




































Microsoft Word - 01-บทความภาษาอังกฤษ-01.docx


 

 

Learning Innovation and Ethics In The Artificial Intelligence Age 

 

Lim Hui Ling 

Independent scholar, Singapore 

Email: huilinglim@hotmail.com 

 

For 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference at MCU Chiang Mai 

Campus 

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) 

What is AI? AI, in simple terms, is basically mathematics translated into 

source code. In other words, it is a set of algorithms๑ building on various ideas and 

concepts, and trying to learn from human intelligence to make decision. It is building 

capable smart machines to perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. 

Since it does not require expensive computer hardware and IT infrastructure, it has 

become the most popular digital technology enabling digital transformation. 

AI started with a discussion in the 1940s between two inventors of 

computers on how brain works and if computers could mimic it. In 1950s, a computer 

and cognitive science coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”, and AI research as an 

academic discipline started in Dartmouth College๒. When internet started in 1991, 

sharing of data began on website and this conditioned the growth of AI. In 2011, IBM’s 

Watson๓ won the human players of the TV game Jeopardy!, which is a language-based 

 
๑ AI refers to pieces of software with the ability to lean and reason like humans, and 

able to translate real-life problems into mathematical models called algorithms. 
๒ Dartmouth Conference in 1956 gave birth to the name “Artificial Intelligence”. 
๓ Watson is the work of IBM to develop “cognitive computing” through machine 

learning to work out what information it needs, and what it is expected to do, based on a 

collection of dataset and constantly updated valuable information such as the latest scientific 

studies, news articles, statistics and encyclopaedias. 



๗๓ 

 

 
๗๓

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

and creative thinking game. That same year, Apple launched Siri๔, a virtual assistant 

that provides personal “individualised experience”. Over the decades, there were 

many research done to train networks with multiple layers of units, and only in 2012, 

there was a significant breakthrough with “deep neural network” on solving many 

problems including advancement in speech and image recognition. The past decade 

has been immensely important for AI innovation, and we continuously see AI 

embedded in our day-to-day existence. 

Machine learning and deep learning are the two major branches of AI. Deep 

learning engages artificial neural networks to process digital information, and these 

artificial neural networks have to be trained by big data or large training databases. 

Governments and companies use big data to solve real-world problems, predict 

trends and consumer behaviours, and in all areas possible. Currently, the knowledge 

of AI is still limited by the amount of information humanity has. With the evolution 

of AI, technology has the potential to transform everything and revolutionize the 

world. Hence, the need for innovation in learning and development is urgent and 

important. Government and organizations would need to explore new ways to 

develop talents. 

Country-based Learning Innovation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence 

In terms of country-based AI strategies, China has the largest government-

backed AI initiatives with the goal to become the world leader in AI by 2030๕. In 

recent years, China has passed many policies to promote AI. China has a huge and 

vibrant market that is receptive to AI technologies and AI products, and is conducive 

to the adoption and improvement of AI. The huge volume of market brings large 

economies of scale and offers an opportunity to gather big databases. China has 

incorporated STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) courses in 

 
๔ The Siri voice recognition is supported by big data, which basically refers to the 

collection and analysis of data by businesses and governments in the digital age.  
๕ AI Policy – China. 



๗๔ 

 

 
๗๔

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

the main curriculum and school exams. With the strong support from government, 

China tops the world in AI patents, papers and funding, and is currently at the global 

frontier of AI in terms of technological development and market applications๖. 

In response to China’s growing AI capabilities and rising strategic rivalry, the 

45th US President Donald Trump signed an executive order in February 2019 to direct 

US government to prioritize and support national development of AI๗. It seems that 

the rise of China constitutes a national security threat๘, and this motivates the US 

government to seriously consider the nation’s economic and infrastructure situation, 

and its role in technology. In comparison with China, US has an advantage in 

designing AI technique of deep learning, as it has the highest number of AI talents 

and AI companies like Google๙, Facebook๑๐ and Amazon๑๑. Both US and China 

realize that government should promote and guide innovation. 

