BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 5 Numberl BIRDS AND MAMMALS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF WILLISTON, FLORIDA J. Alan Holman UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1959 The numbers of THE BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 300 pages and are not hecessarily completed. in any one calendar year. OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JR., Editof All communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication should be addressed to the Curator of Bi616gical Sciences, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. Manuscripts should be sent to the Editor of the BULLETIN, Flint Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Published 8 September 1959 Price for this issue $.45 BIRDS AND MAMMALS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF WILLISTON, FLORIDA J. ALAN HOLMAN 1 SYNOPSIS: A Pleistocene vertebrate locality at Williston, Levy County, Flor- ida, duntained tHe fenhains af 6 species of birds and 20 of mammals. The bones were in Arredondo clay, of Illinoian age, in a solution pipe in the Eocehe Ocala limestone. Two birds are extinct, a large quail (Colinus suilium), and a large jay (Henocitta brodkorbi) which is described as new. Six mammals are extinct: a mustelid of uncertain identity, a pine vole (Pitymys hibbardi) which is described as new, an armadillo (Dasupus bellus), a tapir (Tapirus veroensis), a peccary (Mulohvus sp.),and a horse (Equus sp.). Rabbits Of the genus Syluilagus. are repfesented by 561 fossil elements; in many cases the two species, S. palustris and S. floridanus, can be distinguished on cranial and post-cranial bones. The Pleistocene habitat of the Williston area was probably marshy pineland grading into well drained pineland with open sinks, surrounded by mesophytic vegetation. Six species,' 28 percent of the f6ssil fauna, are larger than their Recent Florida representatives. Fixe of these six s.Decies have larger modern forms to the north. Applyinp Bergmann's rule, this supports the thesis that Fldrida had a somewhat cooler climate in the illinoian glacial staire. The Williston fauna differs from other Pleistocene localities in Florida in its low percentage of extinct niammals. This is because a large number of the Williston mammals are small. If the percentage of extinction is calculated sep- arately for large and small size classes, the Williston fauna resembles that .of other Florida Pleistocene localities more closely. INTRODUCHON Interest in the Pleistocene birds and mammals of Florida has recently revived. Between 1896 and 1980 the many works of Leidy, Sellards, Hay, Simpson, and Wetmore laid the initial groundwork, mainly with the larger animals, but very little attention was paid to the subject from 1980 to 1950. Since 1950 the works of Brodkorb (1957 and 1959) on the Florida Pleistocene birds, and of Bader (1957), Olsen (1958),and Ray (1958) on the mammals, have added new im- petus to this study. Recently developed techniques have enabled paleontologists to study the smaller vertebrates, largely neglected ' The .author is a. Graduate Assistant in the· Department- of Biology 6f' the University of Florida. He is particularly interested in the paleontology of the srnalle_r vertebrates. This paper represents, in part, a thesis prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MaSter of Science in the De- partment of Biology of the University of Florida. 2 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 in the past, which should prove valuable in establishing a more nat- ural correlation of the Florida Pleistocene. Vertebrate fossils from the Williston, Florida, area have been known since the work of Leidy, but early lists were of a heterochronic nature (Simpson, 1929b). In 1956 Dr. Pierce Brodkorb of the Uni- versity of Florida and Dr. Robert Bader of the University of Illinois discovered a new Pleistocene locality at Williston in the Connell and Shultz Limerock Company mine. The site is in Levy County, Florida just inside the north city limits ef Williston, 0.9 miles north of the Williston Seaboard Airline Railroad. It has an elevation of approximately 82 feet and lies east of State Road 831 and Florida Geodetic Sitrvey marker H 79 (Gunter, 1948), in area 4-2 of the Williston Quadrangle (U. S. Geological Survey, 1950). The Williston area today is a typical karst region, with many depressions and sinks and a mesophytic vegetation. The fossils were found in a pipe in the Eocene Ocala limestone. Pipes of this nature in Florida, formed by the solution of limestone, apparently have been receiving freshwater sediments periodically since the lower Miocene (Bader, 1957). Similar pipes, solution chan- nels, and sinkholes are a main source of fossil vertebrates in north- central F16rida. The Williston pipe was about 15 feet in diameter in a north-south direction. Its east face was covered by partially weathered original material. Excavating this matrix exposed two small caverns con- nected by a small crev,ice about 6 inches high. One cavern was 1 foot high, 8 feet wide, and extended horizontally about 114 feet into the limestone. The other cavern was about 3 feet high, 6 feet wide, and extended about 8 feet horizontally before turning downward hs part of the apex of the solution funnel. The sediments in the sink consisted of yellow-brown clays, bluish sandy clays, and some strati- fled layers of sand, which suggests they were deposited over a period of several years at least. Brodkorb (1959) has designated these clays as the Arredondo member of the Wicomico formation. Most of the bonei occurred ill the yellow-brown clays. Overlying the clay-filled pipe is the Wicomico terrace sandy clay which has a characteristic dull orange color. This terrace was de- posited during the Sangamon interglacial