Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2003) 44(1): 3-10 3

ENDURING FOUNDATIONS TO A HOLISTIC SCIENCE:
LESSONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY

FROM ELIZABETH S. WING

Kitty F. Emery 1

The chapters contributed to this volume honoring continue to learn from her example. It is one of the
Elizabeth S. Wing's research at the Florida Museum of strongest commendations to our science that, although
Natural History (FLMNH) provide an excellent overview we have often moved cautiously in the study of the
of some of the most intriguing issues and controversies cultural aspects of the human/environment relationship,
in zooarchaeology and environmental archaeology today. our conclusions are based on generations of intensive
Analyses from nine countries spanning the New and evaluation of the efficacy of our analytical methods.
Old worlds illustrate the global nature ofWing's influence In the following pages I will review some of the
on the science of environmental archaeology, while the issues pertinent to envir6nmental archaeology and
predominance of research from the eastern U.S. zooarchaeology as illustrated in these chapters. The
highlights the particular importance of her work in this ehoice of these particular issues and themes is not
geographic region. The authors tackle topics from the intended to provide a comprehensive review of
effects of sieve gauge on bone recovery to the impact environmental archaeology (see Dincauze 2000, Evans
of human predation on ancient environments, reflecting and O'Connor 1999, and Reitz and Wing 1999 for
the breadth of Wing's influence in these varied arenas. excellent surveys) or to suggest that these are the only
Many of the contributing authors were taught in the areas in which Wing has been influential. I am guided
FLMNH Environmental Archaeology (EA) laboratory, instead by the current research interests of the authors,
but whether student or colleague, all their research has themselves influenced by Wing's ongoing work. My
been touched in some way or another by Wing's work. discussion will highlight the important unifying theme that

Most important to the value of this volume is the binds the chapters of this volume together: Elizabeth
fact that all these chapters emphasize one of the Wing's principle of methodological strength at alllevels,
fundamental principles of Wing's research: that our from initial project assessment to the middle range theory
interpretations, whether of ancient ecology, diet, or ritual, required for accurate interpretations of cultural processes.
are only as strong as the methods we use to gather our
data. This principle, a central tenet of her work, has THEMES IN THIS VOLUME
guided her research in all areas 6f zooarchaeology. Wing Analytical and interpretive methods differ among
is recognized worldwide for her incorporation of branches of environmental archaeology, but requirements
innovative techniques borrowed from the biological for methodological accuracy do not. Samples must reflect
sciences, her interest in addressing broad theoretical both the archaeological questions at hand and the area
issues, and her encouragement of a holistic view of under investigation. They must be sufficiently large to
ancient human/environment relationships in overcome sample-size dependencies in statistical analysis.
environmental archaeology. The value of her pioneering Recovery methods used for their acquisition must provide
work rests both in her enthusiasm for all aspects of the for sufficient detail in the assemblage, and subsequent
developing science and in the emphasis she has always handling and preparation of the samples must follow
placed on rigorous methods as a foundation to any protocols that diminish loss and destruction of data. Once
environmental research. An understanding of the samples have been recovered, specimens must be
importance of strong methodological foundations has also accurately identified and the broadest possible range of
been passed on to her students and to all of us who data must be acquired from each. Methods of

quantification must be appropriate to both the sample
'Assistant Curator of Environmental Archaeology, Florida and the questions under investigation. F.inally, whether
Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, the specimens are pollen grains or bivalves, interpretations
FL 32611, USA. must be similarly well supported by a clear understanding



4 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing

of biological and cultural contexts. These must be well last decade have shown conclusively that in fine-
informed with regard to biological taxonomy and habitats, screened assemblages from Caribbean and Florida
the taphonomic history of the assemblage and its possible aquatic habitats the representative size-classes of fish
effect on distributions, and the cultural context within recovered are expanded and that the proportion of fish
which the assemblage was recovered. The authors in the sample increased (Reitz and Wing 1999; Wing
contributing to this volume recognize, both implicitly and and Quitmyer 1985). Stewart and Wigen's work in
explicitly, that these requirements are fundamental to all Canada reveals similar results. Assemblages recovered
investigations in environmental archaeology. using fine-gauge screens are significantly different from

those recovered using coarser meshes. Among sites in
METHODS AND DATA this area, interpretations of diet can vary from mammal/

