Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2003)44(1): 35-42 35 MIDDLE PRECLASSIC LANDSCAPES AND AQUATIC RESOURCE USE AT CUELLO, BELIZE Arlene Fradkinl and H. Sorayya Carf The aquatic animals identified among the vertebrate faunal remains recovered in the 1990-1993 excavations at the Maya site of Cuello, Belize, are examined. The detected patterns of aquatic resource use are comparable to those described by Elizabeth Wing and Sylvia Scudder in their faunal analysis from previous excavations. These zooarchaeological findings, combined with paleoecological data, suggest that the people of Cuello focused their aquatic resource procurement efforts primarily on local wetland habitats, which may have formed part of a managed landscape surrounding their community in the Middle Preclassic period. Key words: aquatic resources,.Belize, Cuello, Maya, Middle Preclassic, zooarchaeology The archaeological site of Cuello in northern Belize (Fig. the small mud turtle (Kinosternon spp.) throughout the 1) has yielded abundant information on many aspects of Middle Preclassic (p. 85). ancient Maya life. Extensive excavations conducted over When Hammond et al. (1995) reopened excavations the past three decades, under the direction of Norman atCuello in 1990-1993, they focused primarily on Middle Hammond, have revealed a long occupational record, Preclassic contexts, thus expanding the faunal database. spanning the earliest Middle Preclassic through the Early When we were given the opportunity to study this new Classic (ca. 1200 B.C.-A.D. 400). Cuello is especially material, one of our primary objectives was to examine important for having a substantial amount of material the aquatic animal remains in light of the previous findings. cultural remains dating to the Middle Preclassic, a time We were particularly interested in determining the period poorly represented at most Maya sites. Of specific habitats frbm which these resources were particular interest here are the faunal remains, which obtained. Additional paleoenvironmental data have can provide insight into Maya use of animal resources become available since the time of the initial study. In during this period. this paper, we incorporate this information with our One of the insights to be gained from research at zooarchaeological data to examine and explain the overall Cuello is an understanding of how the people of this pattern of aquatic resource use at Cuello. community interacted with the landscapes and resources of their natural world. An important contribution to this MATERIALS AND METHODS understanding was provided by the work of Elizabeth S. The vertebrate faunal samples considered here were Wing and Sylvia J. Scudder, who analyzed the vertebrate recovered from two units within Platform 34, a locus at faunal remains from the 1976-1980 excavations at Cuello the center of the site. Most of our material came from (Wing and Scudder 1991). Their study documented the the North Square, a 10 x 10 m area, which included the use of aquatic as well as terrestrial resources at this remains of household structures and the yard area behind inland farming community. They noted that aquatic them (Hammond 1991:15; Hammond et al. 1995:121). animals were obtained from several kinds of habitats in Some additional material came from the South Trench, the region and that the catchment area was extensive. a 20 x 3 m unit that primarily contained construction fill Nevertheless, they felt that most of these animals were (Hammond et al. 1991:354; Hammond, personal primarily collected in the vicinity of the site (p. 96). communication 1993). Excavations were carried out by Furthermore, water turtles constituted a significant natural stratigraphic levels. The faunal remains were portion of the aquatic animal remains represented in their recovered by trowel excavation (Hammond, personal samples. Of particular interest was the abundance of communication 2001). Analysis of the animal remains followed standard 'Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. zooarchaeological procedures (Reitz and Wing 1999:142- 2924 Contra Costa Drive, El Cerrito, CA 94530, USA. 238). Specimens were identified to the lowest taxon 36 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing habitats, in Table 2. Quantification of this subsample is Nt