese society reconciles these 

differences through various means, including interfaith marriages, shared religious 

festivals, and community events that transcend caste boundaries, fostering mu-

tual respect and social integration (Pye, 2002). Philosophically, while Hinduism 

views karma as reinforcing the caste system by determining one’s future births, 

Buddhism emphasizes ethical conduct and mental cultivation as paths to liber-

ation, irrespective of birth status (Fisher, 1987). Syncretic practices are common, 

with many Nepalese incorporating elements from both traditions in their daily 

lives, such as visiting both Hindu temples and Buddhist stupas. Educational sys-

tems in Nepal often include teachings from both religions, promoting a balanced 

and inclusive worldview (Hutt, 1994). These practices and institutional efforts 

exemplify Nepal’s cultural adaptability and commitment to religious harmony, 



842

creating a unique environment where the hierarchical and egalitarian elements 

of Hinduism and Buddhism coexist, enriching the spiritual and social fabric of the 

nation. (Nepalese Buddhists’ View of Hinduism, 1987)

The Role of the Self (Atman) vs. Anatta (Non-Self)
In Hinduism, the concept of Atman refers to the individual soul, which 

is considered eternal, unchanging, and fundamentally connected to Brahman, 

the supreme reality. According to Hindu philosophy, realizing the true nature 

of Atman and its unity with Brahman is the path to liberation (moksha). This 

realization brings an end to the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) and leads to 

ultimate freedom and bliss. The belief in Atman fosters a sense of spiritual con-

tinuity and a profound connection between the individual self and the cosmic 

order.

In contrast, Buddhism fundamentally rejects the concept of an eter-

nal, unchanging self. Instead, it teaches the doctrine of anatta (non-self), which 

posits that what we consider the self is merely a collection of ever-changing 

physical and mental components (skandhas). According to Buddhist teachings, 

clinging to the notion of a permanent self leads to suffering. The realization of 

anatta, along with the understanding of impermanence (anicca), is crucial for 

achieving Nirvana, the liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth. This 

perspective encourages practitioners to let go of ego and attachment, fostering 

a path of personal transformation and liberation through mindfulness and insight 

into the true nature of reality. (Indian Philosophy: Volume I: with an Introduction 

:2009)

Nepalese Interpretations with both religion 
In Nepal, the philosophical foundations of Hinduism and Buddhism 

are deeply intertwined with local beliefs and practices, leading to unique inter-

pretations that resonate throughout society. For instance, the Hindu concept 

of Dharma, which encompasses one’s duties and responsibilities, manifests in 



843

the social fabric through practices such as community service and familial obli-

gations. This idea of Dharma not only guides individual actions but also shapes 

societal norms, fostering a sense duty and ethical conduct within various social 

contexts. Similarly, Buddhist teachings on compassion are pivotal in Nepalese 

social interactions, encouraging individuals to cultivate empathy and altruism. 

This is evident in community initiatives such as food distribution during festivals 

or support for those in need, reflecting the Buddhist principle of Karuna (com-

passion) as a guiding force in daily life. (Hindu-Buddhist Relations in Nepal, 2012)

The coexistence of these philosophies in Nepalese thought promotes 

an environment of discuss and mutual influence, enriching the cultural land-

scape. For example, the Hindu festival of Dashain, which celebrates victory and 

prosperity, is often infused with Buddhist themes of renewal and harmony, as 

families gather to honor ancestral spirits and reinforce communal bonds. This 

blending of traditions fosters a shared understanding of life, death, and the cos-

mos, allowing individuals to navigate existential questions through a composite 

lens. As a result, the philosophical teachings of both religions not only coexist 

but also evolve together, demonstrating their relevance in addressing contem-

porary social and ethical issues, and reinforcing a collective identity that is both 

diverse and unified.