stage by an encroaching sea (Cooke, 1945). Brodkorb (1957 and 1959) has indicated that the Reddick and Arredondo, Florida, vertebrate Iocalities represent the Illinoian stage because of their location in respect to the Wicomico 1959 HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 3 terrace. The Williston site is likewise referred to the Illinoian glacial stage of the Pleistocene. Excavations were carried out from May through September of 1956, Both the small caverns were excavafed, and the pipe had been dug to a depth of 8 feet when mining operations destroyed the site. The avian and mammalian faunas of this locality form the subject of the present paper. The amphibians and reptiles were dis- cussed by Holman (1959). While previous work in the Williston area treated only a few large mammals, the present paper includes many of the smaller mammals and birds. The work was supported by the Florida Geological Survey, where the mammalian remains are deposited. The birds are in the collection of Pierce Brodkorb at the University of Florida. ANNOTATED LIST Class AvEs Anas discors Linnaeus MATERIAL.-Right ·carpometacarpus (PB 2820). The carpometacarpus of A. discors is similar to that of A. carolin- ensis, but size as well as several qualitative characters Separate the two species (Brodkorb, 1959). The height of metacarpal I ranges from 8.8 to 9.4 mm. in 7 Recent A. discors, and from 8.4 to 9.0 mm. - in 6 Recent A. carolinensis. The 9.8 mm. height of metacarpal I in the fossil falls within the range of A. discora: Colinus suilium Brodkorb MATERIAL,-Rostrum (PB 2318), 2 vertebrae (PB 2808-2309), left ~ coracoid (PB 2819), 2 left (PB 2801-2802) and 3 right (PB 2810-2812) humeri, left ulna (PB 2864), 2 left carpometacarpi (PB 2805„2806), 1 left (PB 2308) and 3 right (PB 2815-2817) femora, left tarsometatar- sus (PB 2807). The most abundant avian fossils collected at Williston are those of a large quail, recently described by Brodkorb (1959) from the Pleistocene of Arredondo, Florida. Measurements of Recent and fossil quail were supplied by Dr. Brodkorb. Table 1 shows the Pleisto- cene quail of Williston to be larger in all elements than Recent C. oirginianus, and Very close to C. suilium. The. Williston fossils also agree with C. suiliuni in the qualitative characters pointed out by Brodkorb (1959). 4 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol: 5 TABLE 1 MEASUREMENTS (IN MM.) OF WING AND LEG ELEMENTS OF CO~imt,9 Williston Pleistocene Arredondo Recent Element C. suilium C. suilium C. virginianus Range No. Range No. Range No. , Humerus: length 34.5-37.2 4 87,6-87.9 2 81.7-85.8 19 prox. width 9.5-10.8 4 9.6-10.4 5 9.8-10.8 19 shaft width 8.6- 8.8 4 8.4-3.8 6 2.6- 3.3 19 distal width 7.0-7.9 4 7.5- 7.9 2 6.8- 6.8 19 depth of head 8.7- 4.0 4 3.7-4.1 4 3.1- 3.5 19 length prox. end 5.6-6.8 4 6.8 1 5.8-6.1 19 brachialis t6 distal end 6f internal condyle Ulna: length 34.0 1 82.743.1 2 28.5-82.2 19 prox, width 4.8 1 4.1- 4.6 -2 8.4- 4.8 19 Carpometacarpus: length 20.4 1 17.0-19.5 14 height prox. end 6.0 1 4,9-5.7 14 Femur: length head 42.9 1 ' 86.4-89.6 15 through internal condyle least shaft 3.3 1 2.8- 8.2 15 distal shaft 7.5- 7.6 2 6.4- 7.1 15 Tibiotarsus: length 54.8 1 58.1 1 49.8-58.5 19 distal width 5.1- 5.9 8 5.4 1 4.6- 5.2 1 depth of external 5.8- 519 8 5.5 1 4.6-5.1 19 condyle depth of internal 5.5- 6.2 8 5,2- 5.7 2 4.8- 5.5 19 condyle Tarsometatarsus: width of trodhlea 3 2.5 1 2.5 1 1.9- 2.8 16 depth of trochlea 3 8.5 1 8.4 1 2.6-8.2 19 1959. HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 5 Meleagris gallopa©6 Limiaeus MATERIAL.-Left femur (PB 2321). Corous brachyrhynchos Brehm MATERIAL.-Right carpometacarptis (PB 2322). The carpometacarpi of C. brachyrhynchos and C. ossifragus may be separated on size. The length of the carpometaearpus in 5 Recent C. brachyrhynchos ranges from 46.8 to 50.5 mm., the proximal height from 10.0 to 11.2 mm. In 9 Recent C. ossifragus the length ranges from 39.6 to 44.2 mm. and the proximal height from 8.7 to 10.8 mm. The length of the fossil is 48.6 min; the proximal height 10.7 mm., falling within the range of C. brachyrhynchos. Henocitta new genus TYPE OF GENUS.-Henocitta brodkorbi new species: DIAGNOSIS.-Closest to Psilorhinus Ruppell of Mexico and Central America, in distal length of entepicondyle; extent and depth of brachial depression; shape of internal condyle. Differs from Psilorhinus in having ehtepieondylar prominence ro- bust; entepicondyle wider in palmar view, narrower in distal view; area between internal condyle and entepicondyle depressed; fossa above internal condyle shallow; ectepicondyle wide and at right angle with shaft (in Psilorhinus ectepicondyle much narrower and directed inward). Less closely related to Protocitta Brodkorb of the Pleistocene of Reddick, Florida, and Calocitta Gray of Recent Mexico and Central America. Differs from Protocitta in having entepicondyle rotated anconally; braehial depression deeper and less extensive; internal condyle de- pressed distally, rounded in palmar view; ectepicondyle wide and at right angle to shaft (in Protocitta ectepicondyle much narrower and directed inward). Differs from Calocitta in having entepicondylar prominence less robust, entepicondyle longer distally, area between internal condyle and entepicondyle produced, brachial depression less shallow and more extensive, internal condyle rounded in palmar view, fossa above internal condyle shallow; ectepicondyle wide and at right angle with shaft (in Calocitta ectepicondyle much narrower and directed inward). ETYMOLOGY.-From Greek henos (old, former) and kitta (chatter- ind bird). 6 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 Henocitta brodkorbi new species Plate I, Figs. 1-2 HoLOTYPE.