BULLETIN
OF THE

D

FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Volume I Number 3

FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA,
GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA

FROM THE ESCAMBIA TO THE SUWANNEE RIVER

William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner

/&Maubes*x
1%/Eadial' 1

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
Gainesville

September, 1956



The numbe,s of THE BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE
MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, will be published at in-egu-
tar intervals. Volumes will contain about 230 to 300 pages, and will
not necessarily be completed in any one calendar year.

0

William J. Riemer, Editor

John C. Briggs, Associate Editor

All communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publi-
cation should be addressed to the Curator of Biologital Sciences, Flor-
ida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesuille, Flo,-ida. Manusc,-ipts
should be sent to The Editor, Department of Biology, Uniue,-sity of
Flo,ida, Gainesville, Florida.

Published O.ctober 3,1956 Price for this issue 31.80



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND
FLORIDA FROM THE ESCAMBIA TO THE

SUWANNEE RIVER

WILLIAM J· CLENCH AND RUTH D. TURNEF

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction -_ _ 99

Historical r&und 100

Acknowledgements ]02

Discussion of the fauna 103

Systematics 109

Viviparidae 109

Fiviparus 109

Campeloma 113

Lioplax 117

Pilidae 120

Poin(icea 120
Bulimidae 122

Somalot .8 122
Notogillia .._ ..._ 123
Poi,ialio·psis 125

Pleuroceridae 126

Goniobasis 126

Pulmonata 142

Physidae 143

Physa 143
Lymnaeidae 145

Pseudostaccinen 145

Ancylidae 147

Ferrissia 147
Margaritanidae 148

Margaritana 148

i Iwilliam J  Clench is Curator and Ruth D. Turner is Research Associate in the
Department of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts. Both authors participated in the field wOrk upon which this report is
based. Durihg that period the senior author served as Collaborator on the staff of
i he Florida State Museum.-Ed.1



98 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Unionidae 150

Flisconaia 150

Quincuncina 153

Crenodonta 156

Pleurobema 160

Eltiptio · 165

Unioinerits 176

A lasmidonta 179

Anodontoides 181

Anodonta 183

Medionidus 189

Glebula 191

Corunculina 193

Lampsilis 196

Villosa 205

Sphaeriidae 214

Sphaerium 215

Pisidium 216

Bysanodonta 217

References 219



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 99

INTRODUCTION

The beginnings of this study go back some years to when Peter
Okkelberg2 and the senior author made a survey of the upper Flint,
Chattahoochee, and Altamaha Rivers in Georgia and Alabama. This
trip, in essence, was to be a preliminary expedition to determine, from
the material collected, just what river systems should be investigated
later in greater detail. Sickness, and later the death, of Dr. Walker,
who was to finance the program, precluded a continuance of this work.

In 1933 Henry Vander Schalie and the senior author made a
survey of the Unionid fauna of the Cahawba River in Alabama. We
crossed Georgia on our way south and again made several stations in
the regions drained by the Apalachicola river system. During addi-
tional trips to the south various members of this museum have added
a few more stations in this general area.

Many other collectors have played an important part in supplying
records for this study. Most of these records are based upon materials
received in exchange from the University of Michigan, the University
of Alabama, and on materials in the University of Florida Collections.

In the spring of 1953 the University of Floridaa became greatly
interested in the Chattahoocliee area of Florida, the site of the Jim
Woodruff dam. This dam is being built across the Apalachicola River
just below the tWO confluents that create it, the Chattahoochee and
Flint Rivers. Specialists in many fields of zoology and botany were
called to aid in the survey of territory that was shortly to be inundated.
The main idea was to collect and preserve such material as would be
destroyed by flooding, and to resurvey the same area in the years to
come to determine what changes might occur in the biota. It is
astonishing and catastrophic that so little interest has prevailed else-
where, particularly in the south, where vast changes have been made
by the construction of power dams. Surely much damage to the local
fauna occurred long before these dams were built, but now much data
that might have been obtained are lost forever.

The party workikig on the mollusks in 1953 consisted of the authors
and Mrs. Clench. In 1954 J. C. Dickinson, as administrator of the
project, was granted additional funds for a continuance of this survey.

2Then Professor of Zoology, University of Michigan; now Professor Emeritus.
BA United States National Park Service c6ntract, and a National Science Foun-

dation grant, issued through the Florida State Museum and the Department of
Biology, University of Florida, made possible, in part, field work in connection with
this study.



100 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

A broadening of the problem appeared inevitable, and with an addi-
tional grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, a survey of
the river systems from the Escambia east to the Suwannee was made
possible during August and September of 1954. The party collecting
mollusks consisted of the authors and Donald F. McMichael. The
success of this trip was a product of the weather. The south experienced
widespread drought that was declared by many local observers to be
the worst in 30 to 50 years. A few years earlier, P. Okkelberg and the
senior author were unable to collect in the lower Flint or Chattahoo-
chee Rivers because of the high water. In 1953 the same high water
conditions existed. In 1954 the rivers were exceedingly low and clear,
making possible the collection of a rich fauna unavailable during a
period of normal or high water.

HISTORICAL REsUME

The historical record is clouded owing to lack of details about the
early collectors. Isaac Lea of Philadelphia, a man of wide friendships,
described most of the species of the Unionidae found in this area. A
host of collectors, Bishop Elliott, E. R. Sh6walter, W. Spillman, G.
Hallenbeck, Dr. Boykin, Major LeConte, G. White, J. Postell, J. H.
Couper, H. M. Neisler, and others, contributed to his large collection.
Lea was a man of considerable means and Was .able to publish his
descriptions in a sumptuous fashion, particularly for that time. Pre-
liminary descriptions appeared in the Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelp4ia. A little later these same brief
diagnoses reappeared in the Transactions of the American Philosophi-
cal Society or the Transactions of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Philadelphia, with more detailed descriptions, remarks, and beautiful
figures. A certain number of sets of these later studies were repaged,
then grouped and issued under the title of "Observations on the Genus
Unio."4

In 1834 T. A. Conrad published a booklet with illustratiohs of
sevefal American freshwater shells. He collected a few species in the
Flint River, very probably at Albany. He traveled extensively through

4The plates retained their original numbers, as the numbers had been engraved
along with the r(St of the plate. This has been the soufce of concern by workers
and librarians as the various volumes of the "Observations" have no continuity of
plate numbers. The so-called missing numbers are plates on other subjects that
appeared originally in the Transactions or elsewhere. Fortunately, a detailed
bibliography of Lea was compiled by N. P. Scudder (1885). All pertinent data are
given in detail.



rRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 101

much of Alabama and through limited areas of Georgia wherein he
made many notable discoveries. Lea and Conrad became exceedingly
antagonistic toward one another, and their discord regarding publica-
tion dates was second. only to. the Marsh and Cope controversy of a
few generations ago. We highlight this only because the antagonism
caused Lea to deposit his extensive collection in the United States
National Museum, and not in the Academy at Philadelphia under
whose auspices many of his studies had been published. Conrad's
types are scattered, and many are lost. A few are in Philadelphia, but
his main collection was stored in Cambridge, Massachusetts, about
1870, and then lost. We have done everything to locate it, but with
no success.

Many of the so-called "cabinets" of Lea's day are also lost. He
usually men tioned under each species he described the name o f the
collector, and then added; for example, "My cabinet, and the cabinet
of Rev. George White." Just what has happened to the many cabinets
is unknown to us. Some may exist in our larger museums, but we
fear that most of them ceased to be when their owners lost interest,
or their inheritors failed to recognize or understand the importance
of these collections.

Locality data were frequently in error. This is understandable,
for at that time there was a lack of interest in, or understanding of,
the importance of such data. Collections were made, possibly over
a wide area, then labelled at a later date. Memory certainly failed in
many instances. Mollusks from Macon County on the Flint River-
the Apalachicola system-were frequently listed as "Macon" which is
a city on the Ocmulgee River, a major tributary of the Altamaha
River-a totally different system. Also, several type localities are given
as "Flint River near Macon, Georgia." In some instances reference
was made to the city of Macon, and the river in question was not the ·
Flint River but the Ocmulgee. Thus, these original errors persisted,
were copied and republished with 6ccasional new errors added to in-
crease the complexity of the problem. Certain of these errors are
going to be very difficult to pr6ve. Many type localities have been
destroyed. In one instance, a whole river, the Chattahoochee, once
rich in mollusks, now appears to be nearly barren of these animals.
Continued destruction will proceed at an accelerated pace. Industrial
expansion continues in the south, and many industries produce waste
products deleterious to mollusks. However, the greatest source of
damage seems to be land erosion and consequent silting of the rivers.
Many species of Unionidae were described originally from the Chat-



102 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

tahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia. Most were described during
the middle of the past century. In 1929 P., Okkelberg and the senior
author failed to find a single freshwater mollusk at this locality.

More recently (1955), Herbert Athearn located a limited number
of species both above and below Columbus, Georgia, in the Chatta-
hoochee River. Probably there are many other places which possess
some material, but, on the whole, the river now has only a small
fraction of a once rich fauna.

The most recent study within this area is that of Vander Schalie
in 1940. This paper considers the distribution and ecology of the fresh-
water mussels of the Chipola River, a major tributary of the lower
Apalachicola River.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are exceedingly grateful to many people. who have aided in
making this study possible. Angus Gohlson, of Chattahoochee, Florida,
was helpful in taking us to many localities not easily located by those
unfamiliar with the area about Chattahoochee.

We are also indebted to a host of collectors who have furnished
much of the material that formed the basis of this study. To H. A.
Rehder, R. T. Abbott, and Henry Vander Schalie we owe our sincere
thanks for time and trouble in checking type material and for the
loan of types which we needed for many species in this study. To
Herbert Athearn, of Cleveland, Tennessee, we are grateful for the
loan of material collected on two trips, one to the Chipola River and
the other to the upper Chattahoochee River region.

The photographs are the work of Frank White; staff photographer
at the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 103

DISCUSSION OF THE FAUNA

In the systematic part of this report we have treated monographic-
ally all of the species known to occur in the rivers from the Escanibia
east to the Suwannee. From this study some interesting facts have
emerged, and these seem to indicate that the fauna of this area has
been derived from the west, is depauperate, and must be fairly old.
There is also evidence that a central area of the Floridian penihsula
remained isolated for a sufficient period of time. to allow the develop-
ment of several endemic elements. This area has been referred to as
"Orange I51and" by Vaughan (1910) and Woodson (1947).

A WESTERLY DERIVED FAUNA.-The relationships of most of the

species and genera found in the area encompassed by this report are
with species and genera of the Coosa-Alabama and Tennessee river
systems. Only two genera are endemic in the area, namely, Quincun-
cina and Notogillia. The genus Quincuncina is close in its relationship
with Fusconaia, a genus of wide distribution in the Coosa-Alabama
and Mississippi river systems. Notogillia, a genus containing only a
single recent species, has its relationship with the genus Somatogyrus
of the same river systems. A species and subspecies have recently been
described in Notogillia .from the Pliocene of St. Petersburg, Florida,
by P.ilsbry (1953: 439).

How this fauna arrived in the area is difficult to say-mechanically
or by stream capture? We are inclined to favor the former possibility,
simply because there are so many genera absent which should occur
if stream capture had been at all prevalent. Distribution by stream
capture would have necessitated a sequence of captured streams from
the Apalachicola to the Suwannee in order to explain the presence
of several species. T.he absence of other species present in the Apa-
iachicola and Ochlockonee, but not in the Suwannee, would then be
hard to explain. Accidental dispersal, however, can at least be credited
to some factor in the life cycle of a species. That is, certain species
are more susceptible to mechanical transport and, therefore, are more
successful in making accidental trips from one drainage system to
another. In many instances these species are more adaptable and,
consequently, are more likely to survive when introduced into a new
area. Time is important. Streams in this area, at least in the upland
region, have probably been in existence since the mid-Tertiary, and
perhaps much longer. Considering this length of time, a successful
introduction once in a thousand years could easily account for the
present fauna. It is unfortunate, however, that there is no fossil



104 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

record of any fre5hwater mollusks in the upland country between the
Escambia and the Suwannee Rivers.

It must be remembered that most of the Unionidae or freshwater
mussels are, in the larval stage, parasitic on some species of fish. The
proper host or hosts would have to be present for an introduced species
to survive. Also, parasitized fish introduced into a new stream would
be a factor in mussel dispersal. Probably wide ranging species of
mussels can parasitize several species of fish while those with a limited
range are probably limited to a single fish host. However, nothing is
known regarding host specificity of the mussels in this area.

A DEPAUPERATE FAUNA.-The absence of many genera, and a great

lack in number of species within this entire area, denotes a depau-
perate molluscan fauna. Such genera as Pleurocera, A nculosa, and
Apella in the Pleuroceridae, and Proptera, Quadrula, Tritogonia, and
Obovaria in the Unionidae, are entirely absent. These are 6nly a few
of the many genera that do not occur within this region, but which
are exceedingly common in the Coosa-Alabama river 5ystem, and in
most instances even extend into the rivers to the north.

A FAIRLY OLD FAUNA.-The rather large number of endemic forms

(27) would indicate an element of antiquity. It would appear that
regardless of the vicissitudes of the coastal plain, and even parts of
the lower upland country, the headwaters of certain of these streams,
particularly the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers have persisted for a
considerable period of geologic time, certainly since the mid-Ter-
tiary, and perhaps much longer.

EVIDENCE OF "ORANGE ISLAND.-"-There appears to be some good
evidence among the freshwater mollusks for the existence of an island
in what is now central Florida during the period of fluctuation of the
epicontinental Pliocene and Pleistocene seas. Though the differences
between many of the species of central and southern Florida and the
regions t6 the north  are not great, they exist in sufficient numbers to
warrant an explanation.

Although the central area of Florida is beyond the scope of this
paper, several species that occur in it have been dealt with because
they have a direct bearing on our problem. For a few genera we have
included all of the species which Occur in central and southern Florida.
Naturally we can set no exact limits on the maximum size of such an
island area; we can suggest, however, that it must have been large, at
least large enough to have had a freshwater drainage system with some
lakes and perhaps some fairly large creeks. Dall (1903) held the
opinion that freshwater lakes were "constantly existing since the Ocala



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 105

islands were raised above the sea." Earlier in this same work he refers
to this area as the "island of Florida."

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.-In the accompanying table, Distri-

bution of Species, only records from the Escambia, Choctawhatchee,
Apalachicola, Ochlockonee, and Suwannee Rivers have been included.
Records from the Yellow, Econfina,5 Aucilla, Fenholloway, and Stein-
hatchee, are too limited, and thejr inclusion would not aid in this
problem. We have included all of the Unionidae and all ·of the Proso-
branch gastropods, but have omitted the Sphaeridae and the Pulmo-
nate gastropods as their numbers are relatively small.

Several facts of importance are vividly portrayed in this chart.,
First, the greatest amount of endemicity occurs in the Apalachicola
river system, which points to the great antiquity and stability of at
least its upper part. Second, there are many species which do not ex-
tend to the east or south beyond the Suwannee River. This is un-
doubtedly explained by the fact that at the time of "Orange Island"
this area was inundated. Howdever, as the land came into existence
the Suwannee River was populated by elements which had existed
in the upper Withlacoochee River, its most important tkibutary. Since
that time 6nly a few species have extended their range to the south.

It is impossible at this time to explain the lack of  many gastropods
in the Ochlockonee River. A number of collecting stations were
made On this river, and many areas appeared suitable. However, very
few gastropods were found, and it seems particularly strange that no
species of such common, widespread genera as Goniobasis, Fiviparus,
and Pomacea were collected.

The occurrence of Gon:obasis dickinsoni (a new species described
later in this paper) in the upper reaches of two different river systems,
where the small tributaries nearly meet one another, probably in-
dicates mechanical distribution, or possibly general flooding of this
low-lying area.

It is interesting to note the lack of endemic species in the smaller
river systems such as the Ochlockonee and the Suwannee, rivers whose
headwaters do not extend far into the uplands. During the period of
greatest submergence most of the area drained by these rivers was
inundated. If endemic species ever did exist in these two rivers they

5There are two Econfina Rivers in Florida, One in Washington County and the
other in Taylor County. Also, there are two Withlacoochee Rivers; the southern-
most is an independent stream that' enters the Gulf of Mexico about 25 miles south
of Cedar Keys, Florida. The other Withlacoochee River has its origin in southern
Georgia, and is an important confluent' of the Suwannee River.



106 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES

5
t;

1=
SPECIES .

(Arranged geographically

W
iI.I.S

A
S
 

G
IS

IN
O

N
D

O
']H

O
O  

R
X

X
X

K
X
 

X
X

X
 

X
K

X

„(INVISI SION¥HO 
>< ><- >< 

X
X

X
X

according to their oc-

*3-1-SAS 
33N

N
Y

M
A

S  
X

X
V

IV
Z

X
X
 

X
 

X
X

X
X

X

3
 

(IN
V
 5

 1[H
.L 0

1
 S

V
S

n
iv  

0
0
0

currence in the river sys-
tenis from west to east)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
 

A
R

E
A

S
 

TO
 

T
H

E
 N

 
A

N
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pv3.LSAS V
m

w
vjsfi 

K
 

X
 

X
 

>¢ 
X
 

X
 

K
 

X
 

>¢ 
>1' 

X
 

X
 

A 
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X
 

X
 

X
 

;L 
X
 

X

5
 3

3
H

M
V

H
M

V
IO

O
[0  

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
 

X 
X
 

X
X

X
 

X
 

X
 

K
 

W
 

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X
 

X
 

X
 

X

11 
.L A

S
 

V
-IO

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.IV  

X
X

X
 

X
 

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K 

X 
X
 

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*
W

K
W

K
 

X
X

X
X

X
X

K

Lampsilis a. floridensis

Elliptio strigosus

Villosa vibex

Villosa lienosa
Anodonta imbecilis
Lampsilis claibornensis

Atiodonta hallenbecki

Glebula rotundata

Elliptio c. incrassatus

Lampsilis excurvatus

Margaritana hembeli

Uniomerus obesus X X X 0

Campeloma geniculum

Crenodonta boykiniana
Goniobagis cur*icostata

Anodontoides elli6tti

Pleurobema strodeanum

Lampsilis australis
Fusconaia succissa
Fusconaia escambia*
Corunculina paula X 0

Pomacea paludosa 0

Viviparus georgianus
Goniobasis ftoridensis 0,

Lioplax pilsbryi
Anodonta gibbosa
Lampsilis subangulata
Quincuncina burkei
Elliptio mcmichaeli*
Goniobasis clenchi



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS.OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 107

DISTRIBUTION OF SRECIES (Continued)

SPECIES

(Arranged geographically
according to their oc-

AR
EA

S 
TO

 T
HE

 N
 A

ND
 W

R
E.LSAS

 33H
O

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V
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K 

K 
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X
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X
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9
5
 

33 N
O

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w
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IN

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, 

Y. 
X
 

>1 
x
 

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(IN
V

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I 

3 
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0

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Q

currence in the river sys-
E

S
C

A
M

B
IA
 

S
Y

S
TE

M
tems from west to east)

Notogillia wetherbyi
Villosa villosa
Quincuncina infucata
Medionidus penniculatus
Pleurobema pyriforme

Elliptio sloatianus
Crenodonta neisleri
Alasmidonta triangulata
Elliptio chipolaensis

Goniobasis athearni*
Goniobasis boykiniana
Goniobasis catenoides
Goniobasis viennaensis
Goniobasis albanyensis
Goniobasis dickinsoni* X

Villosa v. amygdala
Viviparus g. wareanus
Anodonta cowperiana

Campelonia floridense
- Goniobasis vanhyningiana

X-present in the system or region indicated.

0-range extends out of the area covered in this report, either to the north and
west or to the south and east.

*A new species to be described later in this paper.



108 BULL. OF 'THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

were destroyed by the invasion of the Pleistocene seas. Such a species
could have been Elliptio pachyodon Pilsbry, described from the Plio-
cene of St. Petersburg. It is closely related to Elliptio crassidens incras-
satus Lea, a species which today does not 6ccur east of the Apalachicola
sy5tem.

The species listed in the table for "Orange Island" are by no means
all that occur. The few listed are those which, for one reason or
another, concerned us in our survey. A complete pict~re of the en-
demicity in the "Orange Island" area can be obtained only after a
monographic study of all of the species found in the Florida peninsula.

Three species which are found in the Escambia and the Apalachi.
cola river systems apparently do not occur in the Choctawhatchee river
system. With the data at hand we are unable to explain this situation.

RIVER SYSTEMS NUMBER OF SPECIES
5 10 15 20 25 30 35

ESCAMBIA *gi':~~B~%2%1m
CHOCTAWHATCHEE

APALACHICOLA ,*&,AWL -e:::::...:*MI::~: 1 -
4'*YEZ.5..9:.:·.2'..2.:.' ~ *;'2/..9 ..,1

OCHLOCKONEE TOTAL NUMBER
OF SPECIES

f=Sl SPECIES ENOEMIC
Ea IN THE AREA

1 ~ SPECIES ENDEMIC
SUWANNEE 1 IN THE SYSTEM

1
It is possible, of course, that with further collecting they will be found
in the Choctawhatchee system, though this seems unlikely as col-
lections from this region are reasonably good, the species concerned
are large and conspicuous, and elsewhere they are reasonably common.

Indicative of the great endemicity of this area is the fact that of
the forty-five species listed in the table as ranging from the Escambial
River to the Suwannee River only eleven extend to the west and north. ·
Of the remainder, twenty-seven are endemic, while seven extend from
the area southward into central Florida.

The text figure shows graphically the relative number of species
occurring in each river system, as well as the endemicity within each
area and each systern.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 109

SYSTEMATICS

The following. abbreviations have been used in the text and on the
plate captions.

ANSP-Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
MCZ-Museum of Compafative Zoology
MZUM-Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
USNM-United States National Museum
[Where a full synonymic citation is lacking, reference to the biblio-

graphy is implied. The style of the synonymies is the responsibility of
the editor, not of the authors-Ed.1

VIVIPARIDAE.

Genus Viuipants Montfort

Fiviparus Denys de Montfort (1810, Conchyliologie Systematique (Paris), 2: 247).
Type species, Fivipartis 8uviorum Montfort (= Helix viuipara Linnt), original

designation.

Shells globose to moderately attenuate with pronounced convex
whorls. Generally thin in structure, but strong. Usually colored green-
ish to dark brown or black, and occasionally with spiral bands of dark
brown.

The animal is sluggish and prefers quiet water where there is
vegetation and a soft substrate of mud or muddy sand.

Fiviparus georgianus Lea
Plate 1 Figures 1-4

Paludina georgiana Lea (1834, Tran. Amen Philos. Soc. (n.s.), 5: 116, pl. 19, fig. 85),
Hopeton, near Darien, Georgia. Lea, 1834 (1: 228, pl. 19, fig. 85).

Fivipara georgiana var. altior Pilsbry (1892, Nautilus, 5: 142), aboriginal shell heap,
Ieft bank Hitchen's Creek, near entrance of St. Johns River into Lake George,
Florida.

Fiviparus contectoides conipactus Pilsbry (1916, Nautilus, 30: 42), Dougherty,
Georgia.

Fiviparits contectoides limi Pilsbry (1918, Nautilus, 32: 71); [new name for com-
pactus Pilsbry, 1916; non Kobelt, 1906].

Fiviparus contectoides goodrichi Archer (1933, Nautilus, 47: 19, pl. 3, figs. 1-3),
tributary to the Chipola River, 5 mi. NE Marianna, Jackson Co., Florida.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell subglobose in outline and varying in size, large
specimens reaching about 44 mm. (about 1% inches) in length, im-
perforate or with a narrow slitlike umbilicus. Usually rather thin in
structure, but strong and smooth. Color-yellowish or olivaceous green



110 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

to dark brownish green, banded or uniform in color. Banded speci-
mens usually have four dark reddish-brown bands about evenly spaced.
Whorls 4 to 5, strongly convex, and generally with a slight shoulder.
Spire somewhat extended and produced at an angle of from 50' to 65'.
Aperture ovate to subcircular. Outer lip thin, parietal lip consisting of
a thickened glaze. Columella narrow and arched. Suture deeply in-
dented. Sculliture consisting Only of fine growth lines. Young sped-
mens have a few spiral threads which eventually disappear as they
grow older. Operculum corneous, thin, with concentric growth lines
and a 5ubmarginal nucleus.

LENGTH* WID'CH

mm. mm.
44 85 Holotype, F. goodrichi Archer
26 19.5 Holotype, F. georgiana Lea
26 21 Lectotype, r. compactus (-limi) Pilsbry

*All measurements in this paper are based upon single specimens, usually the largest avail-
able or others that are typical examples.

TypEs.-The holotype of F. georgianus Lea is in the United States
National Museum (106252), and is from Hopeton, near Darien,
Georgia. Paratypes are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(186792). The lectotype of F. contectoides compactus Pilsbry, here
selected, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, (27731)
from Dougherty County, Georgia. The holotype of F. contectoides
goodrichi Archer is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (92432),
from a spring-fed creek [Spring Creek, or a tributary of itl 5 miles
northeast of Marianna, Jackson County, Florida. The holotype of
F. georgiana altio, Pilsbry is in the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, and paratypes are in the Museum of Comparative Zo-
ology (78391).

REMARKS.-This is an exceedingly variable species. Though the
extremes appear to be quite different, every kind of an intergrade
exists between them. These differences appear to have no pattern,
but occur sporadically throughout the range of the species, probably
controlled by a combination of inheritance and ecology. The distri-
bution of this species is very spotty. It generally is not found in the
larger rivers, but in the sloughs that may margin them or in smaller
creeks, lakes, ponds, and springs. There may be considerable dis-
tances between colonies, and each colony is usually rather uniform as
to size, shape, and coloration of the shells. Colonies can exist where
there is a great deal of soft mud and vegetation in quiet water, but
may also occur in sandy areas where the water is quiet.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA - 111

The form named georgianus Lea is somewhat attenuate, rather
solid, bandless, and dark olivaceous gfeen in color (pl. 1, fig. 3). The
form limi Pilsbry is exceedingly close in all characters to the. typical
form, but is banded (pl. 1, fig. 4). The form good,ichi Archer is sub-
globose in shape and much larger. The type lot has both banded and
unbanded forms (pl. 1, fig. 1). The brief notes above are based on the
actual type specimens. Many other lots that we have examined are
intermediate between these several forms.

Fiviparus georgianus Lea differs from V.. g. wareanus Kuster
by being larger and generally a little less attenuate. Nevertheless even
this subspecies can be matched in size with specimens, of georgianus
from Kiokee Creek (form /imi), Terrell County, Georgia.

The form altior Pilsbry is much attenuated and probably an ex-
treme in this regard. However, many examples in Lake Monroe, Semi-
nole County, Florida, are identical with certain of the paratypes from
the kitchen-midden series, though none matches the extreme of the
attenuated specimens. We have no recent examples from Hitchen's
Creek, the site cf the midden, but these specimens may only repre-
sent rheophilous examples.

Our only examples of georgianus in the Choctawhatchee system.
came from a tributary, Holmes Creek; however, it' may well exist
in the lower reaches of this system.

RANGE.-From the Peace River in southwest Florida the species

ranges north to the Savannah River, Georgia, and west to the Choctaw-
hatchee river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

PEACE RIVER SYSTEM
F/orida: Peace River.

WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Withlacoochee River, 9 mi. N Dade City, Pasco Co.; Withlacoochee
River, near Dunnellon, Marion Co.

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Florida·. Lake Jessup ; Wekiva River , 15 mi . NW Winter Park ; Lake Monroe; a //
Seminole Co. Benson Springs; Lake Woodruff; Spring Garden Creek, near DeLeon
Springs; all Volusia Co. Silver Springs; Oklawaha .River, 2 mi. E Orange Springs;
both Marion Co . Silver Springs, Lake George ; Lake George ; both Putnam Co .

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SANTA FE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Poe Spring; Santa Fe River, 3 mi. S High

Springs; Santa Fe River, High Springs; both Alachua Co. khtucknee River below
the main spring, Columbia Co.
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Withlacoochee River, Olympia,

Lowndes Co. Flo~ida: Withlacoochee River , Blue Springs , Madison Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwann'ee River, Ellaville; Sufannee River

at mouth of Withlacoochee River; both Madison Co. Suwannee River below



110 BULL.' OF 'I'HE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

mouth of Santa Fe River, Gilchrist Co. Suwannee River, Oldtown, Dixi6 Co.
STEINHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM

Florida: Steinhatchee River, 9 mi. E Salem, Taylor Co. -
APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM

FLINT RIVER DRAIN'AGE.-Georgia: Kiokee Creek, 15 mi. SE Dawson, Terrell Co.
Creek, 6 mi. W Albany, Dougherty Co. Keels Creek. 2.3 mi. S Leary, Calhoun Co.
Spring Creek, Colquitt, Miller Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co.
Spring Creek, near Brinson; Four Mile Creek, 3 mi. SW Bainbridge; Paul Clark
Spring, 2% mi. W Recovery; Sealey's Spring, 5 mi. NW Recovery; Shackleford
Spring, 3 mi. NW Recovery; Blue Spring, 7% mi. W Recovery; all Decatur Go.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek,
8 mi. W Malone; creek, 5 mi. NE Marianna; Chipola River, 536 mi. W Greenwood;
all Jackson Co. Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry;
Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHF.E RIVER SYSTEM
Florida. Holmes Creek, 3 mi . E Bonifay , Holmes Co .

ALTAMAHA RIVER SYSIEM
AL'rAMAHA RIVER DRA~NAGE.-Georgia: Altamaha River, near Darien, Mcintosh
CO.
OCMULGEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Oscewickee Springs, 10 mi. S Abbeville,
Wilcox CO.

SAVANNAH RIVER SYSTEM
Georgia· Savannah River .

F:viparus georgianus wareanus Kaster
Plate 1 Figure 5

Paludina wartana 'Shuttleworth' Klister (1852, Conchylien-Cabinet - (2), 1, pt. 21:
21, pl. 4, figs. 10-11), Ostflorida im Ware-See.

Fiviparus wationii Tryon (1866, Amer. Jour. Conchol., 2: 108, pl. 10, fig. 2), St.
Jobns River, Florida.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium to rather small, reaching about 25 mm.
(1 inch) in length, though it is generally a little less. Shell somewhat
attenuate, with rather compact whorls, and usually banded, but oc-
casionally bandless forms occur. In all respects it appears to be ex-
ceedingly close to typical georgianus Lea.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
24 18 Lake Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee, Oceola Co., Florida
21.5 17 Canal Point, Lake Okeechobee, Palm Beach Co., Florida
21 16.5 Lake Weir, Marion Co., Florida i

TypEs.-The location of the types of F. wareanus Kuster is un-
known. According to Kuster, the specimens he described were in
the Charpentier Collection, and Sherborn (1940) states that the Char-
pentier collection went to the Vaux Museum. The original specimens



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 1 l 3

were collected by F. Rugel in "Ware-See," probably Lake Weir, Marion
Co., Florida. The holotype of F. wattonii Tryon is in the Academy
of Natural Science, Philadelphia, and is from the St. Johns River,
Florida.

REMARKS.-We are admitting wareanus as a subspecies because of

its pattern of distribution. It overlaps georgianus in its distribution as
well as in its morphological characters, but those occurring in the
upper St. Johns drainage and the Okeechobee drainage are remark-
ably uniform. In Lake George and other areas in the lower and
middle St. Johns drainage, both forms occur with much intermixing.

RANGE.-From Lake Okeechobee this  subspecies ranges north into
Lake and Marion Counties in the Oklawaha River drainage.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

LAKE OKEECHOBEE SYSTEM
Florida. Lake Okeechobee ,at Canal Point and Pahokee , Palm Beach Co . Fellsmere ,
Indian River Co. Lake Hutchineha; Lake Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee; both Oceola
CO.

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM -
OKLAWAHA RiVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Lake Dora, Tavares; Lake Harris; Lake

Eustis, Tavares; Lake Griffin, Leesburg; a// Lake Co. Oklawaha River; Lake Weir;
both Marion Co.

Genus Campeloma Rafinesque

Compeloma Rafinesque (1819, lournal de Physique de Chimie d'Histoire Naturelle
(Paris), 88: 423).

Type species, C. crissula Rafinesque, monotypic.

Shell rather large, occasionally reaching 61.5 mm. (nearly 242
inches) in length, subglobose to subovate, imperforate and usually
rather solid. Color light green to dark olivaceous green. Whorls
smooth, usually rounded or slightly shouldered. Aperture oval with
a simple lip. Columella and parietal wall generally thickened. Oper-
culum with a submarginal nucleus (parietal margin) and concentric
growth lines.

There are few genera among our North American freshwater niol-
lusks that remain in a more confused state than Campe/oma. lt is
widespread from the Mississippi river system east to the Atlantic States
and is usually abundant where it occurs. M6rphologically the shell
shows but minor. differences between the species, and the legion of
names employed has so confused the issue that no attempt has been
made to monograph the genus since that of Binney in '1865. Time
does not permit a revision for this report. The soft anatomy may well



114 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MWSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

provide important clues to relationships; and with a basis of anatomi-
cal details, the nomenclatorial tangle probably will not be impossible
to unravel.

So far as we understand this c6mplex, only a single species, C. geni-
culum Conrad, occurs in this area, and it is found in most streams from
the Escambia River to the Suwannee. Another species, Campeloma
#oridense Call, occurs in east-central Florida in Volusia, Marion, and
Orange Counties. This species appears closely related to C. geniculum
Conrad, differing mainly by having the interior of the aperture colored
a dark brown, having the spire less attenuate, and being somewhat
lighter in structure. A few specimen5, however, are white within the
aperture. We have been unable to trace any species of Campetoma
along the east coast, south of the Altamaha River in Georgia until the
genus reappears in the upper reaches of the St. Johns River, Florida.

Campelofha geniculum Conrad
Plate 1 Figures 7-8

Patudina geniculum Conrad (1834: 48, pl. 8, fig. 8), Flint River, Georgia.
Campeloma ruium geniculiforme Pilsbry (1916, Nautilus, 30: 42), Dooly Co., Georgia.

DESCRIPTION-Shell somewhat extended, reaching 44 mm. (about
1 % inches) in length, imperforate, solid, and smooth. Olivaceous green
in color with occasional and somewhat irregular axial streaks of green-
ish black. Interior of aperture a pale bluish white. Whorls 5% to 6,
strongly convex, and with a slight shoulder. Spire extended and pro-
duced at an angle of about 50°. Aperture Subovate. Outer lip thin;
parietal lip consisting of a thickened glaze. Columella narrow and
arched. Suture rather deeply indented. Sculpture almost absent. Under
a 14X lens, there appear to be numerous, irregular and fine, spiral, in-
cised lines. Operculum corneous, having concentric growth lines and
a submarginal (parietal margin) nucleus.

LENGTH* WIDTH

mm. mm.
43 35.5 Flint River, Bainbridge, Decatur Co., Georgia
33 24 Suwannee River, Oldtown, Dixie C6., Florida
27.5 17.5 Chipola River, Scotts FBrry, Calhoun Co., Florida

*Tip of spire corroded away on all specimens.

TypEs.-The holotype of Campetoma geniculum Conrad is in the
Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (29199). The type locality,
Flint River, Georgia, is here restricted to the Flint River, Albany,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 115

Georgia, as it 'was vety probably hiere that Conrad obtained his speci-
mens. The holotype of Campeloma rufum genicutiforme Pilsbry is in
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (122782), from Dooly
County, Georgia.

REMARKS.-This is a widespread and abundant species in the Flint
river Bystem. At one time it was probably just as abundant in the
Chattahoochee, but as mentioned in the introduction, silting has
probably killed it out. It appeared rather common in the kitchen mid-
dens along the lower Chattahoochee.

