BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 4 Number 9 THE PLEISTOCENE AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA Pierce Brodkorb UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gaines ¥111.e 1959 CLAYTON E. RAY The numbers of THE BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, ,BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, will be published at irregular intervals. Volumes will contain about 800 pages and will not necessarily be completed in any one calendar year. OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JR., Editor The publication of this number of THE BUL- LETIN has been made possible by a grant from the Graduate School, University of Florida. All communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication should be addressed to the Curator of Biological Sciences, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. Manuscripts should be sent to the Editor of the BULLETIN, Flint Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Published 22 May 1959, Price for this issue $.85 THE PLEISTOCENE AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA PIERCE BRODKORB 1 SYNOPSIS: An extensive fauna of Pleistocene vertebrates occurs at Arredondo, Florida. The. bone bed lies in a fresh fwater clay which is here named the Arredondo clay member of the Wicomico formation, · The geographic extent of this member includes 10 localities in 8 counties of northern Florida. The sedi- ments were deposited below the present 100-foot contour under cooler dlimatic conditions during the Illinoian glacial stage. The environment included a fresh water marsh community with nearby scfub. The avifauna of 43 species includes forms still living, interglacial relicts, and glacial indicators. Five living species of birds are added to the fossil record, and six others to the Pleistocene fauna of Florida. Four ·species are described as new: Falco readei, Colinus suilium, Dory- paltus prosphatus (n. gen., Charadriidae), and Cremaster tytthus (n, gen., Icteridae). The name Poditymbus niagnus Shufeldt is revived. Limicolavis pluvianella Shu- felat, from the Oligocene of Oregon, is removed from the Charadriidae; it must be left in incertae sedis until the type is restudied. INTRODUCTION Arredondo is a settlement about 6 miles southwest of the center of Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida. An extensive fauna of Pleistocene vertebrates occurs here in overburden of two mines of the Levy County Lime Rock Corporation. Certain of the amphibians and reptiles from the deposit have been referred to in papers by Coin and Auffenberg (1955) and Auffenberg (1956, 1958). Much of the mammalian fauna has been reported by Bader (1957) and Olsen (1958). Fish remains are fairly numerous, but these have not yet been studied. Fresh water and terrestrial snails of the genera Polygyra and Physa occur locally. In the 1955 paper cited the name Kanapaha was used for the locality, but later papers have all employed the term Arredondo, which is the closer of the two settlements. STRATICRAPHY The two fossil localities lie just northeast of Arredondo (see map), in the NW 94 sec. 22, T 10 S, R 19 E, Alachua County, Florida. Pit 1 is on property owned by W. H. Damron, and is just north of the right-of-way of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, 0.2 mile southwest of railroad milepost 709. Pit 2 lies directly- across the railroad'from i The author is Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Florida. Manuscript received 8 April 1959-ED. 270 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 the first locality. Both quarries have surface elevations of about 90 feet (Gunter, 1948, p. 22) and are on the northeast edge of a terrace separating Hogtown Sink and Lake Kanapaha to the north from Levy Prairie and Paynes Prairie to the south. 92*30 82°15 fIS ' /P GAINESVILLE Wri/f/ ... 1'1111111 ..4 -/"*NU rn n YULAYES' 1 ( 0 / .*' J 7 cloo--a ALACHUA CO. - 29° 30' - F'vOW,111 - 29•36 ~L/Kg; -C=Oto F=4 ~ 1--- 72- I S eif~ '00 Yw ,O% r*R LEVY CO. MARION CO. - 0 0 00 Y ='QUARRY 60° --- SCALE OF MILES 29~15' - p 7 , K'X>~ - 29·15 82°30' 82' 15' MAP. Arredondo, Florida, and vicinity. Mines with Arredond6 clay ex- posed: A, Arredondo; F, Fort Clark; H, Haile; J, Kanapaha;, K, Kendrick; O, Orange Lake; R, Reddick,· W, Williston; Z, Zuber. 100 foot contour indicates approximate shore of Wicomico sea. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 271 , The surficial layer (see table 1) is composed of reddish brown sand. This is the "Newberry sand" of Matson and Sanford (1918, p. 82), which has been correlated with the Wicomico terrace formed during the standstill of the sea at 100 feet elevation during the Sanga- mon interglacial stage of the Pleistocene (Cooke, 1945, p. 281; Mac- Neil, 1950, p. 99). Matson and Sanford's use of the term "Newberry sand" antedates that of Dennison (1928, p. 628) for a deposit of Per- mian age, but it is not in current use and is not necessarily endorsed here fs distinct from the Wicomico formation. TABLE 1 STRAlrIGRAPHIC ~ECTION AT ARREDONDO, FLORIDA Bed Description Thickness 1 Pleistocene series, Wicomico formation Reddish brown, massive, unfdssiliferous marine terrace sand 9 feet 2 Wicomico formation, Arredondo clay member. Blue clay, streaked with yellow; weathers to brown. Grades locally into 14 feet ~ ~ iandy clay, white 5and with alternating bands of yellowish gray, argillaceous sand, and at bottom of bed into blue and blackish brown clay. Surface irregular, Contains shells of terrestrial and fresh water gastropods and vertebrate fossils. Unconformity 8 Eocene series, Ocala group, Crystal River formation. , White, soft and friable, fossiliferous, limestone. Surface