-Distal half of left humerous, PB 2828. From Pleisto- cene (Arredondo member, Illinoian stage) at Connell and Shultz Limerock Company quarry, Williston, Levy County, Florida. Col- lected by J. Alan Holman, summer, 1956. DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE.-Entepicondyle robust, long, and ro- tated anconally, entepicondylar process robust, brachial depressiOn narrow and deep, area between entepicondyle and internal condyle depressed, internal condyle round and produced in lateral View, fossa above internal condyle shallow, entepicondyle at right angle . to shaft and widest of any corvid studied. Width through epicondyles, 11.l mm., width of shaft above ectepi- condyle 7.1 mm., length of entepicondyle 5.0 mm., width of entepi- condyle 8.8 mm., length of brachial depression ·5.0 mm., length of internal condyle 3.0 mm., width of ectepieondyle 2.7 mm. DIAGNOSIS.-Humerus smaller than Calocitta colliei, Psitorhinus morio, and Psilorhinus mexicanus; about the same size as Protocitta dixi and Calocitta formosa; larger than that of any other jays studied. DIscussIoN.-This is the second fossil jay described. The first (Protocitta dixi Brodkorb) is from the Illinoian stage of the Pleisto- cene of Reddick, Florida, and also has its ~ closest affinities with the large Recent jays of Mexico and Central America (Brodkorb, 1957). While Protocitta is more closely related to Calocitta from the west coast of Mexico and Central America, Henocitta is closest to Psitor- hinos from the east c6ast of Mexico and Central America. ETYMOLOGY.-The new jay is named for Dr. Pierce Brodkorb of the University of Florida who has pioneered the study of small fossil vertebrates in Florida. Family FRINGILLIDAE (Genus and species indeterminte) MATERIAL.-TWO right carpometacarpi (PB 2824-2325), left cora- coid (PB 2326). These bones are those of a small sparrow; otherwise they are not distinctive. Class MAMMALIA Scalopus aquaticus Linnaeus MATERIAL.-Right ulna (FGS V-5846). The fossil Bts within the variation found in Recent Florida moles. 1959 HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 7 -56»=...."IE..... ..%-W#/.ir9"Ip- -1- A 1 ?El=,2//B:ZZ·, 2 »'t ' I ./ /*i~ rit ... 9 -43&- . 3 2 MM .'.'*- %<.5 . 6 Plate I . Figs . 1 -2 , Henocitta brodkorbi, palmar and anconal view of holotype humerus, x 1.7. Figs. 3-5, Pit!/mvs hibbardi, lingual, labial, and occlusial view of holotype dentary, x 8.4, x 2, x 8.2. Fig. 6, Pitum!/5 hibbardi, molar pattern drawn froni holotype. CTUptotis paria (Merriam) MATERIAL.-Three left dentaries (FGS V-5847). The dentaries referred to Cr!/ptotis parua differ from those of Sorex longirostris in that the angle of the coronid with the dentary teeth iii S. longirostris is V-shaped and almost 90 degrees, whereas 8' BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM ~ Vol. 5 in Crt/ptotis palia the angle is U-shaped and much less than 90 degrees. Several of the osteological characters used to separate Cryptotis and Blarina overlap in some cases. In Cryptotis the angle between the coronoid and condyloid process is usually less than in Blarina. In Cryptotis the notch on the dorsal part of the coronoid process in external aspect is often small and shallow, whereas in Blarina it is usually wide and deep . The tubercles of the dentary teeth in Crypto- tis are usually more pointed in dorsal aspect, those of Blarina more rounded. Cryptotis tends to have deeper notches in the dental in- cisor than Blarina. Size is a more reliable criterion for separating the two genera. In 10 Recent Blarina breuicau(la from n6rth-central Florida the height of., the dentary ranges from 5.3 to 6.1 mm. In 10 Recent Florida Cryptotis pan)a the height of the dentary ranges from 4.0 to.4.8 mm. As the height of the dentary of the two fossils ranges from 4.8 to 4.7 mm., they are assigned to C. parua. marina brevicauda (Say) MATERIAL.-Left dentary (FGS V-5848). Differences between Blarina and Cruptotis have been elaborated above. Blarina differs from Sorex in that the angle from the coro- noid to the dentary teeth is U-shaped and much more than 90 de- grees, whereas in Sorex it is V-shaped and almost 90 degrees. The 5.4 mm. height of the dentary in the fossil falls with the range of Recent Blarina brevicauda from north-central Florida. Family URSIDAE (Genus and species indeterminate) MATERIAL.«Left Cl (FGS V-5849), right P4 (FGS V-5851), right Mi (FGS V-5852), 2 left ME (FGS V-5853-5854). The overlap in characters between the teeth of Ursus (Euarctos) and Arctodus (Olsen, personal communication) prevents positive di- agnosis of these fossil bear teeth from Williston. ~ Family MuSTEEIDAE , (Genus and species indeterminate) r MATERIALS-Left P4, right P2, 1 left and 1 right Mi (FGS V-5855). ' The ridht. Mi is much larger than those of Recent skunks in th'e U;nivdrsity of Florida collections. The specimens were sent to Stan- 1959, HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 9 ley J. Olsen, who found they agree with none of the Mephitis group in the Florida Geological Survey collections. Regarding the molars "he states There is a double cusp on the protbcone not found in Mephitis-this could be an aberrant individual though-and the other Ml is from a smaller individual. This tooth has a constriction of pinched area in the trigenid that is not present in the skunks tbat I hav,e seen here." As the teeth of the Recent Conepatus group have not been examined it seems best to refer the material to family only. Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin MATERIAL.-Left M2 (FGS V-5858). This fossil seems to be from a young animal, as it shows less wear than adult Recent gray squirrels studied. Geomus pinetis (Barton) MATERIAL.-Three right and 1 left dentary (FGS V.5859) Peromyscus goss!/pinus (LeConte) MATERIAL.