Environmental archaeology and, in particular, salmon dominated to herring dominated, depending on
zooarchaeology are still seen by some as simply an the screen size used. Their work is substantiated by
answer to the archaeologist's "identification problem" similar results from other researchers (e.g., Gordon 1993)
(Wing this volume). This is unfortunate because Wing who have found that smaller taxa and often smaller
and others have been using direct faunal, floral, and diagnostic elements are missed when deposits are not
geomorphological data for complex environmental and fine screened. Surprisingly, despite evidence from direct
cultural research since the early 1960s, when they already analyses of the impact of differential recovery method,
were aware of the need for methodological accuracy, archaeologists in many regions still remain unconvinced
especially appropriate archaeological sampling and of the value of such detailed sampling strategies.

. collection methods to create assemblages that included Worldwide, the realities of budget and time limitations
the broadest possible range of taxa or specimens. discourage the use of many of the methods so necessary

There are many vital issues in the discussion of for the recovery of environmental data (Vale and Gargett
accuracy in assemblage sampling. Despite years of 2002).
controversy, one of the most contentious debates today While other issues related to sampling are equally
is still the utility of fine-gauge sieving (Cannon 1999; important (including sample size, variable sampling across
James 1997; Shaffer and Sanchez 1994; Vale and Gargett cultural contexts, and the effects of taphonomic variation
2002). First discussed in the literature of the early 1970s in archaeological deposits), the ongoing debateover fine-
(Clason and Prummel 1977; Payne 1972), screening of mesh screening typifies the chasm that continues to exist
archaeological deposits was already seen by between archaeological method and the needs of
environmental archaeologists as essential, not  only to environmental afchaeologistS. It also suggests a two-
increase the number of biological taxa and individuals fold solution that first begins with increased participation
recovered, but also to effectively answer questions about by environmental archaeologists in defining
species composition and population dynamics (Grayson arehaeological hypotheses and objectives and in
1984; Lyman 1982). By the 19805, it became clear that designing sampling strategies to fit those objectives. The
the issue was not whether deposits should be screened, second solution to the problem isa simple awareness of
but at what gauge . In the 1979 volume Paleonutrition, the potential biases inherent in our samples . In this volume,
Wing and Brown stated clearly that 5 mm (1/4") screen Reitz's paper on the Preceramic remains from Paloma,
was not fine enough for samples containing fish or other Peru, and Bartosiewicz's regional analysis of the
species with small elements, and research in the FLMNH Carpathian Basin of Hungary are both excellent
laboratories helped determine that a 1.5 mm (1/16") examples of this awareness and treatment of bias. Reitz
screen was more appropriate to environmental research provides specific and detailed descriptions of sampling,
goals. Wing's insistence on fine screening has been quantification, and secondary analysis methods and
pivotal in many areas of the world, and all the authors in correlates findings with a discussion of potential bias
this volume discuss its importance. "[T]he work of created by each of the methods used. Bartosiewicz has
Elizabeth Wing and her students, through their, insistence the more challenging task of coordinating data from
on fine-gauge recovery techniques, revolutionized the multiple excavations. Although it is impossible to
picture of subsistence among prehistoric southeastern standardize the methods used in sample collection or
Indian groups" (Scott this volume). treatment in multiple datasets collected over many years,

Here, Quitmyer and Stewart and Wigen tackle the his statistical correlations bridge the inherent biases in
screen-size issue directly. Quitmyer's studies over the the analysis. Such Work also empha5izes the importance



EMERY: Enduring foundations to a holistic science 5

of encouraging the creation and dissemination of collection with its 9000 specimens comes close to Wing's
"standards" for gathering environmental data from initial objective of providing a representative collection
archaeological deposits. of all taxa from the southeastern U.S. and the Caribbean

(Wing this volume). The collection also contains
COMPARATIVE COLLECTION representative species from Central America (Mexico