Another highly active country in AI implementation is Singapore. Recognising the lack 

of critical mass of a big country, Singapore government is determined to carve out a 

niche for itself in the global AI ecosystem and be the driver of the process. AI is one 

of the main ways Singapore plan to grow its digital economy๑๒. Singapore’s vision is 

 
๖ China AI Development Report in 2018. 
๗ Maintaining American Leadership in AI. 
๘ AI Ambitions: Challenges to Innovation as the US and China drive Global Tech. 
๙ Big data is at the heart of Google’s business model. Google accounts for the most 

internet search use (Marr, 2016:246). As Google has built efficient ways to connect users with data 

that they need so that the world’s information is available anytime anywhere. This is similar to 

an interface between computers and human. 
๑๐ Facebook is the world’s biggest social network (Marr, 2016:69). Facebook has 

transformed the way we share personal information about our lives, and changes the way we 

network and communicate with each other. 
๑๑ Amazon is the largest online retailer in US and a globally recognised brand (Marr, 

2016:290). 
๑๒ AI Policy – Singapore. 



๗๕ 

 

 
๗๕

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

to “develop, cultivate, deploy, and scale AI solutions”. Singapore aims to train 

25,000 professionals in basic coding and implementation. Besides taking a human 

centric approach in the application of AI technologies and making sure that workers 

are skilled in the use of new technologies, Singapore also aims to stay open and 

connected to ensure good governance of new technologies. 

The National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy has an important plan to use AI 

technologies to transform Singapore’s economy and recreate new areas of growth. 

There are five areas of AI applications to deliver strong social and/or economic 

impact for Singapore. The adoption of AI technologies will be enhanced in these five 

identified areas: transport and logistics, smart cities and estates, healthcare, 

education, safety and security๑๓. Singapore recognises the global shortage of quality 

workforce in the STEM industries, the government integrates STEM education 

teaching and learning activities and experiences in school curriculum. They look to 

build and nurture a STEM-educated workforce. 

AI is poised to transform our society in profound way. Education, healthcare, 

transportation, energy, and even national security will be reshaped by AI. In education, 

it will be the pivot point where the future of a country will revolve. If we want to 

embrace the full range of changes that AI technologies will introduce, we need to 

invest our resources in training and development for the youth and prepare everyone 

in our country for this digital age.  

 

Case Study 1: Developing Countries 

Learning innovation needed in developing countries would be to train their 

population on new technologies to take advantage for local use. For instance, Rwanda, 

in Africa, has invested and modernised its healthcare and technology infrastructure 

since 1990s, more than ninety-five percent of its population is covered by 4G cellular 

 
๑๓ National Artificial Intelligence Strategy: The Next Key Frontier of Singapore’s Smart 

Nation Journey. 



๗๖ 

 

 
๗๖

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

networks๑๔. Drones have been used to send medical supplies to remote area with 

poor infrastructure in Rwanda. Rwanda has all kinds of challenges, but its government 

uses AI technologies strategically to solve its domestic problem to maximise potential 

benefits. Education is the government’s priority, Rwanda has replaced French with 

English as the official language of instruction in schools. 

AI technologies in areas of health, agriculture and education can bring 

enormous benefits to the lives of poor countries if these frontier technologies 

(innovative or new technologies) are managed properly. Social norms could limit the 

access to technologies for discriminated or disadvantaged groups in developing 

countries. While developing countries have diversified their economy to create more 

jobs by transforming their relatively lower productivity agricultural sector to higher 

productivity manufacturing and services, economic progress would still need an 

improvement in literacy and digital skills. 

Technological changes impact inequalities in every country through its 

impact on profits, jobs, and wages. Due to the level of development and its economic 

structure in developing countries, the rapid development of AI will outgrow the 

society’s readiness to adapt and respond. With technological advancement, the 

automation of jobs will reduce employment and displace jobs. Without right and 

timely social and economic policies from government, social inequalities will arise. 

Most importantly, the cultivation of innovative talents depends largely on education 

and is crucial to a country’s progress. 

