AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MAMMALIAN SPECIES OF THE ORDWAY-SWISHER PRESERVE John F. Eisenbergi The first comprehensive natural hiStOfy survey of Florida by a European was conducted by William Bartram in the 18th century (Bartram 1792). Homo sapiens occupied North America by successive invasions from at least 25,000 to 10,000 years before present. For a SUfVey of native southeastern Amerindians (Homo sapiens) and their cultures, see Swanton (1946). Burial mounds and canoes have been identified on the preserve. Modern mammal surveys in Florida were initiated by Chapman and Bangs in the late 19th century after the Armed Settlement Act of 1847 which favored European occupancy. During the 20th century, naturalistic efforts became focused in south central Florida with the founding of the Archbold Biological Research Station, and early publications concentrated on Highlands County. Further work in south Florida is contained in the dissertation submitted by Schwartz to the University of Michigan in 1952. In north central Florida, H. B. Sherman and his students began work in the 19305 based in Gainesville. It should be of interest to contemporary students that he invented the Sherman trap and initiated studies of trap, mark, and release, thus gaining some insight into the natural histog and demography of small mammals. H. B. Sherman subsequently became Chairman of the Department of Biology at the University of Florida Gainesville. James N. Layne, formerly of the Florida State Museum and currently Senior Research Biologist at the Archbold, has perpetuated the tradition of small mammal population studies in Highlands County. Stevenson (1976) made the first attempt to list allliving vertebrates ofFlorida. Excluding the strictly aquatic taxa (Sirenia, Cetacea, and the Pinnipedia), Hamilton and Whitaker (1979) list 150 species of mammals found in the last 100 years east of the Mississippi. This number includes four well-established human introductions (Mus, Rattus [two species], and A*ocaster) exclusive of domesticated species (e.g. cattle, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, swine, etc.). If we eliminate the four rodent introductions and domestics, then 146 species are valid for the eastern 1 The author holds the Katharine Ordway Chair of Ecosystems Conservation at the Florida Museum of Natural History and School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Floridl P. O. Box 117800, Gainesville FL 32611-7800, U. S. A EISENBERG, J. F. 1995. An introduction to the mammalian species ofthe Ordway-Swisher Preserve. Bull. Florida Mus. Nat Hist 38, PL II:165-176. 166 BULLETIN FLORIDA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 38 PT. II United States, east of the Mississippi. Much of the species richness in the Hamilton and Whittaker volume derives from the inclusion of the prairie forms from Wisconsin and Illinois, and boreal forms from New England. Given the preceding constraints, Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas include 75 species. Fifty species have been recorded in recent times within the political boundaries of Florida. Of the total 50, five are to be found exclusively in the Florida Panhandle and thus are part of the remnant Appalachian fauna more typical of eastern Alabama or western Georgia. Mammal distributions in peninsular Florida are very complex. The area under consideration extends from the temperate zone into the subtropics. Northern forms may be reaching the limits of their distribution and often have fragmented ranges not necessarily induced by human distufbance. According to Hamilton and Whitaker (1979), 39 species could occur on the Ordway Preserve. Nine are bats, and the group that has received the least attention by investigators on the Ordway to date. As of May 1992, we have recorded firm evidence of 30 species that occur on the Ordway (exclusive of European introductions) (Table 1). We believe it possible that two more native species will be identified on the preserve. Two species, the black bear Ursus americanus and the cougar Puma (= Felis) concolor, not presently found on the preserve, were recorded in the last 30 to 50 years. These wide-ranging forms are on the decline in peninsular Florida and will never again be a part of the preserve's permanent mammalian fauna. To date, workers on the preserve have studied in some detail the natural history of 12 species and in part 4 more species (Table 1). Much valuable information concerning the mammals of Florida remains in unpublished theses and dissertations submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Florida. Because this introduction has been written with the general reader in mind, I shall attempt to outline some useful references that may be obtained from either a library or the libraries within the Department of Zoology and the Department of Wildlife and Range Sciences at the University of Florida (see Bibliography). A. M. Laessle (1942) first described the plant communities of the Welaka area. This landmark dissertation is useful to students of the Ordway Preserve because Welaka lies only some 20 miles to the south and the habitats are comparable. In 1942, Joseph Moore submitted a survey of the mammals found on the University of Florida Conservation Reserve in Putnam County. This work includes useful notes on their natural history. In 1947, Robert D. Ivey presented a thesis on the mammals, exclusive of bats, from Palm Valley, Florida. This locality lies immediately to the east of the Ordway Preserve along the Atlantic Coast. Although the habitat complex in this region differs from the Ordway Preserve, the contribution contains much interesting material on the natural history of mammals EISENBERG: MAMMALIAN SPECIES OF ORDWAY-SWISHER PRESERVE 167 Table 1. Mammals ofthe Ordway Preserve recorded and studies. 1 Species Obseived Trapped Comments 1. Dide(phis virginiana « « Major studies by M. Sunquist, D. Daneke, J. Ryser, & D Wright 2. Sorex longirostris « Morphological studies by D. Pearson 3. Blanna carotinensis « Morphological studies by D. Pearson 4. Coptotis parva « Morphological studies by D. Pearson 5. Scalopus aquaticus « 6. Lasiurus intermedius « Preliminary studies by W. Kern 1. Nycticeius humeralia K 8. Myotia austroriparius « 9. Dasypus novemcinctus « 10. Sylvilagus palustri) 4 « 11. Sylvilagus floridanus « 12. Sciurus carolinensis « 13. Sc,unts niger i « Major study by A Kantola & S. Humphrey 14. Glaucomys volans 4 « 15. Geomyspinens 4 « Major study by C. Gates 16. Peromyscus polionotus 17. Peromyscus gosopinus « Major study by S. Brand 18. Podomys/loridanus « Major study by C. Jones & J. Eisenberg 19. Ochrotomys nuttali « 20. Oryzomys palustris a 21 . Sigmodon hispidus « 22. Neotoma,floridana « Major study by L HaySmith 23. Neojiber alleni < Prelirninary study by F. Evans 24. Fulpes vulpes I « Major study by M. Sunquist 25. Urocyon cinereoargenteus « « Major study by M. Sunquist 26. Procyon lotor 4 Major study by S. Walker 27. Lutra canadensis « 28. Mephitis mephitis « « 29. Lynr rutiEs « « 30. Odocoileus virginianus « Preliminary study by D. Daneke common to both areas. In 1947, George Pournelle contributed his masters thesis on the mammals of a swamp region near Gainesville. In 1949, B. A. Barrington submitted a dissertation on the mammals of a north Florida flatwoods. This extremely useful contribution discusses a vegetation form which is uncommon in the Ordway but very common immediately to the west of it, including the Austin Carey Forest (managed by the School of Forest Resources and Conservation). In 1951, P. G. Pearson submitted the mammals of Gulf Hammock, Levy County, Florida. This important contribution emphasizes the vegetation types inhabited by mammalian fauna of the Gulf Coast some 40 miles to the southwest of Gainesville. In 1963, S. C. Snedacker completed his investigation of some aspects of the 168 BULLETIN FLORIDA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 38 PT. II ecology of the Florida sandhills. This masters thesis provides useful background for students of sandhill vegetation. RESPONSES OF SMALL MAMMAL POPULATIONS TO A LONG-TERM DROUGHT IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA The Ordway-Swisher Tract consists of about 10,000 acres in Putnam County, Florida separately owned, but jointly managed by the University of Florida and The Nature Conservancy ('INC). It includes lakes, marshes, a creek system, and uplands. The uplands are the typical North Central Florida sandhills with longleaf pine and wiregrass as the dominant vegetational feature. The current major human manipulation of the habitat involves a three-year rotational burn of various compartments mainly confined to the uplands. From 1982 to the present, organized research has been carried out on plant communities, invertebrates, and vertebrates. For over 10 years, our region has been in a net deficit in terms of rainfall. We have had years of near-average rainfall and many years of below-average. The result has been a fluctuation in vertebrate populations. Of course some of these fluctuations are not directly attributable to the drought. During the last three