2 7 Lahony, et al. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2013)12 (4): 7-34 FAUNA AND FLORA OF HAWRAMAN MOUNTAIN (Part one) HAWRAMAN LOWEST ZONE, KURDISTAN PROVINCE NORTH EAST OF IRAQ Saman R. Afrasiab Lahony, Mohammad K. Mohammad, Hasan H. Ali, Azhar A. Al- Moussawi and Mohammad S. Abd Al-Rasul Natural History Museum and Research Center, Baghdad University Baghdad - Iraq ABSTRACT In this study we try to make a first step for making a new list for fauna and flora of Kurdistan in particular and Iraq in general. This is very important study of biodiversity of Iraq. We recognize 52 migratory and resident birds including Alectoris chukar asoica which is recently described. Also, 20 amphibians and reptiles including two snakes recently recorded Zamenis hohenackeri and Platyceps ladacesis, a new form of Asa ccus sp. and sub- species of Varanuns griseus caspeius for the first time in Iraq, with many rare specimens. Thirteen different species of mammals were recognized, with comments on 5 species of freshwater fishes, 12 species of ticks and 7 species of butterflies. For the flora, 8 wild large trees and 70 flowering plants identified including some rare and important species for the first time in this area. Figures are also given for the rare species. INTRODUCTION Kurdistan of Iraq is a mountainous area situated at the northern and north eastern parts of Iraq, varying from some 500-800 m in altitude in the lowest valleys to from 2000-3600 m at the summits of the highest ranges, and it is with a cold winter and relatively high rainfall upwards to 800 mm and the mountains above approximately the 1800 m level are snow- bound for several months and snow often falls in the valleys, while the summer though hot and dry, is comparatively of shorter duration than on the other parts of Iraq (Guest and Al- Rawi, 1966). These factors contribute to richer biodiversity situation especially the floral components. This area seems unique since it represents the Irano-Tranian and Alpine ecozone extension reaching the Iraqi territories with rather rich fauna and flora. Bisan valley and Daray Mar, Halabja, Sulaimaniya province, as a part of mountainous region is of special interest. It rests just beyond high mountains of Hawraman which provide a plenty of water, both from rains and ice and springs. The wild forests of Quercus, Pistacia, Crataegus, Prannus and Amygadalus sp. are intersected by strips of deforested cultivated land. Many important caves are found in Daray Mar vale in one of the caves named Hamashwana we found Stone age painting, Fig. (1) its approximately of 30, 000 years ago. As a valley, the area is with a relatively higher temperature and more water supplies, compared with surrounding heights, the two factors that play important role in providing suitable habitats for the diversification of life forms. 8 Fauna and Flora of Hawraman Mountain (Part one) On the other hand, Iraq officially joined the CBD (convention on biological diversity) agreement in 2009 that ask the parties to prepare lists of their own national biodiversity. Combination of these two mentioned subjects seems vital to put a step in fulfilling the requirements of that international agreement. The aim of this manuscript is to study natural heritage provide systematic lists of fauna and flora of Bisan-Tawera and Daray Mar valley as an introductory effort to prepare more comprehensive lists for Kurdistan of Iraq, a project that Iraq Natural History Museum currently undertakes RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Why this two valley: This two valley is a sample of all Irano-Turanian ecozone of Iraqi Kurdistan mountain, also it’s one of the most beautiful natural heritage place, rich in biodiversity with a plenty of water. Edmonds 1945 visit this area as the guest of Afrasiab beg asenior member of the Lahon family, and he said about orchard and walnet groves, he didn't seen such arrangements not in Iraq and not in Persia. Abdulla Goran famous Kurdish poet was with hem and he described the nature of those Valleys by his famous poetry (A trip to Hawraman) Edmonds (1957). Ecological Succession: There is two type of secondary ecological succession occurs in valley Besan-Tawera through past three years. 