 

Case Study 2: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 

 
๑๔ Paul Kagame, the current President of Rwanda, tries to replicate Singapore’s 

system and policies as he has an ambition to make Rwanda the “Singapore of Africa”. The 

country’s Vision 2020 seeks to transform Rwanda into a middle-income country by 2020 and 

recently adopted National Strategy for Transformation and Vision 2050 with aim of turning 

Rwanda into upper middle-income country by 2035 and high-income country by 2050. 



๗๗ 

 

 
๗๗

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

Five years ago, ASEAN Education Ministers gathered to discuss about 

integrating technology in education and Information and Communication Technologies 

(ICT) education in national curriculum to develop digital and transferable skills among 

students๑๕. Moving forward, learning innovation in the fast-moving digital age would 

require an understanding and appreciation of the latest frontier technologies like AI, 

and how they can be integrated effectively into educational and organizational 

settings. Trainings in planning, implementation, and management of AI technologies, 

coupled with technology-enhanced learnings are necessary for Higher Education. 

A basic skill needed in this digital age is being literate so that one can learn the 

different types of AI and able to communicate the process and outcomes 

effectively. One major mistake of Higher Education system is the termination 

of learning relationship after graduation, that is, the failure to provide lifelong 

learning to upgrade skills and capabilities to meet changing industry needs. 

Hence, a rethinking and revamp in education system is urgently needed as it 

plays an important role in the future of our society. 

For the next five years, the goal of ASEAN is to become both a digital 

economy and a digital society. To meet this goal, every country will need a 

widespread and high-quality digital infrastructure, relevant digital services which 

support economic and social development, and an ASEAN population with the 

skills to use these digital services and a workforce with the skills needed to 

develop and implement them๑๖. One of the challenges in transforming๑๗ 

education is the teacher’s technical mastery of ICT skills in integrating ICT into 

 
๑๕ From Final Review of ASEAN ICT Masterplan 2020 that discusses the role and 

implementation of ICT in all economic sectors that drive growth and development. 
๑๖ From ASEAN Digital Masterplan 2025. The vision is to have all societies in ASEAN to 

use digital services to enhance their daily life, make business more productive, and create a 

sustainable economy. 
๑๗ From CNA. The rise of the digital economy and how education may be 

transformed. 



๗๘ 

 

 
๗๘

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

student learning, is insufficient in most ASEAN countries, despite much 

investment in ICT infrastructure. 

Organizational-based Learning Innovation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence 

Our daily decision-making process is built on information and experiences. 

We use logic and reasoning to think through problems. In the age of AI, the challenge 

is that no human can solve a problem the way a machine does as proven in 

reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning technique 

where a computer agent learns to perform a task through repeated trial and error 

interactions using feedback from its own actions and experiences. Machines have 

become highly developed and insight can be gained through extensive analysis of 

structured data using machine learning. For instance, Google has successfully designed 

its next generation of machine learning chips that humans take months to design a 

chip, whereas AI completes in less than six hours๑๘. Similar systems also win against 

human in board game Go๑๙.  

The technology of AI can be applied to many different sectors and industries 

in a country. New product development and information technology are already using 

AI technologies, like machine learning (teaches computer to think and acts like humans 

do) and natural language processing (teaches computer to understand and analyse 

human language), to structure and automate processes to optimize results. For 

instance, the google search, google translation, and the spam filters on email. In the 

healthcare industry, AI is commonly being used to optimise and personalise healthcare 

treatment recommendations. AI can even be used for different treatments in patients 

 
๑๘ Google Brain Scientist publishes in Nature on using AI’s deep reinforcement 

learning technique to design the next generation of Tensor Processing Units, Google’s specialised 

AI processors. 
๑๙ Google Deepmind publishes in Nature on using AI’s deep learning method to 

create a computer program that plays board game Go, and it won against human players in 

games. 



๗๙ 

 

 
๗๙

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

and for surgical procedures in the operation theatre. Human surgeons may be replaced 

by robotic surgeons with hundred percent precision in surgery.   