d~nial presented in Table 3. f Ba>k- Aquatic Or semiaquatic animals identified include 0b turtles, fish, amphibians, several kinds ofbirds, and one 0 • UELLO crocodile. Of the turtle remains, the most abundantly MEXICO ,·----, represented is the small mud turtle (Kinosternon spp.),4 $ h . Coll~'------ 4 4 ' including the red-cheeked mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides). Other kinosternids present , though farGUATEMALA i fewer in number, are the narrow-bridged musk turtle (Claudius angustams) and the northern giant musk turtle Caribbean Sea (Staurotypus triporcatus). Two emydid turtles (Emydidae), the common slider (Trachemys scripm) and : the furrowed wood turtle (Rhinoclemmys areolata), are < BELIZE 5 also well represented. A few large turtle shell fragments : not clearly identifiable to the family level may possibly : / represent the Central American river turtle (Dennatemys : mawii), which was identified as a minor constituent in . I. two of the samples analyzed by Wing and Scudder : (1991).' 0 25 50 kilometers 0'' , Fish constitute a small proportion of the total faunal 25 50 miles assemblage. Freshwater species predominate and include cichlid (Cichlasoma spp.), swamp eel Figure 1. Location of the Cuello site. (Synbranchus marmoratus), and blue· catfish Uctalurus furcatus). We have also included in this group bigmouth possible by direct comparison with reference collections sleeper (Gobiomorus dormitor), which usually is found housed at the University of California Museum of in brackish waters, but in Belize occurs more often in Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley, the California Academy fresh water (Greenfield and Thomerson 1997:230). The of Sciences in San Francisco, and the Florida Museum remaining kinds of fish, represented by only a few of Natural History in Gainesville. specimens each, are estuarine and/or marine.forms and Quantification of the faunal materials included a consist of tarpon (Megalops atianticus), bonefish count of the total number of fragments identified for (Albula vulpes), sea bass (Serranidae), jack each taxon (NISP) and calculated estimates of the (Carangidae), snapper (Lutjanidae), mojafra (Eugerres minimum number of individual animals represented sp.), and possibly grunt (Haemulidae) (see Table 1). (MNI). The MNI figures were determined separately Amphibians identified in the assemblage include for each cultural context and were based on the . Mexican burrowing toad (Rhinophrynus dorsalis), concept of paired elements and individual size . Bone giant toad (Bu/0 marinus), other Bufo specirnens not weights, which can provide information on the dietary identified to the species level, true frogs (Rana spp.), contribution of each animal, were not determined. Our and one possible treefrog (Hyla sp.). Amphibians are concern was the nature and location of aquatic potentiallyimportant as environmental indicators, although resource procurement. Therefore, the materials their cultural significanee is less certain. Their presence examined here represent a subsample of the total in archaeological deposits may be incidental. faunal assemblage. Several kinds of aquatic birds are represented. These include pied - billed grebe (Podilymbus RESULTS podiceps), anhinga (Anhinga anhinga ), green - A total of 6,967 bone and tooth fragments representing backed heron (Butorides virescens), great blue heron 85 vertebrate taxa have been identified in the faunal (Ardea herodias), and possibly a sandpiper assemblage. Of these totals, 2,458 fragments (35%) and (Scolopacidae) and a rail/gallinule/coot (Rallidae). 36 taxa (42%) represent aquatic animal remains. These Crocodile (Crocodylus sp.) is represented by one taxa are listed in Table 1 and, with their most common tooth. Although two species naturally occur in the region, FRADKIN and CARR: Middle Preclassic Landscapes and Aquatic Resource U5e 37 we can only identify this tooth taxonomieally to the genus Table 1. Taxonomic list of aquatic animals identified with level. scientific and common names. Overall, our sample of aquatic animal remains is SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMONNAME comparable to that examined by Wing and Scudder for OSTEICHTHYES BONY FISH the Middle Preclassic period. The turtle remains are cf. Megalops attanticus tarpon