Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2003) 44(1)'. 17-26 17 DEEP SAND: SOIL AND LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIPS AT THE BLUEBERRY SITE (8HG678), HIGHLANDS COUNTY, FLORIDA Sylvia Scudderl Soil chemical and physical analyses were conducted at the Blueberry site (8HG678) in Highlands County, Florida, to address two questions: 1) the relationship between a sand-buried Belle Glade Period midden (A.D. 1410-1455) and a much older but more superficially situated Archaic Period (4500 to 2500 B.P.) fiber-tempered locus, and 2) the nature and origin of the charcoal-laden sand layer covering the Belle Glade midden. A significant increase in coarse sand and the condition and quantity of organic carbon deep in the central part of the site imply that that area was formerly a stream or seep drainage separating the two older, more stable landforms that supported the archaeological deposits. Soil morphology, color, and chemistry, and charcoal and organic carbon distributions present evidence of past cycles of area-wide fires, episodic erosion onto the site from adjacent higher sand ridges, and partial recovery of the vegetative cover in the intervening periods between fires. Key words: archaeopedology, Florida Archaic, geomorphology, landscape change, soils The Blueberry site (8HG678) in Highlands County, Central Lakes region and the Eastern Flatwoods region Florida, is buried within the deep sands of the Lake Wales (Brooks 1981). It lies on a small sand ridge projecting Ridge. It contains artifacts from two cultural periods: from the southeast margin of the Lake Wales Ridge (Fig. the Late Archaic (5000 to 2500 B.R) and the Belle Glade 2), a Pleistocene beach ridge that runs parallel to the (2500 to 300 B.R) (Milanich 1994:291-297). The two Atlantic coast (White 1970). From that vantage point, it assemblages are located within 20 m of each other on overlooks Indian Prairie Basin, a wide swath of wetland the flank of a sand ridge bordering a large wet prairie. that drains Lake Istokpoga into Lake Okeechobee and The Belle Glade midden was found approximately 70 was once part of the Everglades. A deep drainage ditch cm below the modern soil surface, associated with a at the base of the sand ridge intersects sand-covered former soil surface now covered by gray, charcoal-laden peat, undoubtedly once part of the wet prairie (Fig. 3). sand. The older, fiber-tempered sherds characteristic of South of the southern terminus of the site, a seep spring Late Archaic culture were in a topographically higher issues from the lower flank of the ridge, flowing in a position than the Belle Glade midden and closer to the small channel through fern, swamp bay, and palmetto modern soil surface. Two questions regarding the spatial toward the prairie to the east. To the west, a larger sand and temporal relationships between these assemblages ridge, planted in citrus, parallels the long axis of the site. and their surroundings are addressed in this report. A perched pond surrounded by palmettos is situated on First, what is the physical relationship between the the western flank of this ridge. buried Belle Glade midden and the locus that yielded The archaeological remains were unearthed in a fiber-tempered sherds and second, what is the nature series of test units arrayed in a north-south line along and origin of the charcoal-laden sand covering the Belle the ridge flank (Fig. 3). The units lie in a narrow swath Glade midden. of relatively level land between the margin of the citrus grove to the west and a mixed oak/palm woodland THE SlTE AND A~EA SOILS descending to the seep spring to the east. The buried The Blueberry site is located in south central Florida Belle Glade midden was located at the south end of the (Fig. 1), at the boundary between the southern tip of the test array, the fiber-tempered material at the north end. Belle Glade potsherds were also found close to the 'Collection Manager, Environmental Archaeology, Florida modern soil surface at the south end of the site. Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Local soils in the vicinity of the Blueberry site have FL 32611, USA. developed from two different parent materials: sand and 18 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing morphological descriptions and interpretations, particle- size distribution analysis, and patterns of chemical element accumulation. One of the most widely used techniques to describe soils physically is particle-size analysis, which is used to determine grain-size class distributions with depth and to relate those distributions to soil-forming'processes and the dynamics of landscape evolution (Farrand 1975; Hassan 1985). - Chemical analyses are used to measure the soil content of such elements as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and some trace minerals that accumulate as a result of human habitation, then to compare those levels with residual levels of the same elements in local, native (non-human-impacted) soils (Conway 1983; Edt 1985; Lillios 1992; Lippi 1988; Woods 1977). These patterns of element accumulation can be used to delineate site boundaries and to locate and interpret the function of such intrasite features as hearths, storage pits, and burials. The actual quantitative differences between native and anthropogenic soil-element contentsFigure 1. Approximate location of the Blueberry site in High- are a measure of habitation duration and intensity.lands County, Florida. - Measurement of pH (acidity) of the soil can be used to explain the physical condition or absence of bone, the the organic matter that accumulated in the wet prairie presence or absence of pollen or phytoliths, and the basin and smaller wetlands. The deep sandy soils of the preservational status of artifacts. ridges and less-well drained "flatwoods soils" of the lowlands and swamp edges all developed in marine- MATERIALS AND METHODS derived beach-ridge sediments deposited during the FIELD SAMPLING Pleistocene. , Soil Samples were removed from the center of each Soils evolving from organic material are commonly natural horizon and midden layer of the south profile of known as mucks and peats. They occur on wet prairies, test unit 985N/1004E, which exposed the Belle Glade lake margins, and anywhere that large quantities of plant midden. Manually augered samples were taken adjacent material accumulate and degrade under anaerobic to the other test units, which had been back-filled prior conditions (Soil Survey Staff 1975). Organic soils in to general soil sampling, and at higher elevation on the the vicinity of the Blueberry site once occurred as ridge at the northern end of the site (Fig. 3). Individual surface soils at the base of the sand ridge on which samples of approximately 300 to 400 g were removed in the site is situated, as exemplified by the ditch profile 10-cm increments, bagged, labeled by soil test (ST) mentioned above. Today, those soils occur in Indian number and depth, and transported to the Florida Museum Prairie, east of the site, where in some places they are of Natural History in Gainesville for further preparation covered by more than a meter of sand. The plant and curation. Field descriptions of augered soilsincluded communities supported by these wetlands soils range soil horizon designation, color, texture, and relative from open marsh and swamp to forested wetlands and, moisture. Thedescriptions also included the approximate when combined with the upland habitats of the sand ridge depths at which these characteristics changed. areas, would have provided aboriginal inhabitants with a wide variety of resources. LABORATORY PROCEDURES Soil samples were air-dried and sieved through 2 mm ARCHAEOPEDOLOGY :APPROACHES TO STUDYING "OLD SOILS" screen in the Environmental Archaeology laboratory at Human effects on natural soils and landscapes can the Florida Museum. Catalog numbers were assigned be detected using the basic tools of soil science: soil and two sets of 50 g subsamples were removed from SCUDDER: Deep Sand: Soil and Landscape Relationships at the Blueberry Site 19 LAKE WALES RIDGE- NTRA-RIDGE VALLEY -r- cr Blueberry Site and vicinity Figure 2. Regional physiographic features in the vicinity of the Blueberry site (after White, 1970). bulk samples. One set was sent to the Environmental designations). These ratios are clarified by not including Pedology laboratory in the Soil and Water Sciences medium-sized sand, the most abundant fraction in the Department, University of Florida (UF), for particle-size Blueberry site soils. distribution analysis using the pipette method outlined by Table 1 summarizes particle-size distribution and Day (1965). Samples judged to have greater than 1% particle-size ratios among natural horizons in all soils organic carbon (estimated by a gray or dark gray color) sampled. Medium sand dominated virtually all horizons were ·pre-treated with hydrogen peroxide and heat to in all tests, with a range of 50.6 to 79.5% by weight. The digest the organic material before particle-size analysis second most abundant size class, fine sand, ranged from 10.6 to 28.4% in all but four samples. The relationshipproceeded. The second set of subsamples was sent to the Analytical Research laboratory on the UF campus between fine- and medium-sand content changed with for analysis of extractable soil elements. That depth over the site: medium-sand content generally procedure uses a filtrate extracted with 0.05 N decreased with depth at each test, while fine-sand content hydrochloric acid in 0.025 N sulfuric acid. The increased with depth. extractant was analyzed using inductively coupled Most horizons contained from 4 to 8% coarse sand. argon plasma (ICAP) spectroscopy. Exceptions were found in the two deepest subhorizons of ST #4, which contained 15.4 and 12.2% coarse sand. RESULTS Subsurface horizons of ST #5 and #6 also showed PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS increased coarse sand content, up to 21%. The ridge soils at the Blueberry site are from 92 to Silt content varied considerably over the site area, 99.7% sand, which identifies their parent material as ranging from <1.0 to 6.9%. There was no discernable "coarse marine sediments" (Carter et al. 1989). The pattern of accumulation or depletion with depth. In some overwhelming proportion of total sand in the soil tells us tests, silt content and coarse sand content varied little more than that. To understand more about internal inversely-when one fraction was well-represented in relationships among sub-areas of the site, the indiyidual a particular horizon, the other was scant. Conversely, in sand-size classes were studied, as well as size-class some tests the increase in coarse sand was accompanied ratios that compare "fine" sizes (very fine and fine by an increase in silt. Clay content across the site was designations) with "coarse" ones (coarse and very coarse generally less than 1%. 20 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing ~»-POND--,~ with depth (Fig. 5). The second E horizon began at 400 - cmbs and was the last sample possible to take without ORANGE - GROVE Fiber- •s·r I losing the auger to the forces of friction and gravity. / 'Imprid What underlies this remains an unanswered question. InST/ ST 8 locus _ , - e \ / ST 9 the central tests, no dark horizon was encountered ST 1 \/.ST 4 ST· f. STS / beneath the E horizon, although samples taken from close Midden ST 3 to the water table in the Zone of saturation contained, S.