-TWO ·left and 4 right dentaries (FGS V-5860). Six dentaries referable to the genus Peromyscus were obtained at the Williston loeality. To determine the identity of the fossils, den- taries of Recent P. gossypinus, P. Boridanus, P. polionotus, and P. nuttali were studied. Reithrodontomys humulis Was also compared because of the similarity of its dentary to that of Peromyscus. No qualitative characters were found to separate the Recent spe- cies satisfactorily. The tooth row, however, showed some differenees in length: P. goss!/pinus 8.6 to 4.8 mm. (10), P. floridanits 4.4 to 5.0 mm. (10), P. polionotus 2.4 to 3.7 mm. (10), P. nuttalli 8.7 mm. (1), Reithrodontomys humulis 2.7 to 8.0 mm. (3). The 8.8 to 4.4 length of the tooth row in the six fossils agrees best with that of P. goss!/pinus. Or!/zom~/s palustris (Harlan) MATERIAL.-Right maxilla (FGS V-5861). Sigmodon hispidus Say and Ord MATERIAL.-Left- maxilla, 1 left and 1 right dentary (FCS V-5862), Neotoma Boridanus (Ord) MATERIAL.-Left M2 (FGS V-5868) 10 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 Pitymys hibbardi new species Plate I, Figs. 3-6 HOLOTYPE.-Left dentary, complete except for tips of coronoid, - condyle, and angle, FGS V-5929. From Pleistocene (Arredondo men'i- ber, Illinoian stage) at Connell and Shultz Limerock Company quar- ry, Williston, Levy County, Florida. Collected by J. Alan Holman, summer 1956. Length of tooth row, 7.2 mm.; height of dentary at first molar tooth, 6.0 mm.; length of diastema, 4.4 mm. PARATYPES.-TWO left (FGS V-5980-5981), and two right (FGS V-5982-5988) dentaries. One of the left dentaries (FGS V-5980) contains an Mi, but the others are without teeth. DIAGNOSIS.-Agrees with Pedomys and Pitymys and differs from Microtus in having Mi with a posterior loop, 5 alternating triangles, and an anterior loop; first, second, and third alternating triangles closed; confluent fourth and 8fth triangles open into anterior loop. Differs from Pedomus in having diastema short and incisor narrow. Closest to P. dideltus (Cope) from Pleistocene of Port Kennedy Cave, Pennsylvania, but larger (Table 2); second alternating triangle of M~ two-thirds as wide as first triangle (in P. dideltus only one- third as wide); capsular process broadly convex dorsally, sloping downward toward incisor anteriorly, and downward toward mental foramen posteriorly (in P. dideltus capsular process concave dorsally, sloping upward toward the incisor anteriorly, and upward toward the molar teeth posteriorly (ef. Hibbard, 1955). TABLE 2 MEASUREMENTS (IN MM.) OF DENTARY BONES OF Pitymvs Length of Height at Species tooth row first molar No. P. hibbardi 6.6-7.2 (2) 5.0-6.0 (5) 5 P. didaltus 6 . 2-6 . 5 2 P. menowni 7.0 1 P. inuolutus 4.9-5.6 2 P. pin€torum 5.4-6.4 4.4-5.4 11 P. part)ulus 5.2-6.0 4.1-5.8 22 P. quasiater 5.8-6.4 4 . 7-5 .5 5 Close in size to P. monowni Hibbard (1987) from the Pleistocene of Brown County, Kansas; differs in having salient angles of Mi 1959 HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 11 narrow with apices angular (in P. menowni salient angles of Mi broad and apices rounded). Differs fr6m P. meadensis Hibbard (1944) of the Pleistocene of Kansas in that the confluent fourth and fifth triangles of Mi open into the anterior loop (in P. meadensis confluent fourth and fifth triangles closed, sepafate from anterior loop). Larger than P. involutus (Cope) from Pleistocene of Cumbedand Cave, Maryland; anterior loop of Mi with re-entrant angles (in P. involutus re-entrant angles of anterior loop of Mi weak or absent; cf. Gidley and Gazin, 1988) DifFers from Recent species of Pitymys in larger size; second triangle two-thirds width of first triangle; capsular process poorly developed, exposing incisor laterally and medially. A poorly de- veloped capsular process is characteristic of the earlier voles (Hib- bard, 1959). Differs further from Recent Pitymys (as well as Pedomys, and Microtus) in having anterior ridge of ascending ramus strongly curved along tooth -row, but dropping abruptly at level of second triangle of Ml• In Recent forms the ridge is much straighter and extends to the anterior third of the Ml· DIscusSION,-The similarity of P. hibbardi to P. dideltus is inter- esting in the light of recent interpretations of Florida Pleistocene stratigraphy. Hibbard (1955) considered the Port Kennedy assem- blage where P. dideltus is found to be no earlier than late Kansan and no younger than early Illinoian. The Williston locality is con- sidered to be of Illinoian age. A noteworthy parallel seems to occur between the bog lemmings and pine voles of the Pleistocene of Florida. The extinct Synaptomys australia is 35 percent larger than the Recent Synaptomys cooperi (Olsen, 1958). The length of the tooth row of the holotype of Pitumys hibbardi is 20 percent longer than the largest Recent Florida P. par- vulus measured (Table 2). EryMOLOGY.-The fossil is named for Dr. Claude W. Hibbard of the University of Michigan who has contributed so much to the knowledge of fossil microtines. Syluilagus Gray MATERIAL.-7 left and 9 right maxillae (FGS V-5864), 15 left and 10 right dentaries (FGS V-5865), 110 vertebrae (FGS V-5867), 25 left and 80 right humeri (FCS V-5868), 11 left and 9 right ulnae (FGS V-5869), 8 sacra (FGS V-5870), 18 right and 18 left innominates (FGS 12 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 V-5871), 85 left and 48 right femora (FGS V-5872), 82 left and .,42 right tibiae (FGS V-5878). .. Rabbit elements were the most abundant fossils in the Williston material. The bones were not localized at any one depth, but were distributed uniformly throughout the matrix. In addition to the 424 specimens listed above, 187 additional elements were identified to the specific level. Two species of Syluilagus occur in northern Florida at present, S. palustris and S. #oridanus, each represented by two subspecies (Miller and Kellogg, 1955). S. palustris palustria (Bachman) ranges from Virginia