Issues of methodological accuracy are not confined to and Guatemala) and northern South America (Peru,
the field. Many arise in our own labs during identification Ecuador, and Panama), reflecting her continuing interest
and analysis. It is self-evident that one of the in Peruvian and Mesoamerican research. The EA
fundamentals of our science is the accurate identification collections also contain representative modern botanical
of our specimens, whether they be sand grains, corn and soil reference materials and, while these collections
kernels, canid phalanges, or oyster valves. Yet another are small, they are growing rapidly in tandem with Wing's
controversial issue in modern environmental archaeology focus on holistic research on environmental materials.
is the use of appropriate comparative collections for Over 3500 cataloged soil samples represent 34 sites, 25
specimen identification. Accurate identifications are based in Florida and 9 in the Caribbean. The botanical collections
on comparison with a broad modern taxonomic collection contain over 500 reference specimens (predominantly
and recognition of the essential diagnostics for each taxon from the southeastern U.S.), as well as a growing collection
or skeletal element. However, a lack of appropriate of carbonized seeds for comparison with archaeologically
resources (and sometimes a lack of recognition of the burned examples. Both zooarchaeological and
nature of appropriate resources) means that much of archaeobotanical collections are being digitized to create
the environmental archaeological research being virtual-image files for use by a wider audience.
conducted worldwide is based on limited and often
unvouched comparative collections and untrained eyes. RESEARCH AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL

Despite trends at the time emphasizing research at Wing's work on tropical fishes is of primary
a cellular level, Elizabeth Wing began her career as a importance to coastal research, but her emphasis on
zoologist with an interest in whole animal biology. Her comparative work with invertebrates has been equally
earliest publications stemmed from Master's thesis influential in the expanding science of zooarchaeology.
research on reproductive behavior of the Florida pocket Zooarchaeological analyses in the EA laboratory have
gopher, while her Ph.D. dissertation on fauna from the included mollusks and common invertebrates like crabs
Trinidad tar pits was an important bridge from zoology and have extended to studies of shrimp mandibles and
to zooarchaeology. As a zoologist, she has continued to other robust microinvertebrate remains. Work on marine
conduct research on modern comparative collections as bivalves is pivotal to both cultural analyses and
well as environmental remains from archaeological environmental reconstructions in the EA laboratory
assemblages. (Quitmyer this volume; Quitmyer et al. 1997). The

One important and early innovation at the FLMNH importance of this emphasis on mollusks is reflected in
EA laboratory was Wing's emphasis on the essential Prummel's metric analysis (this volume) of mollusks from
importance of the study of whole communities. Soulpi Bay, Greece, and the information this provides
Consequently, while many zooarchaeologists ignored on local habitat changes over time. Prummel distinguishes
segments of the faunal taxa, she included all vertebrates molluskan morphological changes that indicate habitat
and most invertebrates in her analyses. FLMNH's change from those attributable to human predation.
regional scope, with its emphasis on southeastern U.S. Biological information on both the modern and the
and Caribbean coastal sites, fostered Wing's early interest zooarchaeological specimens in this collection and an
in marine fishes and the utility of fisheries and emphasis on the habits and habitats of the species have
ichthyological data for archaeological studies. As a result, always been fundamental to Wing's interpretations of
she actively encouraged the incorporation of marine animal use. Early in her career, a detailed understanding
fishes into comparative collections. The EA collections of marine fish habitats allowed her to move beyond simple
currently contain more ichthyological skeletal remains than species lists to discussions of fishing practices,
most other zooarchaeological labs>and certainly more than catchments, and environmental change based on the
many ichthyological research centers (Poss and Collette feeding habits of marine fishes. Fradkin and Carr's
1995). chapter on Preclassic aquatic resource use in Belize

The EA laboratory's modern faunal comparative follows the path laid down by Wing's early work on fish



