Bull 315 Hayder B. Ali Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2017) 14 (4): 315-328 SEASONAL POPULATION ABUNDANCE OF THE CHRYSANTHEMUM APHIDS (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE) IN THE MIDDLE OF IRAQ WITH PICTORIAL KEY TO SPECIES Hayder B. Ali Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq hayder.ali1130@yahoo.com Received Date: 20 November 2017 Accepted Date: 02 December 2017 ABSTRACT This study was based on the determination of aphid species that infested Chrysanthemum sp. (Asterales, Asteraceae) in the middle of Iraq; five aphid species belong to subfamily Aphidinae were recorded: Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877, Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson, 1908), Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette, 1908) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776). A. gossypii was the most dominant species throughout the study period while M. persicae is the lesser species. A summary of the main taxonomic characters is presented here and a pictorial key which was designed to separate aphid species colonizing Chrysanthemum sp. is also presented. Key words: Aphididae, Aphid key, Chrysanthemum, Hemiptera, Iraq. INTRODUCTION Chrysanthemum L. (Asterales, Asteraceae) was one of the first ornamental plants to be domesticated more than 2000 years ago, the common chrysanthemum is native to Asia and it is used for gardens in China and Japan (Kluepfel and Scott, 2005). There are many insects that can attack Chrysanthemums plants, aphids are the most common species that infest them. Aphids affect on these ornamental plants by sucking from the phloem of the vascular bundles of young shoots and leaves (Schread, 1956). Plant parts affected by aphids will wilt, discolour or deform (Blackman and Eastop, 2006). Aphids are usually found in colonies on plant tips, shoots of new growth, or flowers. Aphids multiply so fast on favorable situations that a light infestation may increase to alarming proportions in a week. They are generally more numerous during cooler months when the most serious damage occurs. The seasonal abundance of aphid is significantly influenced by the environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. It is not much than other factors, temperature is an important environmental variable that affects the rate of aphid development, reproduction, mortality, survival and subsequently its population increase (Dixon, 1987). More than 15 species are known to colonize cultivated and wild chrysanthemum (Miller and Stoetzel, 1997). Aphid fauna of Iraq are almost poorly known, they are known mainly by surveillance lists such as Bodenheimer and Swirski (1957), Daoud and El-Haidari (1968 and 1969) and Al-Ali, (1977). Ali et al. (2012) recorded three aphid species colonized chrysanthemum sp., in Iraq; although it is important to have a good understanding about aphid http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2017.14.4.0315 316 Seasonal Population Abundance of the Chrysanthemum population dynamics for the management of these aphid pests. In Iraq, there is no study has been conducted about aphids population dynamics on chrysanthemum sp., where this ornamental plant is widespread. Thus, the present study examined the seasonal abundance of the chrysanthemum aphids under greenhouses and outfield condition in the middle of Iraq, with an identification pictorial key. