Bull 15 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Khidhir et al. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2022) 17 (1): 15-26. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2022.17.1.0015 ORIGINAL ARTICLE DESCRIPTION OF THE PREDATOR BUSH CRICKET, SAGA EPHIPPIGERA FISCHER VON WALDHEIM, 1846 (ORTHOPTERA, TETTIGONIIDAE) FROM ERBIL PROVINCE, KURDISTAN REGION- IRAQ Abdul- Qadir Salih Khidhir*, Pshtiwan Abdullah Jalil**♦ and Wand Khalis Ali*** *Insect museum, Department of Plant Protection, Directorate of Agriculture Researches, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, Erbil, Iraq. **Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq. ***Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq. ♦Corresponding author: pshtiwan.jalil@su.edu Received Date: 25 Nov. 2021, Accepted Date: 03 February 2022, Published Date: 20 June 2022 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT The predatory bush crickets Saga ephippigera Fischer Von Waldheim, 1846 is the largest Iraqi orthopterans and one of the most active and successful predators in the Kurdistan region. The nymphs and adults prey on all the stages of various species of insects. Twelve adult specimens were collected from Erbil Province during May 2018 and June 2021. Morphological structures of the adult insects were described and illustrated in details; important taxonomic characteristics of body regions with their appendages were chosen; and the results indicated the importance of morphological characteristics which confirmed the identification of this species correctly. Keywords: Description, Erbil, Iraq, Kurdistan region, Morphology, Saga ephippigera. INTRODUCTION Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902 is a family of the suborder Ensifera includes 17 subfamilies, which contains almost 6,000 species, in 1070 genera and in the Palearctic region, it is represented by six subfamilies (Çıplak, 2003; Mahasneh and Katbeh- Bader, 2004; Krištín and Kanuch, 2007; Sevgili et al., 2011; Taylan et al., 2019). One of them is the subfamily Saginae in which the predatory bush crickets genus Saga Charpentier, 1825 represent one of the largest Palearctic Orthoptera, with 16 species, ten inhabit Asia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Iran and Iraq), the rest occur in Europe (Uvarov, 1938; Rentz and Colless, 1990). Ecologically, most species of grasshoppers are ground inhabitants except the individuals of Tettigoniini and Onconotini which they live on shrubs and bushes. Some species oviposit in the soil even if they are not ground dwellers while some species inserted their eggs into plant tissues (Karabağ et al., 1974). BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Online ISSN: 2311-9799 Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2022.17.1.0015 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5848-498X https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-8021 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-7453 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1121518 https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 16 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Description of the predator bush cricket Some species of Saginae are carnivorous while others feed on plant substances and achieve pest status; they survive winter in the egg stage (Kaltenbach, 1990); among the non-European Saga species, S. ephippigera has the broadest geographic range (Vrabec and Kocarek, 2005; Hochkirch et al., 2016). In 1934, Uvarov during his journey in Iraq collected S. ephippigera Fischer de Waldheim, 1846 between Sulaymaniyah and Penjwin in the Kurdistan Region. Since then detailed studies were very rare until recently Khudhur and Ahmed (2020) were published a paper considering the presence and distribution of the two recorded species S. ephippigera and S. syriaca Lucas, 1864 with precise localities after a gap of more than fifty years in documented observations and collections from Iraq. Therefore, the aim is to describe the cricket S. ephippigera in detail alongside clarifying all its important diagnostic characters as a contribution to fill the gap mentioned above. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens , collection In the present study, 12 specimens were collected from an oak tree which is located in the north of Erbil Province, Kurdistan region-Iraq, during a period of time between May 2018 and June, 2021. The specimens were killed by freezing for 48 hours, and then preserved after placing their information in the insect box, which treated with 85% of Seven and Naphthalene balls. Identification of specimens For identifying the specimens, several keys were used (Kaltenbach, 1967; Bei- Bienko, 1964; Ragge, 1964; Kaltenbach, 1990; Çıplak, 2003; Mahasneh and Katbeh- Bader, 2004; Şirin et al., 2019; Khudhur and Ahmed, 2020). Then insects were deposited in the Insect Museum- Plant Protection Department, Directorate of Agriculture Researches, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, Erbil, Iraq. Morphological study The adults were dissected under a dissecting microscope, after selecting the diagnostic characteristics they were prepared and studied directly. The selected parts were put in warmed water and then transferred to a petri dish to soften the tissues and break avoidance. Finally, to measure the dimensions of the selected parts, the ruler, ocular micrometer, linear micrometer, stage micrometer and a digital computerized microscope were used, and the photos were taken by a camera of iPhone 5s. RESULTS Morphological study Saga ephippigera Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 Saga ephippigera Fischer von Waldheim. 1846. Nouv. mem. Soc. Imp. natur. Moscou 8: i-iv, 1- 443, pls 1- 37. Synonyms: Saga ephippigera subsp. ephippigera Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 S. ephippiger S. epippigera 17 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Khidhir et al. S. monstrosa Krauss, 1879 S. uvarovi Ramme, 1951 Body: (Pls.1 A, B, C, D) large, elongate with cylindrical shaped and robust; pronotum with two stripes of anterior and posterior pale brown colored margins except for head. Male about 65-69 mm long and 8-10 mm wide. Female about 76-79 mm long (without the ovipositor) and 17-19 mm wide. Male and female with strong armature of fore and middle legs, antennae filiform and longer than the body, tergites larger than sternites (Pls. 1, E, F). Plate (1): Body of Saga ephippigera, male and female; (A) ♂ Dorsal view, (B) ♀ Dorsal view, (C) ♂ Ventral view, (D) ♀ Ventral view, (E) ♂ Lateral view, ( F) ♀ Lateral view. Head: (Pls. 2 A, B) large, nearly oval shaped with hypognathous mouthpart (Pls. 2 C, D), its length about 6-7 mm, and width about10-11 mm, mostly black colored except for vertex, clypeus, proximal halve of labrum, labium and maxillae pale brown colored in male but they brown in female, vertex flat, not differentiated as fastigium, frons wide, and nearly rectangular, strongly sloping backwards. Antennae (Pl. 2 E), filiform, pale brown colored, length, about 96-98 mm and longer than the body, scape big, cylindrical, robust and inserted vertically between compound eyes, pedicel semi slender than the scape and as long as it, directed side-wards, antennal sockets contiguous, with hardly produced margins, compound eyes large, prominent, and oval, located on the top of lateral sides of head, distance between them about 4-5 mm. Brown colored, mouthparts http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1141598 http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1141599 18 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Description of the predator bush cricket chewing and biting type. Clypeus, semi-rectangular shaped, pale brown colored with prominent distal margin. Labrum almost circular shaped, pale brown colored and sclerotized (Pl. 2 F). Mandibles, (Pl. 2 G) triangular, strongly sclerotized and brown color, incisor region with four black long robust teeth, molar region with two black short robust teeth. Maxillae (Pl. 2 H) moderately sclerotized, robust and elongate, pale brown colored except for galea and lacinia which brown colored, cardo small and ovoid shape; stipe big, galea tongue-like, lacinia ended with three teeth, maxillary palp provided with five segmented, and pale brown colored. Labium, (Pl. 2 I) with two small; yellow tubular structures fused glossa and two big brown un-fused pad-like paraglossa which inclosing the glossa has three segmented and pale brown colored. Hypopharynx (Pl. 2 J), tongue- like, brown and elongated, except for its lateral margins that have pale brown color. Thorax (Pls. 3 A, B, C, D): Pronotum, large, strongly developed, longer than meso- and metathorax collectively, overhanging laterally, about 17-19 mm long, with convex dorsum and flat downward directed lateral lobes, posterior groove "V" shaped and well- marked, prosternum with two contiguous long and pale brown spine-like processes between forelegs; wings (Pls. 3 E, F) in male, absent and modified to vestigial as a pair of two dark brown small parallel processes, but completely absent in female. Legs, fore legs (Pl. 3 G) with fore and middle femora and have numerous strong ventral black- tipped spines which adapted for holding the pray, hind femora long, slender, without saltatorial, and apical spines on tarsi; mid legs (Pl. 3 H) similar with fore legs in structure and morphology, but ventrally depressed. Hind leg (Pls. 3 I, J) long and modified for jumping, basal part of femur thick; second segments longitudinally grooved laterally, and second segment of tarsus heart-shape, first and, apical tarsus curved tube-like, ended with two black-tipped claws, without arolium; auditory pits (tympanal organ) covered partly by an ear-like extension of chitinous edge which covers them and narrows aperture to curved slit on base of fore-tibiae (Pls. 3 K, L). 