years (1989-1992), the situation has become acute and many of our lakes have disappeared. One of our largest--Lake Ashley--ceased to exist as a lake in late 1991. In the mesic habitats, the situation has been locally catastrophic, and with respect to the sandhill communities on the uplands, we can only say they have exhibited persistence and resiliency under adversity. The following examples illustrate these points, I wish to highlight some typical vertebrate populations. Long4erm study plots have been maintained at various locations on the preserve. Sixteen species of small mammals may be routinely identified on some of the plots (Table 2). For the purpose of this introduction, I only wish to refer to data concerning six species (Table 3). In particular, I want to refer to study plots on Ross Lake, a lake that has persisted although falling in level, and Ashley Lake-- a lake that has disappeared. The woodrat (Neotoma) may be considered a "mover." Leslie Hay-Smith will present her data in this volume ba5ed on a radiotelemetric study which clearly indicated that the woodrat population shifted in response to extreme drought conditions and concentrated in the Mill Creek Swamp area. At the other end of the spectrum with respect to mesic-adapted species, we may take the case of the rice rat Ogzomys; this species is at the moment, definitely a loser. It went locally extinct on Ashley Prairie and individuals apparently immigrating were taken in various wet site localities only briefly before the species disappeared from areas we were monitoring; this occurred in 1988. EISENBERG: MAMMALIAN SPECIES OF ORDWAY-SWISHER PRESERVE 169 Table 2. List of "small" mammals recorded and trapped' on the long-term study sites ofthe Ordway-Swisher tract Putnam County, Florida 1983-1993. Rodentia Ochrotomys nuttalli Sciuridae Peromyscus gossypinus Glaucomys volans Peromyscus polionotus Sciums carolinensis Podomys floridanus Sciurus niger Insectivora Geomyidae Soricidae Geomys pinetis Blarina carolinensis Arvicolidae Cryptotis parva Neoftber alleni Sore¢ longirostris Cricetidae Talpidae Oryzomys palustris Scalopus aquaticus Sigmodon hispidus Neotoma floridana 1 Standard Sherman live traps or pit-fall traps. Sigmodon hispidus may be considered a loser, a mover, and a winner since its populations on the monitored areas gradually declined throughout the drought period but shifted to Harry's Prairie. Trapping results (not reported) indicate sustained high levels of Sigmodon on dry prairies from 1990 to 1993. I might add at this point that parallel studies on rat snakes and rattlesnakes indicated congregation in the remaining mesic areas, and predation by these species may have contributed to the decline, not only of Sigmodon, but also of Ogzomys (Figs. 1,3). In the case of Peromyscus gossypinus, we observed a restriction in habitat, which is to say that it persists, but in densities much lower than under more optimal conditions. On the other hand, the Florida mouse (Podomys floridanus) is able to persist although adversely affected by the prolonged drought. Still, it maintains numbers and in some cases has expanded its habitat use pattern. Whether this is due to some as yet poorly understood competitive interaction between Peromyscus gossypinus and Podomys floridanlts remuns to be investigated, but the data are suggestive (Figs. 2,4). In North Central Florida the xeric-adapted community, including the gopher tortoise, gopher frog, spadefoot toad, and Florida mouse, exhibits extreme resilience even in the face of a prolonged drought period. This is not to imply that these vertebrates are not negatively affected, but does reinforce the notion that the xeric-adapted community that we have been discussing has been under an extraordinarily long period of selection to face such adversities and fluctuations in precipitation. 170 BULLETIN FLORIDA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 38 PT. II "Old" Ashley Transect E~QSS~inlla El 14 - S. hispidus 5 % T R A P S UC CE SS 12 - 10 - 8- 6- - 4- 2- 83 84 8~ 86 87 88 89 90 91.92tYEAR * Figure 1. Trapping results for two small mammal species on the original Ashley Transect of the Ordway- Swisher Tract Note the decline of Peromyscus gossypinus and the sporadic occurrence of Sigmodon h,spidus during the drought years. 