Bull
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
NEW RECORDS ON SALTICIDAE AND THERIDIIDAE (ARANEAE) SPIDERS FROM
ARMENIA
Noushig Zarikian
Scientific Center of Hydroecology and Zoology Institute, National Academy of Sciences,
Republic of Armenia
E-mail: noushigz@hotmail.com
Received Date: 12 May 2022, Accepted Date: 02 Sept. 2022, Published Date: 20 December 2022
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
ABSTRACT
New data on jumping spiders (Salticidae) and tangle-web spiders (Theridiidae) of Armenia
are provided on the basis of recently collected specimens in various regions of Armenia. One
species, Ballus rufipes (Simon, 1868) is recorded as new to the Caucasus Region, in addition
to the following species: Neon reticulatus (Blackwall, 1853), Pellenes brevis (Simon, 1868),
Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757) and Synageles dalmaticus (Keyserling, 1863) that belong to a
family Salticidae, are recorded in Armenia for the first time.
A further 7 species of Theridiidae are recorded in Armenia for the first time Kochiura
aulica (C. L. Koch, 1838), Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778), Steatoda bipunctata
(Linnaeus, 1758), Steatoda castanea Clerk, 1757, Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838),
Steatoda paykulliana Walckenaer, 1806 and Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802).
Keywords: Araneae, Armenia, New records, Salticidae, Theridiidae.
INTRODUCTION
The commonly known jumping spiders Salticidae of Armenia are one of the primitively
studied groups, although is the largest family of spiders in the world and have 6394 valid
species (World spider catalog, 2022). The Caucasus regions’ Salticidae species have been
well studied by many authors such as Dunin (1979), Logunov and Marusik (2000), Logunov
and Guseinov (2002), Azarkina (2002 a, b; 2003), and Logunov (2015).
Data on this group for Armenia was recorded first by Kulcyznski (1895) and during the
Soviet Union and after it, many papers have been published by Wesolowska (1986); Logunov
(1996, 1998 a and b, 1999, 2015), Logunov and Heciak (1996), Rakov and Logunov (1997),
Logunov and Marusik (1998), Logunov and Rakov (1998) and Logunov and Guseinov (2002).
A comprehensive checklist of the spiders of the territories of the former Soviet Union was
written by Mikhailov (2013) and later published in another paper by him providing new data
on Salticidae of Armenia (Mikhailov and Propistova, 2017). Moreover, the material of
jumping spiders was deposited in the National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia
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https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2022.17.2.0169
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-8413
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Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology collection; and a part of which was published
by Zarikian (2020), and the other part was studied and is presented herein.
Theridiidae is one of the most diverse families of spiders, including 2539 species classified
in 125 genera (World Spider Catalog, 2020). Spiders in this family are widely known for
having several synanthropic and cosmopolitan species (Levi, 1967); as well as species of
medical importance (Faúndez and Tellez, 2016). In Armenia, only five species belong to
Theridiidae have been recorded first by Kulcyznski (1895), then K.Y. Eskov recorded
Robertus arundineti (O. P. Cambridge, 1891) (Eskov, 1987) and Y. Marusik mentioned some,
in his spiders of the USSR (Marusik, 1989), in addition to the two species Latrodectus
tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) and Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck, 1757) which are mentioned
in Otto’s checklist of Armenia “The spiders of the Caucasus Ecoregion” (Otto, 2022), but is
still uncertain or missing citation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Spiders were collected from five provinces of the Armenian republic, with an aspirator or
hand collection. Specimens were photographed using a Canon EOS 2000 camera attached to
the Bresser 58-04000 Trinocular Microscope.
Image stacking software was done and edited with the ‘Photoshop CC 2018’ software.
Some female epigynes were dissected and presented as preparation. The map of Salticidae
and Theridiidae species distribution was prepared (Map 1 and 2) using the Simple Mapper
online program (Shorthouse, 2010). Jones-Walters (1989), Nentwig et al. (2021), Vanuytven
(2021), and Metzner (2022) were used as resources to identify the species (based on eyes
distribution, epigynes and pedipulps of species). Global distribution data and taxonomic
references presented as it mentioned in the World Spider Catalog (2022). Material is stored in
the NAS RA Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydro-ecology Institute collections .
We didn’t attach any morphological description, because the given species below is as the
same as the ones described in our references, and no need to reword them.
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Map (1): Salticidae distribution in current study.
Map (2): Theridiidae distribution studied in this work.