irreg- 14 feet ular with many steep-walled solution pipes. Bottom of bed not exposed beyond water table. The bedrock consists of limestone of the Crystal River formation of the Ocala group (Puri, 1958, p. 180). Its surface contains many steep-walled solution pipes and sinks with depths up to 20 feet. Where the surface of the limestone is relatively low, and particu- larly in solution pits, a bone-bearing clay layer intervenes between the Wicomico sand and the Crysteil River limestone. This clay is a fresh water deposit, as it contains remains of amphibians (Siren, Pseu- dobranchus, Bufo, and Rana) as well as land and fresh water gastro- pods (Polygyra and Physa) Evidence will be presented below which indicates that it was deposited under cooler climatic conditions, namely during the Illinoian glacial stage. Although the clay at, Arred6ndo agrees with the Alachua clay (Dall and Harris, 1892, p. 127) in being of fresh water or terrestrial origin, the two clays differ in lithology, in cycles of sedimentation, and in '272 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 faunas. The Alachua formation, at least in its bone-bearing facies, is more yellowish and often contains a high concentration of phosphate. The clay at Arredondo is mostly bluish when freshly exposed and is without important phosphate content. The Aiachua clay has no defi- nite relationship to Pleistocene marine terraces, but the Arredondo clay invariably lies below the Wicdmi66 terrace as a member of the Wicomico formation. The vertebrates of the Alachua clay have been assigned to the lower Pliocene (G. Simpson, 1929, p. 259), whereas the Arredondo clay member contains Pleistocene indicators (table 2). TABLE 2 PLEISTOCENE INDICATORS AT A~REDONDO, FLORIDA Class AMPHIBIA Pseudobranchus robustus Coin and Auffenberg. Ex- tinct salamander Class REPTILLA Testudo sellardsi Hay. Extinct giant tortoise Terrapene putnami Hay. Extinct. box turtle Class AvEs Podill,mbus magnus Shufeldt. Extinct grebe Falco readei, n. sp. Extinct falcon Colinus suilium, n. sp. Extinct quail Porzana au#enbergi Brodkorb. Extinct rail Fulica minor Shufeldt. Extinct coot Dortmaltus prosphatus, n. g. and sp. Extinct lapwing Tach!/cineta speleodytes Brodkorb. Extinct swallow Cremaster tutthus, n. g. and sp. Extinct hangnest Class MAMMALIA Des,nodus, n. sp., Gut (in press). Extinct vampire bat Dast/pus bellus (Simpson). Extinct armadilio Sunaptomys austratis Simpson. Extinct bog lemming Aenoct/on aversi (Sellards). Extinct dire wolf Mammut americanum (Kerr). Extinct mastodon Tapirus veroensis Sellards. Extinct tapir Equus sp. Extinct one-toed horse Myloh{/us. cf. gidle!/i Simpson. Extinct peccary Tanupolama mirifica Simpson. Ektinct camel Tanupolama cf. americana Wortman. Extinct camel The type section is exposed at Pit 1, NW 1/4 sec. 22, T 10 S, R 19 E, Arredondo, Alachua County, Florida. Th-e term Arredondo clay mem- ber is proposed for the 14 feet represented by Bed 2. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 278 The Arredondo clay member has been studied along a n6rthwe5t- southeast transect 40 miles in length in Marion County (mines near Kendrick, Zuber, Reddick, and 6range Lake) and Alachua County (mines near Arredondo, Ka~apaha, Fort Clark, and Haile), and it also occurs at Williston in Levy C6unty (see map). All exposures seen lie in localities whose surface elevation is below the 100-foot con- tour. The bottom of the Arredondo clay member, in the areas studied, lies between 55-68 feet above sea level, with its top at 74-89 feet. The upper surface of the Wicomico terrace at these localities is be- tween 90-95 feet above present sea level. The Ocala uplift began in early Miocene times, and subaerial erosion has since removed ntost of the younger sediments, to ex- pose the Crystal River,formation and expedite sink formation (Vernon, 1951, pp. 184-185). This process, although in a sense continuous since Miocene time and still taking place today, was interrupted by - periodic transgressions of the sea. During the subsequent regressions of the sea, fresh water sediments were deposited under a terrestrial environment on the eroded surface of the Crystal River formation during the. Miocene, Plioeene, and Pleistocene (Vernon, 1951, p. 198). None of the deposits contain mixed faunas, however, and it is thought that previous repbrts of mixed vertebrate faunas in these areas re- suited from lack Of stratigraphic control. AVIFAUNA Family PODICIPEDIDAE Poditymbus magnus Shufeldt. Pit. 1: fight humerus, left ulna. Pit 2: two right coracoids, right and left humeri, two right and one left carpometacarpi, two right and one left tarsometatarsi. Shufeldt (1913, p. 186) Separated the Pleistocene Pied-billed Grebe on the basis of large size, but Wetmore (1987, p. 198) synonymized it with the living Podilymbus podiceps because of the sexual dimorph- ism existing in this genus. Compared with 8 modern specimens, 4 of each sex, the Arredondo material is also large. Measurements are - as follows: width of humerus through epicondylar· prominences, 7.5 8.0 (P. podiceps, 6.4-7.6); height of carpometacarpus throligh first metacarpal, 6.9 (P. podiceps, 5.6-6.3); length of first metacarpal, 5.0 (P. podiceps, 8.8-4.6); least width of shaft of tarsometatarsus, 8.0-8.5 274 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 (P. podiceps, 2.7-8.0 mm.). It therefore seems advisable to revive Shufeldi's name. Farhily ANATIDAE Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). Pit 2: left coracoid, left carpometacarpus. Nettion carolinense (Gmelin). Pit 2: left coracoid. Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). Pit 2: left tibiotarsus. The first record of the Shoveller from the Florida Pleistocene. Aythya collaris (Donovan). Pit. 1: left humerus. Pit-. 