to northern Florida, and S. palustris paludicola (Miller and Bangs) occupies peninsular Florida. S. #oridanus niallums (Thomas) ranges from New York to northern Florida, and S. floridanus floridanus (Allen) is confined to peninsular Florida. Simpson (1929b) refers rabbit elements from the Williston Pleistocene to Syluilagus sp Heretofore character5 have not been found to separate the post- eranial elements of the two local species of rabbits. Study of modern skeletons shows that in many cases individual bones may be identi- fled. Most of the Recent material used in this study was from the area of intergradation in northern .Florida, but some specimens from North Carolina were also available. The characters used to sep- arate the species are given below. The angle from the ramus of the mandible at the last molar tooth tb the coronoid process is much less in S. palustris than in S. ~oridanus. This character is not usable in the Williston material, for all the fossils lack the posterior part of the dentary. Some of them can be separated by the angle between the anterior bofder of the angular process and the mandibular ramus (Plate II, Fig. 1). In S. #oridanus this angle ranges from 115 to 145 degrees; in S. palustris it ranges from 130 to .160 degrees. Fossils with the angle from 115 to 125 degrees are assigned to S. #oridanus, and fossils measuring from 150 to 160 degrees are identiBed as S. palustris. In the scapula the medial surface of the base of the coracoid process is more excavated in S. palustris than in S. #oridanus. Thus the coracoid process in S. palustris tends to describe a curve infiected toward the glenoid fossa, whereas in S. #oridanus the apex of the notch between the glenoid fossa and the coracoid process is directed ventrally. The humerus is a distinctive element. In S. #oridanus the head in dorsal view is more rounded Qn the medial side than in S. palustris, 1959 HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 18 which is more flattened. The distal end of the humems is narrower in S . floridanus than in S . palustris (Plate II , Fig. 2). Ratios of length of humerus to distal width show ranges of 12.5 to 14.8 percent in S . #oridanus and 14. 8 to 17 . 1 percent in S . pali ,stris . *48 2 Di- * .* 'l 'R... = 4* 3 4 i"" - Plate II . Fig . 1 , Dentary of Sulcilagits #oricianus, top , S . palustri.s, bottom , x 1 .7 . Fig. 2 , 1 lumerus of Sulvilagus floridanus, left , S . paltistris , right , x 1 . Fig. 3, Sacrum of Sulcilagus' floridanus, top, S. palus·tris, bottom, x 1. Fig. 4, Innominate of Suluilagus lorklanus . top, S . palustris, bottom , x 1 . 14 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 TABLE 8 MEASUREMENTS (IN AIM.) OF Syluilagus palustris Fossil North ~ Carolina North Florida Dentary: 15.7-16.2 (15.95) 14.9-15.5 (15.80) 14.0-16.3 (15:07) length tooth row n, 2 n, 8 n, 24 height 18.5-14.0 (18.75) 18.5-14.9 (14:27) 12.9-14.9 (14.01) tooth row n, 2 n, 2 n, 24 Humerus: 63.2 61.1-62.8 (61.80) 49.0-59.6 (56.84) length n, 1 n, 3 n, 9 proximal 18.5 12.5-13.2 (12.73) 11.8-12.6 (12.08) width n, 1 n, 8 n, 9 distal 8.6 8,8- 9.1 ( 8,97) 8.4- 9.3( 8.78) width n, 1 n, 3 n, 9 Femur: 86.4-88.5 (87.45) 82.0-88.8 (82.65) 66.0-82.0 (78.42) length n, 2 n, 2 n, 9 proximal 14.8-17.2 (16.00) 14.5-14.7 (14.60) 11.2-15.0 (13.88) ,width n, 2 n, 8 n, 9' distal 14.0 18.0-13.6 (18.38) 11,6-44.0 (18,02) width n, 1 n, 8 n, 9 Tibia: 92.8-94.2 (98.50) 82.9-90.7 (86.21) length n; 8 n, 9 pr6ximal 14.0-14.7 (14.47) 12.8-15.0 (18.81) width n, 8 n, 9 distal 11.4-12.2 (11.80) 10.8-11.0 (10.60) 10.0-10.7 (10.86) widtli n, 8 n, 3 n, 9 Innominate: 72.4-74.0 (73.88) 66.5-72.5 (70.15) length n, 8 n, 9 height of 8.4- 9.0 ( 8.70) 8.4- 8.8 ( 8.57) 7.5- 8.5 ( 8.19) acetabulum n, 2 n, 8 n, 8 Sacrum: 22.0-24.0 (28.00) 23.1-25.0 (28.08) 28.0-27.1.(24.71) width n, 2 n, 8 48 1959 HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 15 TABLE 4 MEASUREMENTS (IN MM.) OF St/tuilagus ftoridanus Fossil North Carolina North Florida Dentary: 13.0-14.7 (14.26) 18.0-14.0 (18.50) 13.9-14.8 (14.10) length tooth row n, 7 n, 2 n, 24 height 12.2-13.7 (13.01) 11.7-12.2 (11.95) 12.5-14.0 (18.13) tooth row n, 7 n, 2 , n, 28 Humerus: 62.2-66.9 (64.85) 61.0-68.5 (62.25) 53.0-64.5 (58.65) length In, 8 n, 2 n, 8 pfoximal 12.2-18.2 (12.80) 12.0-12.4 (12:20) 11.5-18.3 (11.87) width n, 8 n, 2 n, 8 distal 7.9- 8.6 ( 8.80) 7.7- 8.3 ( 8.00) 7.4- 8.5 ( 7.92) width h, 8 n, 2 n, 8 Femur: 83.7-87.8 (85.78) 81.0-82,6 (81.80) 75.0-87.4 (79.48) length n, 6 n, 2 n, 9 proximal 14.8-17.1 (15.97) 15.2-15.3 (15.25) 13.5-16.5 (14.14) width n, 11 n, 2 n, 9 distal 18.8-14.4 (13.92) 12.8-12.9 (12.85) 10.4-11.8 (10.88) width n, 6 .n, 2 n, 9 Tibia: - 101.0-102.0 (101.50) 89.4-98.1 (91.25) 82.7-97.2 (86.90) length n, 8 n, 2 44 proximal 14.8-16.0 (15.20) 18.8-14.1 (18.70) 18.0-14.0 (18.72) width n, 8 n, 2 n, 8 distal 11.3-12.2 (11.65) 10,8-11,0 (10.65) 10.4-11.8 (10.88) width n 25 n, 2 n, 5 Innoininate: 66.5-70.3 (68.40) 60.5-69.4 (66.61) length n, 2 n, 8 height of 7.8- 8.6 ( 8.16) 7.7- 7.9 ( 7.80) 7.6- 8.6 ( 8.18) acetabulum n, 17 n 2 n, 9 Sacrum: 22.0-28.5 (22.88) 21.7-27.0 (24.35) 19.5-25.0 (22.55) width n, 4 n, 2 n, 6 16 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 In the sacrum of both species some individuals have a thin bony bridge uniting the three neural spines. It seems unlikely that this is ontogenetic secondary ossification, for individuals having this con- dition are about in the middle of the age groups examined in both species. When this bridge is present sacra of the two species cannot be differentiated. When the bridge is absent, however, in· S, /lori- danita the first two neural spines are narrow in an antero-posterior directio-n, with a pronounced constriction in the middle of the spine. In S. palustris the spines are wide throughout with little or no median constriction (Plate·II, Fig. 8). The innominate bones are similar in both species but show minor differences. In young specimens of both forms the acetabulum tends to be open posteriorly and ventrally with only a cartilaginous bridge. As the animals mature the acetabular fossa closes completely along a bony suture. The two species show an antogenetic difference in this respect. In S. palustris the acetabular fossa closes only 'in old individuals and then laterally only, leaving a V-like opening whose apex is directed laterally. In S. Boridanus a complete fusion of ·the acetabular border takes place early in life. A diagnostic character seemingly not affected by ontogenetic variation occurs in the tuberosity for attachment of M. rectus femoris on the ilium just anterior to the acetabulum. In S. #oridanus the tuberosity is well developed and projects laterally with a distinct valley between it · and the acetabular border. In S. palustris the tuberosity is much more flattened and the valley between it and the acetabular border is either shallow or absent (Plate II, Fig. 4). The greater development of the tuberosity in S. floridanus appears to be associated with its more saltatorial habits. The femora of the tw6 species also show slight differences. In S. #oridanus the greater trochanter in posterior aspect is strongly curved along the medial margin and projects proximally in a hook; the lesser trochanter is nearly at the level of the third trochanter. In S. palustris the medial margin of the greater trochanter is nearly straight and the lesser trochanter is elevated markedly above the level of the third trochanter. The distal end of the femur of S. #ori- danus is more compressed, with the condyles flaring more widely than in S. palustris. The curve of the greater trochanter, however, is the most Feliable character. The distal end of the tibia is diagnostic. That of S. #oridanus usually shows two distinct tendinal grooves, one extending one-third 1959- HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 17 to one-half way up the lateral side of the shaft, the other only a few millimeters up the medial side of the shaft. In some cales the medial grocive is absent. In S. palustris both grooves are always present and the medial groove is always well developed about a third of the way up the shaft. Syluitagus palustris (Bachman) MATERIAL.-3 left and 8 right dentaries (FGS V-5874), 2 left and 1 right scapula (FGS V-5875), right humerus (FGS V-5882), 2 sacra , (FGS V-5876), 3 left and 1 right innominate (FGS V-5877), 4 left and 2 right femora (FGS V-5878), 3 left and 2 right tibiae (FGS V-5879). The recent North Carolina S. palustris are on the whole larger than the Recent northern Florida material, especially in humeral and tibial lengths (Table 3). The fossils carry this trend even farther, as their limb elements are longer than the Recent North Caroliha material. Sylvilagus #oridanus (Allen) MATERIAL.-9 left and 6 right dentaries (FGS V-5880), 9 left and 5 right scapulae (FGS V-5881), 5 left and 3 right humeri (EGS V-5883), 5 sacra (FGS V-5884), 12 left and 7 right innominates (FGS V-5886), 14 left and 19 right tibiae (FGS V-5887). The Recent North Carolina specimens of S. #01*idanus are larger than Recent Florida skeletons in all elements except the dentary (Table 4). As with the marsh rabbit, the fossil cottontai15 have larger limbs than Recent material fr6m North Carolina or Florida. The one qualitative difference noted between the fossil and Recent S. floridanus material is the greater development of the third tr6chanter of the femur in the fossil form. It extends much farther laterally and also Rates more anteriorly than in any of the modern skeletons ex- amined. Dast,pus bellus (Simpson) MATERIAL:-25 buckler scutes, 15 movable ring scutes, and 6 leg scutes (FGS V-5888). Dasypus bellus from the Pleistocene of Williston is characterized as being twice as large as the Recent Dasypus noueincinctus (Simp- son, 1929a). The armadillo scutes listed above are smaller than most Pleistocene material but larger than Recent Dasypus nouemcinctus (Table 5). The Williston fossils may be from a young individual. 18 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 TABLE 5 MEASUREMENTS ~IN MM.~ OF Dasupus bellus Seminole Field Williston (After Simpson) Haile Reddick Width movable Mean 8.18 11.7 11.83 11.47 ring scutes at Range 7.7 - 8.7 9.6 -18.2 10.0 -13.0 9.5 -18.7 anterior border No. 9 4 8 12 of exposed portion Maximum diam- Mean 9.87 14.60 12.8 12.98 eter of buckler Range 7.0 -14.9 10.0 -19.8 12.8 9.6 -15.6 scutes No. 28 14 1 22 Tapirus veroensis Sellards MATERIAL.-Right Pl, right P4, right M2, left M, (FGS V-5889). The four tapir teeth from Williston agree in conformation and measurements with Sellards' type of T. veroensis and with Simpson's type of T. veroensis sellardsi (Table 6). Stanley J. Olsen of the Flor- ida Geological Survey kindly examined the Pi and confirmed the_ identification. TABLE 6 MEASUREMENTS (IN MM.) OF TEETH OF Tapirus veroensis Vero Seminole Field Williston (after Sellards) (after Simpson) P* Length 21.8 20.0 20.0 Anterior width 24.2 26.0 24.7 Posterior width 28.7 - 24.4 PL Length 24.6 Anterior width 11.5 Posterior width 18.4 M' Length 24:5 24.0 28.5 Anteri6r width 27.8 28.0 26.2 Posterior width 28.2 - 28.0 M, Length 26.4 - 24.2 Anterior width 19.8 - 19.8 Posterior width 18.5 - 19.8 1959 HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 19 Mylohyus sp. MATERIAL.-Left dentary including P., Mi, M~, and Ma, right M2, left maxillary including 132 and PB, left MZ and Ms (FGS V-5890), right humerus (FGS V-5891). The teeth found at Williston are too worn to be identified t6 the species level. If the hunierus belongs to the same individual as did the teeth, the fossil peccary had a much larger forearm than the living. Pecari tajacu (Table 7). TABLE 7 MEASUREMENTS (IN MM.