6 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing

behavior and habitat requirements and her later analysis NISP and MNI are now well-accepted measures used
of other collections from the same site (Wing and Scudder by most zooarchaeologists (and most authors in this
1991). Fradkin and Carr combine turtle habitat details volume) to create a bracket of maximum and minimum
with ethnographic information on both acquisition and counts.for each species. Wing was one of the earliest to
taste preferences to correlate their findings with other see both the validity of careful quantification (Wing 1963)
environmental indicators, suggesting use of the local and the dangers of unfettered use of MNI measures,
resources as opposed to thosefrom a broader catchment. particularly in the analysis of complex societies where
The findings are important in view of current discussions resources are shared among community members (Wing
in Mesoamerican archaeology about Preclassic trade in and Brown 1979). Her early application of skeletal and
marine products (Powis et al. 1999; Shaw 1991, 1999; whole-body allometry formulae to bone weights, skeletal
Stanchly 1995). counts, and MNIs (based on studies of modern animals)

provided impetus for more complex analyses of the
COLLECTIONS RESEARCH: IDENTIFICATION AND APPLICATION relative ancient contribution of different species in the

In keeping with a true biological collection, all biotic archaeological record (Reitz and Wing 1999:69-72; Wing
specimens collected for the EA laboratory include and Brown 1979). Her methods are used by Quitniyer
information on sex, age, size, body weights, habitat, and and Reitz (both this volume) as a basis for interpretation
season of capture. The availability of such detailed of the relative contribution of species to ancient diet.
biological information has allowed those who use this These more complex estimates allow us to move beyond
material to fine-tune the identification process. This work such strictly data-centered questions as "What are they
has defined and in some cases increased the number of and how many did we find?" to the more intriguing
diagnostie elements and element characteristics useful questions of ancient environments and the relationships
for identification (e.g., Kozuch's use of gastropod between these and the human communities we study as
columellas, this volume) and delineated those similarities archaeologists.
that restrict accurate identifications beyond the level of
genus or, in some cases, family (Reitz and Wing RECONSTRUCTING ANCIENT
1999:154). Walker's chapter (this volume) is an excellent ENVIRONMENTS
example of this type of collection-based research. Based One of our most enduring efforts in environmental
on detailed use of modern comparative specimens from archaeology has been the reconstruction of human
the FLMNH, she expands the roster of diagnostic impacts on their environments, from the creation of
elements useful in separating Florida cottonmouth from anthrosols (soils resulting from human activities) to the
diamondback rattlesnakes to include mid-precaudal creation of new species through domestication to the
vertebrae. Wing's work on the domestic dog has also eradication of others through habitat modification and
emphasized the caution that must be taken in direct predation. Two goals of environmental
identifications at the species level, but has shown that archaeology are particularly relevant to modern
with a substantial database it is possible to find markers environmental awareness (or the lack thereof): first,
even for the identification of domestic breeds and types. determining whether or not humanity has ever sustainably

Detailed direct research on the EA comparative managed an environment and, second, determining if
collections has encouraged refinements in quantification there are lessons that can be learned from both the
of ancient animal use. For decades, environmental mistakes and successes of past human-environment
archaeologists have debated the means by which we interactions. Accurate reconstructions of the effects of
quantify the "proxy measures" found in the archaeo- human interaction with the environment are also
logical and sedimentological record. Pollen grains, animal premised on accurate reconstructions of natural
bones, and chemical soil signatures do not accufately environments and on the clear differentiation between
represent the patterns of ancient environmental variation. anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic processes.
No one debates this essential truth. The challenge lies in Scudder's complex reconstruction of the landscape
the way these remains can be quantified to best reflect history of the Blueberry site in Florida emphasizes the
ancient environments and use of its resources. importance of direct evidence.for evaluation of processes

A central issue in zooarchaeology is the relationship and perpetrators of environmental change. Using soil
between bone fragments (NISP), individual animals micromorphology and elemental analyses, Scudder
(MNI), and actual contribution to diet or other activities. describes the development and use of a "subsurface



EMERY: Enduring foundations to a holistic science 7

landscape" and ties the local landscape genesis to global sieving (1/8"or smaller), an estimate of biomass using
patterns of climate change. As the volume's only soil average body weight calculated from appropriate
scientist, Scudder does a superb job of highlighting the allometric formulae, and the application of a mean trophic
importance of strong methodological foundations in this level index for each species, as provided by modern
branch of environmental archaeology for separating research (Pauly et al. 1998; Wing 2001). Using trophic
human from non-human environmental modifications, for level analyses, Wing has shown the effects of ancient
defining the details of geomorphological change, and for human predation on reef fishes from various Caribbean
linking these to broader issues. islands and has emphasized the remarkable similarity