Right now, only big organisations can afford powerful and sophisticated 

computing hardware for such complex and highly accurate machine algorithms. These 

big organizations tend to have collected a lot of data and transactions done with 

customers. As for smaller companies, implementation would need an awareness and 

understanding of what is possible and an understanding on how they work. A 

contentious issue is how it has affected human employment as many jobs have now 

been automated and human labour have been replaced with machines. Every different 

case that either assist or replace human in the process must have a consequence that 

we have to analyse further. 

 

Case Study 3: Facebook 

Facebook has adopted AI as the key differentiation for its online business. It 

develops a system of human level intelligence and derives knowledge from collected 

unstructured data. According to Facebook’s record, half of its users do not speak 

English, so the AI research team built an AI-based automatic translation system๒๐ to 

help non-English speakers to read translated post in their News Feed.  

Based on a high-resolution photo of a crowd, Facebook uses facial 

recognition technology to tag names to many faces. In addition, based on personal 

profile collected, Facebook targets advertisement to relevant people.  

In fact, Facebook has faced numerous privacy issues. Users’ identities, 

including their personal lives, are being compromised without their permission. The 

revenue model of the company is collection of users’ data and selling users’ 

 
๒๐ Facebook AI has developed the first multilingual machine translation (MMT) model 

to directly translate between any pair among 100 languages without relying on English data as an 

intermediate. 



๘๐ 

 

 
๘๐

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

information. Moreover, Facebook changes its policies frequently. From users to 

advertisers, everyone living in it needs to comply.   

 

Case Study 4: Development Bank of Singapore (DBS) 

DSB uses AI to improve its services and operations. They focus in using AI to 

optimize business processes across the bank, from Human Resources to Investment 

Trading. It can predict the turnover rate of its salespeople and achieve eighty-five 

percent accuracy using machine learning to digest inputs, such as holiday period, 

medical leaves taken, and employees response time in answering email๒๑. It launches 

initiatives to help employees embraces technological changes and train them with 

relevant digital capabilities, thus empowering them to live with a digital mindset. 

One of their projects is the creation of a “Robo-advisor”๒๒ to recommend 

clients on wealth management and investment opportunities. This advisor gives advice 

to bank relationship managers and their clients based on client’s existing portfolio, 

research reports, company news, market, and economic indicators. For individuals who 

wish to invest in a robo platform, DBS offers personal digital advisory investment 

services driven by an algorithm based on chosen financial goals and risk appetite. 

There are many potential business values from AI technologies. As for 

trading, AI can be used to detect fraud, for chatbots in customer service and algorithm-

based lending models. This efficiency in process can reduce headcounts by ninety 

percent as compared to traditional bank, as seen in the DBS digital bank in India. 

 
๒๑ From The Straits Times. The AI system in DBS Human Resource department was 

developed through data gathering and the development of algorithm was completed by their 

data scientists and data analysts. 
๒๒ DBS Robo-advisors are digital platforms that provide automated investment 

services. There are more than 10 robo-advisors platform today in Singapore offering diverse 

investment options. 



๘๑ 

 

 
๘๑

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

However, there are criticisms that such digital automation lacks personal (human) 

touch and does not bring better customer experiences๒๓. 

 

The Ethical Awareness in using Artificial Intelligence 

We are at the crucial point in the evolution of digital technology. The 

widespread adoption of AI technologies presents ethical challenges that deserve our 

attention and action. AI is neutral, it can either be used for good or bad. However, we 

need to be aware of the potential ways that AI can be misused. The AI applications 

continue to proliferate today, and AI decisions could also be involved in life-or-death 

circumstances, for instance, self-driving vehicles. In event of crash and injury involving 

fully autonomous vehicles, who is to blame and how are blame and causal 

responsibility shared across human and machine drivers? 