Campeloma geniculum Conrad is characterized by having rather
strongly shouldered whorls. The shell is dark olivaceous green in
color, and it is smooth or has faint growth lines. It lives generally
along stream margins,  preferring a sand-silt substratum and is most
abundant at the base of plant roots. It moves freely and is one of the
first mollusks to seek the margin 6f a stream following a rise in
water level.

RANGE.-The range extends from the Suwannee River west to the
Escambia River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM ' '
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Withlacoochee River, Olympia,
Lowndes Co. Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Springs, Madison Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, near mouth of With-
Iacoochee River; Suwannee Co. Suwannee River, Ellaville, Madison Co. Suwannee
River, Oldtown, Dixie Co. Santa Fe River, 3 mi. S High Springs, Alachua Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
Georgia: Attapulgus Creek, 2 mi. NW Amsterdam, Decatur Co. Ochlockonee
River, between Reno and Beachton, Grady Co. Florida: OchIockonee River,
near Jackson's Bluff; Ochlockonee River, 1 I mi. NW Tallahassee; Ochlockonee
River, about 8 mi. W Tallahassee; Lake Talquin, Ochlockonee River (southeast
shore); all Leon Co. Little River, 3~5 mi. E Quinty, Gadsden Co. Ochlockonde
River, 7&6.mi. E Hosford, Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RNER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Creek, 6 mi. NW Vienna; North Fork, Penna-
hatchee Creek, 4 mi. N Vienna; both Dooly Co. Flint River, mouth of Gum
Creek; Gum Creek, 2 mi. N Cordele; Cordele Springs, Cordele; Cedar Creek,
6 mi. SW Cordele; Swift  Creek, 12 mi. SW Cordele; Flint River, 2 mi. W War-
wick; all Crisp Co. Jones Creek, 2 mi. S Oakfield; Abrams Creek, 5 mi. S Oak-
field; Abrams Creek, 8 mi. W Doles; spring, 3 mi. W Doles;, Mill Creek, 8 mi.
S Oakfield..all Worth Co. Lees Creek, 5 mi. S DeSoto; Muckalee Creek, 4 mi. NE
Leesburg; creek, 7 mi. NW Albany; all Lee Co. Cooleewahee Creek, Newton, Baker
Co. East,Fork, Chickasawhatchee Creek, 5 mi. SW Dawson, Terrell Co. Ichaway-
nochaway Creek, 6 mi. N Morgan, Calhoun Co. Flint River, Aibany, Dougherty -
Co. Flint River, Bainbridge; Flint River, Recovery; Spring Creek, Brinson; Paul
Clark Spring, 2% mi. W Recovery; Shackleford Spring, 3 mi. NE Recovery;



116 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Seatey's Spring, 5 mi. NW Recovery; Blue Spring, 7&5'.mi. W Recovery; all De-
catur Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville; Spr-ing Creek, 246 mi. S Reynoldsville; both
Seminole Co,
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER 'DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, West Point,

Troup Co. Ossahatchee Creek, 3 mi. S Waverly Hall; Mu [berry Creek, Mitchell
Bridge, 3 mi. S Mountain Hill ; both Harris Co. Alabama : Chattahoochee River ,
Phenix City, Russell Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee;

Mosquito Creek, K. mi. E Chattahoochee; Mosquito Creek, River Junction; au
Gadsden Co. Stream 5 .2 mi. N Blountstown ; stream 3 ini . N Blountstown ; both
Calhoun Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Reedy Creek, 6
mi. W Malone; Chipola River, 516 mi. W Greenwood; creek, 5 mi. NE Marianna;
Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; Spring Creek, 3 mi. SE Marianna; Chipola
River, 3 mi. S Marianna; creek 4.4 mi. NNW Sink Creek; Chipola River, 1 mi.
W Sink Creek; all Jackson Co. Chipola River, 2'h mi. SE Chason; Chipola River,
2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River,
Chipola Park; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama : Pea River , Geneva ; Choctawhatchee River , 2- mi . E Geneva ; both
Geneva Co. Florida: Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads; Holmes
Creek, 3 mi. E Bonifay; Hurricane Creek, 5 mi. E Miller Cross Roa-cis; Holmes
Creek, about 1 mi. W Graceville; all Holmes Co. Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi.
W Caryville, Washington Co. Creek, S Pine Log Creek, Pine Log State Forest,
Bay Co. Creek, 3 mi. E Bruce, Walson Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYS-rEM
Florida: Yellow River, Milli*an, Okaloosa Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama: Little Fatsaliga Creek; Patsaliga Creek, 1 mi. W Luverne; both Cren-
shaw Co.

Campeloma Bofidense Call
Plate 1 Figure 9

Campeloma floridense Call ( 1886 , Bull . Washburn College Lab ., 1 : 159 , pl . 6 , fig.
7), Florida; [in synonymy of C. linium Anthony].

Campeloma Boridense Call . Pilsbry ( 1916, Nautilus , 30: 42)

DESCRIPTION.-Shell somewhat extended, reaching 35 mm. (1 3/8
inches) in length, imperforate, rather solid and smooth. Color a uni-
form dark olivaceous green; within the aperture adult specimens us-
ually colored a dark brownish red. Whorls 5 to 6, strongly con-
;ex, and with a slight shoulder. Spire moderately extended and pro-
duced at an angie of  500 to 65°. Aperture subcircular. Outer lip thin;
parietal lip consisting of a thin glaze. Columella narrow and arched.
Suture rather deeply .indented. Sculpture consisting of microscopical
spiral threads which are crossed with equally fine axial growth lines.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 117

Operculum corneus with concentric growth lines and a submarginal
(parietal margin) nucleus.

LENGTH* WIDTH

mm. mm.

30 22 Moccasin Branch, St, Johns Co., Fjorida
33.5 21.5 Jordans Ferry, Oklawaha River, 2 mi. E Orange Springs,

Marion Co., Florida
285 20 Lect6type

*All specimena measured. ivere corroded at the spire with the loss of 2 to 4 mm.

TypEs.-The lectotype„here selected, is in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology (189592), and is from the Wekiva River, Orange
County, Florida. Paratypes are from the same 16cality.

REMARKs.-We are in full agreement with Pilsbry (loc. cit.) that
the name Boridense Call should stand. It first appeared as given above
in the synonymy of C. limum Anthony, but Call's de5eription was
based mainly upon specimens from the upper St. Johns River, and
these afe quite distinct from limum Anthony, a species from South
Carolina.

This species differs from genitulum by being somewhat smalfer,
lighter in structure, and in having the dark reddish-brown ·coloration
within the aperture. In addition, the microscopic sculpture appears
to be a little stronger.

This is a remarkable species as it occupies a small area in central
Florida in the upper St. Johns river system. It is completely isolated
from the only other species of Campeloma in Florida, C. geniculum,
which does  not occur, so far as we can detect, south Of the Suwannee
River.

RANGE.-The upper St. J6hns river system, Florida.
SPECIMENS EXAMINEb.-

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Moccasin Branch, St. Johns Co. Wekiva River, Orange Co. Jordans
Ferry, Oklawaha River, 2 mi. E Orange Springs, Marion Co.' Blue Springs,
Volusia Co.

Genus Lioplax Troschel

Lioplax Troschel ( 1857 , Das Gebiss def Schnecken , 1 : 100 , pl . 7 , fig. 5). Clench and
Turner (1955: i-20).

Type species, Paludina (Lioplax) subcarinata Say, monotypic.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell ovate, usually turreted, impefforate or only



118 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

minutely perforatt, and carinate at least on the earlier whorls. Color
generally a light to dark olivaceous green. Microscopic sculpture of
the shell consists of fine spiral threads. Operculum with the nucleus
subctntral and with the lines of growth in a paucispiral arrange-
ment in the early stage, then having concentric growth lines develop
during the later stages.

Lioplax pilsbryi Walker
Plate 1 Figure 10

Lioplax pilsbryi Walker (1905, Nautilus, 18: 133, pl. 9, figs. 1-3), Chipola River,
Florida. Clench and Turner (1955. 16, pl. 3, figs. 1-6).

Lioplax pilsbgi choctawhatchensis Vanatta (1935, Nautilus, 49: 66), Horseshoe Lake,
Choctawhatchee River, Washington Co., Florida.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell reaches about 28 mm. in length, is rather solid _
in structure, the spire somewhat extended. Shell i5 imperforate and
usually carinated, particularly on the early whorls. Color light
olivaceous green to blackish green with the interior of the aperture
bluish green. Whorls 7, and usually moderately to strongly convex,
with a well pronounced shoulder. Spire somewhat extended and
produced at an angle of about 50'. Aperture-subcircular to ovate with
the outer lip thin, the inner lip coihposed of a thickened callus. The
outer lip in profile is strongly sigmoid. Generally imperforate. Suture
deeply impressed. Sculpture consisting of a well developed carina,
usually high up on the whorl forming the shoulder. On the body
whorl the carina becomes well rounded. Microscopic sculpture con-
sists of fine spiral and somewhat beaded threads which are crossed by
somewhat irregular, sigrnoid growth lines. Operculum with a sub-
central nucleus. Periostracum rather heavy and colored olivaceous
green to almost black.

LENGTH WIDTH WHORLS

mm: mm. mm.
27.2 18 5 (apex corroded) Lectotype
28 20 5 (apex corroded) Paratype
27.5 19 5 (apex corroded) Paratype

Typa.-The lectotype of Lioptax pilsbryi Walker is in the Mu-
seum of Zoology, University of Michigan; paratypes are in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology. The type locality is the Chipola River, 2
miles east of Clarksville, Calhoun County, Florida. The holotype of
L. p. chottawhatchensis Vanatta is in the Academy of Natural Sciences,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 119

Philadelphia (162240), and is from Horseshoe Lake, Choctawhatchee
River, Washington County, Florida.

REMARKS.-This is the most distinctive member of the genus Lio-
plax. It is dark in color and has developed a broad and flattened whorl
shoulder. It is completely imperforate, and the sculpture generally is
far more pronounced on the body whorl than that existing in any other
species.

Libplax pilsb.,yi Walker reaches its greatest development in the
Chipola River. It was exceedingly abundant at most stations we investi-
gated in this river. It appears to thrive best where there is a good
admixture of sand, mud, and decaying vegetation. Individuals of
this species were rare and rather small at the.stations where we found
them in the Choctawhatchee.and Ochlockonee Rivers. Here they were
living in rather coarse sand with very little plant detritus.

It is possible that this species may occur in the Aucilla, Econfina
(Taylor County), Fenholloway, and Steinhatchee Rivers iii Florida.

RANGE.-This species ranges from the Choctawhatchee River east
to the Suwannee River, Florida. In the Apalachicola system it extends
north as far a5 Columbus, Georgia, on the Chattahoochee River, and
to the mouth of Gum Creek, Crisp County, Georgia, on the. Flint
River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Suwannee River, Fannin Spring, Gilchrist Co. Suwannee River, Oldtown,
Dixie Co. Suwannee River, Ellaville; Suwannee River at mouth of Withlacoochee
River; both Madison Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: 0chlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee, Leon Co. Ochlockonee River,
79 mi. E Hosford, Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, mouth of Gum Creek, Crisp Co.
Spring Creek near Brinson, De'catur Co. Spring Creek, 2YS mi. S Reynoldsville;
Spring Creek, Reynoldsville; both Seminole Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, Columbus,
Muscogee  Co. Alabama: Uchee Creek, Russell Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River,
1 mi. N Marianna; Chipola River; 3 mi. S Marianna; Chipola River, 1 mi. W
Sink Creek; all Jackson Co. Chipola River, 292 mi. SE Chason; Chipola River,
about 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River,
Chipola Park; all Calhoun Co.

ECONFINA RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Econfina River,6 Bay Co.

6This is not the Econfina River, Taylor County, Florida.



120 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

CHOCTAWHATCHEE SYSTEM
PEA RIVER DRAINA(,E.-Alabama: Pea River, 1~ mi. SE Geneva, Geneva Co.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W.

Miller Cross Roads; Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville; both Holmes Co.
Horseshoe Lake, Choctawhatchee River, Washington Co.

PILIDAE

Genus fomacea Perfy

Poniacea Perry (1810, Arcana, pl. 12, with description in-Signature 65).
Type,species, Poinacea maculata Perry, monotypic.

Shells usually large, globose, generally thin but strong, colored yel-
lowish green to dark olivaceous green, and frequently banded. Oper-
culum corneous.

This genus is widely distributed in South and Central America,
and in the West Indies it occurs in Cuba, Jamaica, and certain of the
Lesser Antilles. In the southeastern states there is but a single species,
and this is restricted to Florida and extreme southern Georgia.

Pomocea paludosa' Say
Plate 1 Figure 6

A mpullaria depressa Say (1824 (in Keating, W. H.), A narrative of an expedition
to the source of the St. Peters River, Appendix 2, p. 264), small creek tributary
to St . Johns River and Lake George , Florida . Non A . depressa Lamarck , 1804 or
Risso, 1826.

Ampullaria paludosa Say (1829, New Harmony Disseminator, p. 260); [new name
for .A. depTessa Say, 1824; non Lamarck , 1804].

Ampullaria hopetonensis Lea (1834, Trans. Amer., Phil68. Soc., 5. 115, pl. 19, fig. 84),
Hopeton, near Darien, Georgia. Lea, 1834 (1 : 227, pl. 19, fig. 84).

Anzpullaria penesma 'Say' DeKay (1843, Zoology of New York, 5: 124).
Ampullaria disseniinata 'Say' DeKay (1843, Zoology of New York, 5: 124).
Anipullaria penesima 'Say' Binney (1865, Smithsohian Miscellaneous Collections,

143, pt. 3: 5) [error for penes,na 'Say' DeKay].
Ampullaria pinei Dall (1898, Nautilus, 12: 75), Homosassa River, Florida.
Pomacea paludom #ava 'Pilsbry' M. Smith (1937, East Coast marine shells (Ann

Arbor, Michigan), p. 147), central Everglades and near Miami, Florida.
Po,nacea paludosa lutea Farfante (1942, Meniorias de la Sociedad Cubana de His-

toria Natliral, 16: 51) [nomen nudum].

7,4 mpldlaria rolundata Say (1829, New Harmony Disseminator, p. 245), St. Johns
River; Florida. The species received by Say from Captain LeConte, although de-
scribed as coming ffom the upper St. Johns River, is apparently one of the several
species that LeConte had obtained from Calcutta, India. See Clench (1955, Nautilus,
68: 107).



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 121

DESCRIPTION.-Shell globose, rather large, reaching about 65 mm.
(2 &6 inches) in length, thin in structure and perforate. Color i dark
olivaceous green to straw yellow, and generally having about 10 to 15
narrow spiral bands of reddish brown. These bands are generally
separate, though occasionally groups of bands may become fused.
Occasi6nal specimens are found that are semialbinistic with the
green and reddish bands absent, the color remaining being a light
%traw yellow. Whorls 5, and strongly globose. Spire depressed, only
slightly elevated above the body whorl. Aperture large, subdvate.
Outer lip thin, inner lip consist5 of a thin glaze on the parietal wall.
Columella thin and slightly arched. Umbilicus narrow and partially
covered by the columella reflection. Suture slightly indented. The
shell is generally smooth, but occasional examples show faint mallea-
tions and fine axial growth lines. Operculum corneus, thin, with con-
centric growth lines around a  submarginal nucleus. '

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
64 61 Wakulla Springs; Florida
62 57.5 Silver Springs, Ocala, Florida
43 41:5 Fellsmere, Florida

TypEs.-Types of Ampullaria depressa Say are in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; the lectotype, here 5elected, is number
50580. The type locality is the upper St. Johns River and Lake George,
Florida. Paratypes of Ampullaria hopetonensis Lea from Hopeton
near Darien, Georgia, are in the Museum of Comparat'ive Zoology
(151580).

REMARKS.-This species shows a rather wide range of  variation in
the size, color, and thickness of the shell. However, any one popu-
lation appears to be quite uniform. It is widely distributed throughout
all of central and southern Florida in rivers, lakes, ponds, and eyen
roadside ditches. In the northern part of the state it is rather rare,
and here it is limited generally t6 the large springs and spring-fed
creeks. Early records indica te that it existed in southeastern Georgia
at least as far north as the lower Altamaha River, but we have seen
no specimens collected recently from anywhere in this river system.
Our only Georgia record in this survey is from Sealey's Spfing on the
lower reaches of Spring Creek, Seminole County.

As stated above, the distribution of this species in northern Florida
and southern Georgia is restricted to the large springs and spring-fed
creeks. This is probably due to the fact that these springs remain



122 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

warmer during the winter months than do the streams carrying sur-
face run-off.

Their pinkish-white, calcareous eggs are laid in clusters above
the water line on vegetation, boats, logs, or other surfaces.

A small, reddish-brown race of patudosa from the vicinity of Miami,
Florida. has been named miamiensis Pilsbry. However, it appears to
be little more than a local population. Paratypes are' in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology from the Miami River, Miami, Florida. The
form Nava 'Pilsbry' Smith is only a partial albino which is a uniform
pale yellow in color. Individual examples occur sporadically through-.
out the range of the species.

RANGE.-Southern Georgia, Florida, and Cuba.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SANTA FE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Ichtucknee River, 5 mi. NW Fort White,
Columbia Co. Santa Fe River, 3 mi. N High Springs; Poe Spring, Santa Fe River.
3 mi. S High Springs; both Alachua Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, Fannin Springl, Gilchrist

CO.
ECONFINA RIVER SYSTEM

Fl6rida. Econfina River , 18 mi . W Perry, Taylor Co.
ST. MARKS RIVER SYSTEM

WAKULEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Wakulla Springs, Wakulla; St. Marks Game

Refuge, St. Marks; both Wakulla Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM

FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Sealey's Spring, 7% mi. SW Reynoldsville,

Seminole Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE:-Florida: Spring Creek, 3 mi. E Marianna; Chipola

River, 1 mi. N Marianna; both Jackson Co. Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville;
Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; all Cal-
houn Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
HOLMES CREEK DRAINAGE.-Florida: Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W GraceVille, Jackson CO.

BULIMWAE

Genus Somatogyrus Gill

Somatogyrus Gill ( 1863, Proc. Acad . Nat . Sci . Phila ., p . 34).
Type species, Amnicola depressa Tryon, original designation.

Shells small, reaching about'8 mm. Usually rather thick .and solid,
imperforate, or ver.y narrowly umbilicate and smooth. Body Whorl large
and infiated. Spire usually short; the apical whorls sometimes spirally
punctate. Aperture oblique; the lip sharp. Operculum corneous,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 123

paucispiral, and with an eccentric nucleus. Proboscis broad and fiat.
Tentacles short and flattened. Verge broad, compressed, and bifid.

Somatogyrus substriatus Walker
Plate 1 Figure 12

Somatogyrus subitriatus Walker (1906, Nautilus, 19: 97, pl. 5, fig. 1), Tennessee
River at Florence, Alabama,

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small, reaching 5 mm. (about 3/16 inch) in
length, globose, smooth, imperforate or nearly so, and rather, solid.
Color a rather light greenish yellow. Aperture large, oblique, and
subcircular. Lip simple and often somewhat thickened. Columella
arched and thickened. Umbilicus occasionally present as an exceed-
ingly narrow slit. Suture slightly. indented. Sculpture consists of a
series of fine oblique, striated lines Which are probably Only fine and '
regular growth lines. Operculum corneus, thin, transparent, multi-
spiral, and with an eccentric nucleus.

LENGTH WIDTH

mrn. mm.
5 4.5 Tombigbee River, Columbus, Lowndes Co., Mississippi
4 3.5 Choctawhatchee River, 9 mi. S 0zark, Dale Co., Alabama

TypEs.-Holotype, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
IWalker Collection] 'from the Tennessee River, Florence, Alabama.
Paratype, Museum Comparative Zoology (68458) from the same 10-
cality.

REMARKS.-Only two lots of this species are known from the area
covered by this report, and these' are the first reported outside of the.
Alabama-Tennessee river systems. This species is probably more wide-
spread, but its small size has made it difficult to locate.

RANGE.-Riverb of Alabama.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
CHANAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-3 labama: Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell, Rusiell
CO.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama: Choctawhatchee River, 9 mi. S Ozark, Dale Co.

Genus Notogillia Pilsbry

Notogillia Pilsbry' (1953: 439).
Type species, Hydrobia wetherbyi Dall, original designation.



124 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Shell small, reaching about 8.5 mm. in length, subglabbse, and
smooth. Whorls 435 to 5 and strongly globose. Suture impressed.
Aperture large; subovate, with the outer lip ;thickened. Operculum
corneous, paucispiral.

No.togillia wetherb:yi Dall
Plate 7 Figure 6

Anim-cola nuttatiana 'Lea' Frauenfeld (1863, Verhandlungeo der Kaisertich-K6ni-
glichen zoologisch-botanischeh Gesellschaft iii Wien, 13: 1029), Silver Springs.
Fort King, [ near Ocala ], Florida - Noii . A. nuttaliana .Lea:

Hydrobia (?) wetherb>,i Dall (1885, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 8 (17):258, pl. 17, fig. 10),
Lake Eustis, Florida.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small, not exceeding 9 mm. (about 3/8 inch)
in length, subglobose, rather solid, imperforate, and smooth. Color
a dull straw yellow to a dark olivaceous brown, and within the aper-
ture it is colored a bluish purple. Whorls 4 42 and strongly convex.
Spire slightly extended, being about the length of the aperture, and
produced at an angle of about 70', Aperture subovate to subcifcular
and holostomatous. Both outer and inner lips thickened. Suture well
impressed. Sculpture consists of exceedingly fine axial growth lines

-with only the faintest traces of a spiral sculpture.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
8.5 5.5 Chipola River, Scotts Ferry, Calhoun Co., Florida
6 4.5 Leesburg, Lake Co., Florida

TypEs.-The holotype of Hydrobia wetherbyi Dall is in the United
States National Museum (32123) and is from Lake Eustis, Florida.
Wetherby is the collEctor.

REMARKS.-Notogillia wetherbyi is a species that apparently is
limited to the clear water of springs, creeks which are largely spring-
fed, or lakes. Its distribution is apparently spotty, though perhaps
it has been overlooked owing to its small size.

Range.-From the upper reaches of the St. Johns River, north
and west to the Chipola River, Florida.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
ST. JOHNS R[vER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Lake George, Maribn CO. Lake Ap6pka;
Leesburg; Lake Eustis; Silver Springs near Ocala; all Lake Co. Lake Jessup, Seini
nole Co.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS 0F ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 125

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM,
SUWANNEE· RIVER DRAINXGE.-Florida:  Fandin Spring, Gilchrist Co.

\PALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RivER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Blue Spring, Flint'River, 71/6 mi. W Recovery,
Decatur C6. Staley's' Spring, 714 mi, SW Reynoldsville, ,Seminole Co,
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE:-Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Spring Creek,
3,mi. E Marianna; Cbipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; Chipala River, 3 mi. S Mari-
anna; Chipola River, I mi, W Sink Creek; ali Jackson Co. Chipola River, 2
mi. E Clarksville; thipola Rivef, Scotts Ferfy; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola
Park; all' Calhoun Co.

Genus Pomatiopsis Tryon

Romatidpsis T.r~on (1862, Pfoc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., p. 452).
Type species, Amnicola lapidaria 'Say; monotypic.

Shell small, feaching about 8 mm. in length, attetiuate, rather
thin, smooth; and umbilicate. Aperture slightly expanded with a
simple lip. Operculum corneus and paucispiral. Foot not· as long as
the shell. Proboscis large and longer than the· tentacles. Verge large,
simple) convoluted, with the outer margin.rounded and smooth, and
the inner margin  sharp and wrinkled.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say
Plate 1 'Figure 11

Cyclostoma tapidaria Say (1'817', Jour. Acad.· Nat, Sci,, Phila., 1. .13), no locality.
- Poinatiopis lapidaria Say. Abbott (1948, Rroc..U. S. Nat: Mus:, 98, (3222): 57-68, pls.

3,4).

DESCRIPTfcpN.-Shell small, reaching about 8 mm. (about.%4 inch)
in lengthi attenuate, umbilicate,/and smooth. Color dark olivaceous
brown to yellowish brown. Whdrls 7 and strongly convex. Spire
greatly extended and produced at an angle of about 22'. Aperture
subcircular and usually holostomatbus. Lip simple, thin or only
slightly thickened. Coiumella arched. Umbilicus small, but fairly ~
deep. Sculpture consists of fine axial growth lines. Operculum thin,
transparent, paucispiral, and with an excentric nucleus.

LENGTH WIDTH,

mm. mm.
7 3.8 Grand Rapids, Kent Co., Michigan
6.2 4.5 Torre¥a Park, 10.mi. S Chattahoochee, Liberty Co.,

F16rida
6.5 3.5 Niagara Falls,  Niagara Co., New York



126 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

TYPES.-Say's types 6f P. lapidaria have apparently been lost. He
gave no type locality, but as specimens are known to occur along the
Delaware River, this can be taken to be the type locality.

REMARKS.-These are the first known records for this species from

the state of Florida. It is widely distributed from southern Ontario
west to Minnesota and south into Alabama and Florida. It also occurs
in the east, from New York south to Virginia. It has a spotty distri-
bution and is perhaps quite colonial in habit. It lives in damp to
wet situati6n5, u5ually in the flood plains of streams, under stones,
wobd, and other debris.

RANGE.-See Remarks above.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
APALACHIc6LA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: West bank, Apalachicola River. Chat-

tahoochee, JacksOn Co. Torreya Park, 16 mi. S Chattahoochee, Liberty Co:

PLEUROCERIDAE

This family contains more names and probably more species· than
any other family among the freshwater mollusks· Of North _America.
The greatest numbers of species occur in the vast Ohio river system
and in the Alabama-Coosa river system., Rivers of ''the Ailaiitic waier-
shed, and rivers of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida draining into the
Gulf of Mexico east of the Alabama-Coosa River have but few species.
The main issuehas been an attempt to, allocate the large number of
names to the various species odcurring within the area covered by this
report. As mentioned elsewhere, much Of the older material lacked
data entirely or possessed faulty data, andthe synonyms presented.are
to be accepted with this fact in mind.

In general, where the variou5 species occur, specimens may be
found in considerable numbers, and sometimes they occur in in-
credible numbers. Though most species are bottom feeders, a few
will be found on water plants, feeding on algae ahd dead yegetable
matter.

Of several generain this family, only the genus Goniobasis occurs
in southeastern Alabama, and in· Florida ahd Georgia southeast of the
Alabama-Coosa drainage.

Genus Goniobasts Lea,

Goniobasis Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 262).
Type species, Goniobasis osculata Lea, subsequent designat-ion, Hanibel, 1912.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 127

Shells small to moderate in size, attenuate, and imperforate. They
may be smooth or have sculpture consisting of axial costae, spiral
threads, or nodules; many species are carinate. Aperture subrhom-
boidal with a simple outer lip, the base subangular, and not canalicu-
late. Columella smooth and not twisted. Operculum corneous and
paucispiral.

The genus is widely distributed from the Mississippi Valley east-
ward to western New England, and from Florida north to the Great
Lakes. A small number of species occur from northern California north
to Washingt6n.

Gonidbasts #oridensis Reeve
Plate 2 Figures 7,9

Melania #oridensis Reeve (1860, Conchologia Iconica, 12: Mela,nia, pl. 45, no. 334),
Florida.

Melania etowahensis 'Lea' Reeve (1861, Conchologia Iconica, 12: Melania, pl. 55, no.
426), Ge6rgia. Non M. etowahensis Lea, 1862.

Melania papittosa 'Anthony' Reeve (1861, Conchologia Iconica, 12:Melania, pl. 59,
no. 467), Florida.

Goniobasis canbyi Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 271), Lake Monroe,
Florida, collected by W. Canby; Etowah and Tennessee Rivers», Georgia, dol-
lected by J. Postell.

Goniobasis couperii Lea  (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 271), Etowah River,
[Georgia], received from Couper and collected by J. Postell.

Goniobasis downieana Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 272), Etowah River, ,
[Georgia], collected by J. Postell.

Goniobasis eljosa M. Smith ( 1938, Nautilus, 51 : 91 ), fossil of the Tertiary of Belle
Glade, Florida.

Goniobasis posti 'Pilsbry and Johnson' Goodrich (1942: 3) Inomen .nudum]
(:oniobasis catenaria cancellata 'Say'  Goodrich (1942: 3). Non Melania cancellata Say,

1829.8

DESCRIPTION.-Shell elongate, reaching 27 mm. (about 1 ineh) in
length, imperforate, rather thin in structure, and heavily sculptured.
Color generally a dark chocolate brown to almost black. Whorls 9
to 10 and slightly convex. Early two to four whorls are Usually cor-
roded away. Spire extended, conical, and produced at an angle of
about 20'. Aperture subquadrate in outline. Parietal lip consists of a
thin callus. Outer lip thin, and when viewed in profile appears as a
flattened sigmoid curye. Columella straight to sliglitly arched and
rather narrow. Suture moderately indented. Sculpture consists of

BMelania cancellata Say [ = Melanoides tuberculata Multer], Clench (1955,
Nautilus, 68: 107), a species from Asia.



128 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL.SCIENCES

strong, and usually straight to slightly arcuate, costae which are in-
clined to be somewhat more numerous on the early whorls. These
are crossed by four or five spiral threads, and .these become strongly
nodulose where the two intersect. The peripheral cord or thread is
generally much the largest, the nodules are correspondingly large.
On the body whorl below the peripheral thread there are five or six
spiral threads without any nodules.

LENGTH* WIDTH

mm. mm.
24 8.5 Chipola River, Scotts Ferry, Calhoun Co., Florida
23.5 11.5 Chipola River, 2 mi. £ Clarksville, Calhoun Co., Florida
25 10 Spring Creek, 3 mi. E Marianna, Jackson Co., Florida

*Tip of spire cOrroded in all specimens.

TYPES.-The holotype of Melania floridensis Reeve is probably in
the British Museum . Cotypes of etowahensis Reeve and papillosa
Reeve are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The.types of Gonio-
basis canbyi, couperti, and downieana, all of Lea, are in the United
States National Museum. On Anthony's original labels of papillosa
the 16eality is given as Enterprise, Florida, and we here select the We-
kiva River, Enterprise, Florida, as the type locality.

REMARKS.-The name Goniobasts catenaria has been used in error
for years for this widespread Floridian species. Although members
of the same complex, they are remotely related and are very different
species. Say's catenaria came originally from Eutaw Springs, St. Johns,
Berkeley County, South Car6lina, a locality now obliterated by the
impoundment of the waters of the Santee River creating Lake Marion.
The senior author had the pleasure 9f visiting this spring several
years ago with William Mazyck, and of collecting a fine series of this
species befofe the area Was inundated.

Goniobasis Foridensis Reeve appears to be directly related to
G. boykiniana Lea of the Chattahoochee river system. Young specimens
of this latter form are very similar to G. #oridensis, though the adults
of G. boykiniana differ in being much larger, proportionately wider,
and in having the sculpture far more pronounced. See remarks under
G. vanhyningiana also.

This is an exceedingly variable species; hardly two populations
are exactly alike, and the extremes are quite different. However, the
differences are largely the degree of strength or weakness of any of
the several sculptural characters. For example, the peripheral spiral
cord may be strongly developed with large tubercles, while in another



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 129

series this cord may not be pronounced at all. Superficially this makes
the shells .look quite dissimilar, while in fact, this difference is only
one of degree. Individuals in any one population are usually uniform,
a fact which emphasizes the apparent differences between populations.

Goniobasis Boridensis lives under a variety of conditions though it
appears to prefer the large freshwater springs and spring-fed streams
and rivers. However, it is equally at home in still Water, such as in
the pond formed by the dam on Spring Creek near Marianna, Florida.
It occurs also in swift water~ below the dam. Bottom conditions
such as mud, rock, or weeds seem equally favorable.

We were unable to find this' species at any of the six stations that
we made on the Ochlockonee River, nor have we seen any specimens
that had been collected in this river system.

We possess, two lots of this species taken from Holmes Creek, one
of the tributaries 'of the Choctawhatchee River, and these are
the only records Chat we have seen west of the Apalachicola river
s¥stem. This is another anomaly regarding distribution between
Holmes. Creek and some of the upper tributarigs of the Chipola River.
Also see remarks under G. dickinsoni, a new species described later
in this paper.

RANGE.-From the upper reaches of the St. Johns River and the
Hillsborough River in central Florida, north and west to the Apalachi-
cola *iver and the upper reaches Of HOlmes Creek (see Remarks). So
far as we can determine this species does not occur in the Ochlockoliee
river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Florida. Beecher Run , 3 mi . S Welaka , Putnam Co . St .. Johns River, near
DeLand; Orange City; both Volusia Co: Silver Creek and Juniper Creek, Lake
George; Silver Springs, 5 ini. E Ocala; a/l Marion Co. Alexander Spring; Lake
Harris; both Lake Co. Wekiva River, Sanford, Seminole Co.

HILLSBOROUGH RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Sulphur Springs, Tampa, Hillsborough Co.

WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Lake .Panasoffkee, Withlacodchee River; Sumterville; both Sumter Co.
Rainbow Springs, Juliette, Marion Co.

WACCASASSA RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Waccasassa River, 24 mi . NE Cedar Keys .

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida ·. Withlacoothee River , 10 mi . E Madison ; Suwannee River ,. Ellaville ; both
Madison Co: Suwannee River, Oldtown, Dixie Co. Ichtucknee River, 5 mi. N
Fort White, Columbia Co. Ichtucknee River, Hildreth. Suwannee Co. Poe Spring,
Santa Fe River, 3 mi. S High Springs, Alachua Co.



130 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

WAKULLA RIVER SYSTEM
Florida. Wakulla Spring, Wakulla . Co .

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Spring Creek, Brinson, Decatur Co. Spring
Creek, Reynoldsville; Spring Creek, 2% mi. S Reynoldsville; both Seminole Co.
Sealeyfs Spring, 5 mi.  NW Recovery; Shackleford Spring, 8 mi. N Recovery; Blue
Spring, 71/5 mi. W Recovery; Paul Clark Spring; 2% mi. W Recovery; all Decatur
CO.
CHIPOLA RIVER DEAINAGE.-Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Reedy Creek,
6 mi. W Malone; Blue Spring Lake, 5 mi. ENE Ma-Tianna; tributary of Chipola
River, 3 mi. NE Marianna; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; Spring Creek Pond,
3 Mi S Marianna; Chipola Riger, 3 mi S Marianna; Th6mas Mill P6nd, 8 mi. S
Marianna; creek 21,4 mi. NW Sink Creek; Chipola Rivdr, 1 mi. W Sink Creek;
Chipola River, 5% mi. W Greenwood; all Jackson Co. Chipola River, 2M. mi. SE
Chason; Chipda River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Dead
Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; aN Calhoun Co.

(,HOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
HOLMES CREEK DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Holmes Creek, near Fadette, Geneva Co.

Florida: Holmes Creek, Vernon, Washington Co.