2: left humerus, right tarsometatarsus. Family ACCIPITRIDAE Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte). Pit 1: right carpometacarpus. Buteo iamaicensis (Gmelin). Pit 1: left tibiotarsus. Farnily FALCONIDAE Genus Falco Linnaeus Tibiotarsus with (1) two distal openings under bridge; (2) condyles parallel with each other and with axis of shaft; (8) posterior intercon- dylar fossa shallow; (4) a pit in anterior intercondylar fossa at medial side of external condyle. Subgenus Hierofalco C uvier Tibiotarsus with (1) intercondylar fossa relatively deep distally; (2) intercondylar pit very deep, excavating medial side of external condyle. Falco readei n. sp. Figure 1 HOLOTYPE.-Distal end of left tibiotarsus, Brodkorb collection no. 1692. From Illinoian stage of Pleistocene (Arredondo clay mem- ber), at Pit 2, Arredondo, Alachua County, Florida. Collected by Ernest H. Reade, Jr., 21 September 1956. DIAGNosIs.-Similar to living Falco (Hierofalco) mexicanus Schle- gel of western North America, but (1) external ligamental prominence 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 275 a small knob; (2) no shelf connecting , external ligamental prominence and : '. 44 ' : A ''i?*kgroove for peroneus profundus; (8) in- · - :::7' Alltercondylar pit elongated in an oblique- - , "'Y ~ j 'isi ·. 111, 9*ltly transverse direction toward anterior -,dryl B 2/' A//Bill.' M.edge of external condyle; (4) size about half. Distal width, 8.0; depth of ex- < , ternal condyle, 6.5; anterior height of · ,-j· - - 4 12 -,* external condyle, 4.7; depth of internal , j.. condyle, about 6.5 mm. Differs from all subgenera men- t- . tioned below in having distal end of V.I-~...I- L» 'L-=a intercondylar fossa deeper. *,4/irs Resembles living Falco (Rhyncho- fa/co) fuscocaerulescens Vieillot of Figure 1 tropical America in size and in very deep intercondylar pit, but differs further in having pit not round, but obliquely transverse, extending toward anterior edge of condyle; ex- ternal ligamental prominence much smaller and not forming a shelf. Resembles the living forms Falco (Falco) albigularis Daudin of tropical America, Falco (Falco) subbuteo Linnaeus of the Palearctic region, Falco (Tinnunculus) columbarius Linnaeus of the Holarctic region, Falco (Erythropus) amurensis Radde of eastern Asia, and Falco (Cerchneis) tinnunculus Linnaeus of the Palearctic region in having external ligamental prominence knob-like, but differs in hav- ing intercondylar pit deep and size larger. Differs from Falco (Cerchneis) sparuerius Linnaeus of America in lacking external ligamental shelf; intercondylar pit deeper; size much larger. Differs from the nearly cosmopolitan Falco (Rhynchodon) peregrinus Tunstall iii the same characters, except size much smaller. The new species is much smaller than the Pleistocene Falco su>arthi L. Miller (1927, p. 152) of California and Falco oregonus Howard (1946, p. 178) of Oregon. It is much larger than Falco ramenta Wet- more (1986, p. 75) from the Miocene of Nebraska. The records of Falco sp. from the Pleistocene of California (L. Miller, 1912, p. 78, 95, 114; 1925, p. 99) were referred by Lambrecht (1988 , p . 751) to Falco fuscocaerulescens, although later Miller and DeMay (1942, p. 67, 105) denied this determination. It seems possible that they may belong to the present species. Figure 1.-Falco readei, n. sp. Holotype tibiotarsus, no. 1692. X 5. 276 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 Falco (Rhynchodon) peregrimis Tunstall. Pit 2: unguis. Falco (Cerchneis) sparverius Linnaeus. Pit 2: right carpometacarpus, right tibiotarsus, left tarsometa- tarsus. Family TETRAONIDAE Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus). Pit 1: sternum. The Ruffed Crouse is new to the fauna of Florida. Family PHASIANIDAE Genus Colinus Goldfuss. Humerus (1) longer than tarsometatarsus, with ratio of metatarsus to humerus 86.94-98.42 per cent; (2) ratio of ulna to humerus 87.79- 91.01 per cent; (8) ratio of distal width of humerus to proximal width ~ 69.89-76.14 per cent; (4) ratio of depth of caput humeri to proximal width of humerus 84.69-89.18 per cent; (5) ratio of distance from proxi- mal end of origin of brachialis to distal end of internal condyle and distal width of humerus 79.10-89-71 per cent; (6) medial bar at angle of about 105 degrees to shaft. Colinus suilium n. sp. Figures 2-8 HoLoTYPE.-Complete left humerus, Brodkorb collection, no. 1291. From Illinoian stage of Pleistocene (Arredondo clay 3, member), at Pit 1, Arredondo, Alachua County, Florida. Collected by Ernest H. Reade, Jr., 21 Sep- tember 1956. ETYA{OLOGY.-Latin, genitive plural of suile, pig- sty, in reference to the former course of Hogtown Creek through the type locality. Gainesville was S called Hogtown in 1880, after the Seminole chief Hogmaster (C. Simpson, 1956). DIAGNOSIS.-Humerus similar to that of living Central American Colinus leucopogon (Lesson) and -V North American C. uirginianus (Linnaeus), but (1) ... larger; (2) region around scar of infraspinatus pro- duced; (8) scar of brachialis larger; (4) entepicondy- lar prominence large and rising abruptly from shaft; (5) ectepicondyle more rotated; (6) ectepicondylar Figure 2 prominence larger and more deeply notched. Figure 2.-Colinu,9 911ilium, n. sp. Hole,type humerus, no. 1291. X 1.6. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 277 Differs from Colinus hibbardi Wetmore (1944, p. 96) from the upper Pliocene of Kansas in being smaller and in having scar of brachialis smaller. Other critical areas are missing in the material of C. hibbardi. PARATYPE.-Cornldete right humerus (no. 757), Pit 1, REFERRED HUMERI.