similar, although there is seme variation in the relative Albula vulpes bonefish proportions of different taxa and Dermatemys has not Ictalurus furcatus blue catfish been positively identified in our collection. A consistent Siluriformes catfish feature is the predominance ofmud turtles . Fish remains , Synbranchus marmoratus swamp eel though admittedly a small proportion of both assemblages, cf. Serranidae sea bass demonstrate a preponderance of freshwater specimens Carangidae jack with minor representation of marine forms. Birds are Lutjanidae snapper minimally represented and, in our sample , only aquatic cf. Eugerres sp. mojarra' Gerreidae mojarra'species have been identified. cf. Haemulidae grunt cf. Cichlasoma spp. cichlid/mojarral LANDSCAPES AND AQUATIC RESOURCE Cichlidae cichlid/mojarra' USE AT CUELLO Gobiomorus dormitor bigrnouth sleeper The new faunal data from Cuello lend further support to AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIANSthe pattern of aquatic resource use described by Wing Rhinophrynus dorsalis Mexican burrowing toad and Scudder for the Middle Preclassic. Moreover, cf. Bufo marinus giant toad additional paleoenvironmental information has since Bufo spp. toad become available, providing insight into the nature of the cf. Hyla sp. tree frog landscape surrounding Cuello at that time and potentially Ranaspp. true frog explaining the patterns observed in the zooarchaeological Anura toad/frog record. REFILA REFflES The site of Cuello is situated between two rivers, Claudius angustatus narrow-bridged musk turtle the New River and Rio Hondo (see Fig. 1), which are, Staurotypus triporcatus northern giant musk turtle respectively, 5 and 10 kilometefs away. Nevertheless , Kinosternon scorpioides red-cheeked mud turtle there is evidence that other kinds of aquatic habitats Kinosternon spp. mud turtle may have been in closer proximity to the site. Ki nosternidae musk/mud turtle A study of plant and molluscan remains recovered Rhinoctemmys areolata furfowed wood turtle at Cuello by Charles Miksicek ( 1991 ) demonstrates the Trachemys scripta common slider development of marsh, pond, or shallow lake habitats Emydidae pond turtle Testudines turtlearound the site during the course of the Middle Crocodylus sp crocodilePreclassic. In his samples of freshwater snails, he found large numbers of certain lake-dwelling forms, such as WES BIRDS Pyrgophorus, whereas snails that prefer flowing water, Podilymbus podiceps pied-billed grebe such as Pachychilus (Feldman 1978 : 7 ), were rare Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Miksicek 1991:74, Table 4.4). Furthermore, he noted ef. Ardea herodias great blue heron Butorides virescens green-backed heronan abundance of razor grass (Cladium) seeds, also cf. Rallidae rail/gallinule/coot indicative of a marsh habitat (Miksicek 1991:77,83). The cf. Scolopaeidae sandpiper composition of our faunal sample seems to indicate that the Cuello residents focused primarily on these more ' In the study region, the common name "mojarra" is applied to both immediate wetland areas. gerreids and cichlids. Turtles potentially provide the best information on aquatic habitats exploited because of their large numbers in our collection. Preeminent among the Cuello turtles as that found in ponds, lakes, sluggish streams, and slow- are small mud turtles (Kinosternon spp.). These turtles moving backwaters of rivers. They are bottom-walkers typically live in quiet, mud-bottomed shallow water, such rather than swimmers and, unlike some other turtles, do 38 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing Table 2. Habitats of aquatic animals identified. Inland Freshwater Habitats Coastal Habitats Taxon Lakes/Ponds Rivers/Streams Wetlands Marine/Estuarine FISH cf. Megalops atianticus Albula vulpes H > < Ictalurus furcatus x Synbranchus marmoratus x x cf. Serranidae x Carangidae x Lutjanidae cf. Eugerres sp. x Gerreidae cf. Haemulidae x cf. Cichlasoma spp. x x x Cichlidae x x x Gobiomorus donnitor x x AMPH[BIANS Rhinophrynus dorsalis x cf. BRfo marinus Bufo spp. cf. Hyla sp. x >4 >4 M X W X M M M >¢ >¢ Rana spp. x REFITI FS Claudius angustatus Staurotypus triporcatus x Kinosternon scorpioides x Kinosternon spp. x Rhinodemmys areolata x Trachemys scripta x Crocodylus x x x BIRDS Podilymbus podiceps x x x Anhinga anhinga