Bull
41
Ahmed Hamed Mahde Shugran et al.
Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus.
July, (2018) 15 (1): 41-55
LIST OF INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH MACROFUNGI IN TIKRIT
CITY, SALAHADIN GOVERNORATE, IRAQ
Ahmed Hamed Mahde Shugran* Razzaq Shalan Augul**
and
Talib Owaid Al-Khesraji*
*Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit
University, Salahadin, Iraq
**Department of Entomology and Invertebrate, Iraq Natural History
Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
**Corresponding author: razzaqshalan@gmail.com
Received Date: 21 January 2018 Accepted Date: 20 February 2018
ABSTRACT
In this survey, there are 14 species belonging to 14 genera, nine families and two orders,
collected on Macrofungi from Tikrit city, Salahadin Governorate, North Central of Iraq. The
members of Coleoptera were more abundant than flies on Macrofungi.
The family of Ciidae and Leiodidae (Order, Coleoptera), Mycetophilidae (Order, Diptera),
and 6 species are recorded for the first time for insect fauna of Iraq.
Key words: Coleoptera, Iraq, Macrofungi, Saladin governorate, Survey.
INTRODUCTION
Insects, mainly dipteran and coleopteran species, are the most frequently utilized resources
from fungi compared with other animals (Komonen, 2003; Amat-García et al., 2004).
Fungi being rich in proteins and carbohydrates (Gooday, 1995), as well they have a large
amounts of biologically important elements, such as phosphorous and nitrogen (Watkinson et
al., 2006), which may speed up the growth of the larvae of beetles (Martin, 1979). On the
other hand, basidiomes may as well contain high concentrations of toxins, for example:
phenols, pyrones, and heterocyclic nitrogen complexes; therefore, there is great selective
pressure for coleopteran members to develop mechanisms to avoid intoxication against these
substances, while using them as sources of food or habitat (Martin, 1979).
The two most important mycophagous insect orders: Diptera (Hackmann and Meinander,
1979) and Coleoptera (Hammond and Lawrence, 1989); the larvae of first order are dominant
on the mushroom, especially the Sciaridae. Although they are wide food spectra, and cause
damage to mushroom production in the world (Shin et al., 2012).
Donisthorpe (1935) was the first author to list the proper names of the fungi with which
beetles associate. Adult and larval stages can be fungivorous or mycophagous; in the
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2018.15.1.0041
42
List of Insects Associated with Macrofungi in Tikrit
superfamily Staphylinoidea, the following families include mycophagous species: Ptiliidae,
Leiodidae, Staphylinidae and possibly Agyrtidae; probably many thousands of coleopteran
species are exclusively mycophagous; much remains to be revealed, particularly in the
tropical species, including the precise food source of at lesser facultative fungus-feeders, and
dead-wood-associated beetles (Hammond and Lawrence, 1989).
Generally, the earlier studies on this matter have determined three categories of fungus-
associated insects as follow: (1) obligatorily dependent species (2) regular but not obligate
users of the fungal resource, including predators of mycophagous dipteran larvae (3)
accidental species (Scheerpeltz and Höfler, 1948; Benick, 1952; Graves, 1960; Klimaszewski
and Peck, 1987).
In Iraq, the insect fauna on fungi are unknown; therefore this study is proposed to identify
the insects associated with Macrofungi.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The adult insects were collected by different tools: aerial net (flies), aspirator (small beetles)
and forceps (big and small size beetles) from Tikrit city, Salahadin governorate, north of
central Iraq, during the period from November 2016 to March 2017.
The big size specimens are mounted with insect pins, whereas the small and fine insects are
preserved in 75% alcohol; complete information, including the localities and dates of corm
the families, genera and species, we used many different keys; for the diagnosis of the beetles:
Joy (1932), Crowson (1956), Klimaszewski and Watt (1997), El-Torkey et al. (2007), Telfer
(2012), Hackston (2013; 2015; 2016a, b; 2017a, b, c); while in flies we utilized Tuomikoski
(1966), (1970) and Hackston (2016c).