~ OF PECCARIES Mylohyus sp. Williston Petari taiacu male, Chiapas Total Anterior Posterior Total Anterior Posterior Teeth length widdi width length width width 10.8 8.6 9.9 9.5 6.4 8.8 11.2 12.0 11.6 8.8 .10.2 10.8 16.7 14.8 15.4 14.3 13.0 12.3 P, 11.8 9.2 10.0 11.8 8.2 9.8 M, 18,0 12.8 18.5 11.4 10.2 10.2 M. 18.5 18,4 13.8 12.8 11.8 12.4 M» 19.6 14,2 12.8 19.3 11.7 10.8 Total Proximal Distal TotaI Proximal Distal length width width length width width Hurnerus 155.0 46.0 41.0 119.0 84.0 31.0 Odocoileus uirginianus (Boddaert) MATERIAL.-Right M2 and Ma, right dentary including Mi and MZ (FGS V-5892). The deer teeth from Williston are from a rather small individual. Equus sp. MATERIAL.-Lower right molar (FGS V-5898). This horse tooth is not identifiable to species. DISCUSSION PALEOECOLOGY.-On the basis of the large Pleistocene herpeto- fauna of Williston, Holman (1959) concluded that the Pleistocene habitat of the area consisted of marshy pine land grading into well- 20 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 drained pine land with open sinks, surrounded by mesophytic veg- etation. The birds and mammals could also have lived in such a situation (Table 8). TABLE 8 ~HARACTERISTIC HABITAT OF WILLISTON PLEISTOCENE FAUNA BASED ON THAT OF RECENT REPRESENTATIVES (t EXTINCT FORMS) Mesaphytic Species Pinewoods forest Marsh Unknown Anas discon x tcolinus suilium x Meleagris gallapauo 'X x Coruus brachurhunchos x f.Henocitta brodkorbi I Fringillidae sp x Scalopus aquaticus X Cryptotis part>a x Blarina brevicauda x Unus sp. 1Skunk or Mustelid X Lynx rufu.9 x Sciurus carolinensis x Geomys pinetis Peromuscus gossupinus x r ~X X X X Oruzomys palustris Sigmodon hispidus Neotoma #oridana x fPitt/mvs hibbardi x St,luilagus palustris x x St/luilagus jiondanus x x tDas!/pus bellus f Tapirus veroensis 1Mylohvus sp, >4 X >1 M Odocoileus uitginianus x ,x fEquus sp. Totals 10 14 6 8 The sea completely inundated the Williston area during the Yarmouth interglacial stage which preceded the Illinoian (Cooke, 1945). Animals of mesophytic habitat are present in both the poikilo- thermous and homoiothermous elements of the Williston fossil fauna (Table 8, Holman, 1959). This implies that the sea had receded long et,ough and far enough for the vegetation to develop fo a mesophytic state. 1959 HOLMAN: PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 21 Table 9 shows the minimum number of individual birds and mammals in the Williston Pleistocene material. The minimum num- ber is determined by counting the most numerous right or left ele- ment of each species or form. As at least 71 rabbits were present and only 41 other individual birds and mammals, one might specu- late that the rabbits represent the refuse of a carnivore that had its den in the sink. TABLE 9 MINIMUM' NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OF WILL.ISTON PLEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS (t EXTINCT FORMs) Anas discors 1 Peromuscus gossgpinus 4 9 Colinus suilium 8 Or!/zomus palustris 1 Meledgfis gallopavo. 1 Sigmodon hispidus 2 Corous brachurhunchos 1 - Neoto,na floridana 1 fHenocitta brodkorbi I f Pitymus hibbardi 8 Fringillidae sp. 2 Suit*lagus sp. indet. 48 Scalopus aquaticus 2 St/luilagus palustris 4 Cruptotis parva 8, St,luilagus 8oridanits 19 Blarina brevicauda 1 1Dast/pus bellus 1 Ul'SUS Sp. 2 U'apifus verdensis 1 iSkunk or Mustelid 2 1-Mulohyus sp 2 Lynx rufus 1 Odocoileus virginianus, 1 Sciurus carolinensis 11 f Equits sp Geomus pinetis 3 ZOOGEOGRAPRY.-The extant Species in the above Pleistocene fauna still occur in the same area. The eight extinct species have the following affinities today: Colinus suilium Nearctic, Henocitta brodkorbi Neotropical, Pitymys hibbardi Nearctic, Dasupus bellus Neotropical, Tapirus ueroensis Neotropical, Mylohyus sp Neotropical, Equus sp. Nearctic, Mustelidae sp. Nearctic. CLIMATIC IMPLICATIoN5.-Brodkorb (1957 and 1959) has ffostu- lated that Florida fossil animals from the Arredondo clay, which lies beneath the Wicomido formation, lived in a climate similar to that of North Carolina or Virginia today. A trend toward large size is reflected by 23 percent of the species in the Williston fossil fauna. This could be interpreted as supporting Brodkorb's thesis, or at least a thesis that the climate was cooler in Florida during the Illinoian glaeial stage. Six animals are larger than their present-day local rep- resentatives, Bve of which have larger Recent representatives to the North. 22 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM VoL 5 The affinities of the large fossil quail, Colinus suilium, are dis- cussed by Brodkorb (1959). Dr. Robert Weigel of Howard University informs me that the quajl from the late Pleistocene locality at Vero Beach, Florida, is the smaller Colinus virginianus that inhabits Florida today. Thus C. suilium may prove to be a valuable Illinoian indi- cator. The extinct skunk is larger than Recent Florida skunks. Pitymys hibbardi is 20 percent larger than the Recent Florida Pitymys parnulus. The fossil forms of both species of rabbits, S!/luilagus palustris and S. #oridanus are larger thwn the races 6f these species in north-central Florida today, and in fact are larger than specimens from North Carolina. The armadillo, Das#pus bellus is much larger than the present D. novemcinctus which has been successfully introduced into Florida in Recent times. Thus these animals may reflect Bergmann's rule (Allee et al., 1949, Mayr, 1949). CORRELATION.