Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application ISSN 2614-0047 Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 57-62 57 https:doi.org/10.31763/businta.v7i1.212 Social Media and e-government to prevent corruption in Indonesia Villages Adjie Rosyidin a,1,*, Arief Yoga Pangestu a,2, Austin Fascal Iskandar a,3, Darusalam b,4 a Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia b Accounting Research Institute, University Teknologi Mara, Malaysia, Level 12, Menara Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor 1 adjierosyidin48@gmail.com ; 2 ariefyogapangestu.x@gmail.com; 3 austinfascal@outlook.com; 4 darusalam85@gmail.com * corresponding author 1. Introduction Corruption is an ever-increasing problem all across the world, and its long history suggests it may be as ancient as humanity itself [1]. Corruption is defined as the abuse of public power for personal gain or for the benefit of a group to which one owes allegiance [2]. As a result of this growing awareness, many supporters increasingly tout good governance as the means to secure long-term economic development and competitiveness [3]. Corruption prevention has gone global [2], with many nations investing heavily to leave a better world for the next generation. However, many public officials are prepared to engage in corrupt activities due to the widespread belief that doing so offers "high reward, low risk" [4]. When it comes to preventing and punishing corrupt conduct, the legislation on public information disclosure has significantly influenced the efficiency with which the Indonesian government serves its people and residents. Transparency of information in all government institutions is a priority for the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), and it is seen as a necessary condition for establishing democratic governance, which is predicted to lead to a shift from a closed government to an open one, particularly in regards to the management of public finances. Corruption's multifaceted character necessitates an equally multifaceted approach to understanding and overcoming it [5]. Corruption is notoriously difficult to track down, which has hampered issue- solving in many nations. Weak law enforcement, poor legal frameworks, and a lack of proper systems for openness and accountability are often highlighted as problems in the fight against corruption. In reality, there are a number of underlying behavioral issues that need to be addressed in order to combat A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history Received January 3, 2023 Revised February 18, 2023 Accepted February 24, 2023 Examining the anti-corruption movement in Indonesia, this paper will give a review of the topic. The primary goal of this analysis is to discover whether or not e-government and social media can serve as an efficient weapon in the fight against corruption in Indonesian village budgets. This research evaluates corruption from several behavioral angles. To evaluate the efficacy of social media and e-government in combating corruption in Indonesia's village funds, researchers conducted a comprehensive literature review and normative juridical analysis using a conceptual approach. The study demonstrates that ICT's rapid expansion and improvement in Indonesia has had far-reaching consequences. The participants share and discuss corruption-related news and information. Because traditional punishment-oriented tactics have not been effective in eradicating corruption in Indonesia, incorporating technology into future efforts to do so might boost the likelihood of success. This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license. Keywords Anti-corruption Indonesia Village funding Corruption mailto:adjierosyidin48@gmail.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 58 Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application ISSN 2614-0047 Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 57-62 Adjie Rosyidin et.al (Social Media and e-government to prevent corruption…) corruption effectively [6]. If these issues aren't addressed, the effort to eradicate corruption may not be successful. The Village Law's requirements for managing municipal funds serve to motivate the mayor to put them into effect. There are several aspects that the community has communicated, all having to do with the village chief's preparedness, the village's infrastructure, and the chief's leadership. The Village Law provides the local administration with unrestricted autonomy to run and improve the village as it sees fit. Because of the wealth of available resources, the village administration has a great chance to improve residents' standard of living and economic standing. One billion to one and a half billion dollars in village money is a breath of fresh air that will allow the village to manage its potential better and grow into a self-sustaining, efficient, and competitive community. 2. Method This research uses the literature study. The researcher studied a variety of libraries relating to information systems, especially matters relating to the system, to be examined to solve a problem. Observations in this literature study data were obtained from literature books, research journals, papers, magazines, and newspaper references or references from previous research on terms, existing frameworks, theories, and relevant to the subject matter studied. As well as conducting data collection techniques by finding, recording and studying data from a number of archives or official documents in the research location that are considered important and have relevance to the problem under the study. 2.1. Research Problem The question is, how can the governing body of a community keep its natural resources from being mismanaged? Even if the Village Law is functioning properly, especially with regard to the administration of village resources, it is not sufficient to prevent graft. Not only must we stop trying to keep corruption at bay, but we also need to stop using technology to make anti-corruption efforts more likely to succeed. The prevalence of online social interactions and the consequential role of ICT in molding individual personalities cannot be overstated. The rise of social media platforms has been crucial to the evolution of human communication. Every day, for instance, social media users in Indonesia post and discuss information about a wide range of topics, including corruption. In addition, e-government and other forms of IT-enabled transparency assist in combating corruption. 2.2. Research Objective This paper aims to find the methods that can be used to prevent corruption, especially regarding village funding in Indonesia. The methods required should be able to be accessed through smartphones by utilizing the Internet. 