cf. Ardea herodias x x x x Butorides virescens X x x cf. Rallidae x x x x cf. Scolopacidae x x x x not bask at the surface (Campbell 1998:104). Although flooded grasslands to forage, preying upon mud turtles, they are not restricted to shallow waters, their bottom- as well as other animals and some plants (Campbell dwelling habits would make them more difficult to 1998:104,107). collect in deep water. Consequently, large numbers of Among the emydids, the semiaquatic Rhinoclemmys mud turtles argue strongly for shallow=water is most common in savannas and at edges of clearings procurement. The related Claudius is similar in its but also occurs in marshes (Campbell 1998:116; Lee behavior and habitat preferences, tending toward even 1996:165). On the other hand, the more aquatic smaller and shallower waterbodies (Campbell 1998: 105), Trachemys is found in larger freshwater bodies; in the while Smurotypus is found primarily in lakes and slow- tropics it is more riverine than elsewhere in its range moving parts of rivers but also enters marshes and (Ernst and Barbour 1989:205). FRADKIN and CARR: Middle Preclassic Landscapes and Aquatic Resource Use 39 Table 3. Quantification of aquatic animal remains. Taxon NISP % MNI % FISH cf. Megalops atlanticus 1 0.04 1 0.27 Albula vulpes 1 0.04 1 0.27 Ictalurus furcatus 1 0.04 1 021 Siluriformes 1 0.04 1 0.27 Synbranchus marmoratus 30 1.22 19 5.05 cf. Serranidae 1 0.04 1 0.27 Carangidae 3 0.12 3 0.80 Lutjanidae 2 0.08 2 0.53 Lutjanidae/Haemulidae 2 0.08 1 0.27 Lutjanidae/Gerreidae 1 0.04 - - cf. Eugerres sp. 1 0.04 1 0.27 Gerreidae 3 0.12 2 0.53 Gerreidae/Haemulidae 1 0.04 1 0.27 Gerreidae/Cichlidae 1 0.04 - - cf. Cichlasoma spp. 3 0.12 3 0.80 Cichlidae 23 0.94 17 4.52 Gobiomorus dormitor 2 0.08 2 0.53 Osteichthyes 339 13.79 18 4.79 TOTAL FISH 416 16.92 74 19.68 AMPHIBIANS Rhinophrynus dorsalis 22 0.90 15 3.99 cf. Bufo marinus 2 0.08 2 0.53 Bufo spp. 0.27 25 1.02 9 2.39 cf. Hyla sp. 1 0.04 1 Rana spp. 5 0.20 5 1.33 Anura 35 1.42 15 3.99 Amphibia 6 0.24 1 0.27 TOTAL AMPHIBIANS 96 3.91 48 12.77 REFTILES Claudius angustatus 8 0.33 4 1.06 Staurotypus triporcatus 0 191 15 3.99 Kinosternon scorpioides 84 3.42 33 8.18 Kinosternon spp. 449 18.27 86 22.87 Kinosternidae 22 0.90 3 0.80 Rhinoclemmys areolata 74 3.01 33 8.78 Trachemys scripta 61 2.48 24 6.38 Emydidae 52 2.12 13 3.46 Testudines 1140 46.38 34 9.04 Crocodylus sp. 1 0.04 1 0.27 TOTAL REPTILES 1938 78.84 246 65.43 BIRDS Poditymbus podiceps 2 0.08 2 053 Anhinga anhinga 2 0.08 2 0.53 cf. Ardea herodias 1 0.04 1 0.27 Butorides virescens 1 0.04 1 0.27 cf. Rallidae/Scolopacidae 1 0.04 1 0.27 cf. Scolopacidae 1 0.04 1 0.27 TOTAL BIRDS 8 0.33 8 2.13 TOTALS 2458 100.00 376 100.00 40 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing Dermatemys is conspicuously absent from our specimen, further indicating infrequent use of this habitat . sample and was minimally represented in the assemblage One other habitat occasionally exploited was quite distant analyzed by Wing and Scudder. This turtle is distinct from from the site. The several estuarine or marine fish most others in the region in that it is so fully aquatic that it is likely were brought in from the coast, approximately barely able to move on land, being primarily a denizen of 35 km away. large rivers and lakes, spending long periods submerged The presence of amphibians in fairly significant (Campbe111998:111-112). numbers also suggests the proximity of moist habitats. When compared to contemporary ethnographic The two identified toad genera, Rhinophrynus and. Bufo, accounts, the relative abundance of the various turtles frequent open habitats and breed in temporary ponds in the Cuello zooarchaeological record is, interestingly, (Lee 1996:56,77-80). Hylids occupy a variety of habitats almost a mirror image of their relative food value today. and most also breed in temporary bodies of water (Lee The larger, meatier riverine turtles occur in fewer 1996 :92-97). The more aquatic Rana frogs are most numbers, whereas the very small turtles, typically found often found near lakes, ponds, and sluggish portions of in shallow lakes and ponds, are far more common. streams (Campbell 1998:94-98; Lee 1996:123-127). The rarest turtle, Dermatemys, the largest freshwater The aquatic birds in the Cuello assemblage have turtle in the region, has