·all • ST 2 ),] 1 small black flecks of organic matter suspended in the PALM-HICKORY-OAK S - HAMMOCK HAMMOCK -- in soil water. These flecks were not attached to the clear » Di,ch *Apcu,-,/.U-/bilch.i'kl=L-----R» quartz sand grains that comprised the pale matrix of the soil-as they would be in a darkly colored horizon- TO LAKE ISTOKPOGA rather, they settled out in the liquid portion of the samples. The B horizon also varied across the site. As mentioned above, it was absent, or at least notFigure 3. Blueberry site test units and soil test (ST) localities. encountered at the depths augered, in the central tests. In these areas, stripped white sands with black particles (HARCOAL DISTRIBUTION suspended in the soil water were encountered below The highest charcoal content occurred in the A the A horizon. A Bw horizon (beginning of color through Ab horizons-the modern soil surface-and in development) occurred in tests 1 through 5 and again in the E horizons and the buried midden level. Charcoal 10. A Bh horizon (containing dark humus), articulating content of the subhorizons of the soil buried below the with the water table, was evident at tests 1 through 4 midden was minimal, except the fraction of very fine and in non-saturated conditions at test 10. sand in the buried E horizon. The morphology of the soil encountered at ST #9 differed from all other areas and represented the margin SOIL MORPHOLOGY of wetland organic-soil development. This soil had a gray All the soils at the Blueberry site have an A horizon sandy A horizon and an intermediate, mixed organic and composed of a mixture of organic matter and mineral mineral AE horizon, all underlain by a blackish-red peat. sand. This horizon varies in darkness and thickness over the site, reflecting differences in organic inputs from CHEMICAL ANALYSES vegetation and, in some cases, a partial mantling by Table.2 summarizes chemical element contents and cleaner aeolian and colluvial sands. A cross-section of pH measurements for all samples. Measurement of pH the south end of the site perpendicular to the long N-S indicate that the soils at the Blueberry site are mildly to axis is.shown in Fig. 4. The buried A horizon with midden moderately acidic, becoming more acidic with depth. The (designated Ab/midden) can be seen in the ST #2 and lowest surface acidity (highest pH, or alkalinity) was 985N columns, with the suggestion that the dark A3 generally associated with the high calcium content of horizon of ST #1 may be a continuation of that former midden deposits. surface horizon. Soil tests 3 through 6 showed no Organic carbon (OC) content was generally less evidence of buried surfaces. The soil color lightened with than 1 % and highest in the dark surface horizons, the depth, indicating that the densest accumulation of buried A/midden horizon, and in BwBh or Bh horizons. organic material was on the soil surface. Soil test #7 Across the site, organic carbon content was lowest in contained a thin, intermittent Ab horizon at the E horizon and decreased with depth. approximately 130 to 140 centimeters below surface Highest soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and (cmbs). phosphorus (P) contents were found in the A horizon of The leached E (eluvial) horizon underlying the A ST #2,3,4, and 5, and in the Ab/midden horizon of unit horizon varied in thickness and depth across the site. At 985N. Soil Ca and Mg decreased irregularly with depth the south end, it was underlain by a light brown to dark to the deepest levels sampled, then increased again as brown B horizon (zone of accumulation). At the north soil moisture increased, except in tests 8 and 10, and in end, the very deep and well-developed soil at ST #10 unit 985N. Soil P content was lowest in E horizon samples had two E horizons separated by B horizons that darkened and increased in subadjacent Bw and BwBh horizons. SCUDDER: Deep Sand: Soil and Landseape Relationships at the Blueberry Site 21 Table 1. Particle-size distribution analysis (wt.