RESULTS
Family, Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
Genus, Ballus C. L. Koch, 1850
Ballus rufipes (Simon, 1868) (Pl. 1)
Synonym: Ballus depressus poecilopus Förster & Bertkau, 1883
Material examined: 2♂♂ Tigranashen, Ararat Province, 39.805770°N, 44.965550°E, 23.iv.
2021, 1400 m.a.s.l.
Description: B. rufipes with stocky abdomen covered, and half black and half gray hairs. Legs
with reddish in their first half, then gradually become translucent, also have black marks,
especially the 4th pair which is covered at its full length by a black line. Palp with soft
cymbium.
Distribution: This species is widely distributed in South Europe and neighboring Turkey. This
is the first record for Caucasus region and Armenia.
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Habitat: Semi desert and rocky slopes.
Genus, Neon Simon, 1876
Neon reticulatus (Blackwall, 1853) (Pl. 2)
Synonym: Salticus reticulatus Blackwall, 1853
Material examined: 1 ♀ Yervandashat, Armavir Province, 40.132018°N, 43.667430°E, 1.iv.
2021, 1090 m.a.s.l, 1 ♀ Shatin, Vayots Dzor Province, 39.847076°N, 45.316699°E, 10. v.
2021, 1313 m.a.s.l. 1♀, 1♂ Urtsadzor, Ararat Province, 39.900012°N, 44.848099°E, 06. v.
2021, 1800 m.a.s.l. Oshakan 1♂ Aragatsotn Province, 40.260888°N, 44.312550°E, 09. iv.
2021, 1000 m.a.s.l .
Description: Female has light brown head with darker region, sparsely covered with light
hairs. Abdomen brown or greenish-brown with black latticed markings. Legs light brown with
dark brown markings, legs I darker than others. Male similar to female but darker, thorn
covered embolic area for male pulp; epigyne with U shape-like .
Distribution: This species is widely distribution in Europe to Far East; it seems also well
distributed in Armenia (most of provinces).
Habitat: Damp (river-near) with light vegetation hills slopes or gorges and rural area.
Genus, Pellenes Simon, 1876
Pellenes brevis (Simon, 1868) (Pl. 3(
Synonym: Attus brevis Simon, 1868
Material examined: 1♀ Byurakan, Aragatsotn Province, 40.391698°N, 44.297898°E, 15 .v.
2021, 2113 m.a.s.l. 1♂ Aghavnazor, Kotayk Province, 40.56671°N, 44.68329°E, 17 .v. 2021,
1850 m.a.s.l.
Description: Female dark brown, abdomen with a white belt across center. Carapace dark
brown with two white belts spread from anterior lateral eyes to rear. White hairs around
anterior eyes; legs dark with white hairs. Male coloration as same as female, but pair of legs I
dark thicker and bigger. Palps with long white hairs.
Distribution: This species was known in Turkey, Russia and many European countries (WSC,
2020); thus, our record from Armenia is the sequel of the whole range.
Habitat: The species has been collected from sub-mountain forest steppe zone.
Genus, Salticus Latreille, 1804
Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757) (Pl. 4)
Synonyms: Aranea albo-fasciata De Geer, 1778
Aranea fulvata Fabricius, 1778
Aranea scenica Linnaeus, 1758
Araneus scenicus Clerck, 1757
Attus candefactus Walckenaer, 1805
Attus histrionicus Westring, 1861
Attus scenicus Walckenaer, 1805
Calliethera alpina Giebel, 1867
Calliethera aulica Koch C.L., 1846
Calliethera histrionica Koch C.L., 1837
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Material examined: 1♂ Urtsadzor, Ararat Province, 39.900012°N, 44.848099°E, 06 .v. 2021,
1800 m.a.s.l.
Description : Abdomen black with three white cross ribons, carapace also black with few
white spots or hairs around anterior eyes; palps white cone shape. Legs with light-dark;
chelicerae remarkably large with folded fangs. Embolus tip with.
Distribution: Widespread in Palearctic; first record for Armenia.
Habitat: The only male habitat in Armenia was simply grassland.
Genus, Synageles Simon, 1876
Synageles dalmaticus (Keyserling, 1863) (Pl. 5)
Synonyms: Leptorchestes todillus Simon, 1876
Leptorchestes todillus Simon, 1871
Salticus dalmaticus Keyserling, 1863
Salticus todillus Simon, 1868
Material examined: 1♀ Yerevan, 40.20709°N, 44.54449°E, 01.vi. 2021, 1280 m.a.s.l.