Goniobasis vanhyningiana Goodrich
Plate 3 F.igure 7

Goniobasis vanhyningiant Goodrich (1921, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., no.
91: 2, pl. 1, figs. 2-3), creek below Seminole Springs, Lake Co., Florida.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell elongate, reaching 15 mm. (about 36 inch)
in length, imperfdrate, rather thin in structure, and moderately
sculptured. Color generally a dark blackish brown, with some speci-
mens showing axial streaks of red brown when viewed from within the
aperture. Whorls 9 or 10 and slightly convex. Spire extended, conical,
and produced at an angle of about 20°. Early 4 to 5 whorls usually
corroded away. Aperture subquadrate in outline. Parietal lip con-
sists of a thin callus. Outer lip thin, and when viewed in profile it
appears as a flattened sigmoid curve. Columella slightly arched and
rather narrow. Suture moderately indented. Sculpture c6nsists of
weak to moderately strong, arcuate costae, which are more numerous
on the early whorls. In many adult specimens the body whorl is
almost entirely smooth. In very young specimens there is a well de-
veloped carina which is generally beaded, but disappears entirely in
the adult shell. Spiral sculpture absent.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
16 7 Alexander Spring Creek, near Summit, Lake Co., Florida
14 5.5 Creek below Seminole Spring, Lake Co., Florida
13 4.7 Holotype



FRESHWATER MOI.LUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 13I

TYPEs-Holotype, in the Museqm of Zoology, University of Michi-
gan. Paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (93755). The
type locality is a creek below Seminole, Lake County, Florida; T. Van
Hyning is the collector.

REMARKS.-This species is close in its relationship to Goniobasis
Boridensis Reeve. It differs by being much smaller and in lacking both
the beading and spiral sculpture, at least in the adult stage. Young
specimens of vanhyningiana are difficult to distinguish from typical
#oridensis, but they are not so highly sculptured and lack the spiral
cords below the periphery of the whorl. This species is restricted to
a small area in Orange and Lake Counties in east central Florida.

It appears to be .a good species; we have seen no specimens that
could be called intergrades. Goniobasis Boridensis Reeve occurs in
the same general drainage system, but we have no records of the two
Species occurring in the same locality.

RANGE.-Restricted to the springs and small streams in the upper
St. Johns River drainage of Orange and Lake Counties, Florida.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: R6ck Spring Creek, Orange Co. Alexander Spring Creek, near Summit;
Seminole Run; creek below Seminole, Seminole Springs; all Lake Co.

Goniobasis athearni, ·new species
Plate 2 Figure 6

DESCRIPTION.-Shell subelongate, reaching about 16 mm. (94 inch)
in length, rather thin in structure, and heavily sculptured. Color
generally a dark chocolate brown to almost black. Whorls 9 to 10
and slightly convex. Spire somewhat extended, conical, and produced
at an angle of about 25°. Early whorls usually corroded away. Aper-
ture subovate in outline. Parietal lip consists of a thin callus. Outer lip .
thin, and when viewed in profile is nearly straight. Columella straight
to slightly arched and rather narrow. Suture moderately indented.
Sculpture consists of numerous spiral threads which are strongly nodu-
lose above the periphery. Below the periphery the nodules are much
smaller, weaker, or may be entirely lacking. The beads on the threads
are usually in axial alignment. Axial costae exceedingly weak and
usually completely absent. The peripheral thread is .generally the
largest.



]32 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. Inm.
14.5 9 Holotype
12.5 6 Chipola River, 1 mi. W Sink Creek, Jackson Co., Florida
16 9 Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville, Calhoun Co., Florida

TypEs.-Holotype, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(1901 02), from the Chipola River, 2% miles southeast of Chason,
Calhoun County, Florida. Paratypes from the same locality are in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology and the University of Florida Col-
lections. Additional paratypes are from the Chipola River, 3 miles
south of Marianna.

REMARKS.- oniobasis athearni is ~xceedingly close in its relativn-

ship to G. //oridensis Reeve. The sculpture is similar, but differs in
athearni by having only nodules and not the axial costae. 'In addition,
the shell of G. #oridensis is more attenuate, has straighter sides, and
the aperture is smaller in proportion to the length of the shell.

It seems rather remarkable that these two closely related species
should exist in the same streams and at the same stati6ns.

RANGE.-Goniobasts athearni is limited to the central part of the
Chipola river system. Only one station was made outside of the
Chipola proper, this being a small creek, 2 34 miles northwest of.Sink
Creek in Jacksoh Cciunty.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; Chipola

River, Mariann-a; Chipola River, 3 mi. S Marianna; Chipola River, 1 mi. W Sink
Creek; creek 255 mi. NW Sink Creek; all Jackson Co. Chipola River, 246 mi
SE Chason ; Chipola River , 2 mi . E Clarksville ; both Calhoun Co .

Goniobasis boykiniana Lea
Plate 5 Figures 5-6

Melania boykiniana-Lea (1840, Proc. Ainer. Philos. Soc., 1: 289), Chattahoochec
River, Columbus, Georgia. Lea (1842, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (n.s.), 8. 228,
pl. 6, fig. 59). Lea, 1863 (3: 66, pl. 6, fig. 59)

Goniobasis hallenbeckii Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 271), Randall's
Creek, near Columbus, Georgia. Lea (1862,.Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 5: S39,
pl. 38, fig. 203). Lea, 1863 (9: 161, pl. 38, fig. 203)

DESCRIPTION.-Shell elongate, reaching about 35 mm. (1 3/8 inches)

in length, imperforate, rather thin in structure, and heavily sculptured.
Color a yellowish brown to dark brown. When viewed from within
the aperture there are 1 to 5 spiral bands.of dark red brown which



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 133

are best seen by transmitted light. Whorls probably 9 to 10 and
slightly convex. Early two to four whorls are usually corroded away.
Spire extended, conical, and produced at an angle of about· 25: Aper-
ture subovate in outline. Parietal lip consists of a thickened callus.
Outer lip thin, and when viewed in pr6file appear5 as a fiattened
sigmoid curve. Columella straight to slightly arched and rather
narrow. Suture moderately indented. Sculpture consists of 9 to 10
spiral threads which are crossed by rather strong axial costae above
the periphery. Rather strong nodules are produced where the costae
cross the spiral threads. Be16w the periphery the spiral threads are
somewhat irregular, but not nodulose. The peripheral carina is most
prenounced, giving the Whorl an angulation at this point.

LENGTH* WIDTH

mm. mm.
31.5 13.5 Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia
30 15 Ditto
28 11.5 Ditto -
27.5 13 Ditto

*Tip of spire corroded in all spfeimens.

TypEs.-The holotype of Gon:obasts boykiniana Lea is in the
United States National Museum and is from the Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. The holotype of G. hallenbeckii Lea is also in
the United States National Museum and is from Randall's Creek near
Columbus, Georgia.

REMARKS.-So far as we now know, this species is nearly extinct, All
the early records were from the Chattahoochee River and Randall's
Cfeek in the vicinity of Columbus, Georgia. The latest date that we
can assign to this material is 1855. Sometime after that date, over-
farming and the consequent silting of this river apparently destroyed
most of its mollusk fauna. Herbert Athearn collected a few specimens
of this species in 1955, near West Point, Troup County, Georgia.

This is one of the largest species of Goniobasis, and. it is possibly
the progenitor of the abundant and more widely distributed G.
Boridensts Reeve. It differs from this species by being much larger
and hav,ing the nodules more developed, and in being yellowish brown
rather than nearly black.

RANGE.-Known only .from the Chattahoochee River, Georgia.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, West Point,



134 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Troup Co. Chattahoochee River, Columbus ; Randall ' s Creek, Columbus ; both
Muscogee Co.

Goniobasis catenoides Lea
Plate 3 Figure 8

Melania catenania Lea (1840, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1: 289), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Non catenaria Say, 1822.

Melania catenoides Lea (1842, Trans. Amen Philos. Soc. (n.s.), 8: 228, pl. 6, fig. 60),
Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1863 (3: 66, pl. 6, fig. 60); [,new
narne for catenaria Lea; non Say].

Melania modesta Lea (1845, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 4: 166). Lea (1858, Trans.
Amen Philos. Soc., 10: 86, pl. 9, fig. 34), Chattahoochee River, Columbus,
Georgia.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell elongate, reaching probably 25 mm. (1 inch)
in length, imperforate, rather heavy in structure, and moderately
sculptured. Color generally a dark yellow brown and rarely with three
to fiye red-brown bands of color. Whorls probably 9 to 10 and moder-
ately convex. Early two to four whorls usually corroded away.  Spire
extended and produced at an angle of about 27'. Aperture ovate in
outline. Parietal lip consists of a thin callus. Outer lip thin, and
when viewed in profile it appears as a nearly straight line. Columella
slightly arched and narrow. Suture moderately indented. Sculpture
consists of 11 to 12 spiral threads which are generally beaded, particu-
larly above the periphery. The peripheral thread is usually the largest,
which creates a carina particularly noticeable on the early -whorls.
Axial costae absent or only slightly developed. Rarely the shell is
smooth or nearly so.

LENGTH* WIDTH

mm. mm.
23 11 Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia
22 11 Ditto
20 11.5 Ditto
15 7 Holotype of G. modesta Lea

*All specimens heavily corroded, with a loss of perhaps 2 to 1 mm.

TypEs.-The holotypes of Goniobasis catenaria Lea (G. catenoides
Lea) and G. modesta Lea are in the United States National Museum,
both are from the Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia.

REMARKS.-This species, so far as we know now, is extinct. The
small series that we have was collected at Columbus, Georgia, by Mr.
Gesner in 1855. Though only known from Columbus, this species
probably had a fairly wide distribution in the Chattahoochee River



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FL0RIDA 135

and apparently was exterminated by river silt.
Goniobasis catenoides appears to be closest in relationship to G.

albanyensis. but differs by having far less sculpture, by being larger,
and by having beaded spiral threads. In albanyensis the beads on
the later whorls become lengthened.

Goniobasts modesta Lea appears to be  just a young specimen of
G. catenoides which is not sculptured.

RANGE AND REcoRbs.-Known only from the Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia.

Goniobasis viennaensis Lea
Plate 5 Figures 7-8

Goniobasis viennaensis Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 267), near Vienna,
Dooly Co., Georgia, in a small stream [ Pennahatchee Creek] tributary to the
Flint River. Lea, 1862 (9: 137, pl. 37, fig. 160).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell elongate, reaching about 25 mm. (about 1 inch)
in length, imperforate, rather thin in structure, and usually strongly
sculptured. Color a straw yellow to dark yellowish brown and fre-
quently banded with dark reddish brown. Whorls 9 to 10 and slightly
convex. Early two to four whorls usually corroded away. Spire
extended, conical, and produced at an angle of about 20'. Aperture
subquadrate in outline. Parietal lip consists of a thin callus. Outer
lip thin, and when viewed in profile appears as a nearly straight line.
Columella nearly straight. Suture moderately indented. Sculpture
consists of numerous, arcuate, axial costae, which are faintly nodulose
at the whorl periphery. Occasional specimens have a subsutural row
of faint nodules, while in others there may be a third row. Base of
the shell usually smooth, but in some specimens there may be a series
of fine spiral threads. Rare examples may be entirely smooth.

LENGTH* WIDTH

mm. mm.
21.5 16.3 North Fork, Pennahatchee Creek, 4 mi. N Vienna, Dooly

Co., Georgia
21 9.5 Swift Creek, 12 mi. SW Cordele, Crisp Co., Georgia
19.5 9.5 Mill Creek,.8 mi. S Oakfield, Worth Co., Georgia

*Early whorls corroded away.

Ty,pEs.-The holotype of Goniobasis viennaensis Lea is in the
United States National Museum and is from P.ennahatchee Creek near
Vienna, Dooly County, Georgia. -



l 86 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

REMARKS.-This species is close in its relationship to G. curvi-
costata Reeve . It differs in being wider in proportion to its length ,
being nodulose, and in having the outer lip when viewed in profile,
seen as a straight line and not as a sigmoid curve.

RANGE.-This species is restricted to the smaller streams in the
central Flint River area. It does not occur in the Flint River proper.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINACE.-GeOrgia: Cedar Creek, 5 mi. SW Cordele,  Swift Creek,
12 mi. SW Cordele; both Crisp Co. North Fork, Pennahatchee Creek, 4 mi. NW
Vienna, Dooly Co. Lee's Creek, 5 mi. S DeSoto, Lee Co. Abrams Creek, 5 mi. S
Oakfield; Jones Creek, 2 mi. S Oakfield; Mill Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield; alt Worth
CO.

Goniobasis curvicostata Reeve
Plate 2 Figures 4-5

Melania curvicostata Reeve ( 1861 , Conchologia 1conica , 12 : Melania, plate 58 , no .
462), Florida, United States.

Melania densicostata Reeve (1861, Conchologia Iconica,- 12: Melania, plate ,58,
no. 465), Florida, United States.

Goniobasis doo/yensis Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat: Sci., Phila., 1.4: 266), Tennessee
[and] near Vienna, Dooly Co., Georgia. Lea (1863, Jour, Acad, Nat, Sci.,
Phila. (n.s.), 5: 315, pl. 37,.fig. 159). Lea, 1863 (9: 137, pl. 37, fig. 159)

Goniobasis inclinans Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 14: 267), New Albany
[Albany], Georgia; Etowah, Georgia, and Tuscumbia, Alabama. Lea (1863, Jour.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (n.s.), 5: 318, pl. 37, fig. 165). Lea, 1.863 (9: 140, pl: 37,
fig. 165).

Melania induta Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 14: 267), near Vienna,
Dooly Co., Georgia. Lea (1863, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (n.s.), 5: 319, pl.
37, fig. 166): Lea, 1863 (9: 141)

Goniobasis ucheensis Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila., p. 270), Little Uchee
River, below Columbus, Georgia [Russell Co.. Alabama]. Lea (1863, Jour.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (n.s.), 5: 334, pl. 38, fig. 194). Lea, 1863 (9: 156, pl. 38,
fig. 194)

Gbniobasis elliotti Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 271), Fannin County,
Georgia; Uchee and Little Uchee Rivers, Alabama. Lea (1863, Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila. (n.s.), 5: 338, pl. 38, fig. 201). Lea, 1863 (9: 160, pl. 38, fig. 201)

Goniobasis gesneri Lea (1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 151), Uchee River,
[Russell County], Alabama.

DESCRIPTION. -Shell elongate, reaching about 31.7 mm. (about 1 %
inches) in length, imperforate, rather thin in structure, and strongly
sculptured. Color a light yellow to dark yellowish brown, uniform in
celor, or with three to four narrow bands of dark mahogany brown.

- There is generally a subsutural light area. Whorls 9 to 10 and nearly



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 137

fiat sided. Spire extended, conical, and produced at an angle of ab6ut
2.7°. Early two to four whorls are generally corroded away. Aperture
subquadrate in outline. Parietal lip consists of' a thin callus. Outer lip
thin, and when seen in profile it appears as a flattened sigmoid curve.
Columella straight to sligbtly arched and rather narrow. Suture
moderat6ly indented. Axial sculpture consists of numerous, strong,
arcuate costae, which are formed on. the upper half of the whorl.
Spiral sculpture consists of one or two fine threads, which may be
slightly beaded where the threads and costae cross one another. There
is usually a fairly strong peripheral carina. In addition, there are
fine axial growth lines which are also arcuate. In some colonies the
axial costae are greatly reduced, and in a few rare instances the shells
are neafly smooth.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
31.7 1 1.5 Pigeon ,Creek, 4 mi. N Pigeon Creek Post Office, Butler

Co., Alabama
23.0 9.2 Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone, Jackson Co., Florida
22.8 9.0 Ditto
20.5 8.0 Flint ,River, Albany, Dougherty Co., Georgia
19.0 7.0 Ditto

TypEs.-The types of G. curvicostata Reeve and densicostata Reeve
are probably in the British Museum, but originally contained in the
Cuming Collection. The types of G . doolyensis, gesneri, elliottii, and
ucheensis, all of Lea, are in the United States National Museum.

REMARKS.-This is one of the most common and widespread species
in the area covered by this report. It is a rather variable species, a
fact which is reflected in the large number of synonyms given above.
It appears to be closely related to both G. viennaensis Lea and
G. albanyensis Lea. The most characteristic features of typical speci-
mens of this species are the slightly arcuate costae and the lack of
nodules. See. also remarks under albanyensts and viennaensis. In the
Escambia River forms occur which are brightly banded with dark
reddish brown, while specimens from other stations have bands which
are relatively inconspicuous or they may be absent.

This species may be found in the larger rivers as well as many of
the smaller creeks.

RANGE.-From the Flint River of the Apalachicola system, the
species occurs west to the Escambia River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-



138 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: North Fork Pennahatchee Creek, 4 mi. NW
Vienna; spring, 8 mi. NW Vienna; both Dooly Co. Swift Creek, 12 mi. SW Cordele;
Gum Creek, 2 mi. N Cordele; Cedar Creek, 6 mi. SW Cordele; Cordele Springs,
Cordele; all Crisp Co. Lee's Creek, 5 mi. S DeSoto, Lee Co. West Fork ,Chicka-
sawhatchee Creek, Dawson; West Fork Chickasawhatchee Creek, 5 mi. E Dawson;
both Terrell. Co. Abrams Creek, 5 mi. S Oakfield; Abrams Creek, 3 mi. W Doles;
Mill Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield; Jones Creek, 2 mi. S Oakfield; spring, 3 mi. W Doles;
all Worth Co. Creek, 7 mi. NW Albany; Flint River, Albany; Radium Spring,
4 mi. SE Albany; all Dougherty Co. Spring Creek, Colquett, Mifter Co. Spring
Cteek, near Brinson, Decatur Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Mosquito Creek, 2 mi. SW Recovery,
Decatur Co. Florida. Mosquito Creek , 1/6 , mi . E Chattahoochee ; Mosquito Creek,
1 mi. S Chattahoochee; both Gadsden Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE:-Georgia: Mulberry Creek, Mitchell Bridge, 3

mi. S Mountain Hill, Harris Co. Sandy Creek, 5 mi. N Fort Gaines, Clay Co.
Sawhatchee Creek. 14 mi. NW Donalsonville; Sawhatchee Creek, 10 mi. NW
Donalsonville; Kirkland Creek, 6 mi. NW Donalsonville; a/l Seminole Co.

Alabama: Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell, Russell Co. Howard Creek, 1 mi. S Gordon,

Houston Co.
CHIPOLA RIv ER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Big Creek near Taylor, Houston Co.

Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W. Malone; stream, 1 k
mi. N Campbelltown; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; Chipola River, M mi.

- E Marianna; Spring Creek, Merritts Mill, 3 mi. E Marianna; Chipola River, 3

mi. S Marianna; creek, 2.4 mi. NNW Sink Creek; Chipola River, 1 mi. W Sink

Creek; Th6mas Mill Pond, 8 mi. S Marianna; Chipola River, 51,6 mi. W Green-

wood; all Jackson Co. stream, 5.2 mi. N Blountstown; Chipola River, 2% ini. SE

Chason; Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola

Park; a// Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RivER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: East Fork, Choctawhatchee Rivef,

8 mi. W Abbeville, Henry Co. West Fork, Choctawhatchee River, 7 mi. E Ozark;

Choctawhatchee River, Newton ; both Dale Co . Choctawhatchee River, 2 mi .

E Geneva, Geneva Co. Florida: Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller Cross

Roads; Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville; Hurricane Creek, 5 mi. E

Miller Cross Roads; Holmes Creek, 3 mi. E Bonifay; all Holmes Co.
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Pea River, E mi. SW Geneva, Geneva Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
YELLOW RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Yellow River, Milligan, 0kaloosa Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Escambia

CO.
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Pigeon Creek, 4 mi..N Pigeon Creek Post ~

, Office, Butler Co. Little Patsaliga Creek, 1 mi. W Rutledge, Crenshaw Co. Battle
Creek, 2 mi. NW Brooklyn; Blue Springs Creek; Burnt Corn Creek, 1 mi. W
Repton;,all Conecuh Co. Burnt Corn Creek, 3 mi. - W Appleton; Burnt Corn
Creek, Brewton; both Escambia Co. Branch of the Conecuh River, 8 mi. WSW
Andalusia, Covington Co.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 139

Goniobasts albanyensis Lea
Plate 3 Figure 6

Goniobasis albany€nsis Lea (1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 4), near Albany
and Blue Spring, Baker [Dougherty] Co., Georgia. Lea (1864 Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Phila., 6: 141, pl. 23, fig. 49). Lea, 1867 (11: 97, pl. 23, fig. 49)

DESCRIPTION.-Shell imperforate, medium in size, reaching 19 mm.
in length, and'rather light in structure. Color a duil yellowish brown
with spiral cords of blackish brown. Whorls 6 to 7, the early whorls
usually corroded. The whorls are slightly convex. Spire acute, ex-
tended, and nearly flat sided. Aperture subovate with the outer lip
thin; the inner lip appears as a thin glaze. Siphonal canal barely in-
dicated. Columella short and arched. Suture only slightly indented.
Sculpture consists of 10 to 13 spiral cords more or less evenly disposed
over the whorls. Axial costae well developed on the early whorls, some-
times lacking on the body whorl.

LENGTH WIDTH WHORLS

mm. min. mm.
19.5 9 6% Spring Creek, Reynoldsville, Georgia
18.2 8.4 6+ Ditto
15.8 8 6 Ditto

TypEs.-The holotype of G. albanyensis Lea is in the United States
National Museum and is from near Albany, Dougherty County,
Georgia.

REMARKS.-This species differs from G. curuicostata Lea by having
a somewhat larger shell and in having the axial costae usually quite
nodulose. I t occasionally invades spring-fed creells, but is usually
confined to the larger rivers. It is abundant in the upper Flint River,
particularly in the vicinity of Albany.

RANGE.-Formerly this species probably occupied all of the Apa-
lachicola system. At the present time it is limited to the Flint River
drainage and tributaries of the Chattahoochee River. Silting has
probably killed it out of the main stream. We found it in the
Apalachicola River, only on the Flint River side, just below the
town of Chattahoochee, Florida.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, mouth of Gum Creek, Crisp Co.
Flint River, 2 mi. N Albany; Flint River, Albany; Radium Spring, Flint River,



140 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

4 mi. SE Albany; Flint River, 10 mi. S Albany; all Dougherty Co. Flint River,
Newton , Baker Co. Flint River, Bainbridge ; Flint River, Recovery ; both Decatur
Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville; Spring Creek, 2% mi. S Reynoldsville; both
Seminole Co.
CHAITAHOOCHEE RIVER, DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flat Shoal Creek, 5 mi. SE West

Point; Mulberry Creek, 3 mi. S Mountain Hill; both Harris Co. Alabama: Uchee
Creek , 6 mi . NE Seale ; Uchee Creek , Fort Mitchell ; both Russell Co. Howard
Creek, 1 mi. S Gordon, Houston CO.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee.

Gadsden Co.

Goniobasis clenchi Goodrich
Plate 3 Figures 4-5

Goniobasis clenchi Goodrich (1924, Nautilus, 38: 46, figs. 1-4), Choctawhatchee River.
Newton, Dale Co., Alabama.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell elongate, reaching about 30 mm. (about 1 &6
inches) in length, imperforate, rather thin in structure, and strongly
sculptured. Colof varies from a chestnut brown to a dark chocolate
brown. Whorls 9 to 10 and nearly flat sided. Spire extended, conical,
and produced at an angle of about 25°. Early two to three whorls
are generally corfoded away. Aperture subquadrate in outline. Parie-
tal lip consists of a thin callus. Outef lip thin, and it appears as a
flattened sigmoid curve when viewed in profile. Columella straight
to slightly afched and rather thin. Suture somewhat indented. Sculp-
ture consists of 9 to 12 spiral cords, those above the periphery are
nodulose, those below the periphery are without nodules. Axial
sculpture consists of numerous and rather low arcuate costae or riblets,
and the nodules on the cords are usually produced at the junction
of the cords and the costae. In addition, there are numerous and
usually fine arcuate growth lines. Operculum subcircular and pau-
cispiral. Periostracum thin, persistent. and chestnut to dark chocolate
brown in color.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
29 12 Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville, Washington

Co., Florida
24 8 Holotype
24 9.5 Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads,

Holmes Co., Florida
23 10 Flat Creek, 8 mi. SW Samson, Geneva Co., Alabama

TypEs.-The holotype of G. clenchi is in the Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan. Paratypes are in the University of Michigan,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 141

and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (51282). The type locality
is Choctawhatchee River, Newton, Dale County, Alabama.

REMARKS.-This is a distinctive species apparently related to Cumi-
costata Lea. It differs, however, in the development of its spiral sculp-
ture and in the production of numerous nodules.

RANGE.-Apparently limited to the Choctawhatchee river system.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama:  West Fork, Choctawhatchee River, 7 mi. E 0zark; Choctawhatchee
River, Newton; east branch Choctawbatchee River; all Dale Co. Flat Creek,
8 mi. SW Samson; Choctawhatchee River, 2 mi. E Geneva; Rea River, 1,4 mi.
SW Geneva; all Geneva Co. Florida: Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller
Cross Roads, Holmes Co. Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville, Wa5hington
CO.

Goniobasis dickinsoni new species
Plate 2 Figure 10

DESCRiPTION.-Shell elongate, reaching about 26 mm. (about 1
inch) in length, imperforate, rather thin in structure, and slightly
sculptured. Color a rather dark yellowish brown. Whorls 9 to 10 and
flat sided. Spire extended, conical, and produced at an angle of about
20°. Early two to four whorls are generally corroded away. Aper-
ture subquadrate in outline. Parietal lip consists of a thin callus.
Outer lip thin, and when viewed in profile appears as a fiattened sig-
moid curve. Columella straight to slightly arched and rather narrow.
Suture moderately indented. Sculpture consists of weak to strong ar-
cuate axial costae, which are most .numerous on the early whorls.
Spiral cords absent, or limited to three or four on the base of the shell.
Axial growth lines strong and arcuate. There is generally a strongly
developed peripheral carina.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
26 11 Holotype
26.5 10.0 Paratype
23.0 10.0 Hurricane Creek, 5 mi. E ,Miller Cross Roads, Holmes

Co., Florida
24.5 9.5 Big Creek near Taylor, Houston Co., Alabama

TypEs.-The holotype is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(191771), and is from Holmes Creek, 1 mile west of Graceville, Florida.
Paratypes from the same locality are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology (191 772), the University  .of Florida Collections, the United



142 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

States National Museum, and the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan.

REMARKS.-This is a distinctive species, apparently not closely
related to any other species in this area. It appears, however, to be
closest to G. curvicostata Reeve from which it differs by having
straight-sided whorls, possessing a well-formed peripheral carina, and
being nearly devoid of sculpture.

Its distribution is exceedingly interesting as it occupies limited
but adjacent areas in two different drainage systems, these being the
headwaters of the Chipola River and the opper reaches of Hames
and Hurricane Creeks, the latter two streams being in the Chocta-
whatchee system. Stream capture or transport by mechanical means
may be the explanation. It is to be remembered that thi5 is a region
of low relief with only a few feet in elevation actually separating these
two systems.

RANGE.-Upper tributaries of the Chipola River in Florida and
Alabama, and the tributaries of the Choctawhatchee immediately to
the west.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACH ICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINACE.-Alabama: Reedy Creek, near Ashford; Big Creek, near
Taylor ; both Houston Co. Florida·. Stream , 1 %: mi . N Campbellton , Jackson Co .

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
HOLMES CREEK DRAINAGE.-Florida: Hurricane Creek, 5 mi. E Miller Cross Roads;
Holmes Creek , 3 mi. E Bonifay ; both Holmes Co . Holmes Creek , about 1 mi . W
Graceville, Jackson Co.

ORDER PULMONATA

The fbllowing few species of the order Pulmonata are not to be
taken as an index of completeness. There are probably many more
species than we have considered, but we failed to find them on the
two trips-1953 and 1954-in the lower reaches of these rivers. How-
ever, this'is not good country for tdis 'order of snails. Fresh-
water pulmonates thrive best in areas of lakes, ponds, and small
streams, not in large rivers or creeks subject to high water and heavy
silting. Ffeshwater pillmonates are rare and difficult to find in all of
the' region from the Ohio River south to the Suwannee. Below the
Suwannee, in the lake region- of Florida, they increase greatly in both
species and numbers.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 143

PHYSIDAE

Genus Physa Draparnaud

Phyo Draparnaud (1801, Tableau des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la
F.rance (Paris), p. 31, 52).

Type species , Physa fontinalis Linnt

Shells small to medium in size, sinistral, attenuate, usually shining,
brown to light amber in color, and iniperforate. Aperture elongate and
possesses a simple lip which may be slightly thickened a little below
the edge. Radula has a few denticles on the central tooth; the lateral
teeth are denticulate and with an apophysis.

Physa pumilia Conrad
Plate 4 Figure 8

Physa pumitia Conrad (1834, Amer. Jour. Sci., 25: 343), Randon's Creek. ticar
Claiborne, Alabama.

Physa s]16walterii ilda ( 1864 Proc . Acad. Nat . Sci ., Phila ., p . 115), Uniontown , Ala -
bama. Lea, 1867 (11:~ 126, pl. 24, fig. 92)

DESCRIPTION.-Shell sinistral, medium in size, reaching 16 mm.
(about % inch) in length, thin, elliptical in outline, smooth and shin-
ing. Color brownish yellow to brown. Nuclear whorls reddish brown.
Whorls 5 ~ to 6, somewhat inflated, and strongly convex. Spire ex-
tended and acute. Aperture elliptical and somewhat flaring at the
base. Outer lip thin. Inner lip consists of a thin glaze on the
parietal wall. Columella slightly twisted and broadening above. Su-
ture slightly impressed. Sculpture consists of fine growth lines and
equally fine spiral threads, which together give a reticulated pattern
when seen under magnification of 15-2OX.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
13.5 7.5 Alaga Hole, 8 mi. W Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia
11 5.5 Pond, 7~ mi. SW Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia

TypEs.-The location of Conrad's type of P. pumilia is unknown.
The type locality is Randon's Creek, near Claiborne, Alabama. The
holotype of P. showalterii Lea is in the United States National
Museum.

REMARKS.-This species is found in quiet water of springs, ponds,



144 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

and the backwater areas of larger streams. See also remarks under
P. crocata Lea.

RANGE.-From the lower Mississippi River this species ranges east
to Georgia and south to the southern part of Florida.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER D-RAINAGE.-Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Spring,
10 mi. E Madison, Madison Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE:-Florida: Suwannee River, White Springl, Columbia
Co. Suwannee River, E]laville, Madison Co. Santa Fe River, Poe Spfiftgs, Alachua
Co. Ichtucknee River, 5 mi. NW Fort White, Suwannee Co.

ECONFINA RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Econfina River , 18 mi . W Perry , Taylor Co .

WAKULLA RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Wakulla Spring, Wakulla River, Wakulla Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
Georgia: Ochlockonee River, between Reno and Beachton, Grady Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia.: Cordele Springs, Cordele, , Crisp €o. East
Fork, Chickasawhatchee Riv'er, 5 mi. E Dawson, Terrell Co. Flint River, 2 mi.
N Albany; Radium Spring, 4 mi. SE Albany; both Dougherty Co. Cypress Creek.
Baker Co. Alaga Hole, 8 mi. W Recovery; pond, 716 mi.,SW Recovery; Pau I
Clarke Spring, 245 mi. W Recovery; dll Decatur Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville,
Seminole,Co.
CHATTAHOOCHKE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Opelika, Lee Co. Big Uchee Creek,
6 mi. NE Scale, Russell Co. Irving Mill Creek, 10 mi. S Gordon, Houston Co.
Florida: Cypress swale, 1 mi. N Sneads, Jackson Co.
APALACH[COLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Blountstown, Cal-
h6un Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
PEA RIVER DRAINACE.-Alabama: Pea River, Elamville, Barbour Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIvER DRAINA~E.-Alabama: Evergreen, Conecuh Co.

Physa crocata Lea
Plate 4 Figure .9

Physa crocata Lea (1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 114), Lafayette, Walker Co.,
Georgia. Lea, 1867 (I 1: 125, pl. 24, fig. 90).

Physa oleacea Tryon ( 1866 , Amer . Jour . Conchology , 2 : 6) [ in part ], Bridgeport ,
Alabama; and Lake Superior.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell sinistral, medium in size, reaching 12 mm.
(about 42 inch) in length, imperforate, elliptical, and shining. Color
usufilly straw yellow to light horn. Whorls 41/6 to 5, rather inflated,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 145

and rounded. Nuclear' whorls reddish brown. Spire. slightly obtu5e,
not produced. First whorl above the aperture bulges slightly beyond
the otherwise straight contour of the spire.  Aperture rounded, elon-
gate, slightly Hared at the base. Palatal lip acute and marginate.
Parietal lip present only as a slight deposit on the body whorl. Colu-
melia usually straight, sometimes slightly inclined to the left, somer
times slightly. twisted. Suture slightly jmpressed, not indented. Sculp-
ture consists of fine growth lines; cross striae absent. Axial rest bands
yellowish externally, dark brownish red internally, and sometimes
quite thickened.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
12.8 7.8 Silver Creek, Rome, Floyd C6., Georgia
10.3 7 Fish hatchery, Warm Springs, Meriwether Co., Georgia
9:8 5.6 Lafayette, Walker Co., Georgia (Paratype).

TypEs.-The holotype of P. c,-ocata Lea is in the United States
National Museum (134813) and is from Lafayette, Walker County,
Georgia . The holotype of P. oleacea Tryon is in the Academy of
Natufal Sciences, Philadelphia.

, REMARKS.-According to F. C . Baker ( 1910 : 492 ), Tryon' s P. oleacea
from the Lake Superior region are young Physa gyrina Say, whereas
his specimens from Bridgeport, Alabama are unquestionably Physa
crocata Lea. Physa crocata Lea is readily differentiated from P. pumilia
Conrad by being more globose, and generally in having a somewhat
heavier shell which is lighter in color and has a more pronounced whorl
shoulder.

RANGE.-Upper  reaches of the Cha ttahoochee and Flint Rivers and
throughout most of the Coosa-Alabama and Tennessee river systems.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Fish hatchery, Warm Springs, Meriwether Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, West Point,
Troup Co. Chattahoochee River, Franklin, Heard Co.

LYMNAEIDAE

Genus Psendosticcinea Baker

Pieudosuccinea Baker (1908, Science (n.s.), 27. 943)
Type species, Lymnaea columella Say, original designation.



146 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Shells small to medium in size, usually thin, smooth, and imper-
forate. Generally the spire is short, and the body whorl is large and
expanded. The columella is slightly tWiSted.

Pseudosuccinea columella Say
Plate 4 Figure 10

Lymnaea columella Say (1817, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1: 14), no locality given
[probably near Philadelphia]

Pseudosuccinea columella Say. Baker (1911, Chicago Acad. Sci., Spec. Publ., 3. 163,
pl. 23, figs. 8-20; pl. 24, figs. 1-4).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell fragile, small, reaching 23 mm. (about 1 inch)

in length, thin in structure, nearly smooth, and imperforate. Color
straw yellow to brownish yellow, Spire short. Aperture ovate and
large. Outer lip thin. Parietal wall thinly glazed. Columella narrow,
arched, and slightly twisted. Suture impressed. Sculpture, as seen
under magnification of 10-14X consists of numerous but fine spiral
threads crossed by fine axial growth lines.

LENGTH WIDTH

mm. mm.
Il.5 8.5 Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia
7.3 4.6 Irving Mill Creek, 10 mi. S Gordon, Houston Co.,

Alabama

TypES.-The holotype of Lymnaea columella Say is in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (58791). The type· locality, though
not given by Say, is probably in the vicinity of Philadelphia.

REMARKS.-This is a widely distributed species, though it is rare
in the area covered by this report. Specimens from the southern states
are, on the average, smaller than those from the north. This species
prefers quiet water along the larger streams and rivers.

RANGE.-This species occurs from Florida west to Texa5 and north
into Canada.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co. Spring
Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, West Point,
Troup Co. Alabama: Irving Mill Creek, 10 mi. S Gordon, H6uston Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River. Blountstown, Cal-

houn Co.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 147

ANCYLIDAE

Genus Ferrissia Walker

Ferrissia Walker ( 1903, Nautilus, 17 : 15).
Type· species, Ancylus Tivularis Say, original designation.

Shells small, conical, thin, with the apex posterior and slightly
inclined to one side. The shell may be smooth on the apex or radially
striate.