2.3. Research Question • How does the village government in this community make sure that its natural resources are managed fairly and honestly? • What method does the village government need to prevent corruption? • How can social media and e-government be used as a weapon to combat corruption? 3. Review of Literature and Hypothesis Development 3.1. What is Corruption According to the previous study [7]–[10] defined corruption as an exploiting behavior of public office that is contrary to the laws and regulations regarding public office in forms of fraud, bribery, malicious agreement to obtain resources and public funds for personal or personal gain. Intentional lawbreaking with the goal to profit oneself or another person or company at the expense of the national treasury or the national economy is defined as corruption under Law No. 31 of 1999. According to these two schools of thought, corruption is committed by anybody who illegally utilizes their position in public office to benefit themselves, their relatives, or a business to the detriment of the state resources and/or state finances and/or the economy country. ISSN 2614-0047 Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application 59 Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 57-62 Adjie Rosyidin et.al (Social Media and e-government to prevent corruption…) 3.2. E-Government One definition of E-government is the use of information technology (such as the Internet, the World Wide Web, and mobile computing) by government agencies to facilitate the delivery of services to the public, increase engagement with business and industry, other levels of government, and the international community at large, and increase access to information [11]. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology defines E-Government as the use of Internet-based information technology and other digital devices under government management to disseminate government information to citizens, businesses, and other organizations via the Internet [12]. E-government can be defined as the use of internet-based communication and other digital devices managed by the government to disseminate information from the government to the public, business partners, employees, business entities, and other institutions, or vice versa, with the goals of improving community services, increasing interaction with the public, and reducing bureaucratic red tape. Although the rule of law is the most potent predictor of anti-corruption and the basic criteria for clean governance [13], E-government can be a useful instrument for combating corruption in government. 3.3. Social Media The term social media has historically been used to refer to a broad category of emerging forms of online media that are unified by a set of shared qualities, chief among them high levels of user interaction that encourage the contribution and feedback of everyone, the openness that avoids various obstacles to access and utilizes media content, conversations that carry out two-way communication, communities that share a common interest, connections that utilize links to sites, resources, and other people. Because it allows people to express themselves freely, social media may offer users a sense of agency. Essentially, this makes it possible for anybody with access to the Internet to publish or broadcast material at little cost, thereby democratizing the media [14]. Six forms of social media contain notes and thoughts that provide innovation and change lives: social networks, blogs, wikis, podcasts, forums, content communities, and microblogging [15]. Based on the expert's opinion, it can be concluded that it is possible to characterize social media as a means that consists of various forms of online media characterized by the presence of user participation, openness to the substance of the problem, two-way conversation, communities that have similar interests, and connectedness to the site, the source power, and people. Social media is also a popular thing that both computer or smartphone can access. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. E-Government vs. Corruption: A Case Study of Village Funding in Indonesia Accurate information can now be created, accessed, processed, and used thanks to the fast growth of information and communication technology. In this age of globalization, knowledge is a priceless commodity. To sustainably increase the company's competitiveness, more information is required. Governments everywhere are under increasing pressure from a wide range of stakeholders to raise the bar on public service delivery and access to information. As a result, e-government and related initiatives are becoming more crucial for policymakers of all stripes. Paper-based administration, which the researchers meant by traditional government, is on its way out. The shift from paper-based to paperless administration, or e-Government, is one of the most-discussed topics in public affairs today. To meet this problem head-on, the Indonesian government has enacted laws to promote the use of electronic governance at all levels of government, from the municipal to the presidential. The finished network of computers and other devices will be utilized to coordinate activities at the national and local levels of government. The Indonesian government's intention to move the country's population toward a Knowledge-based Society is reflected in legislation such as Presidential Instruction (In-Pres) Number 3 of 2003 and the Minister of Communication and Information Decree on the Development of e-Gov. E-Government, in its most basic form, is the provision of information services to other government institutions (Government to Government—G2G), to the business world (Government to Business— 60 Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application ISSN 2614-0047 Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 57-62 Adjie Rosyidin et.al (Social Media and e-government to prevent corruption…) G2B), and to the general public (Government to Citizen—G2C), with the goals of: providing comprehensive information about institutions or regions for economic growth and regional development; enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of service processes; and optimizing the delivery of public services. By utilizing e-government, we can reduce the possibilities of corruption while still maintaining village funds effectively. Maladministration in village gov can occur from public service activities by public officials to citizens. Maladministration tends to occur in public services provided by direct contact between providers and users. Collusion and nepotism, misuse of authority, demands for monetary reward, and bribery are only some of the maladministration activities that may be avoided with the help of e-Government. 