%), Blueberry site (8HG678). depth sand size* total EC unit/test horizon (cm) TE C M F W sand Silt clay ratio ST#1 Al 20 0.0 6.0 72.4 20.0 1.0 99.4 0.6 0.0 3.5 A3 70 0.0 6.0 73.2 19.4 0.8 99.4 0.6 0.0 3.4 E 150 0.0 4.8 66.2 25.8 1.4 98.2 1.7 6.1 5.7 BwBh 290 0.0 5.4 68.4 24.0 0.8 98.6 1.4 0.0 4.6 ST #2 A 20 0.0 6.8 73.2 16.4 0.6 97.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 El 60 0.0 5.0 74.8 18.4 0.8 99.0 1.0 0.0 3.8 AB 1 80 0.0 6.4 75.4 16.6 1.0 99.4 0.4 0.2 2.8 Mid/Eb 140 0.0 5.8 71.0 21.2 0.8 98.8 0.8 0.4 3.8 Eb 160 0.0 6.2 71.6 20.6 1.0 99.4 0.6 0.0 3.5 BhBw 300 0.0 6.8 67.6 22.2 0.8 97.4 2.5 0.1 3.4 ST #3 A 1 20 0.0 2.2 20.2 68.8 0.8 92.0 6.9 1.1 31.6 A2 80 0.0 6.0 72.0 19.0 0.2 97.2 2.6 0.2 3.2 E 150 0.2 6.0 53.2 35.6 1.8 96.8 2.1 1.1 6 Bh 260 0.0 3.4 50.6 45.2 0.2 99.4 0.4 0.2 13.4 ST #4 A 1 25 0.0 7.0 73.2 14.2 0.4 94.8 4.5 0.7 2.1 AE 75 0.0 5.4 74.0 19.8 0.4 99.6 0.2 0.2 3.7 E 115 0.2 4.6 42.2 48.0 0.4 95.4 3.7 0.9 10.5 EBw 155 0.2 15.4 55.4 27.4 0.4 98.8 0.3 0.9 1.8 BwBh 205 0.6 12.2 55.2 28.4 1.2 97.6 2.0 0.4 2.4 ST #5 A 1 20 0.0 9.2 76.6 10.6 0.4 96.8 2.4 0.8 1.2 El 80 0.0 7.8 76.0 14.4 0.6 98.8 1.2 0.0 1.9 EBw 130 0.2 21.2 52.6 15.2 2.0 93.0 6.8 0.2 0.7 E 210 0.0 5.2 65.2 26.6 2.0 99.0 1.0 0.0 5.2 ST #6 A 1 20 0.0 7.4 72.2 16.6 1.0 97.2 2.8 0.0 2.4 E 80 0.2 21.0 55.4 15.2 0.8 94.4 5.3 0.3 0.8 E w/bl 140 0.0 7.2 71.2 19.6 1.0 99.0 0.3 0.7 2.9 ST #7 A2 20 0.0 8.6 77.2 12.0 0.4 98.2 1.8 0.0 1.4 E 100 0.0 6.4 75.4 16.8 0.8 99.4 0.5 0.1 2.8 Eb 180 0.0 5.4 71.0 22.0 0.4 98.8 1.1 0.1 4.1 E w/bl 230 0.0 5.0 69.4 23.8 1.0 99.2 0.7 0.1 5 ST #8 Al 20 0.0 8.2 78.2 11.4 0.2 98.0 1.4 0.6 1.4 AE 80 0.0 6.4 75.6 16.0 0.8 98.8 0.6 0.6 2.6 E 150 0.0 5.4 71.4 20.6 1.2 98.6 0.2 1.2 4 W w/bl 280 0.0 5.0 70.6 21.8 1.6 99.0 0.8 0.2 4.7 ST #10 A 1 20 0.0 8.6 77.6 10.8 0.8 97.8 1.9 0.3 1.3 AE 80 0.0 5.8 77.0 15.0 0.8 98.6 1.4 0.0 2.7 EBw 140 0.0 6.8 77.2 13.4 0.8 98.2 1.4 0.4 2.1 Bw2 200 0.0 4.6 70.8 22.2 1.0 98.6 1.2 0.2 5 Bh 380 0.0 6.6 76.0 14.6 0.8 98.0 1.9 0.1 2.3 E 400 0.0 4.0 63.6 28.2 2.8 98.6 1.2 0.2 7.8 9.85N/ Al 5 1004E A2 25 0.0 8.0 77.8 13.0 0.1 99.0 0.0 1.0 1.6 AE (E) 50 0.0 9.5 79.5 9.6 0.0 98.7 0.0 1.3 1 Abl 75 Ab2 100 0.0 9.9 71.1 15.7 0.8 97.8 0.1 2.1 1.6 AbE 115 Ebl 140 0.0 9.8 74.3 15.4 0.2 99.7 0.0 03 1.6 Eb2 185 Bwb 210 BwBhsb 250 0.0 9.7 73.6 15.6 0.1 99.1 0.0 0.9 1.6 * Sand-size class designations: VC = very coarse, C = coarse, M = medium, F = fine, VF = very fine. 22 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing 985N/13Tri 1004E ST 1 Soil surface > - -------------- - A A Al --AE-Ft-eAR ST 4 A1 A ST 7 ST 8 A2 - darker- Al ST 5E- -Al , 'At Fiber- A3 m et er s ab ov e m ea n se a l ev el 31 Ab/midden Ai "'·. - ST 6 -,r - Al tempered AE- - A2 AZ .-.-: Al _Belle Glade - _ Al At -Midden AE AE- - AL - AE AZ EBw- - A2 - - - El AEE E El AE - BwlEb El .,r £2 El -30 - - Bw EBwb - ',ST; ]8~2 Eb ~ 9,/ swmeBwEb **Mvlih -"- E wl .·.,u,F w: bl. E2 v. Bw3BwBh - black -V** BwBhb ...V 29 flecks Eb w/ bl. A + Bh E w/ bl. OA BhBw Eli = coarse sand lens Bh E or~r0.- N Figure 5. Cross-sectional profile of long axis of site. sediments and not in flat, horizontally bedded ones. The with the Bw horizon, the Bh horizon must have formed midden itself was deposited on this sloping landform. under at least partially aerobic conditions. In addition, the Other variations in the "subsurface landscape" begin Bh horizon at ST #10 is underlain by a second E horizon 4 to address the relationship between the buried Belle Glade m below the surface, indicating a second round of horizon midden and the northern end of the site with its older, differentiation under the influence of a lower water table. fiber-tempered sherds. The profile of the long axis of This profile presents evidence of a soil that has undergone the site indicates that, although the north and south ends extensive pedogenesis on a Very stable land area under of