19 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Khidhir et al. Plate (2): Head of S. ephippigera, male and female; (A) ♂ Frontal view, (B) ♀ Frontal view, (C) ♂ Lateral view, (D) ♀ Lateral view, (E) Antenna, (F) Clypeus and Labrum, (G) Mandible, (H) Maxilla, (I) Labium, (J) Hypopharynx. 20 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Description of the predator bush cricket Plate (3): Thorax and its’ appendages of S. ephippigera, male and female; (A) ♂ Pronotum (Dorsal view), (B) ♂ Pronotum (Lateral view); (C) ♂ Meso- metanotum (Dorsal view); (D) ♀ Meso- metanotum (Dorsal view), (E) ♂ Meso- metanotum (Lateral view), (F) ♀ Meso- metanotum (Lateral view), (G) Fore leg, (H) Midleg, (I) Hind leg, (J) Tympanal organ on the base of fore leg, (K) Tarsi (Dorsal view), (L) Tarsi (Ventral view). Abdomen (Pls. 4 A, B): Elongate, cylindrical, pale brown colored, with ten terga and nine sterna in male, and nine terga and eight sterna in female, abdominal segments well developed, and gradually narrowed and made inverse triangular shape toward end of body; this form more obvious in females (Pls. 4 C, D). Abdominal folds noticeable from ventral view and well developed. Anal sclerite present and located at posterior of last tergum, last sternum (9 th segment in male, and 8 th segment in female) modified to sub- genital plate; distal margin of last tergum of male incurved, paraprocts well developed and obvious as two lobes (Pls. 4 E, F); and last abdominal segment in female provided with cerci and ovipositor. Male genitalia (Pl. 4 G) consisted of triangular anal plate which provided with two closely rounded apically, pale brown colored; sub-genital plate parallel-sided with two evenly tapered processes, cerci pale brown colored, stout, long, un-segmented, incurved, an extended inwards. Female genitalia (Pl. 4 H): Anal plate as in male but smaller in size, triangular shaped, pale brown colored, sub-genital plate triangular shaped (Pls. 4 I, J), it has two round angles at basal part, but distal angle v- shaped, and covering with ovipositor. Ovipositor (Pls. 4 K, L, M) long, and laterally 21 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Khidhir et al. compressed, dorsally curved, sword shaped, dorsally comprised a pair of cerci as in male but more fine and shorter than it; dorsal and ventral margins of ovipositor serrate, pale brown colored, about 31-32 mm long (Pl. 4 N). Material Examined: Rawanduz, high mountain, 28.v.2000, 2♂♂, 3♀♀; Shiwemasi, steppes 22.vi.2004, 1♂: 2♀♀; Sarkandkhailan, steppes, 16.vi.2004, 1 ♂; Harir, 10.vi.2018, 1♀; and Mergasur, steppes, 9.vi.2021, 1♂1♀. Plate (4): Abdomen and its’ appendages of S. ephippigera; (A) Male abdomen (Dorsal view), (B) Male abdomen (Ventral view), (C) Female abdomen (Dorsal view), (D) Female abdomen (Ventral view), (E) End (apex) of male abdomen (Dorsal view), (F) End (apex) of male abdomen (Ventral view), (G) End (apex) of male abdomen (Lateral view), (H) End (apex) of female abdomen (Dorsal view), (I) End (apex) of female abdomen (Ventral view), (J) End (apex) of female abdomen (Lateral view), (K) Ovipositor (Dorsal view), (L) Ovipositor (Ventral view), (M) Ovipositor (Lateral view), (N) Toothed end of ovipositor (Dorsal view). 22 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Description of the predator bush cricket DISCUSSION The present study focused on the morphological features of the species Saga ephippigera, which considered the entire description of the diagnostic characteristics which wasn’t studied in the Iraqi literature for a long time. Kaltenbach (1967) selected Saga syriaca as synonym of S. ephippigera and Considered S. syriaca as a subspecies of S. ephippigera. Hence, S. ephippigera included two subspecies S. ephippigera ephippigera and S. ephippigera syriaca. While some references considered that S. syriac as an isolated species (Kirby, 1906; Bader and Massa, 2001; Şirin et al., 2019; Aslan and