0 = Ashley Lake and marsh went dry by 1991, the prairie went dry in 1988 (see also Table 3). "Modified" Ashley Transect E._g~BJ~inlla ~ P. floridanus ~ % T R A P S UC CE SS 12 - 10 - 8- 11 116- - 1l * N * » N li ll il li li li ll g 4 //2-- SI = = ,4 Ill Mr , 87 88 89 90 91 ~92 YEAR * Figure 2. Trapping results for two small mammal species after the original Ashley Transect was modified to include six gopher tortoise burrow systems (1987-1992). * = Ashley Lake and marsh went dry in November 1991 (see also Table 3). EISENBERG: MAMMALIAN SPECIES OF ORDWAY-SWISHER PRESERVE 171 Ross Lake 22 - - E._gQgyp~nua [3 20 - N. floridana ~ S. hispidus ~ 18 - 16- 14- SU CC ES S 12- ~ 10 - - 8- 6- @, I , 13, 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 YEAR Figure 3. Trapping results from the Ross Lake array during the interval 1983-1992. Not trapped in 1986, 1988, and 1989. Note Sigmodon hispidus disappears in 1983. Neotoma-Boridana maintains low numbers but also absences. Peromyscus gosopinus prevails but oscillates from 0 to 21% trap success (see Table 3). 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 19?876543?1 33 (St l 'h Y~ (21 11 1 |1 1 2 4 89 | 1 3 90 |1 1 1 1 5 1 1 91 PoSh PgNSh Pg Pg Pg Pg PoNf Pg Pg ~ pf PI Pf ' ALkiiA k k A 122' L IL LtLE 11 . . i l . . . . .. . I I , 1 - . . . . AL ~12~34 5 6 7 ,8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 116 17 18 19 20 85 i. .. . - I -ill . . . . . . . . . . . -/ . 42 02## 604 042.,lin. O% Figure 4. Bottom:Total trapping results from the thesis of S. Brand on Ashley Transect (1985). Pg = Peromyscus gossypinus; Nf = Neotoma floridana. Sh = Sigmodon hispidus,· M= Podomys floridanus. Top:Trapping results 1989 to 199 I (see Table 3). A replicate re-trapping ofthe Brand transect demonstrates that during the drought P. goss}pinus shifted range to closer to the dying marsh, and P. floridanus moved downslope to "new station" #15. Numbers in circles = P. gossypinus; numbers = P. floridanus (number caught per station) 172 BULLETIN FLORIDA MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 38 PT. II Table 3. Trapping results from Ross Lake and Ashley Transect 1983-1993. Species as % (No.FIN) x 100 Season Trap Nights Location and Year Pp Pg Pf Sh on Nf' Ross Lake Spring/Summer 1983 161 7.4% 3.8% 0.4% 1.2% Ross Lake Spring 1984 191 4.0% - - 3.0% Ross Lake Spring 1985 330 3.3% - 0.3% 2.6% Ross Lake Spring 1987 198 21.0% - - 1.0% Ross Lake Spring 1990 58 9.0% 2.0% - Ross Lake Spring 1991 94 7.0% 1.0% 2.0% Ross Lake Spring 1992 72 4.0% 1.0% 2.0% Ross 1.ake Winter 1992 80 1.3% Ross Lake Spring 1993 20 1.0% 1.0% Ashley Transect Spring/Summer 1983 163 0.4% 6.8% - 0.8% - 1.8% Ashley Transect Spring 1985 40 - 13.0% - - - - Ashley Transect** Spring 1987 88 - 6.0% 2.0% 3.0% - 1.0% Ashley Transect** Spring 1988 37 - 3.0% 5.0% - - - Ashley Transect** Spring 1989 192 - 6.0% 6.0% - - 3.0% Ashley Transect** Spring 1990 127 - - 9.0% - 2.0% - Ashley Transect** Spring 1991 161 - 1.2% 11.0% - 1.2% - Ashley Transect** Spring 1992 204 - 1.4% 14.0% - - - Ashley Transect** Winter 1993 147 - 2.0% 3.0% - - - Ashley Transect** Spring 1993 170 - 2.0% 3.0% - - 1.0% * Pp= Per„~,yic„:polionoms; Ps= Peromyscu, go:iypinui. Ff=Podomys jlondanus; Sh=Sigmodon hiwidu:; On= Ochrotomy, mmatli; Nf= Neoloma jtoridana. - Array oftraps altered 1987-1993 to mclude more up-slope ama Ashley Prairie and Harry's Prairie Wetlands dried out in 1988. Ashley Lake went dry January, 1992. EISENBERG: MAMMALIAN SPECIES OF ORDWAY-SWISHER PRESERVE 173 CONCLUSION Responses of the small mammal populations to drought conditions highlights the dynamic aspect of the preserve's ecology. Population studies are a true challenge. A number of well motivated individuals have worked with some support from the staff on the Ordway-Swisher Tract: S. Brand, A. Kantola, and C. Gates were among the "originals." The following contributors to this volume address the questions that linger: (a) Ryser: What effects home range use by Didelphis virginiana?, (b) Jones: The habitat and effect of fire on Podomys floridanus, (c) HaySmith: The habitat of and effect of a drought on Neotoma flondana, and (d) Walker: The impact of high density raccoon, Procyon lotor, populations on other vertebrates living on the preserve. REFERENCES2 Ammann, A P. 1969. Nutritional studies ofdeer and deer browse in northern Florida. M.S. thesis, Univ. Florida Gainesville. 82 pp. Arata, A A 1959. Effects ofburning on vegetation and rodent populations in north-central Florida. Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 22: 94-104. Austad, S. N., and M. E. Sunquist 1986. Sex ratio manipulation in the common opossum Nature 324: 58-60. Avenoso, A C. 1968. Selection and processing of nuts by the flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Florida, Gainesville. 118 pp. Bangs, 0. 1899. 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