1. secondary ecological succession occurs by the effect of global warming and dryness specially in winter season even if there is aplenty of spring rainfall, many plant dose not grow at all and others week and does not give healthy fruit for example in 2007 there was many flouring plant such us , Arum sp. Fig. ( ), Allium calocephalum, Allium subhirutum, and Iris. But disappear in 2008 and 2009 or very week and short. The large trees as walnut, pyrus, pomegranate and grape in the 2010 do not give strong and healthy fruit because of the same reason. 2. The most clear secondary succession occurs in Besan–Tawera when the valley catch fire the last summer many bushes and grasses which was good for pasture disappear or clear reduction in its population. such as Frulogo, Hordeum and poa bulbosa instead some other plant become dominant such as Echinops, Silybum, Cirsium, Carlina, Adonis `Campanula, Papaver. Also some Arthropods as Ticks was in high population density after the fire it disappear in this valley. Humans population: There was 16 village distributed in this area, at the time of Sadam forced the people of this village to migrate to the town and camps, and destroying all the villages even after removing of Sadams pour most of the families dos not return to villages because they adapted to city's life. Mr. Lahony said with a deep sorrow, nothing will return back as it was, he Said it was march 1973, at sun set, I was sitting on that hill, the clouded sky little cold with drizzle the ground was painted with green, yellow, purple and red wild spring flowers and grasses. The shepherd comes back from the mountain with sheep's and goats to the village. Each pretty young girls of the village with beautiful Kurdish dress caring cooking pot and there young limb to milking there sheep's, each one calling her sheep's by a name ( Galawez, Kazal …etc) the shepherd potting his tea pot on the fire for making tea later play on his clarinet with beautiful tune, from the other side of the front mountain a man was working in grape fields and singing a famous sia-chamana song, near the top of the mountain chukar partridge covey calling (kakak kowa), the limb calling for their mother, the cock of the village crowing, the mosque of the village calling allah akber. All these was mixing together 9 Lahony, et al. forming a wonderful heaven symphony I was feeling at that time the sprite of God and angels was very close to me. So do you think this will return back again ?. The caves: There is many important caves in this area and they have names. 1-Hama shwana cave also called sanctuary of Bawanawos its very important cave because we found inside the Stone Age paint belonging to Archic-Homosapiens more than 30, 000 year B. P. 2-Ashkawte Gawaran, this is a mysterious cave and there is an old stairway about 50 M. high from the 1st step to the opening of the cave. Its history still critic and doubtful thy said probably place of prayer and contemplate of Zardashte religious. 