Also the identification of the current specimens was assured by comparison with collection
of the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad.
The new recorded species are deposited in the collection of Entomology and Invertebrates
Department, Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During the current investigation, there are 14 species belonging to 14 genera, nine families
and two orders were identified; the beetles were the most abundant, especially the family of
Staphylinidae compared with flies associated with Macrofungi.
The list of species, distribution and with a short description of new records given below:
(A) Order, Coleoptera
(1) Family, Ciidae
The members of Ciidae are characterized by: head bent to downward or not clearly if it
seen from above, with an obviously fronto-clypeal ridge, this is in male sometimes forming a
tubercles or horns. Antennae is with 8-10 segments, with usually the last three segmented
composing a club; pronotum somewhat hooded head from above; outer edge of tibiae often
with spines. Previously, this family was not recorded in Iraq.
Cis multidentatus (Pic, 1917)
Materials Examined (3♂♂ specimens): Al-Difsha from Al-Alam district, 11.XII.2016.
http://sciaroidea.info/biblio?f%5bauthor%5d=681
43
Ahmed Hamed Mahde Shugran et al.
Distribution: Germany, Italy and Malta (Lohse and Reibnitz, 1991; Lopes-Andrade, 2008);
Iran (Amini et al., 2014); it is newly recoded in Iraq.
Diagnosis: The male (Pl. 1) is with slightly dark brown color (Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991
with obviously blackish brown color also the antennae and legs are light brown); anterior
margin of front is composed of four strongly and elevated teeth; antennae with 10 segments,
anterior margin of pronotum with two distinct horns; body length 2.1 mm.
(2)Family, Cryptophagidae
Cryptophagus affinis Sturm, 1845
Materials Examined (2♀♀ specimens): Al-Ifri Farm, Al-Alam district, 1 specimen at
11.XII.2016; 1 specimen, 11.I.2017.
Distribution: Australia, Europe, North Africa (Cotton and Good, 1937); Iraq (Derwesh,
1965).
(3)Family, Erotylidae
Triplax scutellaris Charpentier, 1825
Materials Examined (2♀♀ specimens): Al–Defsha Farm, Al-Alam district, 11.XII.2016.
Distribution: Europe and Middle Asia (Franc, 2001); newly record in Iraq.
Diagnosis: Length 4.5 mm; antennae black, with segments 1-4 paler; pronotum wholly
reddish, with hind margin without a ridge; elytra with uniform black color and clearly
narrowing towards the apex; abdomen red color under the elytra; ventral surface of body with
reddish color (Pl.2).
(4)Family, Leiodidae
According to Newton (2016), this family is a worldwide distribution, moderately large and
diverse group of some 4,135 species belonging to 374 genera organized into 6 subfamilies
and 18 tribes; the species of these beetles are commonly called "round fungus beetles"
because they have globular shape of many species, although some members are with more
elongated shaped; generally, these beetles are small or very small beetles having body less
than 10 mm in length; antennae clubbed shaped in most species. Adults and larvae of these
beetles generally feed on fungi in rotting plant or animal material.
Ptomaphagus Hellwig, 1795
Materials Examined (2♂♂ specimens): Al–Difsha Farm, Al-Alam district, 11.XII.2016.
Distribution: Holarctic region, North Oriental and North Neotropical (Wang et al., 2016);
this genus is registered for the first time in Iraq, however, the specimen identified as Tachinus
sp., because we need more additional specimens to recognize the species.
Diagnosis: Genus of Ptomaphagus Hellwig, 1795 is determined by: eight segment of antenna
smaller than seven and nine segments; head directly behind the compound eyes sharply
angled, broader than the anterior margin of pronotum; pronotum and elytra with a micro-
sculpture that consist of distinct networks. Fore tarsi dilated in male, mid coxae divided by a
process of the Mesosternum (Pl. 3).
(5)Family, Nitidulidae
Carpophilus obsoletus Erichson, 1843
Materials Examined (2 ♀♀ specimens): Al–Defsha Farm, Al-Alam district, 21.XII.2016.