Ferrissia (La€vapex) dalli Walker
Plate 1 Figure 13

Ferrissia (Laevapex) dalli Walker (1920, Nautilus, 33: 102), Lake Helena, Volusia
Co., Florida.

DEsCRIPTION.-Shell depressed, conical, reaching 6.5 mm. (34 of
an inch) in length, oval, thin and fragile. Color a light yellowish brown.
Apex subacute and inclined toward the right. Anteri6r slope slightly
convex; posterior slope slightly concave. Apex faintly sculptured with
radial threads.

LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT

mm. mm. mm.

6.5 4.5 1.5 Holotype
4 3 1.4 Blue Spring, 71,4 mi. SW Recovery, Decatur

Co., Georgia

TypEs.-The holotype is in the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan (Walker Collection) and is from Lake Helena, Volusia
County, Florida.

REMARKS.-We found but a single series of this species within the
area covered by this report. It appears to be rather abundant in the
lake region of central Florida.

RANGE.-Probably limited to southern Georgia, southern Alabama,
and most of Florida.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Blue Spring, 7% mi. SW Recovery, Decatur Co.



148 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM; BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

MARGARITANIDAE

This is a family containing only two genera and but few species;
these all occur in the northern hemisphere-North America, Europe,
and Asia. Members of this family differ frdin the Unionidae by having
the gills without distinct interlamellar septa, or if the septa are present.
they are oblique to the gill filaments.

Genus Margaritana Schumacher

MargaTitana Schumacher (1817 , Essai d ' un Nouveau Systeme des Habitations des
Vers Testac6s, p. 123).

Type species, Margaritana #uviatilis Schumacher (= Mya margaritifera Linn6).
monotypic.

Shells generally elongate, usually arcuate, and with the umbos low
and not  full. Sculpture consists of numerous curved ridges which
emanate along the posterior ridge, remain strong on the posterior
slope, and generally flatten and then disappear on the disc. Hinge teeth
generally imperfect or not fully developed, with two pseudocardinal
teeth in the left valve and one pseudocardinal in the right valve. The
gilts are without water tubes, but have scattered interlamellar con-
nections.

The reference to sculpture in this general description covers only
M. hembeli Conrad; most other members of this genus are smooth
or nearly so.

Mai-garitana hembeli Conrad
Plate 5 Figure 1

Unio hembeli Conrad (1838, Monography of the family Unionidae (Philadelphia),
p. 93, pl. 51, figs. 1-3), locality unknown.

Margaritana heinbeli Conrad. Ortmann (1912: 235, figs. 3-32)  Simpson (1914: 523).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching 95 mm. (3% inches)

in length, rather solid in structure, subquadrate in outline, and sculp-
tured. Color a dark olivaceous brown to blackish brown. Posterior
slope nearly flat with the posterior ridge poorly defined. Shell tapering
to an angulated point posteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center.
broad, but not high or full. Ligament short and rather wide. Perios-
tracum somewhat smooth. and shiny on the disc, roughened on the
ventral margin and oyer the posterior slope. Sculpture consists of



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF AI.ABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 149

numerous, rather irregular, enchevroned costae which are built upon
the posterior ridge and extend over a part of the disc .as well as
over the posterior slope to the dorsal margin of the viilve. The strength
of the sculpture is somewhat variable, with occasional specimens being
nearly smooth.

Nacre bluish white and only moderately iridescent. Both anterior
and posterior muscle scars are well defined. Hinge plate long and
fairly wide. Right valve with one crenulated and triangular, pseudo-
caFdinal tooth. Left valve with two subequal, crenulated. and tri-
angular, pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

min. mm. mm.
112 57 32.5 Spring Creek, near Clearwater, about 20 mi.

S Alexandria, Rapides Parish, Louisiana
95 50 29.5 Burnt Corn Creek, Conecuh Co., Alabama
87 44 27 Otter Creek, branch of Murder Creek, near

Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Alabama
72 38 20.5 Horse Creek, near Luverne. Crenshaw Co.,

Alabama

TypEs.-The location of the type-specimen of Margaritana hembeli
Conrad is unknown. It is not at the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, where some of Conrad's types are located.

REMARKS.-This is a remarkable species and not closely related
to any other species found in this area. The original specimens were
sent to Conrad from New Orleans, Louisiana, but he states in his
original description that "no locality was given."

This species is known only from the small iributaries of the Es-
cambia River in Alabama and from a small spring-fed creek, a tribu-
tary to Bayou Cocodrie, in Louisiana. This is a remarkable distri-
bution; it is known from no localities between these two systems.

RANGE.-So far as now known this species is restricted to the Es-
cambia river system and the Bayou Teche system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-A Mba,na: Horse Creek, near Luverne, Crenshaw
Co. Burnt Corn Creek, near Burnt Corn, Monroe Co. Hunters Creek, 8 mi. SW
Evergreen; Otler Creek, branch of Murder Creek, near Evergreen; both Conecuh
CO.

BAYOU TECHE SYSTEM
BAYOU COCODRIE DRA1NACE.-Louisiana: A spring creek, near Clearwater; about
20 mi. S Alexandria, Rapides Parish.



150 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

UNIONIDAE

The problem concerning the Unionidae of this area is, perhaps, just
as great as it is elsewhere in the southern states. Errors of considerable
magnitude were made by the earlier describers, particularly by Isaac
Lea, who had received most if not all of his material from others. These
people who sent material to Lea, failed, in many cases, to give exact
data, and in many cases these dara were in error. A duplication of
place names can account for certain of these errors. There is a Macon
County on the Flint River, Georgia, several miles removed from the
city of Macon, which is on the Ocmulgee River, a  totally different
drainage system. The name Macon appears frequently in Lea's type
localities for Species that are now known to be limited to the Chatta-
hoochee-Flint system and do not occur in the Altamaha system of
which the Ocmulgee is-a major tributary.

Far too many names exist for the species that are found in this
region. Names were based on single, or at best few, specimens; and
trivial difference5 were used as diagnostic characters. When large
series are studied these characters are found to have no significance.

Genus Fusconaia Simpson

Fusconia Simpson (1900: 784).
Fusconaja 'Simpson' Ortmann (1912, Ann. Carnegie Museum (Pittsburgh), 8: 240)

[emendation for Fusconaia Simpson].
Type species, Unio trigonus Lea, original designation.

Shell subcircular, triangular, or subelliptical in outline. Posterior
ridge usually poorly defined. Umbos broad and full, often high, usually
curved inward and forward, and sculptured with a few, coarse, parallel
ridges which curve upward posteriorly. Periostracum usually dark.
Shell smooth. Hinge plate of moderate width and usually strongly
arcuate. Pseudocardinal teeth strong. Nacre white, salmon, or purple.
All four gills are used as the marsupia.

Fusconata succissa Lea
Plate 7 Figure 5

Unio succissus Lea (1852, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 10: 275, pl. 21, fig. 32), West
Florida.

Unio cacao Lea (1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 11: 154), Chacktahachie [Chocta-
whatchee] River, West Florida. Lea, 1852 (8: 26, pl. 56, fig. 169)

Quadrula wrighti Simpson (1914: 868), Pine Barren Creek, Estambia Co., Florida.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 151

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small to medium in size, reaching 60 mm.
(about 2 3/8 inches) in length, subcircular in outline, heavy in struc-
ture, smooth, and inflated. Color olivaceous brown when young,
turning to a dark brownish black in older specimens. Posterior slope
nearly flat with the posterior ridge poorly defined. Shell rounded
posteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center, broad and full, but not
high. Ligament short and narrow. Periostracum smooth on the disc
and somewhat roughened on the posterior slope.

Nacre white to purplish, though generally only the margin is
Rurple and this surrounds a more or less white interior. (This color-
ation has faded in most of the older material in collections.) Young
specimens may be entirely purple. Both anterior and posterior muscle
scars are clearly outlined. Hinge plate broad and strongly arcuate.
Right valve with two-one large and one smallrirregular pseudocardi-
nal teeth. Left valve with two subequal pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
60 43 32.5 Yellow River, Milligan, Okaloosa Co., Florida
56 43.5 31 Hollis Creek, Sanford, Covington Co., Alabama
47.5 38 22.5 Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Escambia

Co., Florida

TypEs.-The holotypes of Fusconaia succissa Lea and the two
synonyms are in the United States National Museum. We here limit
the type locality to the Choctawhatchee River, Caryville, Holmes
County, Florida. This is on the route of the old Spanish Trail, and
it is quite possible that Lea's original material came from this part
of the river.

REMARKS.-There is no question that Quadrula wrighti Simpson
is identical with this species. In essence, it appears to be an adult
form with the purple nacre more or less restricted to the shell margin.
In younger specimens , such as the one which Lea described . as U.  cacao,
the entire inner surface of the shell may be purple.

This species is confined to the Choctawhatchee, Yellow, and Es-
cambia river systems. It is not a rare species, and it is found id the
large rivers as well as the small streams. It is a rather uniform species,
showing but little variation, other than size, from one locality to
another.

RANGE.-The species occurs from the Choctawhatchee river system
west to the Escambia river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-



152 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYS-I'EM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRANAGE.-Alabama: East Fork, Choctawhatchee River,
8 mi. W Abbeville, Henry Co. East Fork, Choctawhatchee River, 9 mi. N
Pinckard; West Fork, Choctawhatchee River, near Blackman's Mill; West Fork,
Choctawhatchee River, 7 mi. E Ozark; Claybank Creek; Choctawhatchee River,
near Newton; all Dale Co. Choctawhatchee River, 2 mi. E Geneva; and near

'Gilleys Mill Creek : both Geneva Co. Florida: Choctawhatchee River , 1 mi . W
Caryville, Washington Co. Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads,
Holmes Co. Choctawhatchee River, Cowford Bridge; Bruce Creek; both Walton
CO.
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Pea River near Elamville, and near Burke's
Place; both Barbour Co. Pea River, 8 mi. NW Ariton, Dale Co. Pea River,
Flemings Mill, Coffee Co. Pea River, 21/6 mi. SW Geneva, Geneva Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
YELLOW RIVER DRAINAGE.-A labaina: Hollis Creek, near Sanford, Covington Co.
Florida: Yellow River, Milligan; Okaloosa Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE:-Alabama: Patsaliga Creek, 1 mi. W Luverne;
Conecuh River, near Searight, and near Brantley; all Crenshaw Co. Murder
Creek, near Evergreen, Conecuh Co. Patsaliga Creek; Conecuh River, near
Dunn's Crossing; both Covington Co.
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Escambia River near Pollard; Escambia
River near Flomaton ; both Escambia Co . Florida·. Escambia River, 3 mi . SE
Century, Escambia Co.

Fusconaia escambia new species
Plate 7 Figure 3-4

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small to medium in size, reaching 46 mm.
(about 194 inches) in length, subcircular in outline, heavy in struc-
ture, shiooth, and inflated. Color reddish brown when young, be-
coming a dark blackish brown in older specimens. Posterior slope
slightly concave with a well defined posterior ridge. Shell pointed
posteriorly, forming an angle of a little over 90: Umbos slightly
anterior to the ,center, broad, full, and high. Ligament short and
narrow. Periostracum smooth on the upper part of the disc, slightly
roughened on the. posterior slope and along the ventral margin.

Nacre white (rare) to a deep salmon and highly iridescent pos-
teriorly. Both anterior and posterior muscle scars are clearly out-
lined. Hinge plate broad and strongly arcuate. Right valve with one
large crenulated pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve with two sub-
equal crenulated teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREAD'rH

mm. mm. mm.
46 38 22 Holotype
45 35 19 Paratype
41.5 36.5 21.5 Paratype



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 153

TypEs.-The holotype is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(191470) and is from the Escambia River, 3 miles southeast of  Century,
Escambia County, Florida. Paratypes from the same locality are in
the . Museum of Comparative Zoology and the University of Florida
Collections.

REMARKS.-This species, though somewhat similar to Fusconaia
succissa Lea, is quite a  distinct species and differs in several characters.
Fusco,mia escambia has a well defined posterior ridge and a pointed
posterior margin. In F. succissa- the posterior ridge is absent or very
poorly defined, and posteriorly the valves are rounded rather than
strongly angulate. In addition, the umbos of F. escambia are much
higher, and the nacre of this new 'species is a deep salmon in color;
very different from the purple coloration of F. succissa.

RANGE.-Known only from the type locality.

Genus Quincuncina Ortmann

Quincuncina Ortmann (1922, Nautilus, 36: 1).
Type species, Quincuncina burkei Walker, original designation.

Shells rather small, subcircular to subelliptical in outline, rather
solid, and usually dark colored. The nacre is bluish white. Hinge plate
narrow, but supporting well-developed pseudocardinal teeth. Disc and
posterior slope usually well sculptured with chevron-shafed· or short
irregular ridges. All four gills are used as marsiipia.

This genus occurs in the Choctawhatchee River east to the Su-
wannee River. Its relationships are nearest to Fusconaia, a genus of
wide distribution in central and southern North America.

Quincuncina infucata Conrad
Plate 4 Figure 6

Unio infucatus Conrad (18343 45, pl. 3, fig. 2), Flint River, Georgia.
Unio securiformis Conrad (1849, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4: 300), Flint River,

Georgia. Conrad (1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (n.s.), 1: 275, pl, 37, fig. 1)
Unio kleinianus Lea (1852,.Proc. Amer. Philos. Sdc., 5: 251), Suwannee River, Florida.

Lea, 1852 (5: 21, pl. 17, fig. 18).
Quadrula infutata Conrad. Simpson (1914: 864).
Quincuncinq infucata Conrad. Ortmann. (1922, Nautilus, 36: 3).

DESCRIPTION.-Shells small, reaching about 50 mm. (about 2 inches)
in length, solid in structure, subcircular· in outline, and inflated. Color
variable, ranging from brown or greenish 'brown to almost jet- black,
the majority of specimens being a dark blackish brown. Posterior



154 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

slope flat to slightly concave; the posterior ridge poorly defined. Shell
tapering to a blunt and rounded point posteriorly. Umbos anterior
to the center, broad and low. Ligament rather short and thick.
Periostracum smooth on the disc, slightly roughened on the posterior
slope. Most of the surface of the disc is sculptured with small chevron-
shaped subnodulose ridges. The posterior slope has somewhat stronger
arcuate ridges. The surface on some shells, however, is only faintly
sculptured, or is entirely smooth.

Nacre generally bluish white and iridescent posteriorly. Anterior
and posterior muscle scars clearly outlined. Hinge plate wide and
rather thick. There are tWo pseudocardinal teeth in each valve.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
50 39 28 Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo, Grady Co.,

Georgia
48 40 30.5 Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia
48 35 24 Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Muscogee

Co., Georgia

TypEs.-The location of the types of Q. infucata Conrad and Q.
securiformis Conrad is unknown to us. The type locality is, the Flint
River, Georgia. We here limit the type locality to the Flint River,
Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia, as it was probably at this place
that Conrad obtained the material. The type of Q. kieiniana Lea is in
the United States National Museum and is from the Suwannee River,
Florida.

REMARKS.-This is a rather rare and highly variable species. The
shells may be smooth to highly sculptured with ehevron-shaped sub-
nodulose ridges. Completely smooth shells are rare. Conrad's infucata,
as listed above, was based on a smooth specimen; his securiformis was
a slightly sculptured one.

This species occurs mainly in the deeper portions of the rivers,
generally under trash, and it is seldom located by the siphonal
openings.

Individuals of this species from the Flint, Apalachicola, and Chipola
Rivers are relatively smooth,  having the sculpture limited to the upper
part of the disc. Elsewhere throughout the range of the species the
shells are rather heavily sculptured.

RANGE.-From the Suwannee River, the range extends west to the
Apalachicola river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 155

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINACE.-Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Spring,
Madison Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, Ellaville, Madison Co.
Santa Fe River, Worthington Springs, Union Co. Suwannee River, Oldtown,
Dixie Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINACE.-Georgia: Ochlockonee River; 7 mi. S Cairo; Och-
lockonee River, between Reno and Beachton; both Grady Co. Florida: Ochlock-
onee River, 1 mi. below Jackson Bluff; Ochlock6nee River, 11 mi. NW Talla-
hassee; Ochlockofite River, about 8 mi. W Tallahassee; all Leon Co. Little River,
314 mi. E Quincy, Gadsden Co. Ochlockonee River, 735 mi, E Hosford, Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE'.-Georgia: Little Patsiliga Creek, near Butler; Patsiliga
Creek; both Taylor Co. Flint River, 8 mi. W Cordele, Crisp Co. Mill Creek, 8
mi. S Oakfield, Worth Co. Flint River, Albany; Flint River, River Bend, 8 mi.
S Albany; both Dougherty Co. Flint .River, Bainbfidge; Flint River, Recovery;
both Decatur Co. Spring Creek, Reyholdsville, Seminole Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, Cobb Co.
Chattahoochee River, West Point, Troup Co. Mulberry Creek, Mitchell Bridge,
3 mi. SSE Mountain Hill, Harris Co. Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Muscogee
Co. Alabama: Cowikee Creek, 6 mi. N Eufaula, Barbour Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee;
Mosquito Creek, 92. mi. E Chattahoochee; both Gadsden Co. ApalachiEola River,
Blountstown, Calhoun Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Reedy Creek, 6
mi. W Malone; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; all Jackson Co, Chipola River,
2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River,
Chipola Park; all Calhoun C6.

Quincuncina burkei Walker
Plate 4 Figure 5

Quincuncina burkei Walker (1922, Nautilus, 36: 3, pl. 1, figs. 1, 4), Sikes Creek,
tributary of the Choctawhatchee River, Barbour Co., Alabama.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small, reaching 60 mm. (about 2 % inches) in
length, subelliptical in Outline, inflated, and strong. Color brownish
yellow to a dark brownish black. Posterior slope slightly concave;
the posterior ridge usually well defined. Shell tapering to a blunt
point posteriorly. Umbos are well anterior to the center, broad, though
not high and full. Ligament short and small. Periostracum smooth
and shining on the disc, somewhat roughened on the posterior slope
and near the ventral margin. Sculpture consists of small chevron-
shaped ridges over most of the disc in young specimens. In older speci-
mens the sculpture is confined to the upper part of the disc, while



156 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

on the posterior slope these ridges become parallel. A few specimens
are smooth on the disc, but there always appears to be a few ridges
on the upper posterior slope.

Nacre bluish white. Anterior muscle scars well defined. Posterior
muscle scars only slightly impressed. Hinge plate small. Right Valve
with one moderately large pseudocardinal tooth; left valve with two.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
59 33 , 26 Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville, Jackson

Co., Florida
58 32.5 20 Beaver Creek, near Taylor, Houston Co.,

Alabama
51, 32 22.5 Panther Creek, Pinckard, Houston Co., Ala-

bama

TypEs.-The holotype of this species is in the MuSeum of Zoology,
University of Michigan (originally in the Walker Collection as 41626).
The type locality is Sikes Creek, a tributary of the Choctawhatchee
River, Barbour County, Alabama.

REMARKS.-This species is not closely related to infucata of the

Apalachicola river system. It differs from infucata. by being far more
attenuate and in having a more pronounced posterior ridge. 'It is
intere5ting to note that in both these species there is a great deal of
variation in the intensity and extent of' sculpture.

Members of this species should not  be confused with those of the
genus, Med:6nidus which they resemble.

RANGE.-This species is restricted to the Choctawhatchee river
system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED;-

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAiNAGE.-Alabama: Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W

Abbeville, Henry Co. Choctawhatchee River, Newton, Dale Co. Little Chocta-
whatchee River, near Dothan, Houston Co. Little Choctawhatchee River,
5 mi. S Pinckard; Panther Creek near Pinckard; both Dale Co. Beaver Creek,
near· Taylor; Bear Creek , near Taylor ; both Houston Co. Florida : Chocta -
whatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads; Holmes Creek, 3 mi. E Bonifay;
both Holmes Co. Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville, Jackson Co.

Genus Crenodonta Schluter

Amblema Rafinesque (1820, Annales 66n6rates des Sciences Physiques (Bruxelles),
5: 314). Type species, Amblema costata Rafinesque, subsequent designation,
Walker, 1918. Non Amblema Rafinesque, 1819.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 157

Crenodonta Schluter (1838, Kurzgefasstes systematisches Vet·zeichniss Meiner Con-
chyliensammlung (Halle), p. 33).

Type species, Unio plicatus Say, subsequent designation; Simpson, 1900.

In 1819 Rafinesque (Journal des Physiques de Chimie d'Histoire
Naturelle (Paris), 88: 427) instituted the genus Amblema with a brief
description and with A. ovalis as the type, it being the only species
mentioned. This species is. completely unknown, and the briefand
poor generic description is quite inadequate as a diagnosis. In 1820,
a5 noted in the synonymy above, Rafinesque again used this name
with a generic definition. His second use was, of course, a homonym,
and as such was invalid. Unfortunately, other workers in this family
have overlooked or ignored the earlier use of Amblema. In 1838
Schiuter instituted the name Crenodonta and gave as· his first species
Unio plicatus Say, and this was subsequently designated as the type
species of Crenodonta by Simpson in 1900.

The shells are subquadrate to subtrapezoidal in outline, thick,
and with the umbos somewhat elevated. Sculpture generally consists
of large diagonal plicae. Umbonal sculpture consists of cbarse, double-
looped corrugations which extend over the upper part of the disc.
Periostracum dark brown to nearly black. Pseudocardinal teeth rela-
tively large and ragged; lateral teeth long and well developed. Nacre
generally white. Marsupia occupying all four gills.

This genus is widely distributed from the Ochlockonee River west
to the 'Mississippi system and north to the upper St. Lawrence system.

Crenodonta boykiniana Lea
Plate 9 Figure 3

Unio boykinianus Lea (1840, Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 288), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 46, pl. 13, fig. 22).

Quadrzita boykiniana Lea. Simpson (1914: 824).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell large, reaching 168 mm. (about 6% inches)
in length, subquadrate in 6utline, solid in structure, and moderately
inflated. Color olivaceous green in young specimens to blackish brown
in adults. Posterior slope slightly concave with the posterior ridge ab-
sent or only poorly defined. Young shells are generally winged on the
dorsal margin of the posterior slope. As the shell becomes adult, the
wing becomes less pronounced. The shell tapers to a blunt point
posteriorly and is rounded antefiorly. Umbos are anterior to the center,
fairly broad, and not full. Ligament long and wide. Periostracum



158 BULL. OF TH£ FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

shiny in young specimens, satiny in older specimens. Sculpture
covers almost the entire surface of the shell. In the umbonal area
of young specimens there are numerous, rather high, chevron-shaped
ridges, which are irregular and generally connected to one another.
Below the umbos the ridges become more pronounced, subradial in
alignment, and curved upward over the posterior slope. Specimens
occurring in slow-flowing streams have three to five larger ridges ex-
tending from the Umbo to the posterior end.

Nacre bluish white and moderately iridescent over most of the
inner surface. Anterior and posterior muscle scars well defined. Hinge
plate broad. Right valve with two pseudocardinal teeth-one large
and corrugated, the other small and laminated. Left valve with two
pseudocardinal teeth-one narrow and bladelike, the other broad and
deeply furrowed.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

innn. mm. mm.
168 118 54 Chattahoochee River, West Point, Troup Co.,

Georgia
153 100 64 Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park, Cal-

houn Co., Florida
93 71 39 Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Escambia

Co., Florida

TypEs.-The holotype of C. boykiniana Lea is 'in the United States
National Museum and is from the Chattahoochee River at Columbus,
Georgia. Idiotypes are in the' Museum of Comparative Zoology
(141087) and are from the same locality.

REMARKS.--This is the largest freshwater mussel in this area. It is

found mainly in the larger rivers and in areas where there is a sandy-
mud bottom.

Its relationships appear to be close to C. pei-plicata Conrad of
the Coosa river system and to C. gigantea Barnes of the Ohio river
system. It is variable in several characters. In areas of sluggish rivers,
specimens become much stouter, a little more elongate, and develop
heavier ridges.

Crenodonta boykiniana is trapezoid or subquadrate in outline,
while perplicata Conrad appears more circular in outline. The
sculpturing is more complex and irregular in young specimens of
C. boykiniana.

RANGE.-From the Ochlockonee River the species occurs west to
the Escambia River, however, we have seen no specimens from the
Choctawhatchee River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 159

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RlvER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Ochlockonee River, Jacksons Bluff;
Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee ; both Leon Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, Albany; Flint River, 8 mi. S
Albany ; both Dougherty Co . Flint River, Bainbridge; Flint River , Recovery ; both
Decatur Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER· DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, West Point,
Troup Co. Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Muscogee Co. Chattahoochee
River, Georgetown, Quitman Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahodchee,
Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Dead Lake, Chipola  River, Chipola Park,
Calhoun Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-A labama: Sepulga River, Conecuh Co.
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Escanibia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Escambia
CO.

Crenolionta neisle, i Lea
P.late 2 Figure 1

Unid neisterii Lea (1858, Proc.  Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 2: 165), Flint River at Lanitr,
Georgia.9 Lea, 1859 (7:, 30, pl. 26, fig. 93).

Quadrula neislerii Lea. Simpson (1914: 829).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching 84 mm. (about 3%
inches) in length, subquadrate in~ outline, solid in structure, strongly
sculptured, and moderately inflated. Color a dark brownish black.
Posterior slope slightly coneave with the posterior ridge poorly de-
fined. Shell rounded both posteriorly and anteriorly. Umbos well
anterior to the center, broad, but not full. Ligament moderately long'
and somewhat thickened. Periostracum somewhat shiny and satiny.
Sculpture usually cover5 the entire shell. The umbo with small chevron-
shaped ridges which merge into heavy, nearly parallel ridges extending
posteriorly. -

Nacre bluish white and usually highly .iridescent posteriorly. An-
terior and posterior muscle scars well defined. Right valve with one
large corrugated, and one small laminated, pseudocardinal tooth. Left

?Lanier does not appear on modern maps. It was a small town, perhaps a logging
camp, situated near the Flint River, about 10 miles, north of Oglethorpe, Macon
County, Georgia. It is not to be confused with a town of the same name on modern
maps which is in Bryan County, some 35 miles-west. of Savannah, Georgia.

Lea, in his Observations (op. cit.), refers to another locality as Macon, Georgia.
This is an error for Macon County, Georgia, and we have two patatypes so labeled;
probably all specimens came. from a single source.



160 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

valve with two subequal pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHI' BREADTH

mm. mm. mm;
84 57 46.5 Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park, Cal-

houn Co., Florida
69 ' 52 33 Flint River, Macon Co., Georgia
62.5 49 35.5 Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee, Gadsden

Co., Florida

TypEs.-Hblotype in the United States National Museum from
the Flint River at Lanier, [10 miles north of Oglethorpe], Macon
County, Georgia. Paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(189796) are from the same locality and were received from Dr. Neis-
ler.

REMARKS.-This is a rather rare species, though it can be locally
abundant. It differs rather sharply from C. boykiniana Lea; specimens
of the same size differ in that the ridges in neisleri are parallel, while
those in boykiniana are radiating. In addition, the shape of boykiniana
is affected materially by the presence of a "wing," while in neisteri the
posterior end is rounded. It is quite possible that this species i5 now
extinct in the upper reaches of the Flint RiVer. To our knowledge it
has not been obtained on the lower Flint River north of Bainbridge,
Decatur C6unty, since the latter part of the last century.,

Crenodonta neisleri was «amazingly abundant in Dead Lake, on
the lower Chipola River. It appeared to be the most dominant species
at the station where we collected. Ten to fifteen 5pecirnens occurred
in - every square meter, for a length of 200 meters, along the, lake
shore that we surveyed. Like most "rare" species they can be locally
abundant. Elsewhere we found this species to be rare.

RANGE.-This species is limited to the Apalachicola River system.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint Rivef, Macon Co. Flint River, Recovery,
Decatur Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee,
Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake,
Chipola River, Chipola Park; both Calhoun Co.

Genus Pleurobema Rafinesque

Pleurobema Rafinesque (1820, Annales Gdndrales des Sciences Physiques (Bruxelles)
5: 313)



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 161

Type species, Pleurobenta cuneata Rafinesque (== U. claua Lamarck). Subsequent
designation, Simpson, 1900-so far as we can trace:

Shell solid, triangular, rhomboid or subelliptical in outline, and
usually with a prominent umbonal region. Umbos usually well an-
terior to the center, incurved, and pointed forward. Umbo sculpture '
consists of a few irregular, and often broken ridges, concentrically ar
ranged, and occasionally in a semiradial pattern. Posterior ridge
usually poorly defined, usually low and rounded. Periostracum light
br6wn to nearly black, shiny to dull, and occasionally rayed or with
broken rays. Hinge plate strong, usually narrow, and generally arcuate.

Marsupium occupies the entire outer gills.

Pleurobema strodeanum B. H. Wright
Plate 8 Figure 4

Unio strodeanus B. H. Wright (1898, Nautilus, 12: 5), Escambia River,  West Florida.
Pleurobema strodeana· B. H. Wright, Simpson (1900a: 81, pl. 1, fig. 3)  Simpson

(1914: 787).
Pleurobema patsaligensis Simpsbn (19008: 82, pl. 2, fig. 1), Little Patsaliga Creek,

[Crenshaw Co.], southeastern Alabama. Simp.son (1914: 788).

DEBCRIpTIoN.-Shell small in size, reaching about 58 mm. (about
2% inches)in length, rather thin, subelliptical in outline, smooth, and
not inflated. Color dark olivaceous brown to blackish brown and
occasionally weakly ·rayed. Posterior slope faintly concave, with tile
posteriof ridge, generally poorly defined. Shell tapers to a blunt point
posteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center, broad, but not high or full.
Ligament short and narrow. Periostracum shiny to somewhat satiny.
Sculpture limited to one or more threadlike ridges on the posterior
slope, paralleling the posterior ridge.

Nacre bluish white and hjghly iridescent posteriorly. Both the
anterior and posterior muscle scars clearly outlined. Hinge plate
long and narrow. Right valve with one large and irregular pseudo-
cardinal tooth. Left valve with two subequal and irregular pseudo-
cardinal teeth. -

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
58 37.5 22.5 Sandy Creek, Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala-

bama
57 33 20.5 Panther Creek, near Pinckard, Dale Co.,

Alabama
44 29 17.5 Patsaliga Creek, Crenshaw Co., Alabama



162 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

TypEs.-The holotype of Pleurobema strodeanum B. H. Wright
from the Escambia River, Florida; and the holotype of Pleurobema pat-
saligensis Simpson from Little Patsaliga Creek, Alabama; are in the
United States National Museum. In the Museum of Comparative
Zodogy there are paratypes of P. patsaligensis (20179, 210276) and P.
strodeanum (216277).

REMARKS.-This species is somewhat spotty in its occurrence. It may
be locally abundant, while in other apparently similar areas it is
rare. It is found in small streams as well as large rivers. See also
remarks under P. pyriforme Lea.

RANGE.-This species is confined to the Choctawhatchee and Es-
cambia Rivers of western Florida and bouthern Alabama.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAI.NAGE.-,4 labama: East Fork, Choctawhatchee River,
8 mi. W Abbeville, Henry Co. Sikes Creek, Barbour Co. Little Choctawhatchee
River, near Dothan, Houston Co. Choctawhatchee River, near Newton; Little
Choctawhatchee River, 5 mi. S Pinckard; Little Choctawhatchee River, near
Wicksburg; Panther Creek, near Pinckard; all Dale Co. Ch6ctawhatchee River,
2 mi . E Geneva , Geneva Co. Florida·. Hurricane Creek , 5 mi . E Miller Cross
Roads; Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads; both Holmes Co.
Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville,· Washington Co
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Pea River, Flemings Mill, Coffee'Co. Pea River,
M mi. SW Geneva, Geneva Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
YELLOW RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Yellow River, Harmony, Covington Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAGIAGE.-Alabama: Little Patsaliga Creek, Crenshaw Co. Sandy
Creek, 'Evergreen; Mu;der Creek, near Evergreen; both Conecuh Co.
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Escambia
CO.

Pleurobema pyriforme Lea
Plate 8 Figure 6

Unio striatus Lea (1840, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1. 287), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 41, pl. 12, fig. 16). Non U. striatus Goldfuss,
1837.

Unio pyriforme Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila., 9: 31), .near Columbus,
Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 69, pl. 12, fig. 50)

Unio modicus Lea (1857,.Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 9. 17.1), Chattahoochee River,
near Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1860 (7: 22, pl. 24, fig. 86)

Unio butbosus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 9:· 172), Flint River near
Macon, Georgia [ this is very probably the Flint River, Macon Co., Georgia.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 163

The city of Macon is on the Ocmulgee River, a major tributary of the Altamaha
River]. Lea, 1859 (7: 9, pl. 21, fig. 75)

Unio amabilis Lea (1865, Proc. Acad..Nat. Sci., Phila., 9: 89), Butler, Taylor Co.,
Georgia. Lea, 1869 (12: 17, pl. 31, fig. 72)

Unio reclusum B. H. Wright (1898, Nautilus, 11: 111) Ocklocknee [Ochlockonee]
River, Leon Co., Florida.

Pleurobema reclusa B. H. Wright, Simpson (1900a: 82, pl. 1, fig. 2). Simpson (1914:
783).

Unio harperi B. H. Wright (1899, Nautilus, 13: 6), Altamaha, Suwannee, and Flint
Rivers.

Pleurobema harperi B. H. Wright. Simpson (1900a: 81, pI. 1, fig. 10). Simpson
(1914: 782)

Pleurobema simpsoni  Vanatta ( 1915, Proc. Acad . Nat . Sci ., Phila., 67 : 559); [ new
name for U. striatus Lea, 1840; non Rafinesque, 1820; non Gold fuss, 1837].

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small, reaching about 56 mm.  (about 2-34
inches) in length, moderately thick, subovate in outline, smooth, and
inflated. Color variable, ranging from a yellowish brown to dark
brown and sometimes almost black. Occasional specimens, particularly
young, are faintly rayed. Posterior slope slightly concave with the
posterior ridge poorly defined. Shell tapers to a blunt point posteri6rly.
Umbos well anterior to the center, broad though not high, but· rather
full. Ligament short and fairly wide. Periostracum smooth and shiny .
over the entire shell, with occasional specimen5 dull or satiny on the
posterior slope. Sculpture consists of fine radial ridges at the um-
bonal region. This character is seldom seen as the umbonal area is
often badly corroded. Some specimens have one or more fine thread-'
like ridges on the posterior slope, which run parallel to the posterior
ridge.

Nacre whitish to a dull salmon and hikhly iridescent at the posterior
end. Both anterior and posterior muscle scars clearly outlined. Hinge
plate narrow, long, and arched in the central regi6n. Right valve with
one large, irregular pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve with two sub-
equal pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
56 81.5 24 Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo, Grady Co.,

Georgia
47.5 27 17.5 Mill Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield, Worth Co.,

Georgia
42 25.5 17 Santa Fe River, Worthington Springs, Union

Co., Florida

TypEs.-The holotypes of Pleurobema pyriforme Lea and striatum



164 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Lea are in the United States National Museum. The type locality is
the Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia. The types of the
synonym5 of Lea and Wright enumerated above are also in the United
States National Museum. The type localities are given in the synony-
my. The Museum of Comparative Zoology has paratypes of Pleuro-
berna reclusum Wright and P. harperi Wright.

REMARKS.-This is a variable species, particularly so far as the color
of the periostracum is concerned -a variable character which appears
to have no geographic pattern. This species is relatively rare and is
perhaps only locally abundant.

Berlin H. Wright was in error in recor'ding this species [under
harperi] from the Altamaha River, Liberty County, Georgia. NO
member of this genus is. known to occur in the Altamaha river system,
and probably none occurs in the entire Atlantic drainage area.