3-Ashkawte chlgaze. It is about 40 meter deep. 4- Ashkawte Khan Ahmad Khan It is large and wide cave. 5-. Ashkawte Afrasiab Bag. 5- Ashkawte momea Each of these caves have its own history. Biodiversity: Below is a decline of the scientific name of some fauna and flora of this partecular zone. Birds We depend mainly on Allouse (1960-1962), Vauri (1959) and Salim, et al. (2006) for Identification. Resident, Common. Alectoris chukar asoica, Lahony and Rawi, 2010., Asoi chukar. Ammoperdix griseogularis (brandt, 1830) Seesee Partridge. Coracias garrulus L. 1758., Europpean Roller. Dendrocopos syriacus (Emprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) Syrian Woodpeckers Pica pica (L. 1850) Magpie. Garrulus glandarius (L. 1758) Jay. Corvus corone L. 1758., Hooded Crow. Corvus corax L. 1758., Raven. Galerida cristata L. 1758., Cristed lark. Passer domesticus (L. 1758) House sparrow. Parus caeruleus L. 1758. Blue Tit. Sitta tefronota Sharpe, 1872. Rock Nuthatch. Carduelis carduelis L. 1758, Goldfinch. Columba livia Gmelin, 1789. Rock dove. Cuculus canorus L. Cuckoo. Two pares were seen in 25 April Clamator glandarius, L. 1758, Great spotted Cuckoo. It is resident. Otus scops, L. 1758, Scops Owl. Athene noctua, Scopoli, 1769, Little Owl. Common migratory: Autumn and winter. Aquila chrysaetos, L. 1758, Golden Eagle. Milvus migrans, Boddaert, 1758, Black kite. Neophron percnopterus, L. 1758, Egyptian Vaulture. Falco tinnunculus L. 1758, Kesttral. Falco columbarius, L. 1758. Merlin. 10 Fauna and Flora of Hawraman Mountain (Part one) Bubo bubo. L. 1758. Eagle Owl. Scolpax rusticola, L. 1758. Woodcock. Columba palumbus. L. 1789. Wood Pigeon. Streptopelia turtur, L. 1758. Turtle Dove. Merops apiaster, L. 1758, European Bee-eater. Upupa epops, L. 1758, Hoopoe. Troglodytes troglodytes, L. 1758, Wren. Lanius nubicus, Lichtenstein, 1823, Masked Shrike. Turdus viscivorus L. 1758. Mistle Thrush. Turdus merula, L. 1758. Blackbird. Parus major, L. 1758. Great Tit. Parus lugubri, Temminck, 1820. Sombre Tit. Phoenicurus phoenicurus, L. 1758. Redstart. Erithacus rubecula, L. 1758. Robin Emberiza melanocephala, Scopoli, 1769. Blackheaded Bunting. Petronia petronia, L. 1766. Rock Sparrow. Sturnus roseus, L. 1758. Rosecolourd Starling. Oriolus oriolus, L. 1758. Golden Oriol. Aluda arvensis, L. 1758. Skylark. Muscicapa hypoleuca, Pallas, 1764. Pied Flycatcher. Motacila flava, L. 1758. Yellow Wagtail. Silvia hortensis, Gmelin, 1789. Orphean Warbler. Silvia conspicillata, Temminck, 1820. Spectacled Warbler Silvia communis, Latham, 1758. Whitethrroat. Phylloscopus collybita, Viellot, 1817. Chiffchaff. Mammalia We depend on Harrison (1964-1972), Amr (2000), Brink (1967) and Hatt (1959) for identification. Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758. Asiatic Jackel . Vulpes vulpes L. 1758. Common Red Fox. Martes foina, Erxleben, 1777. Ston marten. Vormela peregusna, Guldensaedt, 1770. Marbled Polecat Meles meles, L. 1758. Badger Mustela nivalis, L. 1766. Weasel Sus scrofa L. 1758. Wild Boar Lepus capensis, L. 1758. Brown Hair. Sciurus anomalus, Guldenstedt, 1785. Squirrel Hystrix indica, Ker, 1792. Indian crested porcupine Mus musculus, L. 1758. House mouse Microtus socialis, Pallas, 1773. Social Vole: was infected by Nematodes, Entrobius vermicularis. Spalax leucodon, Nordmann, 1840. Mole Rat. Amphibians and Reptilians We depend on Leviton, et al. (1992), Anderon (1999), Latifi (1991) and Afrasiab and Mohamad (2009, 2011) in Identification. Bufo viridis Toad Rana ridibanda Frog Hyla savignyi Audouin, 1812: It has some color variation as all the hyla of eastern Iraq has a series of dark spots on dorsal side of the body. 11 Lahony, et al. Testudo graeca ibera Land tortoise Laudakia nupta De Filippi, 1843 Ophisaurus apodus, (Pallas, 1775) Fig. (1). Asaccus griseonotus, Dixon and S. Anderson, 1973 The Hawramans Asaccus has some variation with griseonotus it required more study. Cyrtopodion scaber (Heyden, 1827) Lacerta sp. Single specimens collected was dead and half of the body was eaten by wasps, this specimens is differ from other Iraqi Lacerta, in