Distribution: Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Europe: Croatia, Cyprus,
Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Turkey. Asia: Taiwan (Cotton and Good, 1937); Iran
(Modarres Awal, 1997); China, India, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE
and Yemen (Lasoń and Ghahar, 2013).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus
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List of Insects Associated with Macrofungi in Tikrit
Urophorus humeralis (Fabricius, 1798)
Materials Examined (1♂, 2♀♀ specimens): Al–Defsha Farm, Al-Alam district, 11.XII.2016.
Distribution: Tropical and Africa, Tropical Asia, Europe, USA (Cotton and Good, 1937);
Iran (Williams et al., 1983); according to Mifsud and Audisio (2008) this species is sub-
cosmopolitan, and cosmopolitan distribution (Lason and Ghahari, 2013).
(4) Family, Staphylinidae
Creophilus maxillosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Materials Examined: 1 ♀ specimen collected from Al-Ifri Farm, Al–Alam district at
11.I.2017.
Distribution: North America, West Indies and Palaearctic region (Newton et al., 2000); Chile
and Argentina (Navarrete-Heredia et al., 2002); Peru (Asenjo and Clarke, 2007); in Iraq, this
species is registered by Augul et al. (2015).
Gabrius splendidulus (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Materials (4♀♀ specimens): 3 specimens, Al-Ifri Farm, Al–Alam district, 11.XII.2016; 1
specimen, Al-Ifri Farm, Al – Alam district at 11.I.2017.
Distribution: Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Canada, USA (Herman, 2001a). In Iraq this species
was registered by Hadi (2015).
Phloeopora corticalis (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Materials Examined (3♂♂ specimens): 2 specimens, Al-Difsha farm, Al-Alam district,
19. XI.2016; 1 specimen at 11.XII.2016.
Distribution: West Palaearctic region (Assing and Schülke, 2006). Europe: Turkey, Cyprus,
Canary Islands and Madeira; Africa: Algeria and Morocco (Bordon, 2010); this species is
registered for the first time in Iraq.
Diagnosis: Head is constricted at posterior margin forming a neck, somewhat narrower
compared with anterior part of pronotum; body is with parallel sides; body surface from
above with fine and densely punctures, according to Webster et al. (2012) this species with
less pubescences especially on pronotum and more glossy than related species, body length
3.1 mm (Pl. 4).
Lordithon trinotatus (Erichson, 1839)
Materials Examined (3♂♂ specimens): 1 specimen, Al-Difsha farm, Al-Alam district,
11. XI.2016; 2 specimens, 11.XII.2016.
Distribution: Transpalaearctic (Bacal and Derunkov, 2010); newly recorded in Iraq.
Diagnosis: Body length is 4.2 mm; reddish- brown color, head blackish brown, first antennal
segment with somewhat curved and narrower; elytra with darker wide spots and usually
dilated towards apex; hind of body is strongly tapering, six sternite of male with a slightly
longitudinal keel at middle (Pl. 5).
Tachinus Gravenhorst, 1802
Materials Examined (1♀ specimen): Al-Difsha farm, Al-Alam district, 11. XI.2016.
Distribution: Holarctic, Oriental region and less distribution in Neotropics (Herman, 2001b).
Notes: The specimen identified as Tachinus sp., because we need more additional specimens
to recognize the species.
45
Ahmed Hamed Mahde Shugran et al.
(5) Family, Tenebrionidae
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)
Materials Examined (2 specimens): Al-Difsha farm, Al-Alam district, 11. XI.2016.
Distribution: Iraq (Derwesh, 1965); Cosmopolitan (Cotton and Good, 1937).
(B) Order, Diptera
(1)Family, Mycetophilidae
Mycetophilids are species of small fungus-gnats, generally with a combination of yellow,
brown and black colors in adults (Hutson et al., 1980). Adults are found in shady, damp
woods, tunnels and root part of trees, and are especially common in cavities under tree roots;
larvae usually feed on the mycelium and sporophores penetrating hyphae; but there are many
species diverging biology, being associated with decaying organic matter (Hutson et al.,
1980; Ševčík, 2010).