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aphid specimens colonizing cultivated chrysanthemum plants were collected from different regions of the middle provinces of Iraq: Baghdad (Al-Jadiriya, Abu Ghraib, Taji, Al- Mansour, Al- Zuofrania); Babylon ( Al Neal village); Kerbala (Aal Jabas, Khan Alroba, Al Hussiania) and Diyala (Khan Bani Saad) over a period of seven months from 2.11.2016 to 29.05.2017. Aphids were collected from cultivated chrysanthemums plants with a fine brush and preserved in 70% alcohol. The collecting and preserving technique was based mainly on Eastop and Van Emden (1972) method, for slides preperation, maceration and clearing of the specimens with a simple procedure for preparing balsam mounts is as follow Martin (1983). The aphids were systematically classified based on the catalog of Remandiére and Remandiére (1997); keys from Blackman and Eastop (2006) were principally referred for the identification of collected species. All measurements of the aphid were fixed as millimeter (mm) (Tab. 1), the parameters measured were adopted according to Ilharco and van Harten (1987), except body length (BL) that is always measured to the base of the Cauda and does not include any projecting cauda (Blackman and Eastop, 2006). Aphid specimens were deposited in the collection of Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum / University of Baghdad / Baghdad, Iraq. All discriminates used in the key are morphometric characters, key couplets may offer a choice between two ranges of measurements or ratios, these ratios are shown in Table (1), for reliable identifications we examined a series of 10 or more alate and apterous adults. Table (1): Comparisons between morphometric characters or ratios used in the key. RESULTS AND DUSCUSSION Abundance of aphid species colonizing about 735 plants samples of Chrysanthemum sp. during period from Nov. 2016 to May 2017 were studied here, five aphid species were determined in related to subfamily Aphidinae, namely Aphis fabae Scopoli, A. gossypii Glover, Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson), Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette) and Myzus Comparisons ANT(I–VI) / Body length longest hair on ANT III / ANT III(BD) Processus terminalis / Base antennal VI Ultimate rostral segment / HT II (length) SIPH / Body length SIPH / Cauda (length) Cauda / Body length 317 Hayder B. Ali persicae (Sulzer). Whereas there are at least 15 species known to colonize cultivated and wild chrysanthemums in the United State (Miller and Stoetzel, 1997). The average of Chrysanthemum plants infection by aphid showed in Diagram (1), the maximum abundance of all these species were during spring (first week of March to the second week of April) which the weather in these areas is the most optimizing period of plant growth furthermore aphid occurrence in this period, while minimum abundance was founded in the beginning of summer at Baghdad city shows an extreme climate, with the maximum temperature in summer reaching 52°C and a winter temperature of 2°C. The average mean temperatures and relative humidity for Baghdad province, considering it in the middle of studying regions during the periods of study, are shown in Diagram (2). A. gossypii was the most dominant species throughout the study periods, while M. persicae is the least, these two species are considered perhaps as tentative or important aphid pests in Iraq (Ali et al., 2012). The two species are highly polyphagous being particularly evident during the dry season in hot countries (Blackman and Eastop, 2006). Diagram (3) shows the percentage of infection, M. sanborni , A. gossypii and combination infection with these two aphid species was the highest percentage of infection while Coloradoa rufomaculata , Myzus persicae and combination infection by A. fabae and M. persicae was the lowest infection. 