Nepal is a unique country where Hinduism and Buddhism have co-

existed harmoniously for centuries, resulting in a rich tapestry of cultural and 

religious practices. This syncretism is evident in various aspects of Nepalese life, 

where elements of both traditions are blended seamlessly. Historically, Nepal 

has seen periods, such as the Lichhavi and Malla eras, which fostered the in-

tegration of these religions. Many religious sites, like the Swayambhunath and 

Boudhanath stupas, are revered by both Hindus and Buddhists, and festivals 

such as Buddha Jayanti see participation from both communities. Philosophical 

concepts like karma, dharma, and moksha/nirvana are often interpreted in ways 

that reflect both Hindu and Buddhist influences. Deity worship also shows a 

blend, with figures like Avalokiteshvara being identified with Hindu deities such 



844

as Lokeshvara. Socially, interfaith marriages and shared cultural practices fur-

ther illustrate this syncretism. In art and architecture, symbols and motifs from 

both religions are commonly found, and the pagoda style is used in both Hindu 

temples and Buddhist stupas. This harmonious coexistence contributes to a 

unique national identity that emphasizes religious tolerance. However, there 

are challenges, and efforts are being made to promote interfaith discuss and 

religious education to strengthen mutual understanding and respect. Overall, 

the Nepalese interpretation of Hinduism and Buddhism not only enriches the 

spiritual lives of the people but also serves as a model of cultural and religious 

integration.

Religious Practices and Rituals through Nepalese Interpretations
In Nepal, the religious practices and rituals of Hinduism and Buddhism 

present distinct differences, shaped by their unique philosophies yet intertwined 

within the cultural fabric of the country. (Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal: An 

Ethnographic, 2009) Hindu rituals, such as puja, are central to worship, involving 

offerings to deities through a variety of practices performed in homes and tem-

ples. Pilgrimages to sacred sites like Pashupatinath Temple play a significant role, 

drawing devotees for festivals that celebrate spiritual and community values. 

Major festivals such as Dashain and Tihar feature elaborate rituals 

that underscore the themes of victory and light. In contrast, Buddhist practices 

focus heavily on meditation, which is seen as a vital pathway to enlightenment. 

Meditation techniques, alongside chanting sutras and mantras, are integral to 

Buddhist devotion, particularly during celebrations like Buddha Jayanti, which 

emphasizes teachings of compassion and non-attachment. While daily life for 

Hindus often includes morning prayers and community rituals influenced by 

the caste system, many Buddhists integrate the principles of non-violence and 

compassion into their interactions. The cultural significance of both religions is 

evident in their syncretism; Hindu deities may be revered alongside Buddhist 

figures, particularly in festivals that blend practices from both traditions. Tem-



845

ples and stupas not only serve as places of worship but also act as community 

hubs, fostering social cohesion and illustrating the coexistence of Hinduism and 

Buddhism in Nepalese society.

Social and community life people following two traditional
In Nepal, the social and community life surrounding Hinduism and 

Buddhism reveals distinct structures and influences shaped by their respective 

teachings and practices. (Religions in Nepal: The Dynamics of Hindu and Buddhist 

Practices, 2009) Hindu temples play a vital role in community gatherings, serving 

as centers for religious ceremonies, festivals, and social interactions. The caste 

system, deeply embedded in Hindu society, often influences community orga-

nization and social relationships, dictating roles and responsibilities within both 

family and society. Festivals like Dashain and Tihar foster a sense of unity among 

Hindus, as they involve communal worship and shared rituals that strengthen 

family and social bonds.

In contrast, Buddhist stupas and monasteries serve as spaces for med-

itation, study, and communal worship, emphasizing community participation in 

the pursuit of enlightenment. Buddhist teachings promote ideals of compassion 

and interconnectedness, encouraging followers to engage in altruistic actions 

and community service. Unlike the hierarchical structure seen in Hinduism, Bud-

dhist communities often emphasize egalitarian principles, where participation 

in rituals and decision-making is more inclusive. 

Interfaith interactions in Nepal highlight the coexistence of these 

religions, with many communities celebrating festivals that draw from both 

traditions, creating a rich tapestry of cultural practices. The blending of rituals, 

such as joint celebrations during significant religious events, illustrates a mutual 

respect and recognition of shared values. Thus, while Hinduism and Buddhism 

offer distinct social frameworks, their interactions in Nepalese society reflect a 

harmonious coexistence, fostering a rich cultural environment that values both 

traditions. 