-~impSOn (1929b) recognized four mammalian fau: nas of the Florida Pleistocene as being of value in correlation studies, and designated them as test faunas. These faunas were from Vero, Melbourne, Seminole Field, and Saber.tooth Cave. Bader (1957) proposed adding,the Reddick and Arredondo localities to the list. Cooke (1945) assigned his four test localities to the Wisconsin stage of the Pleistocene; Brodkorb (1957 and 1959) assigned Arre- dondo and Reddick to the. Illinoian stage to which the Williston site supposedly belongs. The percentage of extinct mammals is actually greater in the Wis- consin than in the Illinoian localities (Table 10). This might be TABLE 10 EXTINCTION PERCENTAGES OF MAMMALS FROM FLORIDA PLEISTOCENE LOCALITIES Number of Mammals Percentage Percentage Stage Locality species identified extinct living Wisconsin Seminole Field 49 66 24 Wisconsin Saber-tooth Cave 24 58 42 Wisconsin Melbourne 56 58 47 Illinoian Arredondo 28 89 61 Illinoian Reddick 48 39 61 Illinoian Williston 20 80 70 1959 HOLMAN: PEEISTOCENE BIRDS AND MAMMALS 28 construed to cast doubt on the Illinoian designation of Arredondo, Reddick, and Williston. However, correlating Pleistotene localities on the basis of percentages of extinct mammals muSt take the relative sizes of the mammals into consideration. Many large mammals be- came extinct at the close of the Pleistocene epoch, and the survival of the smaller forms into Recent times is much higher. The comparatively low (80 percent) extinction percentage of its mammal fauna suggests the Williston site to be of later age than the Seminole Field site where 66 percent are extinct. If the mammals of the two sites are arbitrarily gtouped into forms the size of a rabbit or smaller and forms larger than a rabbit, the faunas are quite similar (Table 11). This supports Bader (1957) who feels that small animal remains will be much better indicators for correlating the Florida Pleistocene. TABLE 11 EXTINCTION OF' MAMMALS, ACCORDING TO SIZE CLASSES AT SEMINOLE FIELD AND WILLISTON, FLORIDA Mammals the size of a rabbit· 6r Percentage Mammals larger Percentage smaller No. Extinct than a rabbit ' No. Extinct Williston , 12 8 Williston 8 66 Seminole Field 11 9 Seminole Field 88 79 - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Pierce Brodkorb of the Department of Biology of the University of Florida for his constant help and for his direction of my work towards the M.S. Degree, of which this paper is a. part. Dr. Claude W. Hibbard, Of the University of Michigan, Dr. Robert S. Bader of the University of Illinois, and Mr. Stanley J. Olsen of the Florida Geological Survey kindly assisted in the identification of the' mammals. For loan or gift of comparative matefial I wi5h to thank the following people of the Department of Biology of the University of Florida: Dr. Walter Auffenberg, Dr. Pierce Brodkorb, Dr. James N. Layne, Messrs. F. Wayne King, and Larry H. Ogren; also Drs. Fred S. Barkalow, Jr., of North Carolina State College and Robert D. Weigel of Howard College for the loan of rabbit skeletons. The photographs were taken by Mr. J. Hill Hamon. 24 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 5 LITERATURE CITED Allee, W. C., O. Park, A. Emerson„ T. Park, and K. P. Schmidt 1949. Principles of animal. ecology. W. S, Saunders Co., Philadelphia and London, 1-887. Bader, R. S. 1957. Two Pleistocene Mammalian Faunas from Alachua County, Florida. Bull. Florida. State Mus., 2: 58-75, Brodkorb, P. 1957. New Passerine birds from the Pleistocene of Reddick. Florida. Jour. Paleont. 81: 129-188. 1959. The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bull. Florida State Mus., 4(9): 269-291. Cooke, C. W. 1945. Geology of Florida. Bull. Florida Geol. Surv; 29: 1-889. Gidley, J. W., and C. L. Gazin 1938. The Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.. 171: 1-99. Gunter, H. 1948. Elevations in Florida. Bull. Florida Geol. Surv., 82: 1-1158. Hibbard, C. W. 1937. A new Pitymys from the Pleistocene of Kansas. Jour. Mammalogy, 18(2): 285, 1944. Stratigniphy and vertebrate paleontalogy of Pleistocent deposits of Southwestern Kansas. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amen. 55: 707-754. 1955. Notes on the microtine rodents from the Port Kennedy Cave deposit. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelohia, 107: 87-97. 1959. Late Cenozoic microtine rodents from Wyoming and Idaho. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters: 44:3-40, Holman, J. A. 1959. Amphibians and reptiles from the. Pleistocene (Illinoian) of Williston,- Florida. Copeia. 1959 (2): 96-102. Mayr, E. 1949. Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia Univ. Press: 1-834. Miller, G. S., and R. Kellogg 1955. A list of North American Recent mammals. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 205: 1-954. Olsen, S. J, 1958. The bog lemming from the Pleistocene of Florida. Jour. Manimalogy., £19(4): 537-540. Ray, C. E. 1958. Aaditions to the Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Melbourne, Florida, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 119(7):,421-451. Simpson, G. G. 1929a. Pleistocene mammalian fauna of the Seminole Field, Pinellas County, Florida. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.. 56: 561-599. 1929b. The extinct land mammals of Floridh. Ann. Rept. Florida Geol. Surv., 20: 229-279. Contributions to the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM may be in any field of biology. Manuscripts dealing with natural history or systematic problems involving the southeastern United States or the Caribbean area are solicited especially. Manuscripts should be of medium length-12 to 200 printed pages. Examination for suitability is made by an Editorial Board. The BULLETIN is distributed worldwide through institutional subscriptions and exchanges only. It is considered the responsibility of the author t6 distribute his paper to all interested ihdividuals. To aid in this, fifty copies are furnished the author without cost. PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPT Highly recommended as a guide is the. 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