meat that is highly esteemed broad habitat tolerances. In Belize, grebe, anhinga, blue today. A single individual provides a substantial amount heron, and green-backed heron are found in or alongside of meat. Almost as large, Tmchemys is also highly sought ponds and streams (Russell 1964:35-38). Similarly, after and consumed . Staurotypus, slightly smaller, is crocodile can occur in a variety of waters , including inland eaten, despite its musky flavor. The smaller turtles, lakes, rivers, and marsh wetlands as well as brackish Rhinoclemmys and Claudius, contain much less meat coastal waters (Campbell 1998:283-289). but are still eaten today. Kinosternon, though eaten by The procurement of animal resources from local some people, is not as widely consumed because of the wetlands could have been integrated into the overall overpowering odor of musk it produces during cooking subsistence economy in several ways. One scenario is (Campbe111998:104-117). suggested by the savanna fishing practiced today in Interviews conducted by Carr (1986:191-194) with northern Belize. This takes place late in the dry season Maya archaeological workers in northern Belize when shrinking pools concentrate the fish and the water substantiate ethnographic accounts. Except for is shallow enough to wade through (Pascual Mesh, Kinosternon, all kinds of turtles are consumed. The Johnny Montalvo, and Valeriano Tun, personal most plausible explanation for the abundance of these communication 1981). As a dry-season activity, savanna very small mud turtles and for the lesser fishing complements the rainy season focus on swidden representation of larger, meatier turtles in the faunal cultivation and garden hunting (Johnny Montalvo, remains is that Cuello people obtained aquatic personal communication 1981). Some support for dry- resources primarily from seasonally fluctuating local season use of wetlands is indicated by the presence of marsh and pond environments rather than from the grebes and blue herons, birds that are winter (dry season) more distant riverine habitats. visitors to Belize (Russell 1964:35,38). The kinds of freshwater fish identified also suggest On the other hand, mud turtles and amphibians are that fishing focused on nearby marsh wetlands. The most visible in the rainy season, virtually disappearing in swamp eel, as its common name implies, is present in the dry season, when they may burrow into mud to stagnant water habitats. It is weli suited to seasonal aestivate (Campbell 1998:46,104; Lee 1996:56,163). The wetlands and withstands temporary dry spells by successful capture of large numbers of mud turtles thus burrowing into mud (Burgess and Franz 1989:265; could argue for rainy season procurement. Alternatively, Greenfield and Thomerson 1997:138-139). Belizean the harvesting of mud turtles could have been facilitated cichlid species are found in a variety of waters, ranging by keeping a controlled population in a limited area. These from rivers to warm, murky wetlands and ponds turtles are nocturnal and can be difficult'to find by day (Greenfield and Thomerson 1997:184-206; Konings even where they are plentiful (Campbell 1998: 109). 1989). Blue catfish, a large, meaty fish typically occurring Penning off flooded lands as the waters began to recede in large rivers in Belize (Greenfield and Thomerson would be a convenient way to keep turtles within a known 1997:78), is represented in our sample by a single area, where they could be collected by digging in the FRADKIN and CARR: Middle Preclassic Landscapes and Aquatic Resource Use 41 mud. Both Hammond (1991:239) and Scudder (personal ACKNOWLEDGMENTS communication 2001) have speculated that such Our thanks go to Norman Hammond for the opportunity management techniques could have been practiced at to study this material and for providing partial funding Cuello. for this study; to Elizabeth Wing and Sylvia Scudder for Wetland margins may alse have been a locus of allowing us to use comparative materials at the Florida farming actiyity. To date, there is no evidence at Cuello Museum of Natural History and to incorporate their of raised- ordrained-field farming (Hammond 1991:239). earlier findings into this paper; to the California Academy Nevertheless, as suggested by Pohl et al. (1996:366), a of Sciences and the University of