Adults of this family are determined by having wings that consist of 9 longitudinal veins /
branches attainment the wing margin. Delicate, humped-back flies; with long, threadlike
antennae and all apex of tibia with a pair spurs (Hutson et al., 1980).
Anatella Winnertz, 1863
Materials Examined (3♂♂, 5♀♀ specimens): 1 specimen, Al-Difsha farm, Al-Alam district,
11.XI.2016; 7 specimens: Al-Ifri Farm, Al–Alam district, 4 specimens, 11.XII.2016 and 3
specimens, 19.XII.2016.
Distribution: Holarctic region (Zaitzev, 1989).
Diagnosis: The species of this genus are small, 1.5-3 mm in length; color bright brown;
antennae relatively long also with elongated legs compared with the body. Mesepimeron is
without any black dot, strong bristles absent on Mesanepisternum; costa clearly produced
beyond the tip of r5 (Pl. 6). In our investigation, the specimen is identified as Anatella sp.,
because we need more information about identification key to species about this genus to
recognize the species.
(2)Family, Phoridae
Megaselia Rondani, 1856
Materials Examined (12♂♂, 20♀♀ specimens): all specimens are collected from Al-Kharifi
farm, Al-Alam district, 12.III.2017.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Zumpt, 1965).
In the present study, the specimens are identified as Megaselia sp., because we need more
information about identification key to species about this genus to recognize the species.
46
List of Insects Associated with Macrofungi in Tikrit
Plate (1): Male of Cis multidentatus; (A) Dorsal view, (B) Lateral of anterior parts that
shown antenna, (C) Lateral side of whole body showing processes.
47
Ahmed Hamed Mahde Shugran et al.
Plate (2): Female of Triplax scutellaris; (A) Dorsal view (showing posterior margin of
pronotum), (B) Ventral view.
Plate (3): Male of Ptomaphagus sp.; (A) Dorsal view, (B) Ventral view (showing that:
antenna, fore tarsus and mid coxae).
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List of Insects Associated with Macrofungi in Tikrit
Plate (3): Male of Ptomaphagus sp.: (A) dorsal view (B) ventral view
(showing that: antenna, fore tarsus and mid coxae).
Plate (4): Male of Phloeopora corticalis; (A) Dorsal view, (B) Ventral view.
49
Ahmed Hamed Mahde Shugran et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Prof. M. S. Abdul-Rassoul, Iraq Natural History Research
Center and Museum, Uni. of Baghdad, for helping in the identifications of some species; and
also we are thankful to Asst. Prof. Dr. Hanna Hani Al-Saffar for helping in taking photos of
specimens.
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List of Insects Associated with Macrofungi in Tikrit
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لفطريات الكبيرة في مدينة تكريت، محافظة صالح لقائمة بالحشرات المرافقة
الدين، العراق
*و طالب عويد الخزرجي** ، رزاق شعالن عكل*احمد حامد مهدي
جامعة تكريت، كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة، قسم علوم الحياة*
و متحف التأريخ الطبيعي مركز بحوث، قسم الحشرات و الالفقريات**
جامعة بغداد، العراقي
11/11/1122 :تاريخ القبول 12/12/1122: تاريخ االستالم
الخالصة
من رتيبتينعوائل و تسعة، جنسا 41نوعا تنتمي إلى 41اظهرت الدراسة
الحشرات، جمعت على الفطريات الكبيرة من مدينة تكريت، محافظة صالح
كان بوفرة عالية مقارنة دت التحريات ان التنوع بالخنافس العراق؛ وج الدين،
.بأنواع الذباب
، (رتبة غمدية االجنحة) Leiodidaeو Ciidaeسجلت العوائل
Mycetophilidae (رتبة ثنائية االجنحة)أنواع من مجموع االنواع ستة، و
.مرة للمجموعة الحشرية العراقية ألولالكلي