Other than social responsibilities, another challenge for implementing AI 

solutions in various sectors is the privacy issue. AI relies on lots of data, good data. In 

any one minute on internet๒๔, there are millions of searches on google, millions of 

email communications, and millions of videos being watched on YouTube. Social 

media applications, like Facebook, with millions of users’ login in just one minute, has 

accumulated a goldmine of data. The collection and usage of users’ private data from 

personal website to social media has posed considerable risks for non-intended 

purposes. Especially now with Covid 19 Pandemic, many people work from home and 

businesses have moved online. Users are often unaware of how their collected data 

will be processed, used and even sold.  

 
๒๓ From CNA. Forget Digital Banks – many still prefer the trip to the branch. 
๒๔ From Statista. Covid-19 has changed our lives in many unexpected ways and in 

many areas of life as Internet has transformed our lives tremendously. E-commerce and 

transactions are booming. Most activities have moved online since and a lot of things can happen 

in an internet minute.  



๘๒ 

 

 
๘๒

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

Another privacy risk is that facial recognition system can capture facial 

features and analyses individual patterns and the concern about how accurately it can 

be identified with the exact person. Such information is usually stored in a database 

and can be used in a search process to find a match. The market for this technology 

is growing exponentially, especially in surveillance and marketing. However, due to a 

lack of regulation, the issue of accuracy and accountability may present a challenge in 

the justice system in event of misidentification that leads to wrongful convictions. Using 

facial recognition technology as a powerful tool in surveillance can cause harm with 

privacy and security issues, and law makers need to seriously legislate and monitor 

the use. 

 

Case Study 5: Facebook – Cambridge Analytica data scandal 

Cambridge Analytica is an UK-based political consulting firm that specializes 

in leveraging data mining techniques for the expansion of potential voter bases. From 

2013 to 2016, Cambridge Analytica did a behavioural targeting for all Americans based 

on their social media usage, reportedly from about 87 million Facebook profiles, 

including extracting information from Facebook’s likes, and building a personality 

model for every Americans. They then micro-target political messages based on these 

models for Brexit propaganda and Trump’s campaign. In all cases, they successfully 

manipulated human’s thoughts and emotions in order to achieve their goal without 

ethical compass or consideration for what was best for its audiences.  

Facebook is a massive tech-conglomerate known fondly for its social media 

platform. It acquired at least ninety other companies, including Messenger, Instagram 

and WhatsApp. The Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data scandal๒๕ that involved the 

2016 Presidential Candidate Donald Trump exposed Facebook’s ethical conduct in 

handling user data in respect to third parties. Personal data harvested and optimised 

 
๒๕ Wikipedia. Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal. 



๘๓ 

 

 
๘๓

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

by Cambridge Analytica are available for all digital marketers and advertisers. Facebook 

needs advertisement to sustain its business, advertiser needs Facebook to sell their 

products, and users rely on Facebook to socialise and network. In this co-dependent 

world, this is an awakening call for all to reckon the extent of personal data that is 

held about everyone online. 

However, one must be prepared to make trade-offs to access information 

online and to connect to our digital world daily. For the future of humanity, the 

personal data used in an ethical manner implies a common goal to improve personal 

life. To apply behavioural science tactics in a moral way, we need to have a goal to 

bring positive social change. In brief, it is important to have enough understanding of 

the data and behavioural science tactics, the ethical and right application is everyone’s 

responsibility. 

Case Study 6: The future of Robot Priest Mindar 

In Japan, robot priest is used for blessing and performing rituals in Buddhist 

temples. For instance, “Mindar”๒๖ robot priest has been created for a Kyoto 400-year-

old Buddhist temple in Japan to enhance interest in Buddhist teachings. The chief of 

this temple believes that if an image of the Buddha speaks, then the Buddhist teachings 

will be easier to understand. It can help to perform rituals and funerals when priest is 

not around. Another advantage of having this robot is the belief that the teachings can 

be stored permanently in the robot. 