846

Ethical and Moral Perspectives
The ethical and moral frameworks of Hinduism and Buddhism differ 

significantly, influencing Nepalese attitudes and societal norms. In Hinduism, 

concepts such as Dharma (duty/righteousness) and Karma (the law of cause and 

effect) are fundamental. Hindus believe that adhering to one’s dharma is essen-

tial for maintaining social order and achieving Moksha, or liberation from the cy-

cle of rebirth. This pursuit often involves balancing personal desires (Kama) and 

material wealth (Artha) within ethical boundaries, shaping a holistic approach to 

life that encompasses duty to family and community. ( Hinduism: A Very Short 

Introduction 2000)

Conversely, Buddhism emphasizes the Four Noble Truths and the 

Eightfold Path as guidelines for ethical conduct and spiritual development. 

Central to Buddhist ethics are the precepts, which advocate for non-harming 

(Ahimsa) and the cultivation of compassion (Karuna) and loving-kindness (Met-

ta). These principles encourage practitioners to transcend personal desires and 

attachments, fostering a mindset oriented toward reducing suffering for oneself 

and others. (Buddhism, Very Short Introductions, 2013)

In Nepal, these ethical perspectives manifest in various social con-

texts. Hindu ethical teachings often inform social norms regarding family ob-

ligations and community responsibilities, influencing practices such as caste 

interactions and gender roles. Meanwhile, Buddhist ethics encourage communal 

harmony and social justice, often advocating for environmental conservation and 

interfaith dialogue. The blending of these frameworks in Nepalese society fosters 

a rich tapestry of moral understanding, where compassion and duty coexist, 

reflecting the unique interplay between Hindu and Buddhist values in shaping 

Nepalese identity and social interactions.



847

Modern Challenges and Interactions:
In contemporary Nepal, both Hinduism and Buddhism face a range of 

modern challenges that impact their practices and interactions within society. 

The effects of globalization have introduced new ideas and lifestyles, leading 

some younger generations to question traditional rituals and beliefs. For Hindu 

communities, the pressure to adapt has sometimes resulted in a dilution of age-

old practices, while efforts to modernize festivals and rituals aim to engage the 

youth. Conversely, Buddhism, particularly its meditation practices, has gained 

popularity in urban areas, often attracting interest from those seeking spiritual 

alternatives outside traditional frameworks. (Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal, 

1993)

Interfaith religion has emerged as an essential component in navigat-

ing these modern challenges, with both religions engaging in discussions aimed 

at fostering mutual respect and understanding. Initiatives promoting interfaith 

cooperation often highlight shared values such as compassion and ethical living, 

which are central to both traditions. However, the rise of secularism and increas-

ing individualism can create tensions, particularly as younger individuals explore 

spiritual paths that may diverge from traditional norms. 

Religious communities also face challenges related to social issues, 

such as poverty and inequality, prompting collective efforts to address these 

concerns. While both Hindu and Buddhist groups may collaborate on social jus-

tice initiatives, the underlying ethical frameworks differ, with Hinduism empha-

sizing concepts like Dharma and Karma, and Buddhism focusing on compassion 

and the alleviation of suffering. As both religions continue to evolve in response 

to modern influences, their interactions will play a crucial role in shaping the 

future of Nepalese society, highlighting the importance of coexistence and cul-

tural belief.



848

Knowledge from education
Educational discourse surrounding the contrasting paths of Hinduism 

and Buddhism in Nepal provides valuable insights into the dynamics of cultur-

al identity, interfaith relations, and social cohesion. First, incorporating these 

subjects into educational curricula can foster critical thinking and promote an 

understanding of the historical and philosophical foundations of both traditions. 

By examining key concepts such as karma, dharma, and the nature of reality, stu-

dents can develop a nuanced perspective on how these beliefs shape individual 

and communal identities.

Second, education plays a crucial role in promoting interfaith dia-

logue. Schools and universities can encourage discussions that highlight both 

the shared values and distinct practices of Hinduism and Buddhism, fostering 

respect and understanding among students from diverse backgrounds. This can 

be further enhanced through collaborative projects, workshops, and events that 

bring together students from different faith communities.