having longer tail about three time of body length, with strongly keeled imbricate dorsal scale, and 5th chin shield large and well develop. It need more collection and more study. Ophisop elegans, Menetries, 1832, This lizard was seen active in a cold weather, in early March. It’s the only lizard seen at this time. Eumeces schneiderii, ( Eichwald, 1839) Varanus griseus caspius, (Eichwald) Fig. No. (2). This is a new record for this sub-species of Varanus in Iraq posterior tail compressed and narrow in cross section, keeled above, Back with 6 sepia bars. Tail with 27 bars. Large, Total length 156 cm. it's very close to description giving by Anderson (1974). Coluber jugularis, Linnaeus, 1758. When we catch this snake, it was swallowing Two juvenile snake one of Vipera lebetina and other was Rhynchocalamus sp. Coluber rodorachis ladacensis, (Anderson, 1871). Fig: (5) We believed C. ladacensis is a separate species as it described in (Afrasiab and Mohamad 2011 ). We found it inside the Daray Mar cave searching for geckos from the roof of the cave its good climber. Zamenis hohenackeri (strauch, 1873) This snake recently recorded by Afrasiab and Mohamad 2011. Malpolon sp. Fig No. (3). There is a color variation between our specimen and M. insignita (Geoffroy, 1827) Afrasiab and Mohamad 2011. It has yellow green dorsal, and ventral entirely white. Habitat in cultivated forest (orchards) and in between vegetation near streams. Natrix tessellate, ( Laurenti, 1765) Eryx jaculus, (Linnaeus, 1758) Vipera lebetina obtusa, Dwinubsky, 1832. Fig. No. (4) Is a most common poisonous snake of this vale. Pisces The common fishes recognized from the streams and fountain of this zone are: 1- Barbatula panthera (Heckel, 1843). 2- Chondrostoma regium (Heckel1843). 3- Varicorhinus ( Capoeta) barroisi Barrois 1804. 4- Barbus luteus (Heckel 1843). 5- Acanthobrama marmid Heckel 1843. Some Insects of this region: -Vanesa cardui. -Euplagia quadriputaria . -brintesia circe. -Gonepteryx farinose . -Chazara prieuri . -Cicada, Pltypleura sp. - Moths and Wasps. -Ticks: Hyalomma aegyptium, H. anatolicum, H. excavatum, H. detritum, Haemaphysalis parva, Ixodes tatei, Rhipicephalus leporis, R. sanguineus, R. turanicus, R. (Boophilus) annulatus, R. (Boophilus)microplus, and R. (Boophilus) kohlsi. 12 Fauna and Flora of Hawraman Mountain (Part one) Flora For identification we depend on Flora of Iraq Guest et al. (1966-1968). All volumes, Flora Iranica, Rechinger all the volumes, 1963-1982. Flora of Saudi Arabia by Migahid, 1978. Flora of Turkey, by Davis 1972., For Mediterranean, by Pollunin and Huxley, 1965. of the British Isles by Roles, 1957 and for Kurdistan by Shahbaz, 2010. For some species we gave only genus because we were not sure of the species and variety. Trees and Bushes also there is some change in plant genus which is varied from auther to others, for example in flora Iranica giving the name of the genus Amygadalus but Shahbaz place it in the same genus of Prunus : Quercus aegilops, L. This large Quercus is mostly found near graves. Quercus infectoriae Oliv, Pistacia atlantica kurdica Pistacia khinjuk Stock Crataegus azarolus L. Prunnus microcarpas, C. A. Meyer (1833) this prunnus Fig. (1). More than three meter high. Have some variation especially in its fruit it has elongated fruit instead of round. Prunus oriantalis ( mill) Amygadalus brachuica Prunus webbi= Amygadalus webbi (Spach) Vierh. Flowers Araceae Arum elongatum (Steve., 1857). Fig. (5). One meter and 90cm. high, we found it in early April, that year was cold and rainy at spring time. But unfortunately next year was dry and hot with very poor rain, it was not growing in such climate. It seem to be its growing connect with amount of rainfall. Rechinger, 1963 reported it in Iran and Kurdistan with ought giving exact location in Kurdistan. Ranunculaceae: Anemone coronaria Ranunculus neocuneatus C. C. Townsend 25 April. Ranuncula sericeus, Banks. Ranunculus cornutus, DC. Papaveraceae: Papaver rhoeas, L. Papaver fugax, Poir. Papaver glaucum, Boiss. Petals dark red, blotched at the base. Adonis aestivalis parviflora (Fisch. exDC) Adonis aestivalis, L. Scrophylariacea: Digitalia nervosa Delphinium micranthum, in july Iridacea : Iris sp. Locally thy term it mountain star, its star shaped it comes out in February. Fig.