318 Seasonal Population Abundance of the Chrysanthemum 319 Hayder B. Ali Diagram (2): Average mean temperatures and relative humidity for the duration of Nov. 2016 to May.2017, Baghdad province, Iraq. Diagram (3): Percentage of Chrysanthemum sp. infection by aphids in Baghdad province from Nov. 2016 to May 2017. Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 Small to medium-sized, body length in apterous 1.05-1.90 mm, in alate 1.05-1.77 mm; highly variable in color even within the same colony, ranging from light yellow to dark green, with dark Siphunculi and a pale or dusky. This species is polyphagous and very damaging to many economic importance plants; Ali et al. (2012), recorded this species infested Chrysanthemum sp. in Baghdad, the infection was associated with M. sanborni. Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 Small to medium-sized, body length in apterous 1.60-2.25mm, in alate 1.80-2.6 mm dull greenish black to black; found on young leaves, stems and inflorescences of many plants, mainly Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae and Compositae (Blackman and Eastop, 2006), so it is not strange that the present study records this aphid species on Chrysanthemum sp. Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson, 1908) Small, body length in apterous 1.0-1.5 mm, in alate 0.9-1.5 mm; green, sometimes with yellow spots at Siphunculi base; found on the stem and underside of leaves of 8.7 14.8 3.6 18.1 3.4 10.3 3.8 6.9 16.7 6.5 7.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 P e rc e n ta ge o f in fe ct io n Aphid species 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Nov. 2016 Dec.2016 Jan.2017 Fab.2017 Mar.2017 Apr.2017 May. 2017 Te m pe ra tu re C H um id it y % Period\Week Humidity % avg. mean Te mp. C 320 Seasonal Population Abundance of the Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum sp.This aphid species has presented by Ali et al. (2012) as a new record for Iraq aphid fauna. Macrosiphoneilla sanborni (Gillette, 1908) Small to medium-sized, body length in apterous 1.40-2.20 mm, in alate 1.40-2.30 mm; shiny, dark red-brown to blackish brown, broadly spindle-shaped, with black, relatively short and thick Siphunculi. The members of this species are found on young stems and undersides of leaves of Chrysanthemum sp.; Bodenheimer and Swirski (1957) are the first authors who record this aphid species in Iraq on Chrysanthemum sp. Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) Small to medium-sized, body length in apterous 1.65-2.35 mm, alate 1.90-2.45 mm; whitish green, pale yellowish green, greyish green, mid-green or pink, rather uniformly coloured, not shiny, alate have a black central patch on the dorsal surface of the abdominal. 321 Hayder B. Ali Keys to species of aphids that collected from the Chrysanthemum species in current investigations: A: Key to apterous form aphids ANT tubercles well developed, with parallel inner sides; SIPH slightly to moderately swollen distally…………………….Myzus persicae ANT tubercles undeveloped, if developed with divergent inner sides; SIPH not swollen.………2 SIPH with reticulate sculpture of several rows of hexagonal cells on the distal part; ANT(I–VI) 1.00-1.35 X Body length.....Macrosiphoniella sanborni SIPH without reticulate sculpture, sometimes with only a few transverse cells near flange; ANT(I–VI) less than 1.00 X Body length……………………………..3 322 Seasonal Population Abundance of the Chrysanthemum Dorsal body hairs with Fan- shaped apex; ABD TERG I and VII without MTu…………… Coloradoa rufomaculala Dorsal body hairs with acuminate, acute or blunt apex; ABD TERG I and VII with MTu………………………………..