Interestingly, robot creators are planning to give machine learning 

capabilities for this robot to address devotees’ spiritual and ethical issues. They design 

Mindar to look like Kannon (Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva) and it can continuously recite 

Heart Sutra. The Japanese, who believe in Lotus Sutra, have accepted the 

manifestation of Bodhisattva Kannon in machine form, as this resonates with the 

 
๒๖ Mindar is a robot (Samuel, 2020). 



๘๔ 

 

 
๘๔

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

humans of a given time and place. This digitisation process has slowly changed how 

people experience faith and rituals. 

As robots continue to change our religious experience, AI technologies may 

become an object of worship one day. So it is important for us to think what role the 

robot can play and what kind of relationship we want to have with robot. The ethical 

use of AI must be in line with maintaining and increasing happiness, reducing and 

stopping suffering of all. But how to achieve this? I strongly advocate those who are 

involved in AI technologies like designers and programmers to recognise the 

importance of ethical standards and maintain the basic common value system. They 

should strive towards this goal by continuously undertake ethical training.  

 

Conclusion 

As discussed above, AI technologies have the ability to improve education 

by supporting teachers and learners in the classroom with more personalised 

experiences and provide potential applications for education. While AI can make 

education more 

personalised and accessible, the next question is whether the teachers 

today is ready to develop the leaders for tomorrow. And the most important and 

urgent task now is how we use education to prepare our next generation of leaders so 

that the country can retain its strategic advantage in critical fields and remain relevant 

in the emerging digital environment. 

The AI technology is in the process of transforming everything. AI reshapes 

country and organizations on how innovation management is organized. It can increase 

productivity and increase profits for companies. Individual or business may use AI to 

collect data and hence intruding into people’s privacy. Government can even create 

weapons, robot police or robot soldier. There is a danger where it can lead to. 

Countries need to work together on AI ethical security risk prevention to include the 

protection of personal rights and social security.  



๘๕ 

 

 
๘๕

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

The goal of AI has indeed raised many questions and many debates. This 

moment is critical in human history as AI is mostly made by technologists and investors. 

There is a clear struggle between individual greed and collective responsibilities. If 

technology is so powerful that can control human or destroy humanity, then we have 

to be very careful what and where we want the future of AI to be. And the most 

important aspect in working out the direction is to figure out our intention as we move 

forward. This is the karmic aspect, the cause and consequences, that we have to be 

careful with. 

 

References 

Ackerman, Evan and Kozoil, Michael. 2019. The blood is here: Zipline’s medical 

delivery drones are changing the game in Rwanda. IEEE Spectrum 56. 5: 24-

31. Retrieved from 

https://www.itu.int/en/myitu/News/2020/04/24/13/44/How-medical-

delivery-drones-are-improving-lives-in-Rwanda 

AMA Marketing News. 2018. The Murky Ethics of Data Gathering in a Post-Cambridge 

Analytica World. Retrieved from https://medium.com/ama-marketing-

news/the-murky-ethics-of-data-gathering-in-a-post-cambridge-analytica-

world-33848084bc4a 

ASEAN. 2021. Final Review of ASEAN ICT Masterplan 2020. Retrieved from 

https://asean.org/?static_post=asean-ict-masterplan-2020 

Barker, Arya. 2018. Zipline's Drones Are Saving Lives. Time. Retrieved from 

https://time.com/longform/ziplines-drones-are-saving-lives/ 

Blackpeak Group. 2019. AI Ambitions: Challenges to Innovation as the US and China 

Drive Global Tech. Retrieved from 

https://www.blackpeakgroup.com/2019/03/ai-ambitions-challenges-to-

innovation-as-the-us-and-china-drive-global-tech/ 

China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University. 2018. China 

AI Development Report in 2018. Retrieved from 



๘๖ 

 

 
๘๖

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

http://www.sppm.tsinghua.edu.cn/eWebEditor/UploadFile/China_AI_develo

pment_report_2018.pdf 

Davenport, Thomas H. 2018. The AI Advantage: How to Put the Artificial Intelligence 

Revolution to Work. Cambridge: The MIT Press.  