This species differs from P. strodeanum Wright of the Escambia
and Choctawhatchee Rivers by having a heavier shell, being m6re
sharply pointed posteriorly, and by being far more inflated. Pleuro-
berna strodeanum has a more elliptical to subcircular outline than
py~iform€, which is subovate . In color strodeanum is a more uniform
dark brownish black, while pyliforme ranges from a light golden
brown to dark brownish black.

RANGE.-From the Suwannee River the species ranges west to the
Apalachicola river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE -F/orida: Santa Fe River, Worthington Springs,

Union Co.
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Ochlockonee River, between Reno and

Beachton ; Ochlockonee River, 7 mi . S Cairo ; both Grady Co . Florida·. Ochlocko -
nee River, 11 mi. NW Tallahassee, Leon Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE:-Georgia: Patsiliga Creek and Little Patsiliga Creek ; both
Taylor Co. Stream 6 mi. N Vienna, Dooly Co. Gum Creek, 2 mi. N Cordele;
Cedar Creek, Cordele; Cedar Creek, 6 mi. SW Cordele; Swift Creek, 12 mi. SW
Cordele; all Crisp Co. Lee Creek, Chokee, Lee Co. Jones Creek, 2 mi. S Oak-
field; Abrams Creek, 5 mi. S 6akfield; Mill Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield; all Worth
Co. Flint River, Albany, Dougherty Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Columbus, Muscogee Co. Sawhat-

chee Creek, 4 m'i. NW Donalsonville, Seminole Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRINAGE.-Alabama: Cowarts Creek, near Cowarts, Houston Co.
Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone, Jackson Co. Chipola River, Scotts Ferry;
Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; both Calhoun Co.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 165

Genus Elliptio Rafinesque

Elliptio Rafinesque ( 1819 , Journal de Physique et de Chimie , d ' Histoire Naturelle
(Paris), 88: 426) [nomen nudum]. Rafinesque (1820, Annales 66n6rales des
Sciences Physiques (Br-uxelles), 5: 291). Simpson (1900b: 700).

Type species, Unio nigra Rafinesque (= Unio crassidens Lamarck), subsequent
designation, Simpson, 1900.

Shell inequilateral, 6vate to elongate in outline, rounded an-
teriorly, bluntly pointed or biangulate posteriorly, and generally ar-
cuate when fully adult. Umbos usually broad, but not high. Shell
moderately compressed, seldom inflated, and with few exceptions the
shell is not heavy. Sculpture moderate, and when present it is generally
restricted to the posterior slope. A few exceptions occur, such as in
Elliptio sloatianits Lea and E. spinosus Lea, which have strong sculp-
ture on the disc. Periostracum generally dark in color, and usually
rough along the ventraI margin and on the posterior slope; it may
be either rough or smboth on the disc. Hinge plate generally long
and narrow, with two pseudocardinal teeth and two lateral teeth in the
left valve; one pseudocardinal tooth and one lateral tooth in the right
valve. Marsupia occupy the entire length of the outer gills. They
form thick smooth pads when filled with glochidia.

This genus is probably more confused thah any other in the
Unionidae of North America. The limits of distribution of the many
species are still unknown, and it is exceedingly difficult to assign
taxonomic limits to any one species. Most of the difficulty, besides
the lack of marked differential characters to separate the various species,
lies in the fact that they are able to live in environments which are
impossible for many other genera. They may exist under the most
adverse conditions, withstanding pollution, silting, and other seem-
ingly unfavorable conditions. The result is that local populations may
show marked differences in size, color, thickness, and 5hape of shell,
as a direct result of the environment. This, unfortunately, has led to
a large number of names which have been based upon these ecological
forrns.

Elliptio strigosus Lea
Plate 8 Figure 2

Unio strigosus Lea (1840, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1: 287), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 36, pl, 9, fig, 9 [a, malformed specimen])

Unio tortivus Lea (1840, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1: 287), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 42, pl. 12, fig. 17)



166 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Unio accultus Lea (1843, Descriptions of twelve new species of Uniones, [no
pagination]), Black Creek and Lake Monroe, Florida. Lea 1846,. Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc., 9. 279, pl. 41, fig. 7). Lea, 1848 (4: 37, pl. 41, fig. 7)

Unio fraternus Lea (1852, [in part] Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.. 10: 263, pl. 16,
fig. 15), Chattahoochee River records only.

Unio nigellus Lea (1852, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 5: 251), Chattahoochee River.
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1852. (5: 39, pl. 24, fig. 42)

Unio pullatis Lea (1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p, 262), creeks near Columbus,

Georgia.
Unio pullatus Lea, 1858 (6: 57, pl. 8, fig. 39), creeks near Columbus, Georgia.
Unio extensus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 31), Dry Creek, Columbus,

Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 67, pl. 12, fig. 49).
Unio sublatus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci., Phila., 9: 169), Uchee Bar, below

Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 82, pl. 16, fig. 62).
Unio tetricus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad: Nat. Sci., Phila., 9: 170), Flint River, near

Albany, Georgia. Lea, 1859 (7: 13, pl. 22, fig. 78).
Unio fumatus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 9: 171), Chattahoochee River,

near Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 88, pl. 18, fig. 68)

Unio purpurellus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,9: 171), Flint River,

near Albany, Georgia. Lea, 1859. (7: 16, pl. 23, fig. 81)
Unio aquilus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila., 9: 172), Flint River, near

Macon [Co.], Georgia; and Chattahoochee River at Roswell, Georgia. Lea,

1858 (6: 92, pl. 20, fig. 2).
Unio postelli Lea (1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 165), Randall's Creek, near

Columbus, Georgia; and Carters Creek, Baldwin Co., Georgia. Lea, 1859 (7:
32, pl. 26, fig. 94), [in part-Columbus record only. The specimen from Carters
Creek, Baldwin Co., Georgia-Oconee drainage-was selected by Simpson to be
the lectotype (U.S. Nat. Mus. 85470), and this is not strigosus].

Unio viridans Lea ( 1859 , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci ., Phila ., p . 170), near . Columbus ,
Georgia. Lea, 1862 (8: 19, pl. 54, fig. 162)

Unio viridiradiatus Lea (1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 154), Big Uchee River,

[Russell Co.1, Alabama. Lea, 1862 (8: 18, pl. 53, fig. 161).
Uhio inerceri Lea (1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 14: 169), Lee Co., Georgia.

Lea, 1863 (9: 31, pl. 31, fig. 278).
Unio hallenbeckii Lea (1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 170), Flat Rock Creek

and Four Mile Creek, hear Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1859 (8: 10, pl. 51, fig. 154).

Unio satebrosus Lea (1859, Pr6c..Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 170), Flat Rock Creek,

near Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1859 (8: 14, pl. 52, fig. 157).

Unio verutus Lea (1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p.· 171), Flat Rock Creek, near

Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1859 (8: 17, pl. 53, fig. 160).
Unio basalis Lea (1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 161), Carter's Creek, near

Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1874 (13: 52, pl. 16, fig. 46)
Unio doolyensis Lea (1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 424), Flint River, Dooly

Co., Georgia. Lea, 1874 (13: 68,· pl. 22, fig. 60)
Unio invanutus Lea (1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 424), Columbus, Georgia.

Lea, 1874 (13: 70, pl. 22, fig. 62)
Unio gesneri Lea (1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 424), Uchee River near

Columbus, Georgia [Russell Co., Alabama]. Lea, 1874 (13: 69, pl. 22, fig. 61)

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small to medium in size, reaching about 107



I'RESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 167

mm. (434 inches) in length. Moderately thick in shell structure,
smooth, subelliptical in outline, and not inflated. Color a dull to
shiny black, sometimes dark blackish brown or brown, or sometimes
greenish. Occasionally specimens occur that are rayed. Posterior
slope flat to faintly concave. Posterior ridge not well defined. Shell
tapers to a blunt point posteriorly. Umbos well anterior to the center,
broad, but not high or full. Ligament moderately long and narrow.
Pefiostracum usually smooth and shiny on the disc, but somewhat scaly
and dull on the ventral margin and over the posterior slope.

Nacre variable, generally purplish, but ranging through salmon
bronze to pink and whitish. Nacre generally iridescent on the'posterior
third. Both anterior ,and posterior muscle scars clearly outlined;
hinge plate long and narrow. Right valve with one fairly large,
pointed, pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve with two, one large, and
one small, pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
100 48 24.5 Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Florida
107 50 30.5 Ditto
79  39 22.5 Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia
69 34 19 - Sandy Creek, Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala-

banna

TypEs.-The lectotype of Eliiptio strigosus Lea is in the United
States National Museum (85890) and is from the Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia.

We have seen most, if not all, of the specimens regarded as types
of the various synonyms given above. These are all in the collection
of the United States National Museum. ' The type localities of the'
various forms are given in the synonymy.

REMARKS.-This i5 the most abundant freshwater mussel in this
area. .It may not be the most abundant species at any one station,
but it occurs rather' frequently, and sometimes may be the only species
occurring at any single station. This is particularly true of stations
made on many of the small creeks. It is exceedingly variable in size,
shape, coloration, and in other characters. Much of this may be due
to a wide adaptive ability, the varied ecological conditions under
which this species may exist being expressed in the morphology of
the shell structure. Under favorable conditions this species produces
large individuals having rather heavy shells, clear white to pink'
nacre, and smooth and shiny periostracum. In unfavorable ecological
places, the shells are small, somewhat irregular in shape, with dull



168 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

periostracum; and nacre clouded with "oil spots." These spots are circu-
lar or subcircular layers of olivaceous organic material secreted over
areas on the inner surface of the valves opposite corroded areas on
the outer surface of the shell.

The large synonomy given above attests the differences between
populations of this species. These differences represent only popula-
tions of ecological forms or simple selected examples. However, a
large geographical 5eries indicates the impossibility of segregation of
any of these forms under separate names, even in the sense of a sub-
species.

Wehave held this species under the namd strigosus Lea, the oldest
of the·several names employed for examples named from type localities
in thjs region. It is possible that Elliptio arctatus Conrad, 1834,
described from specimens collected in the Black Warrior River of
Alabama (Coosa-Alabama drainage) may be the same species. Our
present collections are not rich enbugh from the Coosa-Alabama river
system to be sure, but it is a point to be considered in future studies
of this species. Consequently, under range we have been indefinite,
at least regarding strigosus distribution towards the west.

In ·a series of this species that we collected at Holmes Creek near
Graceville, Florida, many specimens were twisted either to the left
or right. We could not determj~e what factor or factors were re-
sponsible for this rather rare condition.

RANGE.-Probably from the Coosa-Alabama system east and south

into central Florida.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

WACCASASSA RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Otter Creek , Otter Creek (town); Waccasassa River, 4 mi . NE Otter
Creek (town); both Levy Co.

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SANTA FE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Santa Fe River, Worthington Springs, Union
Co. Santa Fe River, N Of Bland; Santa Fe River, Poe Springs; both Alachua Co.
Santa Fe River, Columbia Springs, Columbia Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Long Pond, Twin Lakes, Lowndes Co.

Florida·. Suwannee River , Ellaville , Madison Co . Suwannee RiVer , Oldtown , Dixie
CO.
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Withlacoochee River, Olympia,

Lowndes Co. Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Spring, Madison Co.
ECONFINA RIVER SYSTEMS

Florida·. Econfina River , 15 mi . W Perry, Taylor Co. Moccasin Creek, Econfina ,
Bay Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
DCH[-OCKONEE RIv*R DRAINAGE.-Geolgia  Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo;

Ochlockonee River, between Reno and Beachton; both Grady CO. Florida: Little,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 169

River, 3% mi. E Quincy, Gadsden Co. Ochlockonee River, 11 mi. NW Talia-
hassee; Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee; Lake Talquin, Ochlockonee
River; all Leon Co. Ochlockonee River, 7.46 mi. E Hosford, Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Line Creek, Coweta Co. Patsiliga Creek,
Taylor- Co. North Fork, Pennhatchee Creek, 4 mi. NW Vienna, Dooly Co.
Gum Creek, 2 mi. N C6rdele; Swift Creek, 12 mi. SW Cordele; Flint River, 10
mi. W Cordele; all (Sri* Co. Lee's Creek, 5 mi. S DeSoto, Lee Co. East Fork,
Chickasawhatchee Creek, 5 mi. SE Dawson, Terrell Co. Jones Creek, 2 mi. S
Oakfield; Abrams Creek, 5 mi. S Oakfield; Mill Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield; all
Worth Co. Flint River, Albany; Flint River, River Bend, 8 mi. S Albany; both
D6ugherty Co. Cooleewahee Creek, Newton; Ichawaynochaway Creek, 10 mi.
SW Newton; both Baker Co. Spring Creek, at Co'lquitt, Miller (6. Spring
Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co. Four Mile Creek, 3 mi. SE Bainbridge; Flint
River, Bainbridge; Flint River, Recovery; all Decatur Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Marietta, Gobb Co. Mulberry Creek,

Mitchell Bridge, 3 mi. SE Mountain Hill, Harris Co. Chattahoochee River,
Georgetown, Quitman Co. Salwhatchee Creek, 4 mi. NW Donalsonville, Seminole
Co. Alabama: Black Mud Creek; Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell; both Russell Co.
Cowikee Creek, near Hawkinsville, Barbour Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRA]NAGE.-Floridiz: Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Gads-

den Co. Stream, 5 mi. N Blountstown, Calhoun Co.
CHIPOLA. RIVER DRAINAGE.-74 labama: Cowart's Creek, near Cowarti Big Creek,
near Madrid; both Houston Co. Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; stream I %
mi. N Campbellton; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; Spring Creek, 3 mi. E
Marianna; Chipola River, 3 mi. S Marianna; Chipola River, 12 mi. S Marianna;
Chipola River, Marianna Falls; Chipola River, Merritt's Bridge, Marianna;
all Jackson Co. Chipola River near Altha; Chipola River, 21/6 mi. SW Chason;
Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Chipola River,
near Pole Bluff Landing; Dead Lake, Chipola Park; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
HOLMES CREEK DRAINAGE.-Florida: Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville; Holmes
Creek, 3 mi. E Bonifay; both Holmes Co. Holmes Creek, Millers Ferry, Washing-
ton Co.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: East Fork, Choctawhatchee River,

8 mi. W Abbeville; Van's Mill Creek, near Abbeville; both Henfy Co. Choctaw-
hatchee River, Newton; Bear Creek, 8 m i. S Pinckard; both Dale Co.
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Atabama: Pea River, W of Elamville, Barbour Co. Pea
River, 8 mi. NW Ariton, Dale Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
Floridat Yellow River , Milligan, Okaloosa Cd .

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRA1NAGE.-Alabama: Conecuh River near Young Blood, Pike
Co. Patsaliga Creek, 13 mi. N Searight, Crenshaw Co.· Sandy Creek, Evergreen;
Murder Creek near Evergreen; Hunters Creek, 8 mi. SW Evergreen; Burnt  Corn
Creek, 2 mi. W Belleville; all Conecuh Co. Burnt Corn Creek, Escambia Co.
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Escambia River, Flomaton, Escambia Co.
Florida. Escambia River ,. 3 mi . SE Century , Escambia Co.



170 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Elliptio mcmichaeli, new species
Plate 7 Figures 1-2

Elliptio fraternus of authors, in part . Non Lea , 1852 .

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium to fairly large in size, reaching 100
mm. (about 4 inches) in length, subelliptical in outline, rather thin
in structure, and not inflated. Color a dark brownish black, with
occasional young specimens being faintly rayed. Posterior slope
slightly concave with the posterior ridge fairly well defined. Shell
tapers to a blunt point posteriorly. Umbos well anterior of the center,
broad, but not high. Ligament rather long and narrow. Periostracum
smooth  and somewhat shiny on the disc, slightly roughened along the
anterior margin, and on the posterior slope. Sculpture variable, but
when present consists of a series of rather small arcuate ridges which
are confined to the region of the posterior slope. This sculpture can
be fairly strong on certain individuals and absent on .others.

Nacre white to pale pink or salmon, and highly iridescent pos-
teriorly. Both anterior and posterior muscle scars well defined. Hinge
plate long and narrow. Right valve with one pseudocardinal tooth.
Left valve with one small and one large pseudocardinal tooth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
101 49 32 Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Abbeville,

Henry Co., Alabama
92 50 25.5 Pea River, E mi. SW Geneva, Geneva Co.,

Alabama
88 51 26.5 Ditto
91 50 27 Holotype.

TypEs.-The holotype is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(191922) and is from the Choctawhatehee River, 8 miles west of Miller
Cross Roads, Holmes County, Florida, on Florida State Route 2.
Paratypes are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology; University of
Florida Collections; United States National Museum; Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan; and University Museum, University of Alabama.

REMARKS.-This species has been referred to E. fraternus Lea, we
think, erroneously. The type locality for fraternus is Abbeville, South
Carolina, in the Savannah river system. From all records available
to us, there appears to be nothing equivalent to fraternus in either
the Apalachicola or the Altamaha river systems. These are two vast



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 171

rivers systems between the Choctawhatchee and the Savannah river
systerns.

Elliptio mcmichaeli is a Variable species within fairly narrow limits.
It is related to the Elliptio fraternus complex by having similar sculp-
ture and shape. However, it differs by being larger and by having
occasional specimens show salmon coloration. It is also related to
E. incrassatus Lea, having a similar, though less pronounced. sculpture,
and in having occasional specimens show the salmon coloration. It
differs, however, in being much lighter in weight, in being propor-
tionately more elongate and much less inflated, .than incrassatus. In
any large sample from the Choctawhatchee system, some extreme in-
dividuals are found along with the typical individuals. This may, at
least in part, answer the question as to why typical intrassatus does not
occur in the Choctawhatchee River, though it occurs on either side
in both the Escambia and the Apalachicola river systems. It is a
guess on our part that perhaps during some period in the history
of the Choctawhatchee river system incrassatus was present and
hybridized with some other Elliptio, perhaps of the fraternus type.
This hybridization is now reflected by the specimens repfesenting the
extremes in the variation 6f this species.

RANGE.-This species is confined to the Choctawhatchee river sys-
tem.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RiVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: East Fork, Choctawhatchee River,
8 mi. W Abbeville, Henry Co. Choctawhatchee River, near Newton, Dale Co.
Choctawhatchee River, 2 mi. E Geneva, Geneva Co. Florida: Choctawhatchee
River„ 8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads, Holmes Co. Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi.
W Caryville, Washington Co. Choctawhatchee River at Oakey Bend; South Oakey
Bend, Inlet Lake to Bushy Point; near mouth of Sandy Creek; 3 mi. E Red Bay;
at Cowford Ferry; 5 mi. SE Bruce; all Walton Co.
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Aldbama: Pea River near Elamville, Barbour Co. White-
water Creek, 7 mi. N Elba; Pea River, Flemmingl Mill; both Coffee Co. Flat
Creek, 8 mi. SW Samson; Pea River, 6 mi. SW Geneva; both Geneva Co.

Eliiptio crassidens incrassatus Lea
Plate 8 Figure 1

Unio incrassatus Lea (1840,.Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 286), Chattahoochee River,
near .Columbus, Georgia. Lea (1840, Trans. Amer, Philas. Soc., 8: 271, pl. 16,
fig. 34). Lea, 1842 (3: 55, pl. 16, fig. 34)

Unio danielsii B. H: Wright (1899, Nautilus, 13: 31), Spring Creek, Decatur Co.,
Ge6rgia.



172 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

DEsCRIPTION.-Shell medium to fairly large in size, reaching 100
mm. (about 4 inches) in length, subelliptical to subcircular in out-
line, solid in structure, heavy, and sonfewhat inflated. Color dark
greenish brown to almost black with occasional specimens, particularly
young, showing a few greenish rays. Posterior slope slightly concave,
the posterior ridge usually well defined. Shell tapers to a blunt point
posteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center, broad, and moderately high.
Ligament rather long and thick. Periostracum smooth and shiny on
the disc though somewhat satiny along the anterior margin and rough-
ened on the posterior slope with numerous, irregular, somewhat curved
ridges. The sculpture on the posterior slope is variable, some speci-
mens lack this feature almost entirely.

Nacre salmon pink to 5omewhat purplish in color and highly
iridescent posteriorly. Both anterior and posterior muscle scars are
clearly outlined. Hinge plate long. Right valve with one large and
one small pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve with two subequal pseudo-
cardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
100 62 40 Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Esca_mbia

Co., Florida
79 54 35 Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park, Cal-

houn Co., Florida'
84 49 30.5 Flint River, 8 mi. S Albany, Dougherty Co.,

Georgia

TypEs.-The holotypes of E. incrassatus Lea and E. danielsii B. H.
Wright are in the United States National Museum. The type locality
for E. mci-assatus Lea is the Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia;
and for E. danielsii B. H. Wright it is Spring Creek,. Decatur Co.,
Georgia.

REMARKS.-The measurements given above are f6r specimens col-
lected in the area covered by this report, those coming from the Coosa
river system may be 10 to 20 mm. longer.

This is a variable species; there is a considerable range in the
length-height ratio, and, in addition, the female specimens are pro-
portionately shorter and broader than the male. The shells can be-
come greatly thickened-One valve measures 10 mm. in thickness just
below the umbo. This particular specimen is from the Escambia River.

This species seems to be entirely absent in the Choctawhatchee
River, though it is common in both the Escambia and the Apalachi-
cola systems. It is also widely distributed in the Alabama-Coosa system.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 173

We agree with Simpson (I 914: 608) that incrassatus is only a sub-
species of the widely distributed E. trassidens Lamarck.

Typical crossidens has a much larger, heavier shell, lacks the
sculpture on ·the posterior slope, and has the posterior ridge much
less pronounced than in incrassatus. Though the two extremes are
distinct, there are all degrees of intergradation between the two forms.

RANGE.-Apalachicola river system west to the Amite River, Louisi-
ana, but absent in the Choctawhatchee River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: IchaWaynochaway Creek, 10 mi. SW Newton,
Baker Co. Flint River, 10 mi. W Cordele, Crisp Co. Flint River, Albany; Flint
River, 8 mi. S Albany; both 1)ougherty Co. Flint River, Bainbridge; Flint River,
Recovery; both Decatur Co.
CHAT'rAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, Columbus;

Chattahoochee River, Fort Benning; both Muscogee Co. Alabama : Uchee Creek ,
Fort Mitchell, Russell Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee,

Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River,
1 mi . N Marianna : both Jackson Co . Chipola River , 2 mi . E Clarksville , Chipola
River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, ChipoIa River, Chipola Park; a/l Calhoun Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVFR DRAMAGE.-Alabama: Conccuh River near Brantley; Patsaliga
River, 13 mi. N Searight; Patsaliga Creek, near Searight; all Crenshaw Co.
Conecuh River, Bozeman's Landing, Covington Co. Sepulga River, near Herbert,
Conecuh Co.
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-A/abaina: Escambia River near Flomaton, Escambia
Co. Florida: Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Escambia Co.

Elliptio stoatianus Lea
Plate 9 Figure 2

Unio sloatianus Lea (1840, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1: 287), Chattahoochee River,
Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 55, pl. 16, fig. 33). Simpson (1914: 604).

Unio atro-marginatus Lea (1840, Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 288), Chattahoochee
River, Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 45, pl. 13, fig. 21).

Unio plectrOphorus C6nrad (February 1849, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 4 : 154), Flint
River, Georgia.

Unio aratus Conrad (October 1849, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), 4: 302), Flint
River, Georgia.

Unio plettophorus Conrad (1850, Jour. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1: 277, pl. 38, fig. 7) [cor-
rection for plectrophorus Conrad].

DESCRIPTION.-Shell large, reaching 149 mm. (about 6 inches) in
length, subrhomboidal in outline, solid in structure, and strongly



174 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

sculptured. Color dark blackish brown. Posterior slope slightly con-
cave with .the posterior ridge moderately well defined. Shell tapers
to a blunt point posteriorly and is rounded anteriorly. Umbos an-
terior to the center, fairly broad, but not high or full. Ligament long
and thick. Periostracum shiny in young specimens, shiny to dull in
older specimens. Sculpture variable; on the posterior slope it consists of
a series of irregular ridges that are slightly arcuate; on the disc the rjd-
ges are usually small, subradial in arrangement, and become weak or
absent near the ventral margin particularly on older specimens. Oc-
casionally young specimens may be devoid of sculpture on the di5c.

Nacre a deep purple over most of the inner surface, a pale whitish
pink in the central disc area, and highly iridescent posteriorly. An-
terior and posterior muscle scars well defined. Right valve with one
large  and one small corrugated pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve with
tw6 subequal pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
149 94 57 Dead Lake, Chipola River, Calhoun Co.,

Florida
140 90 50.5 Flint River, Baker Co., Georgia
137 75 39.5 FIint -River, Bainbridge, Decatur Co., Georgia

TypEs.-The holotype of E. sloatianus Lea is in the United States
National Museum. The type locality is the Chattahoochee River,
Georgia. We here limit the type locality to Columbus, Georgia. The
holotype ofatromarginatus Lea is also in the United States National
Museum. Cotypes of E. plectophorus Conrad from the Ffint River,
Georgia, are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (28339 and
178840).

REMARKS.-Conrad published the same paper in two different
journals as indicated above under plectrophorus and aratus. The only
change was to substitute the name aratus for plectrophorus, the de-
scriptions being almost identical.

This is a relatively rare species and is apparently confined to larger
rivers and streams. It is the most highly sculptured species in the
genus Elliptio, and in this regard it approximates somewhat Creno-
donta  boykiniana Lea. It differs from that species by being propor-
tionately longer, in having a purple rather than bluish-white nacre,
and in having subradial sculpture on the disc. In addition C. boykin-
iana has a rather pronounced wing.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 175

Frierson (1927: 33) created the subgenus Elliptoideus for this
species and stated that it differed from typical Elliptio by having the
marsupia developed in all four gills-only the outer gills are utilized
as marsupia in typical Elliptio.

RANGE.-The Ochlockonee and Apalachicola river systems.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Ochlockonee Ri*er, 7 mi. S Cairo;
Ochlockonee River between Reno and Beachton; both Grady Co. Florida:
Ochlockonee River, 11 mi. NW Tallahassee; OchIockonee River, 8 mi. W Tal-
lahassee; both Leon Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, Baker Co. Flint River, Bain-
bridge; Flint River, Recovery; both Decatur Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia:  Chattahoochee River, Columbus,

Muscogee Co.
ApALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee,
Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park,
Calhoun Co.

Elliptio chipolaensis Walker
Plate 8 Figure 3

Unio chipolaensis Walker ( 1905 , Nautilus , 18 : 135 , pl , 9 , figs . 6 - 7), Chipola River ,
Florida.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small in size, reaching 78 mm. (about 3 inches)
in length, subelliptical in outline, moderately strong in structure, and
somewhat infiated. Color a dark chestnut brown to blackish brown,
the darker color appearing around the umbos. Occasionally there
are one to three dark concentric bands. Posterior slope slightly con-
cave with the posterior ridge poorly defined. Shell tapers to a rounded
point posteriorly; is rounded anteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center,
fairly broad, but not high or full. Ligament moderately short and
narrow. Periostracum fairly shiny on the disc,: but usually dull and.
satiny on the posterior slope.

Nacre salmon colored, the color being most intense in the central
area. Posteri6rly the salmon colof grades to bluish white and is iri-
descent. Posterior and anterior muscle scars well defined. Right valve
with one corrugated pseudocardinal tooth, and left valve with two
subequal corrugated pseudocardinal teeth.



176 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LENGTH HEIGHT BREApTH

mm. 111111. mm.

78 41 29 Big CFeek, 8 mi. W Malone, Jackson Co.,
Florida

64 36 25.5 Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park, Cal-
houn Co., Florida

64 35 23 Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna, Jackson Co.,
Florida

TypEs.-The holotype of U. chipolaensts Walker is in the Museum
of Zoology, University of Michigan. We here restrict the type locality
to the Chipola River, 1 mile north of Marianna, Jackson County,
Florida, a locality from which we have a good series.

REMARKS.-This is an endemic species in the Chipola River. It is
rather rare, though it does occur throughout most of the length of
the river proper and its the smaller tributaries. It appears to be a
distinct form and not particularly closely related to other species of
E/liptio in this system. It is distinguished by its chestnut brown ex- ·
terior and salmon colored interior.

RANGE.-Chipola River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYS-I'EM
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek,
8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River, about 1 mi.. N Marianna; all Jackson .Co.
Chipola River, 2% mi. SE Chason; Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola
River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; all Calhoun Co.

Genus Uniome,-us Conrad

Cruionierui Conrad (1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., P.hila. 6: 268).
Type species, Unio excuttus Conrad (- Unio tetralasmus Say)

We here select Unio excultus Conrad to be the type species for
this genus. The previous use of Unio tetralasmus Say for the type
was in error as'this name was not included by Conrad among the
several that he listed as belonging to this genus.

The shells are trapezoidal in outline, usually inflated, and with the
umbos full, but not high. Periostracum usually satiny in appearance,
somewhat rough, and dark in color. Pseudocardinal teeth smali;
lateral teeth delicate and curved. Only the outer gills serve as mar-
supia.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA. AND FLORIDA 177

Union:ena obesus Lea
Plate 5 Figure 2

Unio obesus Lea (1831, Trans, Amer. Philos. Soc., 4: 96, pl. 13,-fig. 26), York River,
Virginia. Lea, 1834 (1: 106, 118, pl. 13, fig. 26), locality correded to Georgia.

Unio btandingianus Lea (1834, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 5: 101, pl. 15, fig. 44),
?SE Johns River, Florida. Lea, 1834 (1: 213, pl. 15, fig. 44)

Unio declivis Conrad (1836, Monography of the. family U nionidae, p. 45, pl. 23,
fig. 1), Creek, Greeh Co., Alabaina.

Unio paludicolus Gould (1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2: 53), Florida Ever-
glades.

Unio ineptus Lea (1852, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 10: 261, pl. 15, fig. 12), Abbeville
District, South Carolina.' Lea,  1852 (5: 17, pl. 15, fig. 12)

Unio hebes Lea (1852, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 10: 267, pl. 18, fig. 21), Oconee
River near Athens, Georgia. Lea, 1852  (5: 23, pl. 18, fig. 21)

Unio rivularis Conrad (1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Rhila., 6: 257), [new name for
Unio declivis Conrad; non Sa% 1.

Unio columbensis Lea (1'857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 9: 31), creeks near Colum-
bus, Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 75, pl. 14, fig. 55),

Unio cicur Lea (1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 13: 39), Little Ocmulgee River,
Georgia. Lea, 1862 (8: 97, pl. 13, fig. 241).

Unio squalidus Lea (1863, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 192), Neuse River near
Raleigh; Roanoke River near Weldon and Deep River, North Carolina. Lea,
1867 (11: 26, pl. 7, fig. 20).

Unio bissellianus Lea ( 1867 , Proc . Acad . Nat . Sci ., Phila ., p . 81 ), Bissels Pond ,
Charlotte, North Carolina. Lea, 1868 (12: 37, pl. 37, fig. 90)

Unio j.ewettii Lea (1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,, Phila., p. 81), sink of Noonan's
[Newnans] Lake, Gainesville, Florida. Lea, 1869.. (12: 36, pl. 37, fig. 89)

Unio nvicolus COnrad (1868, Amen Jour: Conchology, 4:  280, pl. 18, fig. 4), brook
near Tampa, Florida.

Unio pawensis Lea (1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 161), Paw Creek, Beaver
Co. and Catawba Run, North Carolina. Lea, 1869 (12: 62, pl„ 45, fig. 114)

DEsCRIPTION.-Shell medium to large in 5ize, reaching 114 mm.
(about 49 inches) in length, rather solid in structure, smooth, sub-
elliptical to subquadrate in outline, and inflated. Color a uniform_dark
brownish black. Posterior slope slightly concave and generally with
3 fairly well-defined posterior ridge. Shell tapers to a rounded point
posteriorly. Umbos well anterior to the center, broad, and full but
not high. Ligament long and narrow. Periostracum slightly rough-
ened, but with a satiny sheen over most of the shell, occasionally
smooth and shiny over the umbonal area.

Nacre usually whitish, but sometimes approaching a purplish
bronze; iridescent posteriorly. Anterior mubele scars clearly marked;
posterior muscle scars poorly defined. Hinge plate long and narrow,



178 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

supporting strong lateral teeth. Right valve with a rather large,
triangular-shaped, pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve with two subequal,
but fairly large, pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.

114 61 39 Ogeechee River, near Barton, Jefferson Co.,
Georgia

87 45 30 Miakka Lake, Sarasota Co., Florida
81 48 · 32.5 Columbus, Muscogee Co., Georgia

TypEs.-The holotype of U. obesus Lea, as well as all of. the other
species of Lea listed in the synonymy above, are in. the United States
National Museum. The original type locality, York River, Virginia,
was subsequently changed by Lea to Georgia, as noted in the synonymy
above. We here restrict the type locality to Columbus, Georgia, one of
the many lotalities given by Lea for his several synonyms. The type of
U. paludicolus Gould is in the New York State Museum .

REMARKS.-This species appears to be limited mainly to lakes
and to the smaller streams. Though widely distributed it is not
common at any one locality. So far as we can detect there are no real
differences between specimens from central and southern Florida,
and those from elsewhere in the range of the species.

In general appearance this species is fairly close to Elliptio strigo-
sus Lea, but is much more inflated. The nacre is usually whitish, and
never has the dark purplish bronze of strigosus. In addition, U.
obesus is proportionately higher and has a slightly roughened peric.
stracum with a high satiny sheen, while strigosus is smooth over the
entire shell.

RANGE.-This species extends from the Everglades of southern
Florida north to North Carolina, and west to the Escambia River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

EVERGLADES DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Florida: Paradise Key, Royal Palm Park, Everglades National Park, Dade Co.
Canals, West Palm Beach; 10 mi. W Jupiter; Loxahatchee Creek, 6 mi. W Jupiter;
ail Palm Beach Co.

PEACE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Peace River, near Arcadia, DeSoto Co.

MIAKKA RIVER SYSTEM
Florida:. Miakka River ; Lake Miakka ; both Sarasota Co .

OKEECHOBEE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Florida: Lake Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee, Oceola Co. Gum Free Slough near
Bassenger; Tyler Creek; both Okeechobee Co.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 179

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Flarida. Canals between Deer Park and Melbourn'e , ditch near Lake Washington ,
6 mi. W Eau Gallie; both Brevard Co. Canal from Lake Vjrginia to Lake Sue,
Winter Park, Orange Co. Econlockhatchee River near confluence with St. Johns
River, Seminole Co. Oklawaha River, Marion Co. Little Orange Creek, 3 mi.
E Hawthorne, Putnam Co. Hatchet Creek, NE Gainesville; Shands Canal, 3
mi. NE Micanopy; Prairie Creek, near Gainesville; Newnans Lake, near Gaines-
ville; all Alachua Co.

WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Lake Tsla Apopka, Citrus Co.

SUWANNEE RIVER SYST£M
Georgia : Withlacoochee River, about 5 mi. NW Valdosta, Lowndes Co. Floridat
Suwannee River, 6 mi. NE Ellaville, Suwannee Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
Georgia: Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo, Grady Co. Attapulgus Creek, 2 mi.
NW Amsterdam , Decatur Co. Florida  Little River, 3 % mi. E Quincy, Gadsden
Co. Ochlockonee River, 11 mi. NW Tallahassee, Leon Co: Ochlockonee River,
7 % mi. E Hosford, Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Cedar Creek, 11 mi, NE Vienna; Pennahatchee
Creek, Vienna; both Dooly Co. Abrams Creek, 3 mi. W Doles, Worth CD. Flint
River, 2 mi. N Albany, bougherty Co. Ichawaynochaway Creek, 5% mi. NE
Morgan, Calhoun Co. Bainbridge, Decatur Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville,
Seminole Co.
CHATIAHOOCHEE RIVER DR'AINAGE.-Alabama: Mill Creek, near Phenix City,
Russell Co. Georgia: Near Columbus, Muscogee Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Gads-
den Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE,-Flonda  Small creek, 9 mi. NW Marianna, Jackson Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama: Van's Mill Creek, near Abbeville, Henry Co. Sikes Creek, Easterling
Mill, Barbour Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama: Poley Creek, near Opp, Covington Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Beaman's Creek, near Youngblood; Mill
Creek, near Youngblood; Patsaliga Creek, Shady Grove; all Pike Co. Oakywoods
Creek, Bu tler Co. Boggy Branch, Conecuh Rivet, near Searight; Sandy Creek,
near Brantley; Dry Creek, near Brantley; all Crenshaw Co.