…..….4 Longest hair on ANTIII 0.54-0.65 X ANTIII BD; SIPH 1.45-1.77 X cauda, which bearing 5-7 hairs …............................ Aphis gossypii Longest hair on ANTIII more than 1.35-1.49 X ANTIII BD; SIPH 1.05-1.30 X cauda, which bearing 11-14 hairs .…….Aphis fabae 323 Hayder B. Ali B: Key to alate form aphids Abdominal dorsum with large central sclerite on ABD TERG III- VI; SIPH slightly to moderately swollen distally………….…Myzus persicae Abdominal dorsum without large central sclerite on ABD TERG III-VI; SIPH not swollen..............................2 SIPH with reticulate sculpture of several rows of hexagonal cells on the distal part ….………….Macrosiphoniella sanborni SIPH without reticulate sculpture, sometimes with only a few transverse cells near flange……….……...……3 324 Seasonal Population Abundance of the Chrysanthemum Dorsal body hairs with Fan-shaped apex; URS stiletto-shaped with six accessory hairs …..…… Coloradoa rufomaculala Dorsal body hairs with acuminate, acute or blunt apex; URS never stiletto-shaped and with only two accessory hairs………………….......….4 ANT III with 16-25 secondary rhinaria; SIPH 1.18-1.40 X cauda, which bearing 12-14 hairs……………….. Aphis fabae ANT III with 5-9 secondary rhinaria; SIPH 1.40-1.63 X cauda, which bearing 6-7 hairs……………Aphis gossypii 325 Hayder B. Ali Table (2): Morphometric characters (mm) and comparisons of adult morphs of apterous viviparae female of aphids infested Chrysanthemum sp. M. persicae M. sanborni C. rufomaculala A. gossypii A. fabae Characters (1.90-2.45) (1.40-2.30) (0.90-1.5) (1.05-1.77) (1.80-2.6) BL (1.9-2.4) (2.00-2.40) (0.75-1.05) (0.90-1.25) (1.30-1.65) ANT(I–VI) (length) (0.50-0.62) (0.55-0.70) (0.18-0.25) (0.19-0.32) (0.34-0.41) ANT III (length) (0.020-0.028) (0.0175- 0.028) (0.017-0.012) (0.020- 0.025) (0.0175- 0.025) BD III (0.48-0.60) (0.50-0.61) (0.19-0.25) (0.24-0.36) (0.30-0.40) ANT PT (length) (0.160-0.195) (0.11-0.16) (0.11-0.14) (0.10-0.13) (0.12-0.145) ANT VI b )10-14) (20-33) (10-14) 5-9)) (16-25) ANT III secondary rhinaria (0.0100- 0.0125) (0,030- 0.040) (0.010-0.013) (0.010- 0.0175) (0.020-0.035) Longest hair on ANT III (length) (0.105-0.12) (0.125-0.16) (0.080-0.105) (0.09-0.11) (0.12-0.14) URS (length) (2-4) (6-8) (6) (2) (2) URS (accessory hairs) (0.11-0.14) (0.11-0.14) (0.075-0.095) (0.078- 0.095) (0.110-0.128) HT II (length) 3,3,3 3-3-3 3.3.2 3,3,2 3,3,2 FTC (0.35-0.46) (0.21-0.33) (0.16-0.23) (0.16-0.23) (0.20-0.28) SIPH (length) (0.21-0.27) (0.22-0.37) (0.110-0.155) (0.11-0.15) (0.165-0.195) Cauda (length) (5-6) (14-18) (4-5) (6-7) (12-14) Caudal hairs (0.92-1.05) (1.00-1.43) (0.70-0.82) (0.67-0.85) (0.62-0.75) Comparisons ANT(I–VI) / BL (0.40-0.52) (1.43-1.75) (0.75-0.84) (0.74-0.88) (1.15-1.47) longest hair on ANT III / BD III (2.8-3.2) (3.90-4.65) (1.70-1.80) (2.38-2.88) (2.42-2.89) ANT PT / ANT VI b (0.84-0.96) (1.12-1.15) (1.00-1.15) (1.05-1.20) (1.05-1.17) URS / HT II (0.16-0.20) (0.11-0.14) (0.15-0.18) (0.11-0.153) (0.102-0.115) SIPH / BL (1.67-1.72) (0.85-0.95) (1.40-1.50) (1.40-1.63) (1.18-1.40) SIPH / Cauda (0.10-0.12) (0.15-0.17) (0.10-0.13) (0.082- 0.112) (0.073-0.092) Cauda / BL 326 Seasonal Population Abundance of the Chrysanthemum Table (3): Morphometric characters (mm) and comparisons of adult morphs of Alate viviparae female of aphids infested Chrysanthemum sp. M. persicae M. sanborni C. rufomaculala A. gossypii A. fabae Characters (1.90-2.45) (1.40-2.30) (0.90-1.5) (1.05-1.77) (1.80-2.6) BL (1.9-2.4) (2.00-2.40) (0.75-1.05) (0.90-1.25) (1.30-1.65) ANT(I–VI) (length) (0.50-0.62) (0.55-0.70) (0.18-0.25) (0.19-0.32) (0.34-0.41) ANT III (length) (0.020- 0.028) (0.0175-0.028) (0.017-0.012) (0.020-0.025) (0.0175- 0.025) BD III (0.48-0.60) (0.50-0.61) (0.19-0.25) (0.24-0.36) (0.30-0.40) ANT PT (length) (0.160- 0.195) (0.11-0.16) (0.11-0.14) (0.10-0.13) (0.12- 0.145) ANT VI b )10-14) (20-33) (10-14) 5-9)) (16-25) ANT III secondary rhinaria (0.0100- 0.0125) (0,030-0.040) (0.010-0.013) (0.010- 0.0175) (0.020- 0.035) Longest hair on ANT III (length) (0.105-0.12) (0.125-0.16) (0.080-0.105) (0.09-0.11) (0.12-0.14) URS (length) (2-4) (6-8) (6) (2) (2) URS (accessory hairs) (0.11-0.14) (0.11-0.14) (0.075-0.095) (0.078-0.095) (0.110- 0.128) HT II (length) 3,3,3 3-3-3 3.3.2 3,3,2 3,3,2 FTC (0.35-0.46) (0.21-0.33) (0.16-0.23) (0.16-0.23) (0.20-0.28) SIPH (length) (0.21-0.27) (0.22-0.37) (0.110-0.155) (0.11-0.15) (0.165- 0.195) Cauda (length) (5-6) (14-18) (4-5) (6-7) (12-14) Caudal hairs (0.92-1.05) (1.00-1.43) (0.70-0.82) (0.67-0.85) (0.62-0.75) Comparisons ANT(I–VI) / BL (0.40-0.52) (1.43-1.75) (0.75-0.84) (0.74-0.88) (1.15-1.47) longest hair on ANT III / BD III (2.8-3.2) (3.90-4.65) (1.70-1.80) (2.38-2.88) (2.42-2.89) ANT PT / ANT VI b (0.84-0.96) (1.12-1.15) (1.00-1.15) (1.05-1.20) (1.05-1.17) URS / HT II (0.16-0.20) (0.11-0.14) (0.15-0.18) (0.11-0.153) (0.102- 0.115) SIPH / BL (1.67-1.72) (0.85-0.95) (1.40-1.50) (1.40-1.63) (1.18-1.40) SIPH / Cauda (0.10-0.12) (0.15-0.17) (0.10-0.13) (0.082-0.112) (0.073- 0.092) Cauda / BL 327 Hayder B. Ali LITERATURE CITED Al-Ali, A.S. 1977. Phytophagous and entomophagous insects and mites of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, 33:142 pp. Ali, B.H., Agarwala, B. K. and Kaddou, I. K. 2012. New records of Aphids of the Subfamily Aphidinae (Homoptera: Aphididae) infested herbaceous plants and shrubs for aphid fauna of Iraq. Advances in Bioresearch, 3 (4): 66- 75. Blackman, R.L and Eastop, V.F 2006. Aphids on the World’s Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs. (Volume 1: Host lists and keys / Volume 2: The aphids), John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 1024 pp. Bodenheimer, F. and Swirski, E. 1957. Aphidoidea of the Middle East. Weizmann Science Press, Jerusalem, 378 pp . Daoud, A. K. and El-Haidari, H.S. 1968. Recorded aphids of Iraq. Iraq Natural History Museum, Publication, No. 24, 37 pp. Daoud, A. K. and El-Haidari, H.S. 1969. New Aphid records from Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, 4(I): 10-14. Dixon, A.F.G. 1987. Cereal aphids as an applied problem. 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Systemic Insecticides to control mealybug, scale, aphids and cyclamen mite on ornamentals. The Connecticut agricultural experiment station, New Haven, 18 pp. 328 Seasonal Population Abundance of the Chrysanthemum Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2017) 14 (4): 315-328 الوفرة السكانية الموسمية لحشرات من الداوودي (Homoptera: Aphididae) في وسط العراق مع مفتاح مصور لألنواع حيدر بدري علي جامعة بغداد/ كلية العلوم / قسم علوم الحياة 20/10/0212 :تاريخ القبول 02/11/0212 :تاريخ االستالم الخالصة وسط في ت هذه الدراسة على جمع وتحديد أنواع المن التي تصيب نبات الداوودياستند Aphis 1763وهي Aphidinae العراق، اذ سجلت خمسة أنواع من عويلة fabae Scopoli, ،Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 ، Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson, 1908)، Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) و Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette, 1908) النوع كان؛ اذA. gossypii . األنواع سيادةً اقلهو M. persicaeأكثر األنواع سيادةً طوال فترة الدراسة بينما النوع ألبرز الصفات التشخيصية الرئيسية لألنواع المدروسة عرض في هذه الدراسة ملخص .مصور لعزل أنواع المن التي تصيب نبات الداووديوتصميم مفتاح