Morales-Mufiiz and Antipina clarify the methods used between ancient and modern processes despite
for identification of the effects of human versus non- differences in hunting or fishing techniques.
human activity on archaeological assemblages. In their Other researchers in this volume test the specific
preliminary survey of birds from Bronze Age Russia, predictors from Wing's studies of human impact and
they provide markers to differentiate among human, discuss both overall correlations and important additional
predatory birds, and other agents involved in the considerations. Quitmyer's analysis of faunal
deposition ofbones in separate assemblages. Combined assemblages from Cinnamon Bay in the U.S. Virgin
criteria devised by detailed study of agency in Islands expands on Wing's trophic level research by
archaeological deposition allow these authors to quantify suggesting the importance of ceremonial activities as an
with certainty the human activity in the accumulation of additional factor in human predation. Reitz correlates
the different assemblages. trophic level shifts on the Archaic Pacific coast of Peru

with climate fluctuations associated with the
HUMAN IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTS Hypsithermal. As in any other reconstruction of human

It is not a simple process to separate the effects of impact on environments, the possible effects of non-
natural variation from that caused by humans. An anthropogenic changes and the variations introduced by
important issue within the broad theme of environmental cultural complexity must be considered.
reconstruction is the controversy surrounding models of Needless to say, the process of human impact on'
anthropogenic faunal extinctions, particularly with first plants and animals continues far beyond initial contact.
human incursions into pristine ecosystems. The North Ruhl provides a glimpse of the archaeobotanical
American Pleistocene overkill hypothesis has been an perspective on ancient environments, describing
enduring model (Alroy 2001; Martin 1967; Martin and environmental changes associated with secondary
Steadman 1999) despite arguments that these continental human impact on natural and anthropogenic landscapes,
extinctions should be attributed to the environmental in this case Hispanic intrusion on the inhabited Georgia
conditions associated with the Pleistocene/Holocene Bight region. Combining archaeobotanical,
boundary. But over the past decades a robust zooarchaeological, and documentary evidence, Ruhl
archaeological and paleontological database provides reconstructs the prehistoric environment and documents
clear evidence of a direct association between human the marked differences resulting from Old World-
colonization and extinction events on many islands introduced domesticatesand land-use practices. She also
(Steadman 1995; Steadman and Stokes 2002; Wing emphasizes that our increase in knowledge has come
2001). The characteristics of island biogeography make only as a result of the use of specialized recovery
these locales particularly susceptible to extinction, and methods and an awareness of the special conditions of
the effect of human eolonization is most dramatic on wetland preservation.
smaller islands.

The discussion of human impact on ancient RECONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALMS
environments extends beyond the land. Wing's years of While environmental archaeologists have often been
research on marine fish communities have provided accused of methodological navel-gazing and of seeing
extensive information on the impact over time of human little beyond the biological characteriStics of ancient

predation on marine fish populations. Her recent studies environments and the resources they provide for the
of the ancient process of "fishing down the food web" sustenance of life, the papers in this volume demonstrate
adapt modern trophic-level methods described by Pauly quite the opposite. The attention paid to methodological
et al. (1998) for moderri aquatic populations. The method rigor by environmental archaeologists has led to
requires appropriate samples derived from fine-gauge substantial concentration on the accufacy of our



8 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing

reconstructions of the environment as a baseline for the Rindos (1984) model, but often neglected in
understanding human activity. As the papers in this examinations of proto-domestication, is the human
volume show, the authors have not neglected the cultural response to synanthropizing species. Scott (this volume)
aspects of the human/environment relationship. Even reintroduces the Linares (1976) model of tropical garden-
early studies of diet and domestication of plants and hunting in a North American perspective. Scott uses fine-
animals incorporated aspects of the symbolic nature of screened assemblages from late prehistoric New York
landscapes and the ritual associated with domesticated State to provide a detailed analysis of species use. In
species in most societies. the small agricultural hamlet of Spaulding Lake, her data