Candan, 2019). The adult specimens were chosen among the collected specimens for description and identification. Some morphological characteristics were selected for describing such as color, size and sclerotization of taxonomic parts that were renowned in the literature (Massa and Fontana, 1998; Şirin et al., 2019). S. ephippigera reflects a broader range of coloration and from light tan, light brown to dark brown with variable darker bands, rings and patterns on the body segments, head and leg edges. Thus, the description of the studied species wasn’t reliable on the colour factor because the reflection of color change is variable due to geographical and seasonal distribution while the size factor was more depended in identifying the species (Bader and Massa, 2001; Khudhur and Ahmed, 2020). In this study most of the diagnostic characters were described and illustrated clearly which helped to confirm the determination of this species correctly. This study represented the implication of morphological description of the predatory bush crickets Saga ephippigera and identifying the important diagnostic characteristics and taxonomic relationships among Iraqi Orthopterans as an effective predator across agriculture fields from Erbil Province, Kurdistan region- Iraq. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to Farhad A. Khudhur and Soran H. Ahmed, (Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq) for their assistance in the identification of the specimens, and we also would like to thank the staffs of Insect Museum, Department of Plant Protection, Directorate of Agriculture Researches, Erbil, Iraq, for their assistance and support for this work. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT "The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare". LITERATURE CITED Aslan, M. M. and Candan, G. 2019. Identification of bio-ecological characteristics of Saga ephippigera syriaca (Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae). Munis Entomology and Zoology, 14 (2): 617-625. [Click here] https://www.munisentzool.org/Issue/abstract/identification-of-bio-ecological-characteristics-of-saga-ephipigera-syriaca-orthoptera-tettigoniidae_1314 23 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Khidhir et al. Bader, A. K. and Massa, B. 2001. 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(Eds.), The Tettigoniidae: Biology systematics and evolution. Springer, Verlag, Berlin, p 280- 302. [Click here] Karabağ, T., Balamir, S., Gümüşsuyu, I. and Tutkun, E. 1974. Türkiye Orthoptera Faunasının Tesbiti Üzerinde Araştırmalar (II) . Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 14 (1): 3- 18. [Click here] Khudhur, F. A. and Ahmed, S. H. 2020. New distribution records of the genus Saga Charpentier, 1825 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Saginae) from Iraq. Zootaxa, 4894 (2): 297- 300. [Crossref] https://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2001)010%5b0025:TOFJWD%5d2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021206732679 https://doi.org/10.2779/60944 https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.17.1-2.3-107 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503672 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bitkorb/issue/3600/48424 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4894.2.10 24 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Description of the predator bush cricket Kirby, W. F. 1906. Orthoptera Saltatoria. Part I. (Achetidae et Phasgonuridae). 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(2022) 17 (1): 15-26. وصف جراد االحراش املفترس Saga ephippigera (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) العراقفي محافظة أربيل, اقليم كردستان ** و وند خالص علي***بشتيوان عبدهللا جليل*، ريعبد القادر صالح خض وقاية النبات، مديرية البحوث الزراعية، وزارة الزراعة و قسم، متحف الحشرات* املوارد املائية، أربيل، العراق. ،أربيل ،، جامعة صالح الدينقسم وقاية النبات، كلية علوم الهندسة الزراعية** العراق. ***قسم علوم الحياة، كلية التربية،جامعة صالح الدين، اربيل، العراق. 20/06/2022, تأريخ النشر: 03/02/2022, تأريخ القبول: 25/11/2021تأريخ االستالم: الخالصة ,Saga ephippigera Fischer von Waldheimجراد االحراش املفترسنوع يعد وهو من املفترسات ،العراقفي مستقيمة األجنحة رتبة افراد من أكبر 1846 حيث ان الحوريات والحشرات الكاملة في أقليم كوردستان؛ الناجحة والنشطة عينة من الحشرات الكاملة من12 للحشرات. جمعت تفترس االدوار املختلفة ؛ اذ وصف املظهر الخارجي2021وحزيران 2018ايار محافظة أربيل خالل فترة توضيحها بالتفصيل. للكامالت و ودلت النتيجة ختيرت الصفات التصنيفية الهامة ملناطق الجسم مع ملحقاتها،أ أهمية الصفات املظهرية التي تؤكد تشخيص هذا النوع بشكل صحيح. على