the site are now connected by a slightly concave stretch well-drained conditions. of ground, in the past they may have been less directly At the south end of the site the soil also shows signs connected and were certainly separated by more relief. of long-term development under conditions fayorable to At the north end of the site, a deep sequence of gray- the formation of a Bh horizon. However, between the to-brown soil horizons can be seen. The gray A and AE north and south ends of the site, some interesting horizons change with depth, first to the brown Bw horizon subsurface transitions have occurred. No B horizon of and then to the very dark grayish-brown Bh horizon. The any kind was found in the central area. The deepest E Bw horizon is tinted by iron oxides, very small amounts of horizon in this central area Consisted of stripped quartz which can color the stripped "white" sand grains brown or grains with black organic carbon flecks suspended in red. These colors can develop only in well drained soils. the soil water. The zone of saturation itself was closer The humic-stained Bh horizon is composed of sand grains to the surface than at either end of the site, and coated with a combination of aluminum oxides and organic terminated in the "E with black flecks" horizoh at each carbon, both transported by a fluctuating water table. As test. The lack of a B horizon means that conditions were 24 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing never sufficiently drained for the oxidizing or buried horizons can be used to address the origin and accumulative part of the horizon-formation process to nature of the charcoal-laden sand covering the Belle occur. These lower levels probably were always Glade midden. A reasonable scenario is this: 1) the saturated and more related to the prairie edge than the landscape occupied during Belle Glade times (a period sand ridge. In addition, one of the most abrupt particle- believed to be cooler and drier than today, see below), size distribution changes occurred here. Coarse and very was subjected to fire and denuded of vegetation, 2) sand coarse sand content virtually tripled in a deep, centrally eroded down the ridge flank and was briefly stabilized located lens-shaped area. by colonizing vegetation that began forming a thin A The coarse sand lens in the subsurface horizons, horizon, then, 3) area-wide fires swept the landscape the slightly lower elevation of the ground surface in the again and the cycle was repeated. center of the site, and the perched pond to the west of Whether the fires producing the evenly distributed this area on the flank of the higher ridge suggest that the charcoal in the upper horizons of the Blueberry site soil central area may have once been an area of drainage were human- or lightning-induced is not within:the scope from the pond or a seep similar to the one now flowing of this study. However, studies ofsea-level changes and just south of the site. This drainageway, or depression, their effects on climate in the Pleistocene and Holocene would have been downhill from the higher, stable area epochs are pertinent. Researchers have found evidence around ST #10, including the locus that produced the of low-amplitude sea-level oscillations worldwide, inbeach- fiber-tempered sherds. Across the way to the south, at ridge sets (Tanner 1992), tropical ice packs (Thompson et the level of the Belle Glade midden, was another slightly al. 1988), zooarchaeological faunal samples (Walker et al. elevated, stable area that would someday be populated 1995), stable isotoperatios (Hodell et al. 1991), and wave- by the Belle Glade inhabitants. In essence, what the cut beach rock (Fairbridge 1961, 1974). As the more subsurface soil horizons and local landscape features conservative view of a smooth sea-level rise gives way reveal is a picture of relationships no longer in