-Pit 1: left proximal (nos. 758, 1290,1292,1624). Pit 2: right distal (nos. 1672, 1703), left proximal (nos. 1671, 1673). Measurements of comparative material are based on 2 modern specimens of C. leucopogon, 19 modern specimens of C. virginianus (represented by the subspecies C. v. uirginianus, C. u. #oridantls, C. U, Couolcos, and C. u. insignis), and Tordoff's (1951, pp. 25-28) measure- ments of C. hibbardi. Length, 87.6-37.9 (C. teucopogon, 88.744.4; C. virginianus, 81.7- 35. 8); proximal width , 9.6-10.4 (C . leucopogon, 9 . 2-9 . 8 ; C . ©irginialis, 9.3-9.8); width of shaft, 3.4-3.8 (C. leucopogon, 3.1-3.2; C. uirginianus, 2.6-8.8); distal width, 7.5-7.9 (C. leucopogon, 6.8-7.0, C. uirginianus, 6.8- 6.8; C. hibbardi, 8.0); depth of head, 8.7-4.1 (C. leucopogon, 8.5-8.6; C. cirginianus, 3.1-3.5); proximal end of brachialis to distal end of internal condyle, 6.8 (C. leucopogon, 5.6-5.8; C. uirginianus, 5.8-6.1; C. hibbardi, 6.9). STERNUM.-Pit 1 (no. 1622). Estimated width of ventral lip of 4ft>, «S * ' . r. Figure 8 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 8.-Colinus suilium, n, sp. Referred sternum, no. 1622. X 2. Figure 4.-Colinus suilium, n. sp. Referred coracc,id, no. 1628. X 2. Figure 5.-Colin„.9 .sitilium, n, sp, Referred ulna, no. 1824. X 1.5. 278 BULLETIN FLORII)A STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 coracoidal sulcus, 11.5 (C. leucopogon, 9.6-10.8; C. uirginianus, 9.2- 11.2; C. hibbardi, 18,4). SCAPULA.-Pit 2: left (no. 1648). Acromion narrower and recurved toward medial side, compared with living species. Scapula of C. hibbardi unknown. CORACOID.-Pit 1: right (no. 1628) and left (no. 1294). Pit 2: right (no. 1629) and left (no. 1701). Head depressed as in C. hibbardi. Length along medial edge, 29.7-80.8 (C. leucopogon, 26.4-26.7; C. uir- ginianus, 24.5-28.1); sternal width, 9.2 (C. leucopogon, 8.0; C. uirgini- anus, 7.8-9.1, C. hibbardi, 11.8); head to glenoid facet, 8.7-8.8 (C. leu- copogon, 7. 7-8. 2 , C . uirginianus, 7 . 6-8 .7 , C . hibbardi, 9. 1- 10. 0 ); depth posterior to furcular facet, 8.4-8.5 (C. lencopogon, 2.6-8.0; C. uirgini- anus, 2.6-8.8; C. hibbardi, 8.4-8.8). ULNA.-Pit 1: right (no. 1625) and left (no. 1324). Pit 2: left (no. 1702). Brachial impression deep, as in C. leucopogon and C. hibbardi. I," 5 S ; r,4E j * Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 6.-Colinus milium, n. sp. Referred synsacrum, no. 756. X 1.5 Figure 7.-Colinus· sitilium, n. sp. Referred tibic,tarsus, no. 1545. X 1.5. Figure 8.-Colinus suilium, n. sp. Referred tarsometatarsus, no. 1626. X 1.4. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 279 Length, 82.7-88.1 (C. leucopogon, 80.0-80.2; C. uirginianus, 28.5-32.26 C. hibbardi, 87.4-38.7); proximal width, 4.1-4.6 (C. leutopogon, 8.8- 4.1; C. uirginianus, 3.4-4.8; C. hibbardi, 4.8-4.9); distal width, 8.1-3.3; (C. leucopogon, 8.4-3.5; C. uirginianus, 2.6-8.2, _C. hibbardi, 4.2-4.8); distal depth, 8.9-4.0 (C. leucopogon, 8.7, C. uirginianus, 8.8-3.6). SYNSACRUM.-Pit 1 (no. 756). Fourth and fifth synsacral vertebrae with transverse processes extending to innominates. Length from first synsacral centrum thr6ugh fourth transverse process, 12.6 (C. leucopogon, 11.7-12.1; C. oirginianus, 11.2-12.5). TIBIOTARSUS.-Pit 1: right (no. 1545) and left (no. 1684). Pit 2: right (no. 1649) and left (no. 1704). In proximal views posterior notch between internal and external articular surfaces deeper than in living species, cutting farther into internal articular surface; in medial view, inner cnemial crest with anterior margin strongly curved, not angled. Length, 58.1 (C. leucopogon, 50.3-52.4; C. oirginianus, 49.8-58.5); width through condyles, 5.4 (C. leucopogon, 4.8-5.1; C. uirginianus, 4.6-5.2); depth of external condyle, 5.5 (C. leucopogon, 5.0; C. uirginianus, 4.6- 5.1); depth of internal condyle, 5.2-5.7 (C. leucopogon, 5.2-5.8; C. vir- ginianus, 4.8-5.51. TARSOMETATARSUS.-Pit 1: right (no. 1626). Pit 2: left (no. 1647). Second troahlea lower on shaft than in C. uirginianus, thus resembling C. leucopogon. Length, 34.5 (C. leucopogon, 29.3-80.3. C. uirginianus ' 29.2-82.2); proximal width, 5.8-6.0 (C. leucopogon, 5.5, C. virginianus, 5.0-5.7; C. hibbardi, 6.5); least width of shaft, 2.6-2.7 (C. leucopogon, 2.5-2.6; C. uirginianus, 2.2-2.5; C. hibbardi, 3.0-3.1); distal width, 6.5 (C. leucopogon, 5.2-5.8; C. virginianus, 5.8-5.6, C. hibbardi, 6.6-7.0); proximal depth, 6.0-6.1 (C. Zeucopogon, 5.6; C. uirginianus, 5.2-5.8); width of middle trochlea„ 2.5 (C. leucopogon, 2.0-2.1; C. virginianus, 1.9-2.3; C. hibbardi, 2.4-2.9); depth of middle trochlea, 8.4 (C. Zeuco- pogon, 2.8; C, virginianus, 2.6-8.2, C hibbardi, 8.1-3.4). Family- MELEAGRIDAE Meleagris gallopaoo Linnaeus. Pit 1: left humerus. Pit 2: left humerus. F.amily RALLIDAE Rallus elegans Audubon. Pit 2: left seapula. Rallus limicola Vieillot. Pit 2: left carpometacarpus, right tibiotarsus. 280 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 Porzana carolina (Linnaeus). Pit 2: left coracoid. Porzana au#enbergi Brodkorb. Pit 2: left tibiotarsus (no. 1717). This,species was described from Haile, Florida, on the basis of a humerus (Brodkorb, 1954, p. 108). The presently referred tibiotarsus agrees with that of P. carolina in having a relatively stout shaft com- pared with Rallus limicola, but it is larger. Width through condyles, 4.7; depth of external condyle, 4.7; depth of internal condyle, 4.8; least width of shaft, 2.2. Porphyrula martinica (Linnaeus). Pit 2: right coraeoid. Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus). Pit 2: left ulna, right tibiotarsus. Fulita minor Shufeldt. Pit 2: right humerus, left femur, left tibiotarsus, right tarsometa- tarsus. Most of these specimens are too fragmentary fof specifc deter- mination, but the tibiotarsus has the internal condyle relatively deeper than in F. -americana. Depth of external condyle, 8.7 mm.; depth of internal condyle, 9.0 mm.; ratio, 96.7 per cent. Family CHARADIUIDAE Humerus with (1) ectepicondylar process long, with its anconal face somewhat concave; (2) external condyle rotated 45 degrees or less along its internal margin; (8) facet for anterior articular ligament merging gently at its lower end with distal extension of brachial de- pression, without intervening shelf. Subfamily VANELLINAE Humerus with (1) internal condyle a flattened oval, little produced distally; (2) entepic6ndyle oblique, n6t produced distally and internal- ly; (3).facet for anterior articular ligament abruptly indluded lat- erally; (4) scar of pronator brevis lagge, expanded laterally, equal to one-third to half width of facet for anterior articular ligament; (5) scar of brachialis deeply excavated, located relatively high with half to one-third its length above level of ectepicondylar process, its distal end above level of articular ligament; (6) foramen in lower portion of brachial depression located directly above internal margin of ex- ternal condyle; (7) exterhal condyle rotated less than 45 degrees. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 281 Genus Dor!/paltus n. gen. TYPE oF GENUS.-Dor!/Paltus pros·phatus n. sp. ETYMoLoGY.-Greek, dorypaltos, masculine, a spear-wielder. Greek, prosphatos, not decomposed, of a corpse miraculously preserved. DIAGNosis.-Resembles living South American Belonopterus Reich- enbach and differs from living Palearctic Vane/lus Brisson in having (1) entepicondyle only moderately produced medially in area of pit for pronator longus; (2) side of entepicondyle strongly concave opposite scar of anterior articular ligament; (3) area of origin of pronator brevis forming a lengthened oval shelf; (4) ectepicondyle rounded at proximal end, not forming a spur; (5) anconal face of ectepicondyle more con- cave. Differs from Belonopterus in having (1) scar of brachialis still more deeply excavated and wider, extending laterally to meet scar for pal- mar branch of extensor metacarpi radialis; (2) the latter muscle scar longer and wider, extending distally nearly to level of brachial fora- men, and laterally from scar of brachialis nearly to end of ectepicon- dyle; (8) entepicondyle even less produced laterally, in area of origin of pronator longus. Dorypaltus prosphatus n. sp. Figure 9 HoLOTYPE.-Distal portion of left humerus, Brodkorb collection, no. 1712. From Illinoian stage of Pleistocene (Arredondo clay mem- bed at Pit 2, Arredondo, Alachua County, Florida. Collected by Ernest H. Reade, Jr., 12 September 1956. DIAGNOSIS.-Humerus slightly smaller than in Belonoptems chilensis (Molina), with ectepicondyle relatively longer. Distal width, 9.5; width through proximal end of ectepi- condylar process, 7.4; width of shaft above I* ectepicondylar process, 6.8; length through . A- 4 external condyle and ectepicondylar process, '1~/&-.Il 7.7 mm. REFERRED SPECIMEN.-Proximal end of right humerus (no. 1718), collected with the holotype; lacks external tuberosity. Slightly Figure 9 smaller than Belonopterits chilensis; smaller Figure 9.-Dorimaltus prosphatus, n. g., n. sp, Holotype humerus, no. 1712. X 8.2. 282 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 and with internal tuberosity less developed than in Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). Since the scars of the origins of the muscles of Rexion of the fore- arm and extension of the distal part of the wing are even better de- veloped than they are in Belonopterus, it may be assumed that I)orv- paltus also used the wings in fighting and was armed with a metacar- pal spur. At present the lapwings occur in all regions of the world except the Nearctic. The presence of a member of the subfamily Vanellinae in the Florida Pleistocene thus bridges, this gap in distribution. Only one extinct genus of plover has been described. This is ~ Limicolauis pluvianella Shufeldt (1915, p. 55, pl. 15, fig. 129) from the Oligocene of Oregon, a smaller bird than Dorypaltus prosphatus. In- spection of the photograph of the type tibiotarsus of Limicolauis indicates that it belongs in some other family, since the distal open- ing of the tibial bridge lies above the external rather than the internal condyle, and the external condyle is produced distally beyond the internal condyle, while the reverse condition holds in the Charadrii- dae. Farnily SCOLOPACIDAE Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin). Pit 2: left tarsometatarsus. The Greater Yellowlegs is new to the Florida Pleistocene. Tringa solitaria Wilson. Pit 2: left humerus. The Solitary Sandpiper is new to the Pleisto- cene of North America. Family COLUMBIDAE Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus). Pit 1: left carpometacarpus. Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus). Pit 2: right coracoid, right ulna, left femur, right tarsometatarsus. Family STRIGIDAE Otus,asio (Linnaeus). Pit 2: right radius, right phalanx 1, digit II, two right tarsometa- tarsi. Family PICIDAE Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus). Pit 2: right humerus, left ulna, left tarsometatarsus. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 288 Melanerpes carolinus (Linnaeus). Pit 2: right ulna. The first fossil record of the Red-bellied Wood- pecker. Family HIRUNDINIDAE Tachycineta speleodytes Brodkorb. Pit 2: right coracoid, four right and two left. humeri, one right and five left ulnas, left carpometacarpus, right femur. Two of the humeri are from juvenile individuals of this recently described swal- low (Brodkorb, 1957, p. 131). Family CORVIDAE Corous brachyrhynchos Brehm. Pit 2: right tarsometatarsus. Corcus ossifragus Wilson. Pit 1: right humerus. Pit 2: left ulna. Cyariocitta cristata (Linnaeus). Pit 2: left tarsometatarsus. Aphelocoma coerulescens coerulescens (Bose). Pit 1: right tibiotarsus. Although Aphelocoma coerulescens californica has been reported from the Pleistocene of California (A. H. Miller, 19828, p. 178), this is the first fossil record of the Florida Scrub Jay. These, two races, formerly considered distinct species, are 'separable osteologically by size. Family LANIIDAE Lanius ludouicianus Linnaeus. Pit 1: left tarsometatarsus. Previously unrecorded from the Ple- istocene of Florida. Family ICTERIDAE Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus). Pit 2: right humerus, right ulna, right femur, two right and one left tibiotarsi. Sturnella magna (Linnaeus). Pit 2: two left ulnas. Subfamily (ACICINAE Tibiotarsus with (1) distal margin of intercondylar space oblique, with internal sulcus the deeper one; (2) anterier wall of intercondylar 284 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 fossa separated from distal opening of tibial bridge by a sharply raised ridge connecting condyles. Genus Creinaster n. gen . TYPE of GENUS.-Cremaster t!~tthus n. sp ETY]MoLOGY.-Greek, cremaster, masculine, something hanging down like a basket or a bunch of grapes, in allusion to the supposed habits. Greek, tytthos, little. DIAGNOSIS.-An arboreal icterid agreeing with the living Neotropi- cal oropendolas and caciques of the genera Ostinops, Gymnostinops, Zarhynchus, and Cacicus in having tibiotarsus with (1) distal portion of shaft straight, stout, and nearly as wide as condyles; (2) internal ligamental ridge proximal to tibial bridge only moderately developed. Differs in having (1) external condyle in anterior view parallel with and scarcely protruding from shaft; (2) external ligamental prom- inence reduced, not forming a shelf; (8) tendinal canal under tibial bridge confined to lateral portion of bone; (4) tibial bridge transverse, with its lateral margin produced proximally to form a bluntly rounded projection; (5) surface of tibial bridge slanting in a smooth plane to meet anterior portion of shaft, which hence continues as a flat surface toward medial edge of bone; (6) upper opening leading under bridge rounded; (7) lower opening with proximal margin forming an obtuse angle, with the short leg lateral; (8) internal condyle but slightly pro- truding from medial line of shaft; (9) anterior intercondylar fossa deep, forming a pit with sharply defined distal as well as * - proximal wall. . 8, Less closely allied to the living caciques of the Neo- tropical genera Archiplamis, Amblycercus, and Cassicu- lus, but shaft stouter, with condyles scarcely protruding; internal ligamental ridge more weakly developed prox- imal to bridge. Bears a superficial resemblance to the tibiotarsus of .f the larger species of orioles of the genus Icterus, particu- larly I. icterus and I. gularis, but immediately separable by its stouter shaft with the condyles less protruding from it in anterior view, transverse instead of oblique bridge, and reduced external ligamental prominence. Cremaster tytthus n. sp. Figures 10-12 Figure 10 HOLOTYPE.-Distal portion of left tibiotarsus, Brod- Figure 10.-Cremaster tutthus, n. g., n. sp. Holotype tibiotarsus, no. 1668. X 8. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 285 korb collection, no. 1663. From Illinoian stage of Pleistocene (Arredondo clay member), at Pit , 2, Arredondo, Alachua County, Florida. Col- lected by Pierce Brodkorb, 6 May 1956. DIAGNOSIS.-Structurally closest to Ostinops S j%891decumanus (Pallas) but separable on generic .ff.characters; size much less. Distal width, 8.7; N'00: least width of shaft, 2.0; depth of internal con- dyle, 8.4; depth of external condyle, 8.4 mm. - REFERRED MATERIAL.-Pit 2: right humerus (no. 1664) and right femur (no. 1694). Humerus agrees with that of Ostinops, Caci- cus, and Icterus ictems in having proximal por- tion contracted, with attachment for infraspi- natus only slightly produced. Differs in hav- ing (1) subtrochanteric and tricipital fossae (fos- sae I and II) without partially roofing shelf from medial bar; (2) Hoor of fossae at a single level; (8) medial bar extending to floor of fossae :...1 2 rather than to external side, and directed at its base toward distal end of bone at angle of 120 degrees to shaft; (4) distal portion of bone Figure 11 strongly rotated and only slightly expanded; (5) brachial depression forming a deep, com- pressed, steep-walled pit; (6) ectepicondylar prom- in(mee extending above level of ectepicondylar process as a shelf which is bent at an angle before reaching shaft. Length, 27.1; proximal width, 7.9; width of shaft, 2.5; distal width, 6.2 mm. The posi- tion of the medial bar and the excavation of the j '* pneumatic fossae indicate (Ashley, 1941, pp. 192- =-,4 194) that the humerus of Creinaster is more primi- tive than that of Ostinops or Caticus. .*1, !*.CThe referred femur agrees inc)re closely with ./ that of Icterus icterus than with Ostinops in having 8 the condyles lengthened and compressed from front to rear, and the notch for the femoral head of the tibialis anticus more anterior iii position. It differs - &* froni Ictertis in having (1) fibular condyle produced Figure 12 Figure 11.-Cremaster tutthus, n g., n. sp. Referred humerus, no, 1664, X 8. Figure 12.-Cremaster tutthus, n g., n. sp. Referred femur, no. 1694. X 3.8. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDOI FLORIDA 287 The scrub community was occupied by the Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa), Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma), and Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius). The re- maining species of the Arredondo local fauna, insofar as their habits are known, are of wider ecological tolerance. They all might be ex- pected to occur in the ecotone or in the scrub community. The Scrub Jay is confined to the St. Lucie scrub community. This community occupies well-drained sandy areas dominated by sand pme (Pinus clausa) and scrub oaks with evergreen shrubs, including rose- mary (Ceratiola ericoides), in the understory. The scrub occurs on low dunes near the coast and on certain fossil dune areas in the inte- rior of the state. Much of the original forest at Arredondo has been destroyed, but the commonest remaining trees include loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), mockerntit hickory (Cal,ya tomentosa), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), and sweet' gum (Liquidambar styraci#ua). This assemblage of trees is characteristic of mesophytic hammock, the present climatic climax community. Since none of the birds of the Arredondo.local fauna is confined to mesophytic hammock, there is no proof of the existence of this community at Arredondo during Illin6ian time. The Florida scrub represents an early stage in a xerosere (Laessle, 1942, p. 96). It succeeds to xerophytic hammock with live oak (Quer- cus virginiana), and further succession leads to the present climatic climax of mesophytic hammock. The presence of the Scrub Jay there- foie indicates that the environment at Arredondo has passed through two seral stages and into the present climatic climax Since Illinoian time. INTERGLACIAL REI>ICTS On the basis of time and place of origin the Illin6ian fauna of Ar- redondo may be divided into two categories, interglacial relicts and gladal invaders. IS*5/J 095,~iff 6x T * NI 7 L S p al; Ai (L The interglacial relicts sh9'a high proporti°8~(fi endemism. They _(,ev:7 J 'JYinclude Falco readei, Colinus suilium, Dorypalttis prosphatus, Aphelo- coma coerulescens coerulescens, and Cremaster tytthlfs. Four of these\- 23·71 Nd represent species or genera which are now extinct but whose affinities A/,0 W /1 457 lie to the southwest. Aphelocoma still survives in Florida today, al- r,(72/1 0,) though its' nearest outposts lie 85-40 miles to the south or east of Arredondo. The species Aphelocoma coerulescens has a discontinuous distri- buti6n at «present. Seventeen subspecies occupy the area from south- ern Mexico to the Great Basin, and eastward to the Edwards Plateatl. 288 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 There is then a hiatus of a thousand miles to the range of the F16rida subspecies. The survival of this genus in Florida today, as well as of certain other southwestern animals and plants isolated on the pen- insula, is explained by the supposedly continuous extension eastward + of the selerophyll woodland of the southwest during late Tertiary times (Pitelka, 1951, pp. 388-884). GLACIAL INDICATORS Several species of the Arredondo local fauna comprise a boreal element and are therefore indicative of a cooler climate. The Ruffed Gr6use (Bonasa umbellus) is a bird of the northern coniferous forest and adjacent ecotones. During historical times its range extended southward through the Appalachians, but in the low- lands it occurred only as far as Chesapeake Bay (Aldrich and Duvall, 1955, pp. 6-7), and its previous Pleistocene records all lie within its recent range (Wetmore, 1956, p. 52). Tachycineta speleodytes was the temporal representative of the tfee swallow (T. bicolor). Today the genus reaches its southern breed- ing limits on the Atlantic seaboard in Virginia and Maryland,.and in the Mississippi Valley near the line of maximum glaciation (Bent, 1942, p. 898). A boreal element among the mammals is the lemming (Synap- ton:ys australia). At present the genus extends southward on the At- lantic coastal plain only to Maryland, with a relict colony in the Dis- mal Swamp (Miller and Kellogg, 1955, pp. 561-565). As the three genera Bonasa, Tachycineta, and Synaptomys have their present southern limits 700 miles to the north, their presence in the Arredondo local fauna is thought to indicate a glacial stage. Because of the stratigraphic relationship .of the Arredondo clay to deposits of Sangamon age, the fauna is thought to be of Illinoian gla- cial age. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The stratigraphy was verified in the field by Robert O. Vernon. of the Florida Geological Survey, E. C. Pirkle, Jr., of the Uniyersity of Florida, and William F. Jenks of tha University of Cincihnati. ' Mob lusca were determined by Robert M. DeWitt of the University ot Florida. Osteological material was borrowed from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California through Frank A. Pitelka, and from the United States National Museum through Her- bert Friedmann. The photographs were taken by Robert D. Weigel. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIF.AUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 289 LITERATURE CITED Aldrich, John W., and Allen J. Duvall , 1955. Distribution of Ameritja~ gallinaceous birds. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, circular 84, PA 1-30. Ashley-, James F. 1941. A study of the structure of the humerus in the Corvidae: Condor, vol. 43, pp. 184-195, figs. 50-56. Auffenberg, Walter 1956. Additional records of Fleistocene lizards from Florida. Quart. Jour. Florida. Acad. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 157-167. 