California Museum of form of dry-season cultivation could have been practiced Vertebrate Zoology for providing access to their along wetland margins without creating formal field and comparative collections; to John Iverson of Earlham canal features. Thus, crops and aquatic animals would College for assistance in the identification of certain have been in Close association so that farming and kinosternid elements; to Sylvia Scudder for reading the collecting activities could have taken place draft manuscript and providing valuable suggestions; to simultaneously. Indeed, the entire complex of fields and Heather Norby for drawing the map; and to the people of wetlands may have been a managed landscape. Chunox, Belize, for information on fishing and turtle Evidence of wetland resource procurement in the collecting. Middle Preclassic is not restricted to Cuello. At Colha, Most importantly, we wish to express our deepest another inland site 27 km to the southeast, Leslie Shaw gratitude and appreciation to Elizabeth Wing for teaching (1999) shows considerable use of aquatic animals in the us the intricacies of zooarchaeology and for mentoring Middle Preclassic. Like the freshwater fishes at Cuello, us through the years. Her enthusiasm for the discipline most fish remains were not identifiable, but they were has been a true inspiration. generally of small size (Shaw 1999:88,91). Of the other aquatic and semiaquatic animals that were more precisely LITERATURE CITED identified and assigned to a habitat category, wetland Burgess, G. H., and R. Franz. 1989. Zoogeography of the animals greatly exceeded riverine animals in the Colha Antillean freshwater fish fauna. Pp. 263-304 in C. A. samples (Shaw 1999: Fig. 4.3). Woods, ed. Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future. Gainesville: Sandhill Crane Press. CONCLUSIONS Campbell, J. A. 1998. Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Our study of the aquatic animal remains recovered from Guatemala, the Yucatan, and Belize. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.recent excavations at Cuello corroborates the findings Carr, H.S. 1986. Faunal Utilization in a Late Preclassic Mayaof Wing and Scudder (1991) concerning patterns of Community at Cerros, Belize. Ph.D. dissertation. Annresource use in the Middle Preclassic. The most Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. frequently collected animals were water turtles, in Ernst, C. H., and R. W Barbour. 1989. Turtles of the World. particular mud turtles. Although some of the aquatic Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. resources were obtained from habitats at varying Feldman, L. H. 1978. Invertebrados arqueologicos. Boletin de distances from Cuello, the majority were collected in close la Escuela de Ciencias Antropologicas de la Universidad proximity to the site. According to paleoenvironmental de Yucatan 6(33): 2-23. information, marsh, pond, or shallow lake habitats existed Greenfield, D. W., and J. E. Thomerson. 1997. Fishes of the nearby during the Middle Preclassic. The general pattern Continental Waters of Belize. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.of aquatic resource use documented at Cuello shows Hammond, N., ed. 1991. Cuello: An Early Maya Community insimilarities to that of Colha during the same period. Belize. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.As part of Maya economic practices, wetland Hammond, N., A. Clarke, and C. Robin. 1991. Middle Preclassic foraging was coordinated with farming activities. The buildings and burials at Cuello, Belize: 1990 investigations. collection of certain small animals, such as mud turtles, LatinAmericanAntiquity 2(4): 352-363. could have been facilitated by the construction of Hammond, N., A. Clarke, and S. Donaghey. 1995. The long pens. We believe that this Overall pattern was a goodbye: Middle Preclassic Maya archaeology at Cuello, common aspect of Maya subsistence economies Belize. Latin AmericanAntiquity 6(2): 120-128. wherever appropriate wetlands were part of the Konings, A. 1989. Cichlids from Central America. Neptune City, New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications.surrounding landscape. 42 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing Lee, J. C. 1996. 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