It is true that environmental archaeologists have suggest seasonal occupation and the exploitation of fauna
often avoided discussions of ritual, cosmogeny, and attracted to gardens and clearings. Her results indicate
symbols as interpretations unreachable by current that traditional perspectives on Iroquois diet and
methods (for a detailed discussion, see Albarella 2001). settlement may have been skewed by early
Within the cultural sphere, these papers also show archaeological studies ofhilltop villages.
attention directed at processual issues well supported
by both data and analogies as bridging arguments. COMPLEXITiES IN SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION

Our understanding of the role of domestic plants
SYNANTHROPIZATION AND DOMESTICATION and animals in both ancient and historic societies is further

Environmental archaeological research on human complicated by the nature of human society. Again, the
impacts extends beyond early interactions with pristine difficulty lies in the methodological realm. To understand
environments to consider direct and often intentional the process of domestication, the effects of
manipulation of species communities through the creation synanthropism, and the eventual dynamic of social control
of new habitats, transportation of species to nEw over domesticated natural resources, we need accurate
locations, and the process of domestication. The timing counts of the remains. This simple factor is compounded
and process of early domestication were among the first many times over by the effects of social interactions,
issues explored by environmental archaeology. Wing and market economics, and complex ritual beliefs (e.g.,
other zooarchaeologists have had an abiding interest in Crabtree 1990; Zeder 1991). Several excellent examples
the cooperation, necessitated by domestication, between of research that directly confront these complications
humans and animals, and Wing's work in the Peruvian are presented in this volume.
Andes has been important to continuing research on Bartosiewiez's regional review of the shift from
New World domesticates. nomadism to sedentism in the Carpathian Basin of

Domestication involves gradual processes, and some Hungary reveals the effects of territorial circumscription
of our recent questions address precursor behaviors (both on generations of mobile pastoralists. Shifts in faunal
plant/animal and human). Rindos's (1984) early proposal species over time mark the transition to sedentary
of co-evolutionary adaptation as a mechanism for pastoralism, but his work also suggests that traditional
domestication is an excellent model within which to view foodways are often retained even under unfavorable
the process of synanthropism. Any human manipulation conditions. While optimization models might predict the
of the environment, even the establishment of temporary transition to sedentism under pressure from declining
encampments, provides a new niche for animal activity. territorial sizes, more, structural models of social responses
Clearly human refuse was one precursor to dog to perceived circumscription could explain retention of
domestication, and current research like that presented ineffective subsistence systems.
by Morales-Mufiiz and Antipina (this volume) identifies Kozuch's discussion of shell bead manufacturing
other species in the archaeological record likely to be methods at Cah6kia reminds us of the importance of
attracted to human-modified environments. Their survey long-distance trade of resources and the movement of
of occupation and subsistence economies in Bronze Age secondary products through communities. Recognition
Russia (Boev 1993) relies in large part on the definition of markers of artifact production allows us to consider
of certain bird species as seasonal synanthropes, passive implications for both quantification of species use and
synanthropes, and synurbanists to provide a guide to the the role of environmental products in defining social
levels of cooperative living achieved by humans and their structure (in this case the evidence for economic
avian neighbors. centralization).

One intriguing consideration that is emphasized by In this volume, two papers effectively illustrate the



EMERY: Enduring foundations to a holistic science 9

advantages and difficulties of working with historic methodological unity, is a tribute to the strength of the
samples. Crader's evaluation of the "stock economy" foundations upon which the science is built. The research
of Medieval Italy takes into account the diametrically of these authors reflects Wing's emphasis on the
opposed effects of economic autonomy versus market fundamental importance of methodological accuracy for
economies on the zooarchaeological record. Mortality interpretation in environmental archaeology.
profiles provide useful information on domesticates, but Wing's impact on environmental archaeology goes
these data are also well contextualized with reference far beyond the methodological foundations. Her more
to the varied uses and distribution of these animals. important influence lies in the development of
Campana and Crabtree face similar difficulties in their environmental archaeology as a multidisciplinary and
evaluation of soldiers' diets in Pennsylvania during the holistic science. Following her lead, environmental
Revolutionary War. Combining documentary and archaeology has come to be defined in large part by the
zooarchaeological evidence lets them determine not only enthusiasm of its participants and their adventurous
the quantity, but also the quality, of foodstuffs available exploration of the multiple ways of integrating the
to soldiers at the Valley Forge encampment. biological and cultural sciences. This spirit is amply

reflected in the research presented in this volume.
BEYOND METHODS: FINAL THOUGHTS