existence: to multiple lines of evidence for a punctuated, episodic two relatively stable and well-drained end points series of rises and falls, the timing of these episodes separated by a lower swale or drainage and used at becomes more refined (Walker et al. 1995). Certain dates different times by different peoples-and all being slowly proposed by individual researchers for particular buried by sand. transgressive or regressive events in localized geographic areas begin to overlap with dates from other areas. One FIRE AND CLIMATE CHANGE range of dates that Correlates with a recent lowstand, The two intermittent A horizons found in unit 985N the "Little Ice Age," is A.D. 1430 to 1850 [This range is are traces of a thin surface accumulation of OC separated according to Gribbin (1978); other authors broaden or by varying thicknesses of charcoal-containing light gray contract the range according to regional data, e.g., Eddy sand. These partial horizons, coupled with the pale, poorly (1977), sets the range at A.D. 1250 to 1920.] The developed A 1 horizon underlain by a darker, more calibrated radiocarbon date obtained from charcoal in enriched buried A, indicate a generalized and episodic the buried Belle Glade midden at the Blueberry site- burial of parts of the site by sand moving down from the A.D. 1410 to 1455 (Beta-83917)-falls within the Little higher ridge areas. Particle-size analysis indicates that Ice Age. Conditions in Florida during sea-level lowstands most of the sand moved colluvially, or at least that sand were generally cooler and drier. As sea level fell, fresh- of the same size-classes moved locally. Although there water lake levels also fell, along with inland river is slightly more silt in some surface horizons-indicating discharge rates, rainfall volume from convective weather some aeolian input-the medium-sand fraction does not systems, and the subsurface water table (Widmer 1988). change. Consequently, there was no substantial Plant communities adapted to more xerie conditions, importation, by wind, gravity, or human endeavor, of soil becoming more vulnerable to the effects of fire and other or sediments of a very different character from those disturbance. These conditions prevailed during the Belle that already existed on the site. Glade Period of habitation of the Blueberry site, circa The particle-size data, coupled with the faint build- A.D. 1430. On-site evidence of area-wide fires, in the up of OC in the intermittent A horizons, the homogeneous form of intermittent soil surface horizons and well-mixed distribution of fine charcoal in the A and AE horizons in charcoal in the upper horizons, corroborates this unit 985N, and the absence of charcoal in the midden- interpretation of climatic conditions at that time. SCUDDER: Deep Sand: Soil and Landscape Relationships at the Blueberry Site 25 Table 2. Chemical analyses, Blueberry Site (8HG678). Unit/ Depth Organic Element content (mg/kg) Test Horizon (cm) pH carbon* Ca Mg K P Mn Zn Cu Na Al Fe ST#1 Al 20 6.0 0.3 118.0 7.2 9.2 1.2 2.22 0.72 0.04 1.4 12.9 6.64 A3 70 4.3 0.6 275.0 5.7 3.1 4.4 0.79 1.53 0.00 2.4 30.6 6.39 E 150 4.6 0.1 27.1 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.26 0.30 O.00 0.7 7.2 6.46 BwBh 290 4.0 0.6 113.0 19.9 6.9 18.7 0.89 1.87 0.00 1.2 158.0 6.76 ST#2 A 20 7.3 1.0 1370.0 102.0 200.0 141.0 24.90 5.79 0,00 8.6 23.7 1.46 El 60 6.8 0.3 196.0 12.8 3.0 42 0.93 0.85 0.00 0.7 5.4 0.80 ABl 80 6.7 0.3 223.0 13.7 4.6 8.1 1.10 0.95 0.00 03 5.8 0.92 Mid/Eb 140 5.8 0.3 405.0 11.6 1.0 108.0 4.86 335 0.00 3.7 24.2 5.32 Eb 160 5.7 0.2 81.6 3.0 0.2 15.2 1.61 1.04 0.00 0.8 5.6 3.29 BhBw 300 4.3 0.6 60.3 13.0 6.9 77.8 1.04 0.69 0.00 1.7 447.0 5.62 ST #3 A 1 20 6.3 0.7 2190.0 57.1 15.1 581.0 6.90 11.00 0.01 12.8 48.3 2.43 A2 80 6.1 0.3 337.0 16.9 1.7 14.2 OA4 0.65 0.02 0.7 9.6 1.75 E 150 5.7 0.2 71.8 3.6 0.0 6.6 0.52 0.54 0.00 0.3 5.0 2.57 