DBS Singapore. 2021. How to start investing with a robo-advisor. Retrieved from 

https://www.dbs.com.sg/personal/articles/nav/investing/roboadvisor 

DeepMind. AlphaGo. Retrieved from https://deepmind.com/research/case-

studies/alphago-the-story-so-far 

Facebook AI. Retrieved from https://ai.facebook.com/ 

Facebook Research. Advancing the field of machine intelligence. Retrieved from 

https://research.fb.com/category/facebook-ai-research-/ 

Fan, Angela. 2020. Introducing the first AI model that translates 100 languages without 

relying on English. Facebook. Retrieved from 

https://about.fb.com/news/2020/10/first-multilingual-machine-translation-

model/ 

Federal Register. 2019. Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence. 

Retrieved 

fromhttps://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/02/14/2019-02544/ 

maintaining-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence 

Future of Life Institute. AI Policy - China. Retrieved from https://futureoflife.org/ai-

policy-china/ 

Future of Life Institute. AI Policy - Singapore. Retrieved from https://futureoflife.org/ai-

policy-singapore/ 

Jenik, Claire. 2020. A minute on the Internet in 2020. Retrieved from 

https://www.statista.com/chart/17518/data-created-in-an-internet-minute/ 

Mar, Tim. 2018. Cambridge Analytica Scandal Raises New Ethical Questions About 

Microtargeting. https://www.npr.org/2018/03/22/596180048/cambridge-

analytica-scandal-raises-new-ethical-questions-about-microtargeting 



๘๗ 

 

 
๘๗

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

Marr, Bernard. 2016. Big Data in Practice: How 45 successful companies used Big Data 

Analytics to deliver extraordinary results. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons 

Ltd. 

Michelman, Paul, ed. 2020. How AI is transforming the organization. MIT Sloan 

Management Review. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 

MINECOFIN. Rwandans encouraged to save for a better future. Retrieved from 

https://www.minecofin.gov.rw/news-detail/rwandans-encouraged-to-save-

for-a-better-future 

Mirhoseini, Azalia, et al. 2021. A graph placement methodology for fast chip design. 

Nature 594, 207-212. Retrieved from 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03544-w 

National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee. 全国信息安全标准化

技术委员会. Retrieved from https://www.tc260.org.cn/ 

National Research Foundation. AI Singapore. Retrieved from 

https://www.nrf.gov.sg/programmes /artificial-intelligence-r-d-programme 

Samuel, Sigal. 2020. Robot priests can bless you, advise you, and even perform your 

funeral. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/future-

perfect/2019/9/9/20851753/ai-religion-robot-priest-mindar-buddhism-

christianity 

Silver, David, et al. 2017. Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge. Nature 

550, 354-359. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24270  

Smart Nation Singapore. National Artificial Intelligence Strategy. Retrieved from 

https://www.smart nation.gov.sg/why-Smart-Nation/NationalAIStrategy 

Tan, Jason. 2020. The Rise of the Digital Economy and How Education may be 

transformed. CNA Commentary. Retrieved from 

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/ education-technology-

fourth-industrial-revolution-digital-econom-12309010 



๘๘ 

 

 
๘๘

9

1

5 

BUPAIS The 3rd National and International Buddhist Conference 
 

Tham, Irene. 2019. The age of artificial intelligence: Staff planning to quit? System in 

Singapore can tell. The Straits Times Tech. Retrieved from 

https://www.straitstimes.com/ tech/staff-planning-to-quit-system-can-tell 

Tseng, Cherie. 2020. Forget digital banks – many still prefer the trip to the branch. CNA 

Commentary. Retrieved from 

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/ singapore-digital-

banking-customers-licences-dbs-ocbc-grab-ant-13782300 

The HEAD Foundation. 2017. ICT in ASEAN Education: Challenges and New 

Opportunities. Policy Brief No.2. Retrieved from 

https://headfoundation.org/wpcontent /uploads/2020/11 /THF-Policy-Brief-

No-2.pdf 

Wikipedia. Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal. Retrieved from 

https://en.wikipedia.org 

/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal  

Wikipedia. History of artificial intelligence. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved from 

https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence  