REFERENCES CITEDI would like to suggest that attention to the details and
Albarella, U. (ed.). 2001. Environmental Archaeology: Meaningaccuracy of scientific conclusions has become even more

and Purpose. Boston: KluwerAcademic Publishers.
important in view of our current role in providing ancient Alroy, J. 2001. A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-
examples for solving environmental problems (Amorosi Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science 292:
et al. 1996; Cannon and Lyman 2002; Lyman 1996). At 1893-1896.
FLMNH, the EA laboratory provides a broad array of Amorosi, T., J. Woollett, S. Perdikaris, and T. H. McGovern. 1996.
services to academic, professional, and public audiences, Regional zooarchaeology and global change: Problems and
chief among these services data for governmental (local, potentials. World Archaeology 28(1): 126-157.
national, and international) and non-governmental Boev, Z. 1993. Archeo-ornithology and the anthropisation of
organizations' environmental management. Can birds: A case study from Bulgaria. Archaeofauna 2: 145-153.

Cannon, K., and R. L. Lyman. 2002. Zooarchaeology'szooarchaeological information define natural population
contribution to conservation biology. Session presenteddynamics and habitat extents for endangered populations?
at the Society for American Archaeology meetings,

Can archaeopedology provide substantive information Denver, Colorado, 20-24 March.
on the effects of wetland clearing? Can archaeobotanical Cannon, M. D. 1999. Mathematical model of the effects of
models be used to predict global warming? As many screen size on zooarchaeological relative abundance
academics ponder the potential utility of our science for measures. Journal ofArchaeological Science 26: 205-214.
modern decision-making, the EA program under Elizabeth Clason, A. T., and W Prummel. 1977. Collecting, sieving, and
Wing's direction has met the immediate need to contribute. the archaeological record. Journal of Archaeological
While the chapters in this volume underscore the Science 4: 171-175.
importance of accurate data in a purely intellectual Crabtree, R J. 1990. Zooarchaeology and complex societies:

forum, if the future of our environment rests even in Some uses of faunal analysis for the study of trade, social
status, and ethnicity. Archaeological Method and Theorypart on our interpretations of the archaeological record,
2: 155-205.the value of these strong methodological foundations Dincauze, D. R 2000. Environmental Archaeology: Principles

becomes even more relevant. and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Two primary concerns in environmental archaeology Evans, J. G., and T. R O'Connor. 1999. Environmental

are the accuracy of our methods for providing secure Archaeology: Principles and Methods. Stroud,
baseline data and our ability to conceptualize and describe Gloucestershire, U.K.: Sutton Publishing.
the full extent of the ancient relationship between people Gordon, E. A. 1993. Screen size and differential faunal recovery:
and their environments. This volume addresses these A Hawaiian example. Journal of Field Archaeology 20:

concerns through discussions of research from around 453459.

the world, touching on issues from allometry to women's Grayson, D. K. 1984. Quantitative Zooarchaeology. New York:
Academic Press.roles. The geographic and cultural breadth of these James, S. R. 1997. Methodological issues concerning screen

chapters, in combination with their theofetical and size recovery rates and their effects on archaeofaunal



10 ZOOARCHAEOLOGY: Papers to Honor Elizabeth S. Wing

interpretations. Journal ofArchaeological Science 24: 385- Shaw, L. C. 1991. The Articulation of Social Inequality and
397. Faunal Resource Use in the Preclassic Community of

Linares, 0. R 1976. "Garden hunting" in theAmerican tropics. Colha, Northern Belize. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
Human Ecology 4(4): 331-349. Massachusetts, Amherst.