Genus A lasmidonta Say

A lasmidonta Say (1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1: 459).
Type species, Monodonta undu/ata Say, monotypic.

Shell medium to large in size, generally rhomboid in outline, in-
Rated, and with a well developed posterior ridge. Beaks full and high,
with coarse, concentric or slightly double-looped bars. Periostracum



180 BULL. OF THE FLA.  STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

rayed and shiny. Hinge with two pseudocardinal teeth in the left
valve and one in the right; laterals imperfect or wanting. Beak cavities
deep. Nacre bluish, white, or pinkish. Only outer gills serve as
marsupia.

A lasmidonta triangulata Lea ~
Plate 5 Figure 4

Margaritana triangulata Lea, (1858, Pr6c. Acad. Nat. Sci., PhiIa., 10: 138), Chatta-
hoochee River, Columbus, Georgia,· Lea (1859, Jour. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila., 4:
228, pl. 32, fig. 111). Lea, 1859 (7: 46, pl. 32, fig. 111)

Strophitus wrightianus  Walker (i901, Nautilus, 15: 65, pl. 3), tributaries of the
Flint River, Baker Co., [Ichawaynochaway Creek?], Georgia. Simpson (1914:
357).

A lasmidonta triangulata Lea. Simpson (1914: 509).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching about 70 mm. (2%

inches) in length, thin but strong, subtriangular in outline, and in-
fiated. Color in young specimens a dark yellowish green or bluish
green and strongly rayed, particularJy when seen with transmitted light.
In adult specimens the color is a glossy brownish black, and in trans-
mitted light they appear finely rayed. Posterior slope margined by a
strong angle. The surface of the posterior slope is finely rugose. Sur-
face of the disc and anterior slope nearly smo6th. Beaks anteri6r to
the center, high and full. Ligameni short and small. Periostracum
Smooth on the disc and somewhat scaly over the lower part of the
posterior slope.

Nacre bluish white to salmon pink. Anterior muscle scars well
defined. Hinge plate narrow and extends below as a buttress as far
as the pedal retractor scar. Right valve with a single pseudocardinal
tooth. Left valve with two short and pointed pseudocardinals.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
69 46 38.5 Flint River, Bainbridge, Decatur Co., Georgia
63 46 37 Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia
61 40 35 Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park, Cal-

houn Co., Florida

TypEs.-The holotype is in- the United States National Museum
and is from the Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia. Paratypes
are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (165696) and are from
the same locality. The holotype of A. wrightiana Walker is in the



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 181

Museum 6f Zoology, University of Michigan.
REMARKS.-This is a rare species throughout its range. The original

specimens came from the Chattahoochee River near Columbus,
Georgia, and were described as having a white nacre and a length of
only 40 mm. In the lower reaches of the system the shells become
much dafker in color, and the naere may be a deep salmon pink. In
the original descripfion Lea also cited the locality of Sawney's Creek,
South. Carolina. The validity of this locality is certainly open to
question. This speEies is distantly related to Alasmidonta arcula Lea
of the Altamaha river system, Georgia. Both species are in the sub-
genus Bullella Simpson .

This i5 a species of the rivets and larger creeks to juvige by the
records we have seen. It seems to prefer sandy mud, particularly in and
around rock pools.

Simpson (1914) changed the type locality of wrightianus to the
Ochlockonee River. This is certainly an error, the original locality of
Walker is correct.

RANGE.-Limited to the Apalachicola river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Patsiliga Creek, Taylor Co. Flint River, Bain-
brid~e; Flint River, Recovery; both Decatur Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE 'RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Mulberry Creek, Mitchell Bridge,
3 mi. S Mountain Hill, Harris CO. Chattahoochee RiveF, Columbus, Muscogee
Co.· Alabama: Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell, Russell Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee,
Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE:-Florida: Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park,
Calhoun Co.

Genus Anodontoides Simpson

Anodolitoides Simpson (1898 (in Baker, F. C.), Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 3, pt. 1: 72).
Type species, A nodonia ferussaciana Lea, subsequent designation, Simpson, 1900.

Shells medium in size, elliptical in outline, inflated, thin, and
with a poorly defined posterior ridge. Umbos full, with subparallel
concentric  ridges. Periostracum smooth, shiny and frequently rayed.
Hinge plate slightly curved and lacking teeth, or having only small
rudjments of teeth. Nacre bluish white. Marsapia occupying only
the outer gills.



182 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Anodontoides elliotti Lea
Plate 5 Figure 3

Margaritana elliottii Lea (1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,10: 138), Chattahoochee
River, near Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1859 (7: 44, pl. 31, fig. 108)

DEsCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching 71 mm. (about 2 %
inches) in length, thin, smooth, subelliptical in outline, a'nd inflated.
Color a blackish brown when adult, brown to greenish brown when
young. Usually heavily rayed with green when viewed with trans-
mitted light. Posterior slope fiat; posterior riage poorly defined. Shell
tapers to a rounded point posteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center,
broad though not high, and rather full. Ligament rather long and
narrow. Periostracum smuoth and shiny on the disc, but somewhat
scaly and dull on the posterior slope.

Nacre bluish white and highly iridescent posteriorly. Anterior
muscle scars clearly outlined, posterior musele scars obscure. Hinge
plate exceedingly narrow. Right valve with one rather long, but low
and narrow, pseudocardinal tboth. Left valve with a single, somewhat
bifurcated, narrow and small, pseudocardinal tooth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
71 35.5 25.5 Mosquito  Creek, Chattahoochee, Gadsden Co.,

Florida
70 38 27.5 Uchee Creek, 10 mi. S Gerard, Russell Co.,

Alabama
67 33 23 Chattahoochee River, West Point, Troup Co.,

Georgia

TypEs.-The holotype of Anodontoides elliotti Lea is in the
United States National Museum. The type locality is the Chattahoo-
chee River, near Columbus, Georgia.

REMARKS.-This species appears to be exceedingly rare. It ap-
parently prefers slack water areas in the larger rivers and the slow
flowing larger creeks. It is not close to any other species in this region.

This is probably the species that Vander Schalie (1940: 197) called
Strophitus. spillmanii Lea.

RANGE.-SO far as known this species is limited to the Escambia
and the Apalachicola river systems. It is apparently absent in the
Choctawhatchee river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, West Point,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 183

Troup Co. Alabama: Uchee Creek, 10 mi. S Gerard; Uchee Creek,'Fort Mitchell;
Uchee Creek, near McKalls; all Russell Co. Cowikee Creek, 6 mi. N Eufaula,
Barbour Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Mosquito Creek, 1 mi. S Chattahoochee,
Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek,
8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; £ill Jackson Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Oakywoods Creek, Butler Co. Dry Creek,
Brantley, Crenshaw Co.

Genus Anodonta Lamarck

Anodorita Lamarck (1799, Memoirs Soci6t6 d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris p. 87).
Type species, Mytitus cygneus Linn6, monotypic.

Shells elliptical, smooth, thin, inflated, and often winged posteriorly.
Umbos usually high, full, and sculptured with numerous more or less
parallel ridges which are generally double-looped. Hinge Without
teeth. Nacre dull to shiny. Marsupia occupy the whole of the outer
gills.

Anodonta cowperiana Lea
Plate 6 Figure 3

Unio cowperiana Lea (1840, Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 289), Hopeton, near, Darien,
Georgia.

Anodonta couperiana Lea (1842, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 8: 227, pl. 20, fig. 46),
Hopeton, near Darien, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 65, pl. 20, fig. 46)

Anodonta dunlapiana Lea (1842, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 2: 225), South Carolina.
Lea (1842, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 8: 248, pl. 27, fig..65). Lea, 1842 (3: 86,
pl. 27, fig. 65).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium to large in size, reaching 110 mm.
(4% inches) in length, subelliptical to subcircular in outline, thin
in structure, fragile, smooth, and somewhat inflated. Color light straw
yellow to yellowish green with numerous and generally fine, copper-
green rays. Posterior slope slightly concave; the posterior ridge poorly
defined. Shell tapers to a blunt point posteriorly. Umbos anterior
to the center, low, fairly broad, and seldom extend above the dorsal
margin. Ligament short and small. Periostracum smooth and shiny
over the entire shell except the posterior slope where it is slightly
roughened.

Nacre bluish white and somewhat iridescent over the entire in-
terior surface of the shell. All muscle scars are inconspicuous and
poorly defined. Hinge plate and teeth are lacking.



184 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. min. min.
1 10 67 49 Edisto River, Dorchester Co., South Carolina
95 58 42 Pond near Savannah, Chatham Co., Georgia
84 47 36 Lake Jessup, Seminole Co., Florida

TypEs.-The holotype of Anodonta cowperiana Lea is in the
United States National Museum. The type locality is Hopeton, near
Darien, Georgia. The hplotype of Anodonta dunlapiana Lea is in'the
United States National Museum also.

REMARKS.-This.is a beautiful species and is readily differentiated
frorn other Anodonta by having numerous green radiating lines, and
by having low umbos. It appears to be most closely related to Ano-
donta imbecilis Say, but is readily distinguished by the ventral margin,
which is broadly curved in 4. cowpefiana and nearly straight in, A.
imbecilis. In addition, cowperiana is much higher in proportion to
its length than imbecilts, as shown by the measurements; the height-
length ratio of cowperiana is about 2 and that of imbecilis is 1.5. As
given under the ranges, A. imbecilis and A. cowperiana occupy distinct
geographic areas.

RANGE.-From the Peace River in southwestern Florida the species
ranges east into the Okeech6bee drainage, north into the upper St.
Johns system, and occurs again in coastal Georgia and South Carolina.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

PEACE RIVER SYSTEM
Floridd: Peace River, Arcadia, De Soto Co.

OKEECHOBEE SYSTEM
Florida: Lake  Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee, Osceola Co. Lake Hatchineha, Osceola
Co.

HILLSBOROUGH RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Blackwater Creek, 8 mi. N Plant City, Hillsborough Co.

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Floridar  Winder Lake, St . Johns River , Brevard Co . Econlockhatchee River near
St. Johns River; Lake Jessup; both Seminole Co. Lake Woodruff, Volusia Co.
Shands Canal, 3 mi. NE Micanopy; Prairie Creek, 6 mi. SE Gainesville; Lake
Newnan, 6 mi. E Gainesville; all Alachua Co.

SAVANNAH- RIVER SYSTEM
Georgia: Pond near Savannah, Chatham Co.

EDISTO RIVER SYSTEM
South Carolina: Sandpit, Edisto River, Dorchester Co.

Anodonta gibbosa Say
Plate 6 Figure 1

Anodonta gibbosa Say (1824 (in. Keating, W. H.), Narrative of an expedition to the



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 185

source of the St: Peters River, 2: 265, pl.  14, figs. 3-4), South Carolina. Simpson
(1914: 397).

Anodonla dariensis Lea (1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 10: 139), Hopeton, near
Darien, Georgia. Lea, 1859 (7: 48, pl. 28, fig. 99).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching 120 mm. (4% inches)
in length, subelliptical in outline, thin in structure, smooth, and in-
Rated. Color greenish brown to blackish bfown, and faintly rayed
with green. Posterior slope slightly conEave; the posterior ridge poorly
defined. Shell tapers to a blunt point posteriorly. Umbos are anterior
to the center, rather full, and extend above the dorsal margin. Liga-
ment fairly long and narrow. Periostracum smooth on the disc and
anterior slope, roughened on the posterior slope.

Nacre bluish white and iridescent over the entire inner surface of
the shell. All muscle scars are inconspicuous and poorly defined.
Hinge plate and teeth are lacking.

LENGTH W]DTH BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
140 81 61 Tanvat Pond, 3 mi. N Sneads, Jackson Co.,

Florida
120 60 42.5 Oakey Bend Lake, Ch6ctawhatchee River,

Walton Co., Florida
112 65 41.5 Horseshoe Lake, Choctawhatchee River, Wash-

ington Co., Florida
100 52 42.5 Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville, Calhoun

Co., Florida

TypEs.-The location of Say's type of A. gibbosa is unknown. It
is not in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, where many
of Say's types may be found. The type locality is South Carolina. The
holotype of Lea's A. dariensts is in the United States National Museum.
The type locality is Hopeton, near Darien, Georgia.

REMARKS.-This is a species of fairly wide distribution in the south,
and like other Anodonta it occurs in quiet waters, usually where there is
an abundance of sandy mud. This species differs from A. imbecilis Say
by being larger, having the ventral margin more rounded, by being
inflated, and in having the umbos swollen and extending above the
dorsal margin of the shell.

RANGE.-South Carolina to northern Florida and west to the Choc-
tawhatchee River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee;

Lake Taiquin, Ochlockonee River; both Leon Co.



186 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, Recovery; Four Mile Creek, 3 mi.
SW Bainbridge; both Decatur Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell; Big
Uchee Creek, Young's Bridge, 6 mi. NE Seale; both Russell Co. Florida: Tanvat
Pond, 3 mi.'N Snea£is, Jackson Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek, 8
mi. W Malone; both Jackson Co. Chipola River , 2 mi . E Clarksville ; Chipola
River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; all Calhoun· Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Choctawhatchee River, Geneva Co.
Florida: Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville, Holmes Co. Oakey Bend Lake,
Choctawhatchee River; Bushy Point Lake, Choctawhatchee River; Inlet Lakes,
Choctawhatchee River; all Walton Co. Crawford Lake, Choctawhatchee  River;
Horseshoe Lake, Choctawhatchee River; both Washington Co.

Anodonta hallenbecki Lea
Plate 9 Figure 1

Anodonta hallenbeckii Lea (1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,  10: 138), Uphaupee
[Uphapee] Creek, Macon Co., Georgia [Alabama]. Lea, 1859 (7: 50, pl. 32,
fig. 112).

Anodonta gesnerii 'Lea (1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,10: 139), Uphaupee
[Uphapee] Creek, Macon Co., Alabama. Lea, 1859 (7: 49, pl. 31, fig. 109).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell large, reaching 181 mm. (about 7 % inches) in
length, elliptical in outline, fairly thick in structure, moderately in-
flated, and generally having numerous rather irregular concentric
ridges. Color yellowish green to dark brown. Occasionally the green
coloration may be in concentric bands, and a few specimens may be
faintly rayed with green. Posterior slope flattened; the po5terior ridge
poorly defined. Shell tapers to a smoothly rounded point posteriorly.
Umbos anterior to the center, broadened, and extend above the dorsal
margin. Ligament narrow and long. Periostracum smooth over the
entire disc, slightly roughened on the posterior slope.

Nacre bluish white and moderately iridescent over the entireinner
surface. All mu5cle scars are inconspicuous and poorly defined. Hinge
plate and teeth are lacking.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
181 87 70 Paratype from Uphapee Creek, Macon Co.,

Alabama
138 68 51.5 Cypress Creek. 3 mi. SW Elamville, Barbour

Co., Alabama
128 74 53 Mill pond, Conasauga River, Conasauga, Ten-

nessee



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 187

TypEs.-The holotypes of A. hallenbecki Lea and' A. gesneri  Lea
are in the United States National Museum. Paratypes of each are in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the type locality for both
is Uphapee Creek, Macon County, Alabama.

REMARKS.-Lea made a curious mistake in the type locality of A.

hallenbecki, assigning it as he did to Macon County, Georgia. As
stated above, both came from the same locality, Uphapee Creek, Macon
County, Alabama.

This species attains a large size as the measurements of the paratype
indicate. However, most of the specimens we have seen are much
smaller than this.

Thi5 species is readily differentiated from A. gibbosa Say by being
much larger, proportionately much longer, and by having a some-
what thickened shell. The concentric ridges noticeable in A. hallen-·
becki are probably only stages of growth.

The distribution as given below is a little unusual, and perhaps
mechanical distribution has played a part. Like other Anodonta they
require a specialized habitat-usually quiet water with a fairly soft
substrate-not at all common along the big southern rivers. Wherever
such conditions exist, Anodonta is usually present in considerable
numbers.

RANGE.-Chattahoochee River west to the Alabama-Coosa river
system and north to the Tennessee river system. ,

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Columbus, Muscogee Co. Alabama:
Uchee Creek, Russell Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-A labama: Cypress Creek, 3 mi. SW Elamville, Barbour Co.

ALABAMA-COOSA RIVER SYSTEM
CoosA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Tennessee: C.onasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co.
Georgia: Conasauga River , Lower Kingsbridge, 3 mi . W Fashion , Murray Co.
Oothkalooga Creek, near Calhoun, Gordon Co.  Silver Creek, Rome; Big Dry
Creek, Rome; both Floyd Co. Alabama: Uphapee Creek, Macon Co.
TOMBIGBEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Jones Lake, Vernon, Lamar Co.

TENNESSEE RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama: Flint Creek, 9 mi. NW Hartselle, Morgan Co.

Anodonta imbecilis Say
Plate 6 Figure 2

Anodonta imbecilis Say (1829, New Harmony Disseminator, 2: 355), Wabash River.
Simpson (1914: 395).



188 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium to large in size, reaching 111 mm.
(4% inches) in length, subelliptical in outline, thin, smooth, and not
inflated. Color is a vivid green or blue green to a dark greenish brown;
generally finely rayed with pale straw yellow. Posterior slope slightly
concave; the posterior ridge poorly defined. Shell tapefs to a blunt
point posteriorly. Umbas anterior to the center, very low and seldom
extending above the dorsal margin. Ligament short and small. Perio-
stracum smooth and shiny over the. entire surface.

Nacre bluish white and iridescent over the entire inner surface
of the shell. All muscle scars are inconspicuous and poorly defined.
Hinge plate and teeth are lacking.

- LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
111 .59 42.5 San Rafael, Cameron Co., Texas
101 49 37.5 Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Gadsden Co.,

Florida
81 44 27 Chattahoochee River, Phenix City, Russell Co.,

Alabama

TypES.-The location of the holotype of Anodonta imbecilus Say
is unknown. It is not in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, where many of Say's types are to be found. The type locality
is the Wabash River, and it is here limited to the immediate region

, of New Harmony, Indiana.
REMARKS.-This species is widely distributed in much of eastern

North America from Canada south to northern Florida, It is found -
in quiet water, usually in mud or muddy sand.

This species differs from Anod61*ta gibbosa Say by having a straight
dorsal margin with low and inconspicuous umbos. In addition, it is
not inflated, it is longer in proporti6n to its height, and it has a
straight ventral margin.

See also remarks under A. cowperiana Lea.
RANGE.-In the area covered by this report, it is found from the

Suwannee River west to the Escambia River. The species, however,
is widely distributed in the Mississippi river system and in rivers we5t
to Texas.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, Oldtown, Dixie Co.

OCHLOCK0NEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINACE.-Floriila: Little River, 7 mi. SW Havana, Gadsden
Co. Ochlockonee River near Bloxham; Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahdssee;



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 189

Lake Talquin, Ochlockonee River; all Leon Co. Ochlockonee River. 7 42 mi.
E Hosford, Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, Bainbridge; Four Mile. Creek,
3 mi. SW Bainbridge; FIint River, Recovery; Blue Spring, Flint River, 7% mi.
W.Recovery; all Decatur Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville; Spring Creek, 2%
mi. S Reynoldsville; both Seminole Co.
CHA'rrAHOOCHEE RivER DRAINACE.-Alabama: Chattahoochee River, Phenix City,
Russell Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Gads-

den Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Spring Creek, 3 mi. E Marianna, Jackson Co.
Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry; Chipola River,
Pole Bluff Landing; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; Dead Lake,
Chipola River, Idkwood; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHF.E RIVER SYSTEM
HOLMES CREEK DRAINAGE.-Florida: Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville, Jackson
CO.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAIN'AGE.-Florida: Inlet Lakes, Choctawhatchee River;

Bushy Point Lake, Choctawhatchee River ; both Walton Co. Horseshoe Lake,
Choctawhatchee River, Washington Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CovECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Jeffcoats Lake near Youngblood, Pike Co.
Lake Hasclox Bridge, Patsaliga River, Crenshaw Co.
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Escambia River, Flomaton, Escambia Co.
Branch of the Escambia River, 43/2 mi. W Jay, Santa Rosa Co.

Genus Medionidus Simpson

Medionidus Simpson (190Oa: 77). ,
Type species, Unio conradicus Lea, original designation.

Shell small, subelliptical in outline, somewhat solid and strong,
with a fairly well defined posterior ridge. Usually sculptured with
single or bifurcated ridges on the posterior slope. Marsupia occupy
the central areas of the outer gills.

Medionidus penicillatus Lea
Plate 6 Figure 7

Unio penicillatus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 171), Chattahoochee
River, near Columbus; near Atlanta; and Flint River, near Albany; Georgia.
Lea, 1859 (7: 21, pl. 23, fig. 85).

Unio walkeri B. H. Wright (1897, Nautilus, 11: 91), Suwannee River, Madison Co.,
Florida.

Unio kingii B. H. Wright (1900, Nau tilus, 13: 138), branch of Flint River, Baker
Co., Georgia.

Medionidus walkerii B. H. Wright. Simpson (1900a: 77, pl. 1, fig. 5).
Medionidus simpsonionus Walker (1905; Nautilus, 18: 186), Calvary, GeOrgia



190 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small, reaching 53 mm. (about 2% inches) in
length, subelliptical in outline, and rather 561id in structure. Color
yellowish brown to nearly black, usually rayed with narrow, inter-
rupted, greenish lines. Posterior slope  nearly flat and sculptured
throughout its entire length with rather strong arcuate ridges; the
remainder of the shell is smooth. Posterior ridge usually well de-
fined. Shell tapers to a blunt point posteriorly. Umbos a little an-
terior to the center, fairly broad, but not high. Ligament short and
narrow. Periostracum smooth and shiny on the disc, somewhat satiny
and a little roughened along the ventral margin, and dull on the
posterior slope.

Nacre usually bluish white, occasionally a pale pink or salmon, and
iridescent posteriorly. Anterior muscle scars well defined, postefior
scars obscure. Hinge plate small. Right valve has one small pseudo-
cardinal t6oth. Left valve has one small and one fairly large pseudo-
cardinal tooth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
52 26 21 Flint River, Bainbridge, Decatur Co., Georgia
46 23 15 Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo, Grady Co.,

Georgia
46 25 18 Suwannee River, Ellaville, Madison Co.,

Florida

TypEs.-The holotype of Unio penicillatus Lea is in the United
States National Museum; the type locality is here restricted to the
Chattahoochee River at Columbus, Georgia, one of the localities
given by Lea. The holotype of walkeri B. H. Wright from the Su-
wannee River [Ellaville] Madison C6unty, Florida, and the holotype
of kingi B. H. Wright from a branch of the Flint River, Baker County,
Georgia, are also in the United States National Museum. The holotype
of Medionidus simpsonianus Walker is in the Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan. Paratypes of kingi, walkeri, and idiotypes
of penicillatus are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

REMARKS.-We can detect no specific differences among the several
forms given in the synonymy above. Medionidus penicillatus is a
variable species, particularly in coloration and in shape, but these
differences all grade into one another.

The locality "near Atlanta, Georgia" given by Lea is certainly in
error. No member of this genus has been recorded for the Altamaha
river system.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 191

This species is found in streams and rivers where there is moderate
current, and lives mainly in sand and gravel.

RANGE.-From the Suwannee River west to the Chipola River.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SANTA FE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Santa Fe River, Worthington Springs,
Union Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, Ellaville, Madison Co.
Suwannee River, Fannin Springs, Gilchrist Co. Suwannee River, Oldtown, Dixie
CO.
WITHLACO~CHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Spring,
Madison Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S. Cairo;
Ochlockonee River between Rbno and Beachton; both Grady Co. Florida: Och-
lockonee River, 11 mi. NW Tallahassee; Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee;
both Leon Co. Ochlockdnee River,.Wakulla Co. Little River, 3% mi. E Quincy,
Gadsden Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Stream, 6 mi. N Vienna, Dooly Co. Gum Creek,
2 mi. N Cordele; Cedar Creek, 6 mi. SW Cordele; both Crisp Co. Jones
Creek, 2 mi. S Oakfield; Mill Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield; both Worth Co. Branch
of Flint River, Baker C6. Flint River, Albany, Dougherty Co. Flint River,
Bainbridge; Flint River, Recovery; both Decatur Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Mulberry Creek, 3 mi. SSE Mountain

Hill, Harris Co. Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Muscogee Co. Sawhatchee
Creek, about 14 mi. NW Donalsonville, Early Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee,

Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Cowarts Creek, Cowart, Houston Co.

Florida: Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; ChipoIa
River, 1 mi. N Marianna; small creek, 71/6 mi. NW Altha; Chipola River, 21,6
mi. E Chason; all Jackson Co. Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Dead Lake,
Chipola River, Chipola Park; both Calhoun Co.

Genus Glebula Conrad

Glebula Conrad (1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 268).
Ty~e species, Unio rotundatus Lamarck, monotypic.

Shell solid, inflated, elliptical, bluntly pointed posteriorly, and
with a well- defined posterior ridge. Umbos low and smooth. Perio-
stracum blackish brown and satiny. Pseudocardinal teeth moderately
large and with crenulated edges. Gills nearly equal in size and united
the whole length of the abdominal sac. Marsupia occupy the posterior
half of the outer gills.



192 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL' SCIENCES

Glebula rotundata Lamarck
Plate 8 Figure 7

Unio rotundata Lamarck (1819, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vert6bres,
6: 75), locality unknown.

Unio suborbiculata Lamarck (1819, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans, Vert6-
bres, 6: 81), locality unknown.

Unio glebulus Say (1831, Translyvania Journal, 4: 526), Bayou Teche, St, Mary
Parish, Louisiana.

Unio subglobosus Lea (1834, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 5: 30, pl. 2, fig. 3), Bayou
Teche, Louisiana. Lea, 1834 (1: 142, pl. 2, fig. 3)

Unio grandensis Conrad (1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 7: 256), Rio Grande,
Texas.

Unio granadensis 'Conrad' Simpson (1914: 289) [error for grandensis Conrad].
Glebula rotundata Lamarck. Simpson (1914: 2,87)

DESCRIPTION.-Shell large, reaching 107 min. (414 inches in length,
solid,in structure, elliptical in outline, and greatly inflated. Color a
dark ashen black; young specimens are a brownish black.- Posterior
slope generally flat to slightly concave and margined by a fairly well
defined posterior ridge. Shell tapers to a rounded or somewhat trun-
cate end posteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center, broad, and usually
not high. Ligament long and fairly thick. Periostracum in young shells
almost satiny, somewhat smooth on the disc, but slightly roughened
ventrally and on the extremities.

Nacre bluish white to a deep purplish pink; the posterior areas
are rather highly iridescent. Hinge plate narrow. PseudocarElinal
teeth in both valves radially laminate with the outer edges serrate.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mrn.
107 91 66.5 Lake Concordia, Co'ncordia Parish, Louisiana
96 70 44 Lake Verret, Assumption Parish, Louisiana
50 38 22 Apalachicola River, Blountstown, Calhoun

Co., Florida

TypEs.-The types of G. rotundata and G. suborbiculata Lamarck
are probably in the Paris Museum. As the original localities for both
of the above are unknown, we here select Bayo Teche, St. Mary Parish,
Louisiana, as the type locality; this is also the type locality for two of
the synonyms given above. The type of G. subglobosa Lea is in the
United States National Museum. The type of G. gleb.ulus Say is in
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The location of
Conrad's type of G. grandensis is unknown.

REMARKS.-This is an ekceedingly rare specie5 in the area covered



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 193

by this report, and, so far as we can determine, it is limited to the
lower reaches of the rivers. It appears to reach its greatest develop-
ment in southern Louisiana.

RANGE.-Eastern Texas east to the Apalachicola River, Florida.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHI(ZOLA RIVER SYSTEM
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Blountstown, Cal-
houn Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAIN AGE.-Florida: Dead Lake, ,Chipola Riyer, Chipola Park,
Calhoun Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
ESCAMB]A RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Escambia River, Escambia Co.

Genus Corunc-utina Simpson

Coruncutina Simpson (1898 (in Baker, F. C.), Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci„ 3, pt. 1: 109).
Type species, Lampsilis parvus Barnes, monotypic.

Shell small, inflated, ovate to.  elliptical in outline, and With a
poorly defined posterior ridge. Umbos anterior to the center and
sculptured with strong, simple, concentric ridges. Periostracum dark
brown to brownish yellow or greenish, and occasionally feebly rayed.
Pseudocardinal teeth compressed; laterals short' and straight. Nacre
white, bluish white, or pinkish, and ifidescent, particularly posteriorly.
Marsupia developed only on the outer gills.

Corunculina paula Lea
Plate 8 Figure 5

Unio paulus Lea (1'840, P.roc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 287), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3:  51, pl. 15, fig. 29).

Unio minor Lea (1843, Descriptions ·of tWelve new species of Unios, (Philadelphia)),
Lake Monroe and Lake George, Florida. Lea, 1848 (4: 34, pl. 39, fig. 3)

Unio crontwellii Lea (1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 89), Kiokee Creek,
Albany, Dougherty Co., Georgia. Lea, 1869 (12: 18,18.31, fig. 73)

Unio marginis Lea (1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 89), BluesSprings, [Albany],
Dougherty Co., Georgia. Lea, 1869 (12: 15, pl. 31; fig, 69)

Unio stearnsi B. H. Wright (1888, Check List of North Anierican Unionidae
(Portland, Oregon), p. 5), [nomen nudum]  Simpson (1914: 146), [listed in
the synonymy of Lampsilis minor Lea (-Corunculina paula Lea)]

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small in size, reaching 40 mm. (about 11,6
inches) in length, generally solid in structure, smooth, somewhat in-
ilated, and elliptical in outline. Color greenish or' brownish to almost
black; occasional specimens are rayed with green. Posterior slope  nearly



194 BULL. 0F THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

flat with the posterior ridge poorly defined. Umbos anterior to the
center, broad and full, but not high. Ligament short and narrow.
Periostracum satiny and generally rough over the entire surface of
the shell. '

Nacre bluish white to pinkish and highly iridescent posteriorly.
Both anterior and posterior muscle scars well defined. Hinge plate
long and narrow. Right valve with one small .pseudocardinal tooth.
*Left valve with two sube*tai pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
40.5 23 17 Suwannee River, Fannin Spring, Gilchrist Co.,

Florida
36 21 15.5 Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Muscogee

Co., Georgia
34 20 14 Reedy Creek, Madrid, Houston Co., Alabama

TypEs.-The holotype of C. paula Lea,and all of thE other species
of Lea and Wright mentioned in the synonymy above are in the
United States National Museum. The type locality for this species is
the Chattahooehee River, Columbus. Georgia.

- REMARKS.-This :small- species -can--be exceedingly-abundant.- It is -
an- active species and will follow the rise and fall of a stream seeking
the shallow water of the. margins. In muddy situations the periostra-
cum remains satiny in appearance and is somewhat rough to the touch.
In sandy areas the periostracum is worn smooth; and the shells are
shiny. In the Santa Fe River, many specimens found were a bright
green, a condition which was also true of a number of other species
which were found there. Sexual dimorphism may be fairly pronounced
in this species, the males being evenly and father narrowly rounded
posteriorly while the females are truncated and, in addition, are far
more inflated.

RANGE.-Peace River in southern Florida north to the St. Johns
River and west to the Yellow River in western Florida.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

PEACE RIVER SYSTEM
Flotida·. Peach River, and pond near Arcadia ; both DeSoto Co.

OKEECHOBEE SYSTEM
Florida: Lake, Okeechobee, 2 mi. N Canal Point, Palm Beach Co. 'Alligator Lake
near Kissifnmee; Lake Tohop,ekaliga; both Osceola Co.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 195

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Florida : Puzzle Lai*, 7 mi . SE Geneva , Econlockhatchee River near confluence
with St. John5; both Seminole Co.

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SANTA FE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Santa Fe River, N of High Springs; Santa
Fe River Sink, E of High Springs; both Alachua Co. Santa Fe River, Worthing-
ton Springs, Union C6.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, Ellaville, Madison Co:
Suwannee River; Fannin Springs, Gilchrist Co. Suwannee River, Oldtown, Dixie
CO.
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Withlacoochee River, Olympia,
Lowndes Co . Florida : Withiacoochee River , Blue Springs, 10 mi . E Madison ,
Madison C6.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
Georgia: Attapulgus Creek, 2 mi. NW Amsterdam, Decatur Co. Florida: Och-
lockonee, River, 11 mi. NW Tallahassee; Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Talla-
hassee; both Leon Co. Little River, 3 % mi . E Quincy, Gadsden Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Stream, 6 mi. N Vienna, Dooly Co, Gum Creek,
2 mi. N Cordele; Cedar Creek, 6 mi. SW Cordele; Swift Creek, 12
mi. SW Cordele; a/l Crisp Co. Small creek, 6 mi. SE Leesburg; Lee's Creek,
5 mi. S DeSoto; both Lee Co. East Fork Chickasawhatchee Creek, 5 mi. SE
Dawson; Kiokee Creek, 15 mi. SE Dawsun; both Terrell Co. Abrams Creek, 3
mi. N Doles; Abrhms Creek, 5 mi. S Oakfield; MilI Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield; all
Worth Co. Creek, 49. mi. NE Morgan, Calhoun Co. Creek, 6 mi. W Albany,
Dougherty Co. Four Mile Creek, 3 mi. S Bainbridge; Spring Creek, near Brinson; -
Flint River, Recovery; Blue Spring, 7% mi. W Recovery; all Decatur (6. Spring
Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGIE.-Georgia: Columbus, Muscogee Co. Sawhatchee
Creek, 4 mi. NW Donalsonville, Seminole Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAIN'AGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee;
Mosquito Creek , Chattahoochee; both Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Goff Creek, near Smyrna; Reedy Creek,
Madrid; small creek, 13 mi. E Dothan; Big Creek, near sdte line; all Houston
Co. Florida . Stream 1 V mi . N Campbellton ; Reedy Creek , 6 mi . W Malone ; Big
Cre~k, 8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; Spring Creek, 3 mi.
E Marianna; Chipola River, 1 mi. W Sink Creek; all Jackson Co. Chipola River
near Pole Blulf Landing; Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River,
Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River, ChipoIa Park; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Campbells Creek, Clio, Barbour
Co. Pea River, 8 mi. NW Ariton; Pike Co. Little Patsaliga Creek; Dry Creek,
near Brantley; both Crenshaw Co. Choctawhatchee River, 2 mi. E Geneva,
Geneva' Co. Florida: Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville, Jackson Co. Hurricane
Creek, 5 mi. E Miller Cross Roads; Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi: W Caryville;
both Holmes Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Yellow River, Milligan, Okaloosa Co.



196 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Genus Lainpsilis Rafinesque

La mpsilis Rafinesque ( 1820 , .Annales 66ntrales Sciences Physiques (Bruxelles),
5: 298).

Type species, Unio ovatus Say, subsequent designation, Simpson, 1900.

Shell moderately large, subcircular to elliptical in outline, and
generally inflated. Posterior slope well defined. Umbos prominent,
anterior to the center, usually high, and sculptured with rather coarse
sinuate ridges. Outer surface smooth and shiny on the disc and an-
terior slope, often somewhat roughened on the posterior sIope. Color
yellowish to dark brown; often rayed with green.