4.2. Case Study of Village Funding through Social Media in Indonesia After the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) detained the Governor of Bengkulu Province on June 20, 2017, people took to social media to voice their disapproval. The governor of Rejang Lebong Regency in Bengkulu reportedly took bribes totaling Rp 1 billion (US$ 75,000) to fix the tender for two road construction projects [16]. The authors used the NCapture feature in NVivo 11 to collect data on 300 tweets from 20 and 21 June 2017, including "OTT KPK Bengkulu" or "KPK's sting operation in Bengkulu" and then analyzed the data to determine which aspects of the case are most prominent. Several unnecessary terms (such as stop words) were removed from the dataset before it was analyzed using the word frequency query tool in NVivo 11 software. The success of social media in rallying public support for the fight against corruption hinges in large part on how well that information is disseminated. So-called "information gatekeepers" with extensive control over information spread are necessary for this [17]. Using NVivo 11, we created a visual depiction of the web of relationships on Twitter, indicating the spread of news about the alleged corruption committed by the Governor of Bengkulu. Citizen journalism on social media platforms can provide more transparency to fight corruption. When traditional media fails, when the media is heavily influenced or controlled by the state or people in power, or when the media delivers insufficient news coverage [18], citizen journalism can report additional information by using social media. The most powerful individuals in the network may be pinpointed with further investigation into key vertices. From the aforementioned Twitter web, three crucial questions regarding the "central figures" are [19]: • What is the fastest speed at which this individual may contact everyone in the system? • Who do you think has the most data coursing through them?? • Thirdly, how many individuals does this person have direct access to? Centrality measures (i.e., vertex metrics) such as "closeness centrality," "betweenness centrality," and "degree centrality" can provide the answers to these three queries. Freeman defined closeness centrality as the sum of a node's distances to every other node in a network graph. It represents the rate at which data may be sent from one location to another [20]. In other words, it shows which network members have the quickest and most direct access to a particular piece of data. As a rule, it takes less time for information to spread across a network if it originates from the node that is closest to the network's center (the node with the highest proximity centrality score). The authors found that out of the twenty-six usernames in the dataset, some are likely to be individual profiles with a proximity centrality of 1. Citizen participation in the quick dissemination of knowledge regarding corruption inside a social network is exemplified by these first-hand testimonies. With a score of 0.125, the KPK's Twitter account is now becoming the 46th in the world. Once again, the authors attribute KPK's score to the fact that they don't do anything on Twitter to preserve their anonymity. Penetration of social media platforms offers several opportunities to lessen expenditures against corruption. First, most social media users are connected to a sizable group of other people affected by corruption extortion and would like to talk about their experiences. Second, the people may be mobilized to criticize the corrupt practices of government officials and politicians at a low cost and in a short amount of time, appreciate the widespread reach of social media. Using social media, a free ISSN 2614-0047 Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application 61 Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 57-62 Adjie Rosyidin et.al (Social Media and e-government to prevent corruption…) press (including newspapers, television, and internet news sites) may reach a wider audience and potentially reduce corruption. In the end, social media's favorable image or credibility may be enhanced by the connection between social media programs, particularly between friends and family, and the personal touch of social media on the information. A person's closest and dearest can always benefit from having them take action in line with this knowledge. From this, we may infer that social media can be used as a tool to fight corruption on four fronts: cooperation, participation, empowerment, and the passage of time. The very nature of collaborative and participatory social media is that people constantly interact, which creates a massive pool of people with whom to talk, share knowledge, and work toward a common goal. 5. Conclusion As Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) advance rapidly, the concept of e- government emerges and is immediately adopted by various administrations. Using e-Government and social media to promote transparency and prevent or punish instances of corruption is supported by the law. However, many rules are imperfect in protecting everyone's freedom to express themselves. At the request of the affected individual and in accordance with a court order, the organizer of the electronic system was required in 2016 to delete any irrelevant material in their possession. The honesty with which it combats corruption. In addition, the Indonesian Penal Code does not encompass all criminal defamation laws. E-Government and social media users are thus cautious about expressing views that might be deemed defamatory. In addition, there are still regulations requiring providers of electronic systems to terminate users' access to illegal material included in electronic documents and information. Because the website or content of electronic information can be disconnected, the requirements of this article may worry those who organize e- Government and social media to voice their ideas as a representation of openness in preventing and cracking down on acts of corruption. While e-Government and social media can help promote transparency, combat corruption, and crack down on corrupt practices, this does not give anybody carte blanche to ignore the law or infringe on the rights of others. Users of e-government and social media platforms expressing opinions via electronic means shouldn't already be sending data or information that doesn't clearly distinguish between events based on intuition or emotion and those based on facts in social and state life so that they do not face criminal, civil, or administrative punishments from the requirements of applicable laws. 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