Lyman, R. L. 1982. Archaeofaunas and subsistence studies. Shaw, L. C. 1999. Social and Ecological Aspects Of Preclassic
Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 5: 331- Maya Meat Consumption at Colha, Belize. Pp. 83-102 in
393. · C, White, ed. Reconstructing Ancient Maya Diet. Salt

Lyman, R. L. 1996. Applied zooarchaeology: The relevance of Lake City: University of Utah Press.
faunal analysis to wildlife management. World Stanchly, N. 1995. Formative period Maya faunal utilization at
Archaeology 28(1): 110-125. Cahal Pech, Belize: Preliminary analysis of the animal

Martin, R S. 1967. Prehistoric overkill.Pp. 75-12Oin R S. Martin remains from the 1994 season. Pp. 124-149 in R R Healy
and J. H.E. Wright, eds. Pleistocene Extinctions: The and J. J. Awe, eds. Belize Valley Preclassic Maya Project:
Search for Cause. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Report on the 1994 Season. Peterborough, Ontario,
University Press. Canada: Trent University, Occasional Papers in

Martin, R S., and D. W. Steadman. 1999. Prehistoric extinctions Anthropology no. 10.
on islands and continents. Pp. 17-52 in R. D. E. MacPhee, Steadman, D. W. 1995. Prehistoric extinction of South Pacific
ed. Extinctions inNearTime. New York: KluwerPublishers. birds: Biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science 267:

Pauly, C., V Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, and F. Torres, 1123-1131.
Jr. 1998. Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279: Steadman, D. W., and A. V. Stokes. 2002. Changing exploitation
860-863. of terrestrial vertebrates during the past 3000 years on

Payne, S. B. 1972. Partial recovery and sample.bias: The results Tobago, West Indies. Human Ecology 30(3): 339-367.
of some sieving experiments. Pp. 49-64 in E. S. Higgs, ed. Vale, D., and R. H. Gargett. 2002. Size matters: 3-mm sieves do
Papers in Economic Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge not increase richness in a fishbone assemblage from
University Press. Arrawarra 1, an Aboriginal Australian shell midden on

Poss, S.(1, and B.B. Collette. 1995. Second survey of fish the mid-north coast of New South Wales, Australia.
collections in the United States and Canada. Copeia Journal ofArchaeological Science 29: 57-63.
1995(1): 48-70. Wing, E. S. 1963. Vertebrates from the Jurigerman and Goodman

Powis, T. G, N. Stanchly, C. D. White, R R Healy, J. J. Awe, and sites near the East Coast of Florida. Contributions of the
F. J. Longstaffe. 1999. A preliminary reconstruction of Florida State Museum 10: 51-60.
middle preclassic subsistence economy at Cahal Pech, Wing, E. S. 2001. The sustainability of resources used by
Belize. Antiquity73(280): 364-376. Native Americans on four Caribbean islands. International

Quitmyer, I. R., D. S. Jones, and W. S. Arnold. 1997. The Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11: 112-126.
sclerochronology of hard clams, Mercenaria spp., from Wing, E. S., and A. Brown. 1979. Paleonutrition: Method and
the south eastern USA: A method of elucidating the Theory in Prehistoric Foodways. New York: Academic Press.
zooarchaeological records of seasonal resource Wing, E. S., and I. R, Quitmyer. 1985. Screen size for optimal
procurement and seasonality in prehistoric shell middens. data recovery: A case study. Pp. 49-58 in W H. Adams,
Journal ofArchaeological Science 24: 825-840. ed. Aboriginal Subsistence and Settlement Archaeology

Reitz, E. J., and E. S. Wing. 1999. Zooarchaeology. Cambridge of the Kings Bay Locality. Reports of Investigations no.
Manuals in Archaeology. New York: Cambridge 2. Gainesville: University of Florida, Department of
University Press. Anthropology.

Rindos, D. 1984. The Origins ofAgriculture: An Evolutionary Wing, E. S.,and S. J. Scudder. 1991. The exploitation of animals.
Perspective. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 84-97 in N. Hammond, ed. Cuello: An Early Maya

Shaffer, B. S., and J. L. J. Sanchez. 1994. Comparison of 1/8- Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
inch and 1/4-inch.mesh recovery of controlled samples of Zeder, M. A. 1991. Feeding Cities: SpecializedAnimal Economy
small-to-medium sized mammals. American Antiquity 59: in the Ancient Near East. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
525-530. Institution Press.