Nacre white to bluish white or pink. Pseudocardinal , teeth small,
generally with two in each valve.

This genus is widely distributed in all of eastern North America
from southern Canada to Florida and west to the Mississippi River.

Lampsilis subtingulata Lea
Plate 2 Figure 2

Unio subangulatus Lea (1840, Proc. Amer.-P.hilos..Soc., 1: 287), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea; 1842 (3: 47, pl. 13, fig. 23)

Lampsilis subangulata Lea. Simpson (1914: 125-126).
Unto kirklandianus B H' Wright (1897, Nautilus, 10: 136), Ochlockonee River, Leon

Co., Florida.
Lanipsilis kirklandiana Wright. Simpson (19002: 76, pl.il, fig. 7)  Simpson (1914:

126).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching about 85 mm. (about
8 3/8 inches) in length, thin but strong, smooth, subelliptical in outr-
line, and sbmewhat inflated. Color a golden brown to dark chestnut
brown; numerous rays of light to dark emerald green. These rays vary
in width from fine.lines to bands reaching 4 mm. in width. Occasional
specimens may be smooth and dark brownish black with only faint
traces of rays, even when seen with transmitted light. Posterior slope
concave, the ridge rounded. Shell tapers to a blunt point posteriorly.
Umbos anterior to the center, broad  though not high, an'd rather full.
Ligament short and small. Periostracum smooth and shiny on the disc,
but somewhat scaly and dull on the posterior extremity.

Nacre whitish to bluish white or. salmon in color and highly iri-
descent at the posterior end. Both anterior and posterior muscle scars
clearly outlined. Hinge plate narrow. Right valve has one large and
one small, somewhat spatulate, pseudocardinal tooth; the larger of
the two is irregularly but finely serrate. Left valve with two nearly



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 197

equal, somewhat thickened and serrate pseudocardinals.

' LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

min. mm. mm.
84 41 31.5. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co:,

Georgia
70 35 26.5 Mosquito Creek, 1 mi. S Chattahoochee. Gads-

den Co., Florida
69 . 37.5 27 Ochlockonee River. 7 mi. S Cairo, Grady Co.,

Georgia

TypEs.-The lectotype of L. subangulata Lea from the Chatta-
hoochee River, Columbus, Georgia, is in the United States National
Museum (85081). Paratypes of L. kirklandiana S. H. Wright from
the Ochlockonee River, Florida, are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology (189802) and the United States National Museum (149648).

REMARKS.-This is one of the most beautiful of our North American
freshwater clams. It appears to prefer small creeks and spring-fed
rivers, at least to judge from tbe matefial we have seen. Though it
occurs in the Choctawhatchee river system it is exceedingly rare there-
we have seen but two specimens.

In relationship it appears to be close to Lampsilis australis{Simpson,
from which it differs'in being more attenuate and pointed posteribrly,
being more inflated, having more definitive rays, and having a more
highly polished surface. In addition, the posterior slope of subangu-
la ta is more excavated, the ridge is more clearly defined, and the nacre
is more iridescent.

RANGE.-From the Ochlockonee River west to the Choctawhatchee
River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo;
Ochlockonee River 6etween Reno and Beachton; stream near Calvary., all Grady
Co. Florida: Ochlockonee River, 716 mi. E Hosford, Liberty Co.
LltrLE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Little River, 3~ mi. W Quincy; Little River,
7 mi. WSW Havana; both Gadsden Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Ratsiliga Creek, near Butler, Taylor Co. Jones
Creek , 2 mi. S Oakfield ; Mill Creek , 8 mi . S Oakfield ; both Worth Co. Flint
River, Albany, Dougherty Co. Ichawaynochaway Creek, 10 mi. SW Newton;
Cooleewahee Creek, Newton; Minnsvijle; at/ Baker C6. Flint Ri_ver, Bainbridge,
Decatur Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville; Spring Creek, 245 mi. S Reynoldsville;
both Seminole Co.
CHAMAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-A ldbama: Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell, Russell

Co. Cowikee Creek, 6 mi. N Eufaula, Barbohr Co.



198 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Mosquito Creek, % mi. E, Chattahoo-
chee; Mosquito Creek, 1 mi. S Chattahoochee; both Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek,
8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; all Jackson Co. Chipola
River, Pole Bluff Landing; Chipola River near Alpha; Chipola River, Scotts
Ferry; Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola
Park; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
HOLMES CREEK DRAINAGE.-Florida: Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville, Holmes
CO.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Choctawhatchee River, 2 mi. E
Geneva, Geneva Co.,

Lampsilis excavatus Lea
Plate 3 Figure 3

Unio ovatus ornatits Conrad (1835, Monography of the family Unionidae of North
America (Philadelphia), p. 4) [nomen-nudum]

Unio lineatus Lea (1840, Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 287), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea (1'842, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 8: 206, pl. 12, fig.
20). Lea, 1842 (3: 44, pl. 12, fig. 20) [non Unio lineata Rory de St. Vincent,
1827].

Unio excavatus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 32), Othcalooga Creek,
Gordon Co., Georgia; Etowah, Georgia; Alabama River, Claiborne, Alabama.
Lea (1858, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 4: 71, pl. 13, fig. 52). Lea, 1858 (6: 71,
pl. 13, fig. 52).

Unio ornatus Sowerby (1866, Conchologia Iconica, 16. Unio, pl. 31, sp. 162), Alabama.
Lampsilis binominatus Simpson (190Ob: 528) [new name for Unio lineatus Lea,

1840; non Unio lineata 'Valenciennes' Bory de St. Vincent, 1827].
Lampsilis excavatus Lea. Simpson ( 1914: 41 ).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium to moderately large in size, reaching
100 mm. (4 inches) in length, rather thin but stfong, broadly oval to
subcircular in outline, and inflated. Color a light straw yellow to dark
brownish yellow with a few rays of light to dark emerald green. These
rays vary from fine lineg to bands reaching about 2 mm. in width.
Posterior slope is concave, margined by a fairly well defined ridge, and
occasionally has a second ridge in its mid-area. Shell tapers somewhat
posteriorly. Umbos anterior to the center, broad, high, and full.
Ligament short and broad. Periostracum shiny and smooth over most
of the shell, but slightly roughened on the posterior slope.

Nacre white to bluish white and highly iridescent posteriorly. Both
anterior and posterior muscle scars clearly outlined. Hinge plate
narrow. Right valve has two subequal pseudocardinal teeth. Left
valve has two, pointed pseudocardinals-one large and one small.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 199

LENGTH WIDTH BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
100 72 54.5 Black Warrior River, Jefferson Co., Alabama
96 73 56 Pearl River, Jackson Co., Mississippi
82.5 59 38.5 Escambia River,.3 mi. SE Century, Escambia

Co., Florida

TypEs.-Cotypes of  L. excavatus Lea are in the United States Na-
tional Museum and are from Othcalooga [Oothkalooga] Creek, Gordon
Co., Georgia. The type locality was limited by Simpson (1914: 42)
from the several localities given by Lea., Cotypes of L.,lineatus labelled
as from the Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Georgia, are also in
the United States National Museum, and idiotypes of L. /ineatus Lea,
presumably from the type lot, are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology (146976).

REMARKS.-This species is somewhat smaller than its analogue. L.

ovata Say, of the Mississippi river system. It is also darker in color,
and the posterior slope is not so well defined as in Say's species.

In our opinion L. lineatus Lea (= excavatus Lea) had an incor-
rect locality assigned to it. We have seen nothing approaching tliis
species east of the Escambia River. The idioty~e which we possess is
identical with young specimens of L. excavata from the Coosa river
system of Alabama and Georgia.

RANGE.-From the Escambia river system of Alabama and western
Florida this form ranges west to the Pearl River in Mississippi.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (for the area covered in this report).-

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Escambia River, near Poland, Escambia
Co. Florida: Escambia River, 3 mi. E Century, Escambia Co.

Lampsilis australis Simpson
Plate 2 Figure 3

Lainpsilis australis Simpson (1900: 75, pl. 2, fig. 2), Little Patsaliga Creek, south-
eastern Alabama.10

Lampsitis jonesi Vander Schalie (1934, Nautilus, 47: 125), Pea River, at Priston's
Mill, Dale Co., Alabania.

10Not to be confused with Little Patsiliga Creek, Flint River drainage. in Taylor
County, Georgia, a locality frequently mentioned in older, recotdi. Though the pro-
nunciation is similar, the spelling is different.



200 BULL. OF THE FI.A. STAl'E MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching about 72 mm. (2%
inches) in length, thin but strong, subtriangular in outline, and mod-
erately inflated. Color yellowish green to blackish brown; usually
numerous rays of dark emerald green. There is often a concentric
pattern of the same colors brought about by minor interruptions in
the green rays. Posterior slope flattened; the ridge poorly defined.
Shell tapers to a blunt, point posteriorly. Occasional specimens exhibit
a weak ridge down. the center of the posterior slope. Surface of the
disc and anterior slope smooth. Umbos well anterior to the center,
rather low, and not full. Ligament short and small. Periostracum thin,
shiny, and slightly rugose or scaly on the posterior slope.

Nacre bluish white and moderately iridescent.  Muscle scars well
defined. Right valve with one small pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve
with two nearly equal pseudocardinals.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. inm.

72 39 25 Conecuh River, Covington Co., Alabama
70 33 22 Little Patsaliga Creek, Crenshaw Co., Alabama
61 34 21 Little Choctawhatchee River, near Pinckard,

Dale Co., Alabama

TypEs.-A paratype of L. australis Simpson from Little Patsaliga
Creek, Alabama, is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (20154) and
was received from L. S. Frierson. Paratypes of L. jonesi Vander Schalie
from the Pea River near Elamville, Barbour County, Alabama, are in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology (98802). The holotype is in
the Museum of  Zoology, University of Michigan.

REMARKS.-This species is close in its relationship t6 L. subangulata
Lea; however, australis differs from subangulata by having the nacre
always bluish white with no indication of salmon coloration, by having
the posteri9r end a little more rounded, and by having the dark green-
ish rays much finer'and far less conspicuous. In addition, the posterior
slope of australis is nearly flat, hardly concave, and many specimdns
have a secondary ridge running from the umbos to the posterior
margin.

Lampsilis jonesi Vander Schalie appears to uS to be an absolute
synonym of L. australis. Apparently Vander Schalie completely over-
looked this species of Simpson and compared his only with subangu-
lata Lea.

RANGE.-This species is confined to the Choctawhatchee and Es-
cambia river systems.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 201

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOGrAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAdE:-Alabaina: Little Choctawhatchee River,
Houston. Co. Little Choctawhatchire Riyer near Pinckard; East Fork Choctawhat-
chee River, Midland 'City; both Dale Co. East Fork Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi.
W Abbeville, Henry Co. West Fork, Choctawhatchee River, Blue Spring, Bar-
bour Co.
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-A/abaina: Pea 'River, Andrew's Fish Trap; Pea River, near
Elamville; both Barbour Co. Pea River, Flemings Mill, Coffee Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYS-1-EM
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-A labnina: Conecuh River, Bozeman's Landing, Cov-
ington Co. Conecuh River, Searight; Little Patsaliga Creek, near Luverne; both
Crenshaw Co. Burnt Corn Creek, 3 mi. W Applet6n, Escambia Co.

Lampsilis anodontoides Ro,idensis Lea
Plate 3 Figure 1

Unio #oridensis Lea (1852,,Trans. Amen Philos. Soc. (n.s.), 10: 274, pl. 21, fig.  31),
Chackfahachi River, West Florida. Lea, 1852 (5: 30, pl. 21, fig. 31).

Lampsilis anodontoides #oridensis. Lea. Simpson (1914: 91).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching about 112 mm.. (436
inches) in length, thin but strong, and generally only slightly inflated.
Color pale to dark yellowish brown; occasiohally with a few rather
widely spaced dark greenish rays which seldom exceed 2 nim. in width.
Posterior slope is flattened and has a founded posterior ridge. Shell
tapers to a blunt point posteriorly. Umbos well anterior to the center,
broad, but not high or full. Ligament rather long and narrow. Perio-
stracum smooth and shiny on the dist, but somewhat scaly and dull on
the posterior slope.

Nacre somewhat iridescent, white to pale pink; the pinkish area
is generally confined to the cential dorsal area. Both anterior and
posterior muScle scars are well marked. Hinge plate narrow. Right
valve has pointed pseudocardinal teeth-one large and one small-
which are slightly rugose. Left valve with two subequal pseudo-
cardinals.

LENGTH WIDTH BREADI'H

mm. mm. .mm.
112 55 36.5 Spring Creek, Reytioldsville, Seminole Co.,

Georgia
87 ' 40 26.5 Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville,

Holmes Co., Florida
99 43.5 29.5. Flint River, Bainbridge, Decatur, Co., Georgia

TypES.-The holotype of L. #oridensis Lea is in the United States
National Museum and is ffOm the Chdcktjhachi [Choctawhatchee]



202 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

River of western Floticla. We here restrict the type locality to the
Choctawhatchee River, 1 mile west of Caryville, Holmes County, Flor-
ida, which is possible the locality where Major LeConte collected the
material for I. Lea, this being on the old Spani5h Trail.

REMARKS.-This subspecies ranges widely throughout the northern
Gulf area. It is fairly abundant and can stand silting far better than
most other species. This and Glebula rotundata Lamarck were the
only species we found in the Apalachi€ola River below Chattah6ochee.
It differs from the typical species in being smaller, having a much
thinner shell, and having the umbos a little more depressed. However,
young specimens of the typical form would be difficult to separate from
this subspecies.

We have a lot of three specimens of #oridensis from Kissimmee, Os-
ceola County, Florida. This we have not included in our records as
there is a possibility of an error. However, this subspecies does occur in
the Withlacbochee River, Pasco County, and it is possible that it has
extended its range. If so, it may have entered the Okeechobee drain-
age systern.

RANGE.-From the Withlacoochee River, west central Florida, this
form. occurs west through the Gulf states to Texas.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER SYSTEM11
Fibridaf Withlacoochee River , 9 mi . N Dade City , Pasco Co.

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Spring,
Madison Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, 6 mi. NE Ellaville, Su-
wannee Co. Suwannee River, Fannin Spring, Gilchrist Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo; Och-
lockonee River, between Reno and Beachton; both Grady Co. Florida: Ochlock-
once River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee, Leon Co. Ochlockonee River, 7% mi. E Hosford,
Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, 10 mi. W Cordele, Crisp Co. Flint
River, Albany ; Flint River, 10 mi. S Albany ; both Dougherty Co. Ichawaynoch -
away Creek, 10 mi. SW Newton; Flint River, Newton; both Baker Co. Flint River,
Bainbridge; Flint River, Recovery; both Decatur Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville;
Sprjng Creek, 2% mi. S Reynoldsville; both Seminole Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell, Rus-
sell Co. Cowikee Creek, 6 mi. N Eufaula, Barbour Co. Georgia: Chattahoochee
River, Georgetown, Quitman Co.

11This is not the Withlacoochee River of northern Florida which is a branch of
the Suwannee River.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 203

APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee;
Mosquito Creek, % mi. E Chattahoochee; Mosquito Creek, 1 mi. E Riyer Junc-
tion; a/l Gadsden Co. Apalachicola River, near Blountstown, Calhoun Co.
CHIPOLA RIvER DRAINAGE,-Florida: Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola
River, Scotts Ferry; Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Pea River, Geneva, Geneva Co.
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-kiabena: Choctawhatchee River, 2 mi. E
Geneva , Geneva C9. Florida. Chociawhatchee River, 8 mi . W Miller Cross Roads ;
Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville; both Holmes Co. Choctawhatchee
River, Yelloiv Bluff, Walton Co. -

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE.-A l«banza: Patsaliga Creek, 13 mi. N Searight; Cone-
cuh River, Searight; both Crenshaw Co. Conecuh River, Bozeman's Landing,
Covington Co:
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Escambia River, Flomaton, Escarribia Co.
Flotida: Escambia River , 3 mi . E Century , Escambia Co .

Lampsilis claibornensis Lea .
Plate 3 Figure 2

Unio claibornensis Lea (1838, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 6: 105, pl. 24, fig. 115),
Alabama River, Claiborne, Alabama. Lea, 1838 (2: 105, pl. 24, fig. 115).

Unio obtusus Lea (1840, Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 287), €hattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea; 1842 (3: 39, pl. 11, fig. 13)

Unio pal/escens Lea (1845, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 4: 164), Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Lea, 1848 (4: 53, pl. 7, fig. 20).

Unio oratus Conrad (1849, Ann. and ,Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), 4: 301), Flint River,
Georgia. Conrad (1850, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (n.s.), 1: 276, pl. 37,
fig. 6)

Lampsilis claibornensis Lea. Simpson (1914: 70).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell moderately large, reaching 97 mm. (about 4
inches) in length, solid, subcircular in outline, and greatly inflated.
Color light to dark yellowish brown. Very young 5pecimens often
faintly rayed with green. Posterior slope concave; the ridge rounded.
Shell tapers to a broad and blunt point posteriorly. Umbos anterior
to the center, broad, and moderately high. Ligament rather long and
fairly thick. Periostracum smooth and shiny on the disc, somewhat
roughened on the posterior slope.

Nacre bluish white to light pink and highly'iridescent. Both an-
terior and posterior muscle scars clearly outlined. Hinge plate rather
thick. Right valve has one large thickened, and one small thin, pseu-
docardinal tooth. Left valve has two nearly equal, thickened pseudo-
cardinals.



204 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

in m. mm. mm.
97 69 .54 Ochlockonee River, 71* mi. E Hosford, Liberty

Co., Florida
95 61 49.5 Ochlockonee River, between Reno and Beath-

ton, Grady Co., Georgia
75 47 37.5 Flint River, Bainbridge, Decatur Co., Georgia
73 44 37 Lake Talquin. Ochlockonee River, Leon Co.,

Florida

TypEs.-Holotypes of L. claibornensis Lea ftom the Alabama River,
Claiborne, Alabama; L. obtusus Lea from the Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia; and L. pallescens Lea from Tuscaloosa, Alabama;
are all in the United States Nati6nal Museum.

REMARKS,-This widely distributed species is abundant throughout
this brea in the rivers as well as many of the smaller streams. It is
a rather uniform species in both shape and color, and its globose form
readily distinguishes it from all other species in the region. This
species frequents sandy areas where the bottom is fairly firm. Lamp-
silis clatbornensis Lea and Anodonta imbecilis Say were the only
two species of bivalves that we were able to find at thu single station
made in Lake Talquin. This lake was formed by damming the
Ochlockonee River near Bloxham, Leon County, Florida.

RANGE.-This species occurs from the Suwannee river system west
to eastern Texas.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED:-

SUWXNNEE RIVER SYSTEM
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Springs,

Madison Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, Ellaville, Madison Co.

Suwannee River, Fannin Spring, Gilchrist Co.
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE:-Georgia: Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo;

Ochlockonee River, between Reno and Beachton; both Grady Co. Attapulgus
Creek, 2 mi. NW Amsterdam, Decatur Co. Florida: Quincy Creek, 1 thi. E
Quincy ; Little Riv.er, 314 mi . E Quincy; both Gadsden Co. Ochlockonee River,
Jackson Bluff; Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee; Lake .Talquin, Och-
lockonee River near Bloxham; a// Leon Co. Ochlockonee River, 71* mi. E
Hosford, Liberty Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, 10 mi. W Cordele, Crisp Co.
Mill Creek, 8 mi. S Oakfield, Worth Co. Flint River, 10 mi. S Albany, Dougherty
Co . Flint River , Bainbridge; Flint River , Recovery ; both Decatur Co. Spring
Creek, Reynoldsvilie; Spring Creek, 2.% mi. below Reynoldsville;' both Seminole
CO.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA. 205

ApALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-F/orida: Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee,
Gadsden Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Reedy Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek,
8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna; a// Jackson Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: West Fork, Choctawhatchee River,
near Blackmans Mill; Choctawhatchee River, 10 mi. N Pinckard; Claybank Creek;
all Dale Co . Choctawhatchee .River , 2 mi . S Geneva, Geneva Co . Florida·.  Choctaw -
hatchee River;.8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads; Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W
Caryville; both Holmes Co.
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-,1/abanin: Pea River, Elamville, Barbour Co. Pea River,
Flemings Mill, Coffee Co. Pea River, 45 mi. S Geneva, Geneva Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYS-IEM
YELLOW RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Hollis Creek, near Sanford, Coyington Co.
Florida: Yellow River, Milligan. Okaloosa Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
CONECUH RIVER DRAiNAGE.-Alabama: Mill Creek, Youngblood; Conecuh River,
Hollville; both Pike Co. Conecuh River, near Brantley; Conecuh River,- Searight;
Little Patsaliga Creek, near Luverne; Hortons Lake, Patsaliga Creek, 10 mi. N
Searight; all Crenshaw Co. Pigeon Creek, 4 mi. N Pigeon Creek, Butler Co.
Conecuh River, Bozeman's Landing; Conecuh River, Dunn's Crossing; both
Covington Co.
ESCAMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Escambia River, near Flomaton, Escambia
Co. Florida·. Escambia River , 3 mi . SE Century , Escambia Co .

Genus Villosa Frierson

Micromya Agassiz (1852, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 18 (1): 47), type species, Unio
fabilis Lea, subsequent designation, probably Simpson, 1900. Non Micromya I
Rondani. 1840 [Insecta].

1· illosa Frierson ( 1927 : 11 , 80).
Yype species, Unio villosus Wright, original designation.

Shells small to medium in size, seldom longer than 100 mm.,
suboval or subelliptical in outline, and rounded or moderately trun-
cate (females) posteriorly. Beak sculpture double-looped. Color
greenish, yellowish, brownish, or nearly black, and usually rayed with
green. Marsupia occupy the posterior part of the outer gills in
numerous distinctly marked ovisacs.

Villosa lienosa Conrad
Plate 4 Figures 3 and 7

Unio lienosus Conrad (1834, Amen Jour. Sci. and Arts, 25: 339, pl. 1, fig, 4), small
streams in South Alabama.

Unio saxeus Conrad (1840, Monography of the family Unionidae (Philadelphia), p.
109, pl. 60, fig. 1), Alabama River, Claiborne, Alabama.



206 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Unio caliginosus Lea (1845, Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 4: 165),Red River at Alexan-
dria, Louisiana. Lea, 1848 (4: 53, pl. 7, fig. 21).

Unio gouldi Lea (1845, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 4. 165), Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Lea, 1848 (4: 50, pl. 6, fig. 16)

Unio nigerri,nus Lea (1852, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 10: 268, pl. 18, fig. 23),
Alexandria, Louisiana. Lea, 1852 (5: 24, pl. 18, fig. 23).

Unio'proximus Lea (1852, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 10: 271, pl. 20, fig. 27), Georgia.
Lea, 1852 (5: 27, pl. 20, fig. 27).

Unio concestator Lea (1857, Proc: Acad, Nat. Sci,, Phila., 9: 31), creeks near Colum-
bus, Georgia. Lea, 1858' (6: 66, pl. 12, fig. 48)

Unio apicinus Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,9: 32), Othcalooga Creek,
Gordon Co., Georgia. Lea, 1857 (6: 76, pl. 14, fig. 56)

Unio fallax Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 9: 32), streams near Columbus,
Georgia; and French Broad River, Tennessee. Lea, 1858 (6: 79, pl. 15, fig: 59)

Unio intercedens Lea (1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 9: 32), streams .near
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 77, pl. 15, fig. 57)

Unio ling„aeformis Lea ' (1860,,Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 12: 305), Columbus,
Georgia. Lea, 1862 (8: 27, pl.  56, fig. 170)

Unio porphyreus Lea (1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 13: 60), Coosa River,
Alabama. Lea, 1862 (8: 84, p.1. 10, fig. 228).

Unio fontanus Conrad (1'866, Amen Jour. Conchology, 2: 279, pl. 15, fig. 13), rivu-
lets near Vicksburg; MissiSsippi.

Unio genuinus Lea (1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 161), Bissel's Pond,
Charlotte, North Carolina. Lea, 1868 (12: 64,' pl. 46, fig. 117)

Unio unicostatus B. H. Wright (1899, Nautilus, 13: 69), Spring Creek, Decatur
Co:, Georgia.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching 73 mm. (about 3
inche5) in length, fairly thin but strong, smooth, subelliptical in out-
line,' and usually inflated. Color generally a dark brownish black,
though occasional specimens may be a chestnut brown and young speci-
mens may be greenish brown. A few specimens may be faintly rayed
with green. Posterior slope flattened with the posterior ridge poorly
defined. There is a marked sexual dimorphism in this species. Male
5pecimens are bluntly pointed posteriorly, while female specimens
are definitely angulated and far more infiated. Umbos well anterior
to the center, broad and full, but not high. Ligament rather long
and narrow. Periostracum smooth on the upper disc, somewhat
roughened or satiny on the ventral margin and over the posterior
slope.

Nacre variable in color, ranging from whitish through various
shades of pink and salmon to a deep purple. It is highly iridescent
posteriorly. Anterior muscle scars well defined. Posterior scars poorly
defined. Hinge plate long and narrow. Right valve with two-one
large and one small-pseudocardinal teeth, which are rather coarsely



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA. AND FLORIDA 207

crenulate. Left valve with two-one large and one small-pseudo-
cardinal teeth, which are less coarsely crenulate.

LENGTH HE_IGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
73 44 34 9 Holmes Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville, Holmes
62 37 26 6 Co.,Florida
60 38 28.5 9 Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Gadsden
65 37.5 29 2 Co.. Florida
56 36.5 24 9 Attapulgus Creek, 2 mi. NW Amsterdam,
57 33.5 22.5. 8 Decatur Co., Georgia

TypEs.-The holotype of Fillosa lienosa Conrad is in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (9747). The type locality is small
creeks in soothern Alabama. We have seen specimens, originally from
the Showalter collection, which bear the locality Big Prairie Creek,
Marengo County, Alabama, and they are labelled as topotypes. The
type specimens of all of the above synonyms by Lea and B. H. Wright
are in the United States National Museum.

REMARKS.-This' is ·a species, of wide distribution in this region,
particularly in the smaller rivers and creeks. Occasionally it is the
only species found. It prefers mud, particularly when rich in vege-
table detritus.

Sexual dimorphism in this species is pronounced; the females
. are greatly inflated with the posterior margin subangulate dorsally

and truncate below. The males are only moderately inflated and are
regularly and narrowly rounded posteriorly.

RANGE.-From the Suwannee rivef system in Florida the species
ranges w-est to Texas and north to the Ohio River.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
WITHLACOOCHEE RiVER DRAINAGE:-Georgia: Withlacoochee Rivef, Olympia,
Lowndes Co. Florida: Withlacoochee River, Blue Spring, Madison Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Suwannee River, Ellaville, Madison Co.
Suwannee River, Fannin Springs, Gilchrist Co.
SANTA FE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Santa Fe River, Worthington Springs, Uni6n
Co. Santa Fe ·River Sink, Alachua Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
OCHLOCKONEE RIVrR DRAINAGE:-Georgia: Ochlockonee River, 7 mi. S Cairo; Och-
lockonee River between Reno and Beachton; both Grady Co. Attapulgus Creek,
2 mi. NW Amsterdam, Decatur Co. Florida: Little River, 3% mi. E Quihcy; Little
River, 7 mi. WSW Havana; both Gadsden Co. Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W
Tallahassee; Ochlockonee River, 11 mi. N W Tallahassee; both Lebn Co.



208 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Al'ALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINA(,E.-Georgia: North F6rk, Pennahatchee Creek, 4 mi. NW
Vienna, Dooly Co. Gilin Creek, 2 mi. N Cordele; Flint River, 10 mi. W Cordele;
Cedar Creek, Cordele; Cedar Creek, 6 mi. SW Cordele; Swift Creek, 12 mi. SW
Cordele; all Crisp Co. Lee's Creek, 5 mi. S DeSoto, Le-e Co. East Fork, Chicka-
sawhatchee Creek, 5 mi: SE Dawson, Terrell Co. Jones Creek, 2 mi. S Oakfield;
Abrams Creek, 3 mi. N Doles; Abrams Creek, 5 mi. S Oakfield; Mill Creek, 8
mi . S Oakfield ; ail Worth Co . Ichawaynochaway Creek , 516 mi . NE Morgan ,
Calhoun Co. Cooleewahee Creek, Newton. Baker Co. Flint River, Albany; Flint
River, 10 mi. S Albany; both Dougherty Co: Spring Creek, Reynoldsville; Spring
Creek, 21/z mi. S Reynoldsville, both  'Seminole Co. Flint River, Bainbridge; Flint
River, Recovery; both Decatur Co.
CHA'ITAHOOCHEE RIVER DRANAGE.-Georgia: Bull Creek, near Columbus; Chatta-

hooched River , Columbus ; both Muscogee Co . Sawhatchee Creek , 10 mi . NW
Donalsonville, Seminole Co. Alabama: Big Uchee Creek, Youngs Bridge, 6 mi.
NE Seale, Russell Co. Cowikee Creek, 6 mi. NEufaula, Barbour Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee; Apa-

lachicola River,' Chattahoochee ; botli Gadsden Co . Apalachicola River , Blounts -
town, Calhoun Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-A/nbama: Goff ,Creek, near Smyrna; Cowarts Creek,

near Cowarts; Rocky Creek, near Pansey; Spring Creek, near Madrid; Reedy
Creek near Madrid ; Big Creek near state line ; aft Houston Co . Florida: Reedy
Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Spring Creek, 3 mi. E Mari-
anna; Chipola River, 1 mi: N Marianna; creek 2.4 mi. NNW Sink Creek; Chipola
River, 1 mi . W Sink Creek ; ntt Jackson Co . Chipola River , Look and Tremble
Falls, near Altha; Chipola River, 2 mi. E. Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry;
Dead  Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park; a/l Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM

Cl!6crAwHATCHEE RivER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Little Choctawhatchee.River, near
Wicksburg; Little Choctawhatchee River, 5 mi. S Pinckard; East Fork, Chocta-
whatchee River near Midland City; West Fork, Choctawhatchee River, 7 mi.
E Ozark; all Dale Co. Little Choctawhatchee River near Drews Bridge; tittle
Choctawhatchee River near Dothan; Bear Creek, Dothan; al/ Houston Co. East
Fork Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Abbeville; Van's Mill Creek, near Abbeville;
both Henry Co. Beaver Creek, near Malvern; Choctawhatchee River, near mbuth
Gilley's Mill Creek; Choctawhatchee River, '2 mi. E Geneva; Hurricane Creek,
214 mi. E Hartford; a/l Geneva Co. Florida: Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W
Miller Cross Roads; Choctawhatchee River, 1 mi. W Caryville; Holmes Creek,
I mi. W Graceville; Hurricane Creek, 5 mi. E Miller Cross Roads; all Holmes Co.
PEA RIVER DRAINAGE.-A tabnma: Pea Rjver, near Elamville, Barbour Co. Pea

- River, at Preston Mill, Dale Co. Pea River, 1,4 mi. SW Geneva, Geneva C6.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
YEI:LOW RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Hollis Creek, near Sanford; Yellow River
near Opp ; Yellow River , Harmony ; at[ Cpvington Co . Florida : Yellow River ,
Milligan, Okaloosa Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM

CONECUH RIVER DRAINAGE:-Alabama: Olustee Creek, near Shady Grove, Pike Co.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 209

Little Patsaliga Creek, near Luverne; Horse Creek, near Luverne; Dry Creek,
Brantley; Conecuh River, near Brantley; Conecuh River, Searight; all Crenshaw
Co. Oakywoods Creek, Bu tler Co. Conecuh River, Bozeman's Landing, Coving-
ton Co. Sandy Creek, liear Evergreen; Murder Creek, near Evergreen; Hunfe-r
Creek, Evergreen; all Conecuh Co.
ESCAMBiA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century, Escambia
CO.

Villosa vibex Conrad
Plate 4 Figure 4

Unto vibex Coftrad (1834: 31, pl. 4, fig. 3), Black Warrior River, S of Blount's
Spring, Aljbama.

Unid exiguits Lea (1840, Proc. Amen Philos. Soc., 1: 287), Chattahoochee River,
Columbus, Georgia. Lea, 1842 (3: 29, pl. 7, fig. 1).

Unio prevostianus Lea (1852, Trans. Amer' Philos. Soc., f 0. 269, pl. 19, fig. 24),
Etowah River, Georgia. Lea, 1852 (5: 25, pl. 19, fig. 24).

Unio nigrinus Lea (1852, Tr~ns. Amer. Philos. Soc., 10': 284, pl. 24, fig. 44), West
Florida. Lea, 1852 (5: 40, pl. 24, fig. 44)

Unio rutilans Lea (1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 8: 262), Othcalooga [Oothka-
loogB] Creek, Gordon Co., Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 59, pl. 9, fig. 41)

Unto subellipsis.Lea (1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 8: 262), creeks near Coluin-
bus, Georgia. Lea, 1858 (6: 62, pl. 10, fig. 44)

Unio mdus Lea (1857, Proc: Acad. Nat. Sci,, Phila., 9: 170), Dry Creek near  Colum-
bus, Georgia. Lea, 1859 (7: 12, pl. 21, fig. 77)

Unio dispar Lea (1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,12: ·305), Columbus, Georgia.
Lea, 1862 (8: 309, pl. 51, fig. 153),

DESCRIPTION.-Shell medium in size, reaching 100 mm. (4 inches)
in iength, thin in structure, smooth, subelliptical in outline, and_
usually inflated. COlur variable, ranging from a light yellowish brown
to almost black, and generally with numerous and fairly broad green-
ish rays. In the darker specimens the rays can usually be seen in
transmitted light. Posterior slope moderately concave with the pos-
terior ridge poorly defined. Posterior margin broadly rounded, being
somewhat broader in the female. Umbos well anterior to the center,
broad and full, but not high. Ligament short and narrow. Periostra-
cum smootb on the disc, roughened on the posterior slope and near
the ventral margin.

Nacre bluish white to pink and purple, and highly iridescent pos-
teriorly. Anterior muscle scars well defined. Posterior scars poorly
defined. Hinge plate long and exceedingly narrow. Right valve with
one small, triangular; and crenulate pseudocardinal tooth. Left
valve with two-one large and one small-pseudocardinal teeth.



210 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. ]nm. mm.
100 47 29.5 8 Flint River, Bainbridge, Decatur Co.,
85 45 35 9 Georgia
73' 42 26.5 9 Suwannee River, Oldtown, Dixie Co.,
66.5 37 23 a Florida
65 36 25 9 Santa Fe River, near Bland, Alachua Co.,
65.5 365 22.5 a Florida

TypEs.-The location of the holotype of Villosa vibex Conrad is
unknown. The type specimens of all of Lea's species listed in the sy-
nonymy above are in the United States National Museum.

REMARKS.-Sexual dimorphism is n6t as strongly developed in this

species as it is in F. lienosa Conrad. In F. vibex the posterior end of
the female is broadly rounded, while the males are bluntly angulate.
In addition, the females are rather more inflated than the males. Many
specimens, however, are impossible to sex by the shells alone. Young
specimens are more highly colored and have the greenish rays more
prominent. This species differs from F. lienosa by being generally
larger, having a much thinner shell, and havingthe rays far more
prominent.

RANGE.-This species extends from southern Florida west to the

Pearl River, Mississippi (Simpson, 1914), and north to the Savannah
river system.

SPECIMENs EXAMINED.-

WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida. Withlacoochee River , 9 mi . N Dade City , Pasco Co .

WACCASASSA RIVER SYSTEM
F/orida: Waccasassa River, Levy Co.