Bh 260 4.5 0.3 87.0 7.2 2.6 22.1 0.52 0.64 0.00 1.3 85.4 2.98 ST#4 Al 25 6.5 1.0 2720.0 82.9 19.6 687.0 3.96 10.90 O.00 12.9 54.5 3.24 AE 75 6.4 0.3 237.0 6.7 0.1 28.9 0.78 104 0.00 0.7 5.5 1.30 E 115 6.2 0.2 72.4 3.0 1.5 6.3 0.48 0.84 0.00 1.0 2.1 1.14 EBw 155 5.8 0.2 54.8 2.1 0.0 16.1 0.20 0.47 0.00 0.3 23.1 462 BwBh 205 4.8 0.3 168.0 10.9 2.9 26.5 1.21 1.27 0.00 1.4 71.1 2.47 ST #5 Al 20 5.9 0.9 1190.0 75.1 7.6 283 2.16 8.32 0.01 1.8 29.5 1.77 El 80 5.5 0.2 50.6 3.3 1.3 0.4 0.10 0.39 0.02 0.6 2.3 2.95 EBw 130 5.4 0.2 28.6 2.1 1.5 0.5 0.20 OAO 0.04 1.0 3.3 3.97 E 210 4.6 0.1 47.7 5.2 3.4 0.7 0.39 1.35 0.01 1.4 5.4 1.75 ST#6 Al 20 5.7 0.2 738.0 48.1 8.4 13.8 9.10 8.40 0.03 13 21.0 1.54 E 80 5.7 0.2 36.7 2.8 1.2 1.0 0.25 0.36 0.00 0.3 1.3 1.34 E w/bl 140 5.7 0.1 92.7 8.1 2.9 0.8 1.65 2.22 0.01 1.2 3.2 3.65 ST #7 A2 20 4.6 0.5 171.0 26.9 2.8 0.2 0.51 0.84 0.00 0.8 17.1 3.95 E 100 4.9 0.2 38.2 2.8 3.0 0.1 0.76 0.63 0.00 0.7 1.7 1.86 Eb 180 4.6 0.2 18.2 3.9 0.8 0.0 0.48 054 0.% 2.4 2.0 2.50 Ew/bl BO 4.7 0.2 24.7 5.7 2.0 0.0 0.62 3.43 0.00 2.2 1.9 2.19 ST #8 A 1 20 5.9 0.5 617.0 310 12.7 1.3 5.52 3.12 0.00 2.6 13.0 1.50 AE 80 4.9 0.2 53.9 6.0 9.9 0.3 0.44 0.28 0.03 1.7 5.4 3.26 E 150 5.2 0.1 20.1 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.14 0.22 0.00 0.6 1.5 1.77 W w/bl 280 4.9 0.2 10.9 3.6 2.8 0.0 0.32 0.37 0.00 1.4 1.4 1.78 ST#10 Al 20 5.0 0.7 296.0 22.5 11.7 2.3 5.34 0.74 0.00 1.9 18.0 3.99 AE 80 4.6 0.2 30.2 4.8 2.4 0.2 0. 19 0.21 0.00 0.8 13.5 5.78 EBw 140 4.6 0.2 19.6 2.5 0.7 2.5 0.83 0.36 0.00 1.9 16.4 11.70 Bw2 200 4.4 0.3 18.8 2.4 0.4 47.8 0.37 0.40 0.00 8.2 114.0 54.40 Bh 380 4.5 0.5 41.1 9.6 3.2 39.1 1.74 1.18 O.00 3.2 268.0 8.88 E 400 4.6 0.2 21.8 5.8 3.2 11.2 0.62 1.76 0.00 2.9 61.4 5.99 *Organic carbon is recorded as weight%. 26 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Farrand, W R. 1975. Sediment analysis of a prehistoric rock I thank Robert Austin, archaeologist with Southeast shelter: The Abri Pataud. Quaternaty Research 5: 1-26. Archaeological Research, Inc., for inviting me to Garman, C.R., V.W. Carlisle, L.W. Zelazny, and B.C. Beville. participate in this project, which was part of his Ph.D. 1981. Aquiclude related spodic horizon development. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proceedings 40: 106-dissertation research. For logistic support, excellent 110.volunteer labor, and financial support of analysis, I Gribbin, J., ed. 1978. Climatic Change. New York: Cambridge thank the Kissimmee Valley Archaeological and University Press, pp. 70-72. Historical Conservancy, and particularly KVAHC Hassan, F. A. 1985. Paleoenvironments and contemporary president Anne Reynolds, who also provided lodging archaeology: A geoarchaeological approach. Pp. 85-101 by the lake. Most of all I thank Elizabeth Wing, in G Rapp and J. A. Gifford, eds. Archaeological Geology. curator of Environmental Archaeology at the Florida New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Univ. Press. Museum of Natural History, for encouraging me to Hodell, D. A., J. H. Curtis, G. A. Jones, A. Higuera-Gundy, M. initiate-and for enthusiastically supporting- Brenner, M. W. Binford, and K. T. Dorsey. 1991. archaeological soils studies at the FLMNH. Reconstruction ofCaribbean climate change over the past 10,500 years. Nature 352: 790-793. Lillios, K. T. 1992. Phosphate fractionation of soils atAgroal, LITERATURE CITED Portugal. American Antiquity 57(3): 495-506. Birkeland, R W. 1984. Soils and Geomorphology. New York: Lippi, R. 1988. Paleotopography and phosphate analysis of a Oxford University Press. buried jungle site in Ecuador. Journal of FieldArchaeology Brooks, H. K. 1981. Physiographic Divisions of the State of 5:85-97. Florida (map). Gainesville: Center for Environmental and Milanich, J. T. 1994. Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. 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