(2), its close related to Iris cabulica, in general shape it has short stem, storage root much swollen, the distribution of I. cabulica is in Afgaghanistan very far from our collection Rechinger, 1975. Also it has some relation with I. pseudocaucasica. But it differ in coloration and in having two types of flowers, one large three to four lobes, and three to four small flower, with flap-like lip in between the lobs of the large lobs. Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. Gladiolus segetum Ker-Gawl, 1804 13 Lahony, et al. Fritillaria sp. Ixiolirion tataricum. Gagea arvensis. Campanulaceae: Campanula reuterana, Boiss and Bal. Campanula trachellium, L., the plant is stiff-haired with toothed leaves are heart –shaped. It found in woods near streams banks on clay soil, in shade places. the flower dark purplish blue in July-August. Campanula acutiloba Vatke, Linnaea. (1875) in between the rocks of mountain slops of daray mar valli alt. 700m. August and September. Campanula luristanica Freyn – Morgan Campanula strigosa bank, found end of April Gentiniacea Gentiana sp. Probably (Olivier) Anthemis tinctoria yellow and White. Anthemis chia Anthemis cotula Leguminosae: Vicieae villosa, Roth. Viceae variabillis, Fregn and Sint. Trifoliium purpurcum, Lois. . Trifolium fragiferum Hymenocrater sp. It’s a small plant with good odder Compositae: Scorzonera sp. Yellow and violet fig( ) Scorzonera pseudolanata Grossh. Tragopogon longirostris Bisch Dipsacaceae: ⚝Achillea eriophora. Liliaceae : Ornithogalum monttanum, Cyr. Ornethogalum nutans, L. Rosaceae: Umbilicus sp. Cruciferae : Savignya parviflora, additional records of this plant from Karbala desert, near Razaza lake, and also it found in Arabian peninsula. Labiata Salvia indica, L. Salvia brachyantha (Bordz) Pobed. -Siami Ziziphora clinopodiodes kurdica. Phlomis olivieri, Benth. Eremostachy macrophylla, Moutbr and Aucher. Hymenocrater sessilifolius Benth. Gramineae: Caryophyllaceae : Vaccaria pyramidata, Med. Kohlrauschia sp. Geraniaceae: Geranum tuberosum, L. Geranum sp. 14 Fauna and Flora of Hawraman Mountain (Part one) Dipsacaceae Scabious Family Scabiosa sp. Umbelliferaceae : Ferulago stllata Boiss. Ferulago sp. . (?) This collection is very important, its regard a new record for this plant in Iraq. Previously its recorded from western turkey but no one announced to be present in Iraq or Kurdistan. It has hairy stem and flower with glandular hair. We send samples two British Museum for conferm. Ferula orientalis, L. 1753. Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss., Diagn. Alliaceae : Allium subhirsutum Alum calocephalumv, Windelbo Malvaceae: Alcea kurdica (Schlecht) And grasses, Hordeum sp., Vulpia sp., Bromus sp. Economical trees : Juglans regia L. Walnut. Pyrus malus L. Apple. Morus alba L. White mulberry تو Morus nigra Blak mulberry Rubus caesius L. تو تركDewberry Punica granatum L. ھھ نارPomegranate. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We want to thank particularly prof. Dr. Ali Mosawe from Baghdad University for his helping in some plant identification and Mr. Saman A. Ahmad from Herbarium of Agriculture college of Sulaymanyah University for identification of plants with (⚝) marks and to Sabah Haj Rafat and Serwan lahony from Anab village for helping in filed collection. LITERATURE CITED Afrasiab S. R. and S. I. Mohamad, 2009 A study on cave- dwelling geckos in Iraq. With the description of a new species from Saffine mountain. Zoology in the Middle East 47, 2009: 49-56. Heidelberg, Germany. Afrasiab S. R. and S. I. Mohamad, 2011 First record of the Rat Snake, Zamenis hohenackeri (Struch, 1873), from north-eastern Iraq With notes on other colubrid snakes. Zoology in the Middle East V. 54 p. 19-22 Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. Afrasiab lahony S. R. and M. A. Al-Rawi 2010, New sub-species of chuker partridge Alectoris chuker(Gray, 1830)(Phasianidae, Galliformes). From North East of Iraq. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 10. Iraq. Baghdad. Anderson, S. C. 1999 The lizards of Iran. Contribution to Herpetology 15: 1-441. Allouse, B. E. 1962, Birds of Iraq. Arrabita press. Baghdad Iraq, 3 Vol. Amr Z. S. 2000 Mammals of Jordan. United Nation Environment Program, Prepared By the National Library. Jordan. 15 Lahony, et al. Brink V. D. 1972., A field guide to the Mammals of Britain and UROPE. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, The riverside press Cambridge. Britain. Davis P. H., 1972. Flora of Turkey. Edinburgh, University Press, Vol. 4. Edenburgh. North America. Guest E. and A. Al-Rawi, 1966., Flora of Iraq. Pob. by ministry of agriculture of Republic of Iraq. Iraq. Baghdad. Vol. 1. Harrison D. L. 1964, 1968, 1970. The Mammals of Arabia, 3 Vol. E. Benn. London. Hatt, R. T. 1950. The Mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publicaton of Museum of Zoology. Michigan University, No. 106: 1-113. Latifi M. 1991. The Snake of Iran. Pub. Smithonian Instituation. Tehran, Iran. Leviton, A. E., S. C. Anderson, K. Adler & S. A. Minton (1992). Handbook to the Middle east amphibians and reptiles. Ithaca, New York 252pp. Migahid, A. M. 1978. Flora of Saudi Arabia Vol. 1 Riyadh University publication. Saudi Arabia. Polunin, O. and A. Huxly., 1965., Flowers of the Mediterranean. Chatto and Windus. London. Rechinger, K. H. 1963-1982., Flora Iranica. Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz- Austria. Salim, M. A., R. Porter and C. Christensen, 2006. Field guide to the birds of Iraq, . Institution of nature of Iraq. United Nation Programme for wild birds protection. Shahbaz S. E. 2010. Trees and Shrubs ( A field guide to the trees and shrubs of Kurdistan region of Iraq. Poblication of Universitty of Duhok. Townsend C. C. and Guest E. 1980. Flora of Iraq. Vol. 4. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform. Republic of Iraq. Vaurie C. 1965., Bird of Palearctic Fauna H. F. and G. Witherby LTD, 61-62. Watling street, London. 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(2013)12 (4): 7-34 الحیاة الحیوانیة والنباتیة في جبل ھورامان )الجزء االول( العراق –ھورامان، شمال شرق اقلیم كردستان منطقة المنخفضة في جبل ال سامان رستم افراسیاب لھوني و محمد كاظم محمد و حسن حسین علي حمد الموسوي و محمد صالح عبد الرسولاو ازھار العراق -بغداد –جامعة بغداد –متحف التاریخ الطبیعي الخالصة قائمة جدیدة للنباتات و الحیوانات في حاولنا في ھذا الدراسة كخطوه األولى لعمل ي في حیائتنوع االالمھمة جدا في دراسة الدراسة ھذه . عامة والعراقخاصة ستاندكر الطیور المھاجرة والمستوطنة نوع من ٥٢ تشخیصھذه الدراسة على تمكنا في. العراق نوع من البرمائیات ٢٠و تم تشخیص. حدیثاً ي تم وصفھ ذھا نویع القبج االسویي النبضم فیھ بعض بریص الكھوف نوع من ابوویع جدید من األراول ونتسجیل ھانوالزواحف بضم نوع من ١٣ولوحظ وجود .مع بعض أنواع النادرة ،االختالفات عن انواع االخرى المعرفة نوعاً ١٢اللبائن كما اعطیت بعض المالحظات عن خمسة انواع من اسماك المیاه العذبة و نوع ٧٠اشجار بریة و ٨و في النباتات تم تشخیص .القراد وسبعة انواع من الفراشاتمن .عرضت صور لألنواع النادرةو. زھریة تحتوي بعض انواع النادرة والجدیدةمن النباتات ال