SUWANNEE RIVER SYSTEM
SANTA FE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: New River, SW Lake Butler; Santa Fe River, -

Worthington Springs; both U nion Co. Rocky Creek, E La Crosse; Santa Fe River,
N Bland; Santa Fe River, NW High Springs; Santa Fe River,. Poe Springs; all
Alachua Co. Ichtucknee River, 5 mi. NW Fort White, Columbia Co.
SUWANNEE RIVER DRAINAGE:-Florida: Suwannee River, Jasper, 6 mi. above Ella-

ville; Suwannee River, Ellaville; both Madisoft Co. Suwannee River, Old Town,
Dixie Co.
WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Withlacoochee River, Olympia,

Lowndes Co.
OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Attapulgus Creek, 2 mi. NW Amster-

dam, Decatur Co. Ochlockonee Riyer, 7 mi. S Cairo, Grady Co. Florida: Little
. River, 34 mi. E Quincy, Gadsden Co. Ochlockonee River, 11 mi. NW Tallahassee;

Ochlockonee River, 8 mi. W Tallahassee; both Leon Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Stream, 6 mi. N Vienna; North Fork Penna-



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 211

hatchee Creek, 4 mi. NW Vienna; Pennahatchee Creek, Vienna; all Dooly Co.
Gum Creek, 2 mi. N Cordele; Flint RiVer, 10 mi. W Cordele; Cedar Creek, 6
mi. SW Cordele; Swift Creek, 12 mi. SW Cordele; all Crisp Co. Lee's Creek, 5
mi. S DeSoto, Lee Co. East Fork Chickasawhatchee Creek, 5 mi. SE Dawson;
Kickee Creek, 15 mi. SE Dawson; both Terrell Co. Jones Creek, 2 mi. S OakfieId;
Abrams Creek, 3 mi. W Doles; Abrams Creek, 5 mi. S Oakfield; Mill Creek, 8
mi. S Oakfield; all Worth Co. Ichawaynochaway Creek,.5% mi. NE Morgan,
Calhoun Co. Codleewahee Creek, Newton,.  Baker Co. Creek 6 mi. W Albany,
Dougherty. Co. Spring Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co. Flint River, Bain-
bridge; Flint RiVer, Recovery;, Four Mile Creek, 3 mi. SW Bainbridge; all De-
catur Co.
CHATrAHOOCHEE RIVER'  DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, Franklin, Heard
Co. Chattahoochee River, West Point, Troup Co. Mulberry Creek, 3 mi. SSE
Mountain Hill, Harris Co. Chattahoochee River, Columbus; Randall's Creek,
near Columbus; Bull Creek, Columbus; all Muscogee Co. Sawhatchee Creek, 4
mi. NW Donalsonville, Seminole Co. Alabama: Uchee Creek, Fort Mitchell, Rus-
sell Co. Cowikee Creek, 6 mi. N Eufaula, Barbour Co.
APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE:-Florida: Masquito Creek, % mi. E Chattahoochee,
Gadsden Co. Stafford Creek, 3 mi. N Blountstown, Calhoun Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Alabama: Goff Creek, near Smyrna; Cowarts Creek,
near Cowarts; Rocky Creek near Pansey; Reedy Creek, near Madrid; Beaver
Creek, near Taylor; Spring Creek, near Madrid; all Houston Co. Florida: Reedy
Creek, 6 mi. W Malone; Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; creek, 2.4 mi. NNW Sink
Creek; Spring Creek, 3 mi. E Marianna; Chipola River, _1 mi. N Marianna; all
Jackson Co. Chipola River, 2% mi. SE Chason; Chipola River, Look and Tremble
Falls, near Alpha; Chipola River, 2 mi. E Clarksville; Chipola River, Scotts Ferry;
Dead Lake, Chipula River, ,Chipola Park; all Calhoun Co.

CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-A_labama: East Fork, Choctawhatchee River,
8 mi. W Abbeville, Henry Co. Bear Creek, near Dothan, Houston Co. Little
Choctawhatchee River; Alexanders Creek and Panther Creek, near Pinckard; all
Dale Co. Hurricane Creek at railroad crossing, Geneva Co. Florida: Holmes
Creek, 1 mi. W Graceville; Holmes Creek, 8 mi. E Bonifay; Hurricane Creek, 5
mi. E Miller Cross Roads; Choctawhatchee River, 8 mi. W Miller Cross Roads; alt
Holmes Co. Horseshoe Lake, Choctawhatchee River; Holmes Creek, Millers
Ferry; both Washington Co.

YELLOW RIVER SYSTEM
Alabama: Yellow River„ near Opp; Yellow River, Harmony; both Covington Co.
Florida: Yellow River, Milligan, Okaloosa Co.

ESCAMBIA RIVER SYSTEM
A tabama: Beaman's Creek, near Youngblood, Pike Co. Little Patsaliga Creek;
Horse Creek, near Luverne; Dry Creek, Brantley; all Crenshaw C6. Gin Creek,
near Evergreen, Conecuh Co. Florida: Escambia River, 3 mi . SE Century, Es -
cambia Co.

Fillosa vibex amygdala Lea
Plate 4 Figure 1

Unio amygdalum Lea ('1843, Descriptions of twelve new species of Unios (Phila-
delphia), single sheet), Lake George, Florida. Lea (1845, Trans:.Amer. Philos.
Soc., 9: 275, pl. 39, fig. 1), Lea, 1848 (4: 33, pl. 39, fig. 1).



212 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Unio trosculus Lea (1843, Descriptions of twelve new species of Unios (Phila-
delphia), single sheet), Monroe Lake, Florida.

Unio trossul.us Lea ( 1845 , Trans . Amer. Philos . Soc., 9 : 278 , pl . 40 , fig. 6). Lea ,
1848 (4: 36, pl. 40, fig. 6) [error for trosculus Leal.

Unio papyraceus Gould ( 1845 . Proc . Boston Soc . Nat . Hist ., 2 : 53), Everglades ,
Florida [near Cape Florida, Simpson (1892: 427)]. Simpson (1892: 427, pl., 68,
fig. 2)

Unio lepidus Gould (1856, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 15), creek, near Lake
M6nroe, Florida. Simpson (1892: 426, pl. 68, fig, 1, pl. 69, fig, 3)

Unio uesicularis Lea (1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 156), Lake Ocheechobee
[Okeechobee], Florida. Lea (1874, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. (n.s.), 8: 37,
pl. 12, fig. 34). Lea, 1874 (13: 41, pl. 12, fig. 34)

Unio averellii B. H. Wright (1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., PHila., p. 115, pl. 3, fig. 2),
Lake Ashby, Volusia Co., Florida.

Unio singleyanus W. B. Marsh (1891, Nautilus, 5: 29), small creek near Pilatka
[Palatka], Florida, Simpson (1892: 426, pl. 68, figs. 4-5).

I.nitipsilis wrightiana Frierson (1927: 81), Volusia C6., Florida.

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small to medium in size, reaching 63 mm.
(about 21k inches) in length, thin in structure, smooth, subelliptical
in outline, and usually inflated. Color variable, ranging from a light
straw yellow to nearly black, and generally possessing numerous gfeen
rays. Posterior slope moderately concave with the posterior ridge
poorly defined. Posterior end broadly to narrowly rounded. Umbos
well. anterior to the center, broad and full, but not bigh. Ligament
short and narrow. Periostracum smooth on the disc, somewhat rough-
ened on the posterior slope and near the ventral margin.

Nacre bluish white and highly iridescent, particularly at the pos-
terior end. Anterior muscle scars well defined. Posterior scars poorly
defined. Hinge plate long and exceedingly narrow. Right valve with
a single, small, triangular, and crenulate pseudocardinal tooth. Left
valve with two-one large and one small-pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH 'HEIGHT BREADTH.

mm. mm. mm.
63 35 25.5 Holotype of F. lepidus Gould
57 34 21 Pinecrest, Monroe Co., Florida
52 31.5 I 7.5 Lake Ashby, Volusia Co., Florida

TypEs.-The type of U. amygdalum Lea, as well as all of the species
of Lea and B. H. Wright listed in the synonymy above, are in the
United States National Museum. The holotype of U. lepidus Gould
is in the New York State Museum. The location of the holotype of
U. papyraceus Gould is unknown. There are, however, a·,series of
paratypes, in the United States National Museum. The holotype of
Lampsilis wrightiana Frierson is in the.Museum of Zoology: University



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 213

of Michigan. The type locality is Lake George, Florida.
REMARKS.-This subspecies differs from the typical form by being

a little smaller on the average, generally thinner, and by having the
greenish rays more pronounced. In addition, amygdala is a little
higher in proportion to its length.

The distribution of this subspecies corresponds rather closely with
that of Anodonta  cowperiana, and Fiviparus georgianus wareanus.

RANGE.-This subspecies i5 distributed rather uniformly ·in the St.
Johns, Okeechobee, and Peace River drainages.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

OKEECHOBEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Pinecrest , 50 mi . W Miami in Monr6e Co. Canals W of Palm Beach ;
Jupiter Inlet; both Palm Beach Co. Lake Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee, Osceola Co.
Lake Wales, Polk Co.

WITHLACOOCHEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida ' Lake Tsala Apopka ; Lake Consuelo ; both Citrus Co .

PEACE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Peace River, Arcadia; pond near Arcadia, both DeSoto Co.

ST. JOHNS RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: 2.5 mi. W Melbourne, Osceola Co, Ditch near Lake Washington, 6.ihi.
W Eau Gallie, Brevard CO. Econlockhatchee River, near confluence with St.
Johns River; Puzzle Lake, 7 mi. SE Geneva; Sanford; Lake Jessup; all«Seminole
CO. Lake Monme,near Enterprise; St.-Johns River near Enterprise; Lake Ashby;
Lake Beresford; all Volusia Co. Lake Eustis, Tavares, Lake Co. Jacksonville,
Duval Co.

Villosa uillosa Wright
Plate 4 Figure 2

Unio villosus B. H. Wright (1898, Nautilus, 12: 32). Suwannee River, Suwannee Co.,
FlOrida.

Lampsitis vitiosus Wright. Simpson (1900: 77, pl. 1, fig: 1).

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small to medium in size, reaching 65.5 mm.
(about 2 66 inches) in length, rather thin in structure, smooth, some-
what inflated, and elliptical in outline. Color a rather uniform black-
ish brown with green rays visible in transmitted light. Posterior slope
slightly concave with the posterior,ridge poorly defined. Umbos well
anterior to the center, broad and full, but not high. Ligament rather
short and narrow. Periostraeum satiny and generally rough over the
entire surface of the shell.

Nacre bluish white and highly iridescent, particularly posteriorly.
Anterior muscle scars well defined. Posterior scars poorly defined.
Hinge plate long and narrow. Right valve with one large and one



214 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

small (6ften obsolete) pseudocardinal tooth. Left valve with two sub-
equal pseudocardinal teeth.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
65.5 32 24.5 Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Gadsden Co.,

Florida
57 29.5 21.5 Spring Creek, Semin9le Co., Georgia
40.5 21.5 14.5 Suwannee River, Suwannee Co., Florida (para-

type)

TypEs.-The holotype of Unio villosa Wright is in the United
States National Museum.- Paratypes are in the Museum of Compara-
five Zoology (186836). The type locality.is Suwannee River, Suwannee
County, Florida.

REMARKS.-This spedies appears to be quite rare, and, so far as we
can now determine, it is limited to spring-fed streams and clear rivers.

This species differs from F. vibex Conrad by possessing a peculiar
type of roughened periostracum which produces a satiny lustre. The
shell is rayed with green, but these rays are rendered obscure by the
periostracum. They are, however, readily visible in transmitted light.
Proportionately F. villosa is more elongate than vibex with the dorsal
and central margins more or. less parallel.

RANGE.-This species extends from the Suwannee River west to
the lower reaches of the Apalachicola river system.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

SUWANNEE RIVER,SYSTEM
Florida: Suwannee River, Suwannee Co. Suwannee River, Fannin Spring, Gil-
christ Co.

OCHLOCKONEE RIVER SYSTEM
Florida: Ochlockonee River, 7E mi. E Hosford, Liberty C6. Lake Talquin,
Ochlockonee River, Le6n Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Spring Creek, Decatur Co.

APALACHICOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Mosquito Creek, Chattahoochee, Gads-

den Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-Florida: Chipola River, 1 mi. W Sink Creek, Jackson
Co. Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park, Calhoun Co.

SPHAERIIDAE

Shells nonnacreous, thin, and generally under one inch in length.
Hinge has cardinal teeth and both anterior and posterior lateral teeth,
but no hinge plate. Pallial line simple.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 215

Until a complete revision is made of the entire family Sphaeriidae,
no definite statement can be made regarding the distribution of any of
its species.

Genus Sphaerium Scopoli

Sphaerium Scopoli (1777, Intr: Hist: Nat. p. 397), [we have not seen this publi-
cation].

Type species, Tellina cornea Linn6. Walker (1918: 86).

Shell oval, equilateral, and with the umbos more or less centrally
located. Nepionic valves not distinctly separated from the later growth
stages. There are two cardinal teeth in each valve.

Sphaerium stamineum Conrad
Plate 6 Figure 5

Cyclas staminea Conrad (1834, Amen Jour. Sci., 25: 342, pl. 1, fig. 5), small streams
ih southern Alabama.

Sphaerium stamineum Conrad. Pilsbry (1946; Nautilus, 59: 83, text fig. 1).

DESCRIPTION.- (from Pilsbry, loc. cit.)-"The shell is oval with the
posterior end somewhattruncate obliquely, the anterior rounded, the
upper and basal margins about equally curved, the beaks moderately
full but low, not projecting much above the hinge-line. The lunule
is distinct, wide; escutcheon very narrow. The surface is slightly
glossy, finely, subregularly rib-striate throughout, the striae extending
on the ends, and well developed on the beaks. Color straw yellow,
fading to light grayish olive near the beaks. The hinge is moderately
curved, the ligament occupying more than half, of its width. Right
cardinal tooth angular, the posterior limb longer than the anterior,
neither ramus bifid. Left anterior cardinal triangular, somewhat ex-
cavated below, its crest therefore the shape of an inverted V. Anterior
laterals heavy, towards the cardinals curving under the level of the
hinge; posterior laterals rather slender."

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.

14.4 10.7 8 Greer Creek, Marengo Co., Alabama
11.2 8.5 6 Mulberry Creek, 3 mi. SSE Mountain Hill,

- Harris Co., Georgia
11.0- 9.0 6 Paul Clark Spring, 2% mi. W Recovery, De-

catur C6., Ge6rgia



216 BULL. OF 'rHE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

TypEs.-The holotype of Sphaerium stamineum Conrad is in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (10186). A paratype is
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (.19434). The type locality
is small streams in southern Alabama.

REMARKS.-Until a complete revision is made of the entire family
Sphaeriidae, no definite statement can be made regarding the dis-
tribution of this species. It is a rare species in this area and apparently
is limited to springs and spring-fed creeks.

RANGE.-Probably widely distributed throughout the southern
states.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Alaga Hole, 8 mi. W Recovery; Paul Clark
Spring, 2VS mi. W Recovery ; both Decatur Co.
CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Geor·gia: Mulberry Creek, Mitchell Bridge;

3 mi. SSE Mountain Hill, Harris Co.

Genus Pisidium Pfeiffer

Visidium, Pfeiffer (1821, Naturg  deutsch. Land-Moll. (1), pp. 17, 123), [we have -
not seen this publication].

Type species, Te/lina amnica Mfiller. Walker (1918: 88).

Shell rounded, oval or obliquely wedge-shaped, inequilateral, and
with the umbos well posterior to the center. Two cardinal teeth in
each valve; anterior and posterior laterals well developed.

Pisidium dubium Say
Plate 6 Figure 4

Pisidium virginicu,n of authors; non Gmelin, 1790.
Cyclas dubia Say (1816, Nicholson's Encyclopedia, Conchology, pl. 1, fig. 10), Dela-

ware River, Pennsylvania.
Pisidium du/,ium Say. Pilsbry (1946, Nautilus, 59: .86, text fig.)

DESCRIPTION.-Sheil reaching 8 mrh. (about 65 inch) in length,

rather strong, inequilateral, subinflated, and · with the umbos well
posterior to the center. Color light straw yellow to dark Olivaceous
brown. Sculpture consists of numerous concentric threadlike ridges.

Interior of shell bluish white. Muscle scars well  defined. There are
two cardinal teeth in each valve, the lateral teeth are elongate, and
there are two in the right and one in the left valve.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 217

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
7.2 6.6 4.6 Big Creek. 8 mi. W Malone, Jackson Co.,

Florida
6.5 6.5 4.6 Flint River, Recovery, Decatur C6., Georgia

TypEs.-The holotype of Pisidium dubium Say is in the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (59830), and is from the Delaware
River, Pennsylvania, probably' fiear Philadelp'hia.

REMARKS.-This is a rare species within the area covered by this

report; only one or two specimens were taken at each of the localities
given below.

We fully agree with Pilsbry that the name virginicum Gmelin
should be. discarded. The figure in Lister to which Gmelin referred
is completely unrecognizable.

RANGE.-Probably widely distributed throughout all of the sou-

thern states, at least as far north as Pennsylvania.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.·-

APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RfvER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co.
CHATTAHoocffEE RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Chattahoochee River, West Point,
Troup Co. Florida: Cypress swale, 1 mi. N Sneads, Jackson Co.
CHIPOLA RIVER DRAINAGE.-florida: Big Creek, 8 mi. W Malone; Chipola River,
1 mi. N Marianna; both Jackson Co. Chipola Riyer, 2 mi. E Clarksville, Calhoun
CO.

Genus Byssanodonta d'Orbigny -

hyssanodonta d'Orbigny (1846, Voyage dans l'Amerique Meridionale, 5: 621).
Type species, Byssanodonta paranensis d'Orbigny, monotypic.

The shells are small, usually under 10 mm. in length, thin, and
spotted with blackish areas of pigmentation. The valves are nearly
equilateral, the umbos subcentral, and each has a single cardinal tooth.

Byssanodonta singleyi Pilsbry
Plate 6 Figure 6

Sphaerium (Limosina) singleyi Pilsbr,y (1889, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 88,
pl. 3, figs. 14-15), Cedar Creek, Hudson Co., Texas.

Eupera singl€yi Pilsbry . Walker ( 1915 , Nautilus, 29 : 82). M . Smith ( 1927 , Nautilus ,
41:  54). Goodrich (1944, Nautilus, 58: 48).



218 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

DESCRIPTION.-Shell small in size, reaching 7 mm. (about % inch)
in 16ngth, subcircular to suboval in outline, thin in structure, and
inflated. Color a rather dark straw yellow and irregularly mottled
with black. Posterior slope flat; posterior ridge poorly defined; shell
tapers slightly posteriorly. Umbos a little anterior to the center, fairly
high and full. Ligament short and narrow. Periostracum dull over
the entire surface. Sculpture consists of  numerous and fine concentric
ridges; the beak areas comparatively smooth.

Interior of valve a smoky blue gray; the mottled coloration of black
extends only to the pallial line. Muscle scars and pallial line well
defined. Hinge plate narrow. Cardinal teeth feeble to absent, anterior
and posterior laterals well developed. In the right valve there are
two broadened areas having sockets. In .the left valve there are two
teeth which fit into the sockets of the opposing valve.

LENGTH HEIGHT BREADTH

mm. mm. mm.
7 5.5 3.6 Spring Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co.,

Georgia
5.5 4.2 3.5 Ditto

TypEs.-The holotype of B. singleyi Pilsbry is in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and is from Cedar Creek, Hudson
County, Texas.

REMARKS.-This is a :rare species though it may be abundant locally.
Herbert Athearn collected it on exposed roots of trees that margined
Spring Creek at Reynoldsville, Georgia. This same habitat preference
was reported upon by Walker .(loc. cit.) for individuals which were
obtained by L. S. Frierson at Bayou Pierre, DeSoto Parish, Louisiana.

Byssanodonta singleyi Pilsbry may be more abundant than is in-
dicated by the few known records that· have been published. It has
been found alive as stated above, living on the rootlets of trees that
extend into the water. Because of their small size and unusual habitat
they would be readily overlooked unless they were sought for par-
ticularly. M. Smith (/oc. cit.) has recorded it from an "island in [the
upper] St. John's River near Blue Springs" in Volusia County, Florida.
Goodrich (loc. cit.) records it from fivt localities in the Alabama-Coosa
river system in Alabama.

The genus occurs in the West Indies, Central and South America,
and in Africa.

RANGE.-The species occurs in northern Florida, Georgia, west into
Texas · and south into Mexico.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.-



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 219

APALACHIC0LA RIVER SYSTEM
FLINT RIVER DRAINAGE.-Georgia: Spring Creek, Reynoldsville, Seminole Co.

REFERENCES

BAKER, F. C. 1910. The  ecology of the Skokie Mafsh area, with special reference
to the Mollusca. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 8: 1-499, 20 plates.

BINNEY, W. G. and G. W. TRYON. 1864. The complete writings of C. S. Raf-
nesque on recent and fossil conchology. New York, pp. 1-96, 3 plates.

CLENCH, W. J. 1954. Mesodon thyroidus (Say) in Florida. Nautilus, 68: 23-24.

CLENCH, W. J - and Ruth D . TURNER. 1955 . Ihe North American genus Lioptax
in the family Viviparidae. Occas. Pap. on Mollusks, Harvard Univ„2 (19): 1-20.

CONRAD, T. A. 1834. New freshwater shells of the United States. Philadelphia,
pp. 1-96,8 plates. 1835. Appendix to same work, pp. 1-8, 1-.plate.

COOKE, C. W. 1939. Scenery of Florida. Bull. Geological Survey of Florida, 17:
1-118.

DALL, W. H. 1890-1903. Tertiary mollusks of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free Institute
of Sci. of Phila., 3 (1-6): 1-1654, 60 plates.

FRIERSON, L. S. 1927. A classified and annotated check list of the North American
Naiades. Waco, Texas: Baylor Univ. Press, pp. 1-111.

GOODRICH, C. 1928. The group of Goniobasis catenaria. Nautilus, 42: 28-32.
1942. The Pleuroceridae of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Occas. Pap.

Mus. of Zool., Univ. Mich., no. 456: 1-6.

HENDERSON , J. 1935. Fossil n6nmarine Mollusca of North America. Special
Papers, Geol. Soc. Amer., no. 3. 1-313.

LEA, I. 1834-1873. Observations on the genus Unio. Philadelphia. Vols. 1-13,
many plates.

ORTMANN, A. E. 1912. Notes upon the families and genera of the Najades. Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 8: 222-365,3 plates.

ORTMANN, A. E. and B. WALKER. 1922. On the nomenclature of certain North
American Naiades. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., no. 112: 1 -75.

PILSBRY, H. A. 1953. Iii A. A. Olsson and Anne Harbison. Pliocene Mollusca of
southern Florida. Monographs Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 439-447.

SCUDDER, N. P. 1885. The published writings of Isaac Lea, LL.D. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., 33: 1-278.

SHERBORN, C. D. 1940. Where is the collection? Cambridge, England,
pp. 1-148.



220 .BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

SIMPSON, C. 7. 1892. Notes on the Unionidae of Florikla and the southeastern
states. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 15: 405-436, 26 plates.

._ ..._..._...._._.,1900a. New and unfigured Unionidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
pp. 74-86,5 plates.

_...._-_._......_---. 1900b. Synopsis of the Naiades, or pearly freshwater mussels. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 22: 501-1044

1914. A descriptive catalogue of the Naiades. Detroit, Michigan,
vols. 1-3, 1470 pp.

VANDER SCHALIE, H. 1940. The Naiad fauna of the Chipola River in north-
western Florida. Lloydia, 3: 191 -208, 3 plates.

VAUGHAN, T. W. 1910. A contribution to the geologic history of the Floridian
plateau. Pap. Tortugas Lab., Carnegie Institution, Wash:, 4 (133)  99-185, 15
plates, 6 figs.

WALKER, B. 1905. Shells from northwestern Florida. Nautilus, 18: 133-136, 1 plate.
___:_._...__.... 1918. A synopsis of the classification of the freshwater Mollusca of

North America north of Mexico, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool.,Univ. Mich. 6: 1-88.

WOODSON, R. E. 1947. Notes on the "Historic Factor" in plant geography.
Contril). Gray Herb. 165: 12-25.

Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences -
Volume 1, Number 3, 1956



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 221

PLATES



222 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 1

FIG. 1.-Fiviparus georgianus goodrichi Archer. Spring-fed creek, 5 mi. NE
Marianna, Jackson Co., Florida. Holotype, MCZ 92432; slightly enlarged.

FiG. 2.-Viviparus g€orgianus altior Pilsbry , Hitchins Creek, near Lake George,
Putnami Co., Florida. Paratype, MCZ 53884, 1.4X.

FIG. 3.-Fiviparus georgianus Lea. Hopeton, near Darien, Mcintosh Co., Georgia.
Lectotype, USNM 106252; 1.4X.

FIG. 4.-Fit#parus georgianus limi Pilsbry. Dougherty Co., Georgia. Lectotype,
ANSP 27731; 1.4X

FIG. 5.-Fivipai·us ge.orgianus wareanus Kuster. Lake Okeechobee, Canal Point,
Palm Beach Co.., Florida. MCZ 104280; 1.4X.

FIG. 6.-Pomacea paludosa Say.. Wakulla Springs, Wakilla Co., Florida. MCZ
191621; natural size.

FIGS. 7-8.-Campeloma geniculum Conrad. Flint River,  Bainbridge, Decatur Co.,
Georgia. MCZ 190336; 1.4X.

FIG. 9.-Campelo,na #oridense Call. Wekiva River, Orange Co., Florida. Lecto-
type, MCZ 189592; 1.4X.

FIG. 10.-Lioplax pilsbryi Walker. Chipola River, F16rida. Lectotype, MZUM;
1.8X.

FIG. 11.-Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Apalachicola River, Chattahoochee, Gadsden
Co., Florida. MCZ 191835; 4X.

FIG. 12.-Somatogyrus substriatus Walker. Choctawhatchee River, 9 mi. S Ozark,
Dale Co., Alabama. MCZ 186763; 4X.

FIG. 13.-Ferrissia dalli Walker. Blue Spring, 7% mi. SW Recovery, Decatur Co.,
Georgia. MCZ 190427; 4X.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF AL\BAMA, GEORGIA, AND FLORID.1 223

- rvi'

66. -*i
.

, -P.st,» - A..1~

--

7 T --
-' '' 109 '*15/

12 13-



224 BULL. OF rHE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 2

FIG. 1.-Crenodonta neisleri Lea. Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola Park, Cal-
houn Co., Florida. MCZ 190284; natural size.

Fic. 2.-Lampsilis su.bangulata Lea. Mosqi:ito Creek, 1 mi. S Chattahoochee, Gads-

den Co., Florida. MCZ 190080; natural size.

FIG. 3.-Lanipsilis austialis Simpson. Little Patsaffga Creek, Crenshaw Co., Ala-

bama. Paratype, MC7,20154; natut'al size.

FIGS. 4-5.--Gohiobasis curvicostata Reeve. Mosquito Creek, 2 mi. SW Recovery,

Decatur Co, Georgia. MCZ 190069; both 2.3X.

Fic. 6.-Goniobasis athearni Clench and Turner. Chipola River, 2% mi. SE Cha-

son, Calhoun Co., Florida. Holotype, MCZ 190102; 2X.

Fics. 7 -8.-Goniobasis tioridensis Reeve , Blue Spring, 71/. mi . SW Recovery , De -

catur Co., Georgia. MCZ 190417-, both 2.4X.

FIG. 9,-Go):iobasis papi/losa 'Anthony' Reeve (- G. Boride,ms Reeve). Enter-

prise, Volusia Co., Florida. C6type, MCZ 50234; 2.4X:

FIG. 10.-Goniobasis dickinsom Clench and Turnef. Holmes Creek, I mi. W

Graceville, Jackson Co., Florida. Holotype, MCZ 191771; 2.4X.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAM\, GEORGI\. AND FLORIDA 225

4

5

3 Aaa,4
7~ 8 9/ 10



22(, I;ULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 3

fiG. 1.-Lainlisilis anodontoides floride,isis Lea. Flint River, Recovery , Decatur
Co., Georgia. MCZ 191862; natural  size.

FIc. 2.-Lampsilis c/aibor,lensis Lea. Lake Talquin, Ochlockonee River, Leon
Co., Florida. MCZ 190371; natural size.

FIG. 3.-Lampsilis excavatits .Lea. Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Centtiry, Escambia
Co., Florida. MCZ 191847; natural size.

FIGs. 4-5.-Goniobasis denchi Goodrich. Choctawhatchee River, Newton, Dale
Co., Alabama. Paratypes, MCZ 91724; both 2X. Fig. 4, young.

FIG. 6.-Goniobasts a/b'anyensis Lea. Flint River, Bainbridge, Decatur Co.,
Georgia. MCZ 190406: 2X.

FIG. 7.-Goniobasis vanhyningiana Goodrich. Seminole Run, Lake Co., Florida.
Paratype, MCZ 51342; 2X.

Fic. 8.-Goniobasis catenoides Lea. Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Mascogee
Co., Georgia. MCZ 186749; 2.4X.



FRESHW.\TER M()I.LIJSKS OF .41..\BAMA, GF.ORGI.\, AND FLORIDA 227

4 9

-5
,

doillill"'' .f:kill'illic*A

rwill/*S
2

8



228 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE- 4

FIG.'1.-Fillosa uibex amygdala Lea. Canals, West Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co.,
Florida. MCZ 104093, natural size.

FIG. 2.-Fillosa villosa Wright. Mos4uito Creek,, Chattahoochee, Gadsden Co.,
Florida. MCZ 191775; natural size.

FIGS. 3 and 7.-Villosa lictiosa Conrad . Chipola River , 2 mi , E Clarksville , Cal -
houn Co., Florida. MCZ 191939; natural size. Fig. 3, male; fig. 7, female.

FIG. 4.-Fillosa vibex Conrad. Waccasassa River, Levy Co., Florida. MCZ 203850;
natural size.

FIG. 5.-Quincuncina burkei Walker. Beaver Creek, near Taylor, Houston Co.,
Alabama. MCZ 144608; natural size.

FiG. 6.-Quincuncina infucata Conrad. Ochlockonee River, 7 nti. S Cairo, Grady
Co., Georgia. MCZ 190341; natural size.

FIG. 7.-See figure 3.

FIG. 8.-Physa pumilin Conrad. Pond, 71,6 mi. SW Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia.
MCZ 186837; BX.

FIG. 9.-Physa.crocam Lea. Doe River, Roan Mountain Station, Carter Co., Ten-
nessee. MCZ 56245; 3X.

FIG. 10.-Pseudosuccinea columella Say. Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co.,
Georgia. MCZ 190431; SX.



FRESHW \TER MOLLUSKS OF AL\BAM.\, GEORGI.\, AND FLORIDA 229

1

5

2

6

3

1

4

+-
*

,

T 37 9. . 4. Maill
9 » 10



23(J BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 5

FIG. 1.-Margaritana ·hembeli Conrad. Horse Creek, near Luverne, Crenshaw
Co., Alabama. MCZ 148819; natural size.

FIG. 2.-Uniomerus obesus Lea. Withlacoochee River, 5 mi. NW Valdosta.
Lowndes Co., Georgia. MCZ 191997, natural size.

FIG. 3.-Anodontoides elliotti Lea. Mosquito Creek, 1 mi. S Chattahoochee, Gads-
den Co., Florida. MCZ 190085; natural size.

FIG. 4.-Alasmidonta triangulata Lea. Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co.,
Georgia. MCZ 190390; natural size.

Fits, 5-6.-Goniobasis boykiniana Lea. Chaltahoochee River, Columbus, Mus-
cogee Co„ Georgia. MCZ 103599; both 2X. Fig. 5, young.

Fies. 7-8.-Goniobasis viennaensis Lea. Swift Creek, 12 mi. SW Cordele, Crisp
Co., Georgia. MCZ 91761; both 21. Fig: 7, young.



FRESHWATER MOI.I.(,SAS OF AL.48.AM.\. (,1·:(}R(,1.\. AX'l) Fl.ORID.\ 231

./

1 5

2

,1

4 81
--



232 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 6

FIG. 1.-Anodonta gibbosa Say. Lake Talquin, Ochlockonee River, Leon Co.,
Florida. MCZ 191765; natural size.

FIG. 2.-Anodouta imbecilis Say. Lake Talquin, Ochlockonee River, Leon Co.,
Florida. MCZ 191840; natural size.

FiG. 3.-Anodonta cowperiana Lea. Peace River, Arcadia, DeSot6 C6., Florida.
MCZ 88770; natural size.

FIG.' 4.-Pisidium dubium Say. Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna, Jackson Co.,
Florida. MCZ 191809; about 4X.

FIG. 5.-Sphaerium stamineum Conrad. Alabama. Cotype, MCZ 19434; about 4X.

FIG. 6.-Byssanodonta singleyi Pilsbry. Spring Creek, Re~noldsville, Semitiole Co.,
Georgia. MCZ 190100; 6.3X.

Ftc. 7.-Medionidus penici//atus Lea. Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia.
MCZ 190306; natural size.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF .\L.\B.\M.\, GEORGIA. AND FLOR ID.\ 233

4

5

2

6



234 BUI,L. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 7

FIGs. 1-2.-ENiptio mcmichaeli Clench and Turner. Choctawhatchee River, 8
mi. W Miller Cr6ss Roads, Holmes Co., Florida. Holotype, MCZ 191922; natural size.

FIGS. 3-4.-Fusconaia escambia Clench and Turner. Escambia River, 3 · mi. E
Century, Escambia Co., Florida. Holotype, MCZ 191470; natural size.

FIG. 5.-Fusconaia succissa·'Lea. Murder Creek, Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Alabama.
MCZ 144639; natural size.

Fic. 6.-Notogillia u/etherbyi Dall. Chipola River, Scotts Ferry, Calhoun Co.,
Florida. MCZ 190399; 3X.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA , GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 235

e

2

3 4

6 7//ir



236 81 ILI.. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 8

FIG. 1.-Elliptio crassidens inciassalus Lea. Dead Lake, Chipola River, Chipola
Park, Calhoun Co., Florida. MCZ 191869; natural size.

Fic. 2.-Elliptio strigosus .Lea. Ochlockonee River, 7~6 mi. E Hosford, Liberty
Co., Florida. MCZ 191891; natural size.

FIG. 3.-Elliptio chipolaensis Walker. Chipola River, 1 mi. N Marianna, Jackson
Co.,.Florida. MCZ 190295; natural size.

FIG. 4.-Pleurobema strodeanum Wright. Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Century,
Escambia Co., Florida. MCZ 191934; natural size.

FIG. 5.-Corunculina pau/a Lea. Mosquito Creek, Chaltahoochee, Gadsden Co..
Florida. MCZ 191719; natural size.

FIG. 6.-Pleurobe,na pyrifor,ne Lea. Ochlockonec River, 7 mi. S Cairo, Grady
Co., Georgia. MCZ 191925; natural size.

FIG. 7.-Glebula rotundata Lamarck. Apalachicola River, Blountstown, Calhoun
Co., Florida. MCZ 190394; natural size.



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF .\LAB.\MA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA 237

1

5

6

3

1



238 BULL. OF THE FLA. STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PLATE 9

FIG. 1.-Anodonta hallenbecki Lea. Uphapee Creek, Macon Co., Alabama. Para-
type, A. gesneri (- A. hallenbecki Lea), MCZ 152882; about 0.8X.

FIG. 2.-Eliiptio sloatianus Lea. Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co., Georgia.
MCZ 190279; about 0.8X.

FIG. 8.-Crenodonta 'boykiniana Lea. Escambia River, 3 mi. SE Centliry, Escambia
Co., Florida. MCZ 190292; about 0.8X,



FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA. AND FLORIDA 239

2