Additionally, integrating local narratives and examples into the cur-

riculum can make the study of these traditions more relevant and engaging for 

students. By exploring how Hindu and Buddhist practices manifest in daily life, 

festivals, and rituals within Nepal, learners can connect theoretical knowledge 

with lived experiences.

Moreover, fostering critical engagement with contemporary societal 

issues—such as caste discrimination, religious intolerance, and globalization—

through the lens of these traditions can empower students to reflect on their 

roles in promoting social justice and harmony in their communities.

Lastly, encouraging academic research and projects that involve field-

work can enrich students’ understanding of the dynamic interactions between 

Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal, equipping them with practical skills and in-

sights that extend beyond the classroom.



849

Conclusion  
This exploration of Hinduism and Buddhism from a Nepalese perspec-

tive reveals key differences that are significant in shaping the cultural and social 

fabric of the nation. Hinduism emphasizes concepts like Dharma and Moksha, 

which guide individuals in their moral and spiritual pursuits, while Buddhism 

focuses on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, advocating a path of 

compassion and mindfulness. These differing philosophical foundations influ-

ence rituals, ethical practices, and community life, illustrating how both religions 

coexist and interact within Nepalese society.

The importance of these differences extends beyond theology; they 

play a crucial role in shaping Nepalese identity and promoting social harmony. 

The blending of religious practices in festivals and daily life highlights a unique 

cultural synthesis that fosters mutual respect and understanding among ad-

herents of both faiths. As Nepal navigates the challenges of globalization and 

modernity, the continued coexistence and evolution of Hinduism and Buddhism 

offer a hopeful outlook for the future, encouraging dialogue and collaboration 

that can further enrich the nation’s diverse heritage. This dynamic interplay of 

beliefs and practices not only enhances Nepal’s cultural landscape but also 

serves as a model for peaceful coexistence in an increasingly interconnected 

world. 

Suggestions
To enhance the discourse on Hinduism and Buddhism from a Nep-

alese perspective, it is essential to adopt an interdisciplinary approach. This 

involves fostering collaboration among scholars from various fields such as his-

tory, philosophy, sociology, and anthropology, thereby enriching the academic 

conversation. Additionally, promoting field studies can provide empirical insights 

into how these two traditions coexist and influence each other within Nepalese 

communities. It is also crucial to contextualize cultural discussions within the 

unique socio-political landscape of Nepal, emphasizing local narratives and 



850

practices. Making academic articles more accessible to a broader audience is 

vital; this can be achieved by translating key findings into local languages and 

creating simplified versions for the general public. Furthermore, there is a need 

for more comparative analyses that delve into specific themes—such as rituals, 

festivals, or philosophical concepts—to illuminate the contrasts and similarities 

between Hinduism and Buddhism.

In future academic writing, it is imperative to begin with a clear thesis 

statement that articulates the main argument or focus of the study, ensuring 

readers grasp the article’s intent from the outset. Methodological rigor must 

also be emphasized, with researchers adopting robust qualitative or quantitative 

methods to support their findings effectively. A comprehensive literature review 

should be included in each article, engaging with existing scholarship on both 

traditions to identify gaps and position new research within the broader aca-

demic discourse. Incorporating voices and perspectives from local practitioners, 

scholars, and communities will enhance the authenticity and relevance of the 

discussions presented. Addressing contemporary societal issues—such as inter-

faith relations, migration, and identity—can highlight the practical implications of 

the contrasting paths of Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal. Promoting interfaith 

dialogue through academic articles can foster mutual understanding and respect 

between the two communities. Scholars should also consider targeting a variety 

of publishing platforms, including academic journals, edited volumes, and online 

mediums, to increase the visibility and impact of their research. Finally, encour-

aging student involvement in research projects related to these themes will help 

cultivate a new generation of scholars dedicated to exploring the rich tapestry of 

Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal. By implementing these suggestions, scholars 

can significantly contribute to a deeper understanding of the contrasting paths 

of these two influential traditions and their broader implications for Nepalese 

society.



851

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