1958. Fossil turtles of the genus Terrapene in Florida. Bull. Florida State Mus., vol. 8, no, 2, pp. 38-92, 15 figs. Bader, Robert S. 1957. Two Pleistocene mammalian faunas from *lachua County, Florida. Bull. Florida' State Mus., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 53-75, 6 figs. Bent, Arthur Cleveland 1942. Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks, swallows, and their allies. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 179, pp. i-xi, 1-555, pl, 1-70. Brodkorb, Pierce 1954. Another new rail from the Pleistocene of Florida. Condor, vol. 56, pp 108-104,1 4 1957. New passerine birds from the Pleistocene of Reddick, Florida. Jour. Paleont., vol. 81, pp. 129-138, pl. 20; text-fig. 1. Cboke, C. Wythe 1945. Geology of Florida. Florida Geol. Surv., Geol. Bull. 29, pp. i-ix, 1-889, 1 pl., 47 text-figs. Dall, William Healey, and Gilbert D. Harris 1892. Correlation papers; Neocene. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 84, pp. 1-349. Dennison, A. R. 1923. The Robberson field, Garvin County, Oklahoma. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol. 7, pp. 627-644. Coin, Coleman J., and Walter Auffenberg 1955. The fossil salamanders of the family Sirenidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, Vol. 118, no. 7, pp. 497-514, 3 figs. Gunter, Herman 1949. Elevations in Florida. Florida Geol., Surv., Geol. Bull. 82, pA i-xxiii, 1-1158. Howard; Hildegarde 1946. A review .of the Pleistocene birds of Fossil Lake, Oregon. ' Carnegie Inst, Wash., Publ. 551, pp. 141-195, pl. 1-2. 290 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 4 LaessIe, Albert Middleton 1942. The plant communities of the Welaka area with special reference to correlations between soils and vegetational succession. Univ. Florida Publ., Biol. Sci. Ser., vol. 4, pp. 1-148, 14 pl. Lambrecht, Kalman 1983. Handbuch der Palaeornithologie. Gel*uder Borntraeger, Berlin. Pp. i-Rx'.1-1024, 209 figs. MacNeiI, F. Stearns 1950. Pleistocene shore lines in Florida and Georgia. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 221-F, pp. 95-107, pI. 19-25. Matson, George C., and Samuel Sanford 1918. Geology and ground waters of Florida. U. S. Geol. Sure., Water. Supply Paper 819, pp. 1-445, map. Miller, Alden H. 1982. The fossil passerine birds from the Pleistocene of Carpenteria, California. Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept, Geol. Sci.,vol. 21, pp. 169-194, pl. 12-14. Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., and Remington Kellogg 1955. List of North American Recent mammals. Bull. U, S, Nat, Mus., no. 205, pA i-xii, 1-954. Miller, 1.6ye 1912. Contributions to avian paleontology from the Pacific coast of North America.' Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 7, pp. 61-115. 1927. The falcons of the MeKittrick Pleistocene.. C6ndor, vol. 29, pp. 150- 152, fig, 54. Miller, Loye, and Ida DeMay 1942. The fossil birds of California, an avifauna and bibliography with anno- tations. Univ. Calif. Publ. 2001., vol. 47,· PD, 47-142. 01sdit, Stanley J 1958. The.-bog leinming from the Pleistocene of Florida. Jour. Mammalogy, vol, 89,,pA 587.540, 2 figs. Pitelka, Frank A 1951. Speciation and ecologic distribution in .American jays of the genus s,- . Aphelocoma: · Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. 50, pp 195-464, pl. 17-80. Puri, Harbans S. 1953. Zonation of the Ocala grbup in peninsular Florida. Jour. Sed. P.etrol., ,, vol, ·,28, p. · 130. Shufeldt, R. W. 1918. Review of the fossil fauna of the desert region of Oregon, with a de- seription of additional inatefial .collected ·there. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat: Hist., v61. 82, pp. 128-178, pl. 9-43. 1959 BRODKORB: AVIFAUNA OF ARREDONDO, FLORIDA 291 1915. Fossil birds in the Marsh collection of Yale University. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 19, pp., 1-110, 15 pl. Sibley, Charles 1989. Fossil fringillids from Rancho La Brea. Condor, vol. 41, pp. 126-127. Simpson, George Gaylord 1929. The extinct land mammals of Florilla. Florida Geol. Surv., 20th Ann. Report, pp. 229-279, pl. 30-40, text-fgs. 1-4. Simpson, J. Clarence 1956. A provisional gazeteer of Florida place-names of Indian derivation either obsolescent or retained together with others of recent application. Florida Geol. Surv., Sp.ecial Publ. no. 1, pp. i-x, 1-158, frontis., 5 maps. Tordoff, Harrison B. 1951. Osteology of Colinus hibbardi, a Pliocene quail. Condor, vol. 53, pp. 28-80, figs. 1-2. Vernon, Robert 0. 1951. Geology of Citrus and Levy counties, Florida. Florida Geol. Surv., Geol. Bull. 88, pA i-xi, 1-256, pl. 1-2, figs. 1-40. Wetmore, Alexander 1986: Two new Species of hawks from the Miocene of Nebraska. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, pp. 7.8-78, figs. 18-14. 1987. A record of the fossil grebe, Columbus parous, from the Pliocene of Cali- fornia, with remarks on other American f6ssils of this family. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 28, pp. 195-201,15 figs, 1944. Bird remains from the Rexroad fauna of the Upper Phocene of Kansas, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vol. 80, pt. 1, pp. 89-105, 19 figs. 1956. A check-list of the fossil and prehistoric birds of North America and the West Indies. Siniths. Misc. Col, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 1-105. Contributions to the BULEETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM may be in any field of biology. Manuscripts dealing with natural history or systematic problems involving the southeastern Uhited States & the Caribbean area are solicited especially. Manuscripts should be of medium length-12 to 200 printed pages. Examination for suitability is made by an Editorial Board. The BULLETIN is distributed ~worldwide thr6ugh institutional subscriptions and - exchanges only. 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