Description: Front abdomen brown, but next to it a lighter area with two white dots visible
centrally; posterior with dark brown; carapace brown with black spots surrounding eyes;
bunch of pale hairs between eyes; legs light brown with black longitudinal stripes; palps
brown. Epigyne with border plate and posterior groove.
Distribution: This species widespread in Mediterranean Europe and Caucasus but is rare in
Armenia, this is the first record for Armenia.
Habitat: The warm dry stony inhabited area.
Family, Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833
Genus, Kochiura Archer, 1950
Kochiura aulica (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Pl. 6)
Synonym: Theridion aulicum C. L. Koch, 1838
Material examined: 1♀ Tigranashen, Ararat Province, 39.795770°N, 44.965550°E, 28.v. 2021,
1400 m.a.s.l.
Description: Colour of female with fluctuating. Cephalothorax light brown, with a dark
median strip. Abdomen with greyish coloration and dark median stripe dorsally with white
spots; ventrally a dark rectangle extends from epigastric fold with white strips on each side.
Sternum dark brown with light yellow center. Epigyne distinctive, pyramid-like with cut end.
Distribution: Widespread in Europe, North Africa and Caucasus. First record for Armenia .
Habitat: Semi desert area vegetation.
Genus, Steatoda Sundevall, 1833
Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) (Pl. 7)
Synonyms: Aranea albomaculata De Geer, 1778
Steatoda corollata Linnaeus, 1758
Material examined: 1♀ Mount Aragats, Aragatsotn Province, 40.43329°N, 44.26672°E,
04.vii.2020, 2490 m.a.s.l.; 1♀ Ali Bek, Kotayk Province, 40.5473°N, 44.686118°E, 17 .vii.
2020, 2234 m.a.s.l.; 1♀ Oshhakan, Aragatsotn Province, 40.26111°N, 44.31952°E, 09 .iv.
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2021, 1102 m.a.s.l.; 1♀ Shatin, Vayots Dzor Province, 39.847076°N, 45.316699°E, 10 .v.
2021, 1313 m.a.s.l .
Description: Females have light brown to black cephalothorax with feeble markings and
almost black. Abdomen with a whitish band around anteriorly, and median pairs of spots, and
two rows of patches laterally; while ventrally black with a light mark. Legs brownish, tibiae 1
dark brown. This species with clear epigynal groove, and angular anterior margin.
Distribution: Widespread in Palearctic; first record for Armenia.
Habitat: Stony mountains or hill slopes.
Steatoda bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pl. 8)
Synonym: Steatoda brasiliana Keyserling, 1884
Material examined: 1♀ Jambarak, Gegharkunik province, 40.58472°N, 45.3515°E, 01 .viii.
2020, 1854 m.a.s.l.; 1♀Yervandashat, Armavir Province, 40.132018°N, 43.667430°E, 01. iv.
2021, 1090 m.a.s.l.
Description: Cephalothorax brown. Reddish-brown abdomen, darker on sides, with a whitish
band around anterior part, a median longitudinal series of small light spots on dorsal side;
ventral side of abdomen with dark mark rings and a light triangle. Sternum brown, legs with
yellow-brown colour. Epigyne with a square-like groove.
Distribution: Widespread in Palearctic, recorded in Canada and America. First record for
Armenia .
Habitat: Around/in inhabited area even buildings or abandoned places.
Steatoda castanea (Clerck, 1757) (Pl. 9)
Synonyms: Steatoda castanea (Olivier, 1789)
Steatoda huangyuanensis Zhu & Li, 1983
Material examined: 1♀,1♂ Geghadir, Kotayk Province, 40.16107°N, 44.66949°E, 30 .x. 2019,
1710 m.a.s.l.; 3♀♀,1♂ Kharberd, Ararat Province, 40.08472°N, 44.50708°E, 02.xi. 2019, 950
m.a.s.l.
Description: Cephalothorax in female brown, with dark emitting striae; abdomen dark brown
and scattered white spots, a median longitudinal whitish streak, and posteriorly with three
transverse light lines; ventrally with long brown patches visible. Sternum and legs with
yellow-brown; epigyne with two swellings. Male’s colouration as in female; palp with a long
tibia.
Distribution: Widespread in Europe and Caucasus, also recorded in Canada. First record for
Armenia.
Habitat: It is generally found in houses and in wall cracks of buildings; sometimes they are
found in cultivated area under the stones.
Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Pl. 10)
Synonyms: Steatoda grossa obliterata (Franganillo, 1918)
Steatoda modesta (Bryant, 1948)
Steatoda punctilineata Mello-Leitão, 1939
Steatoda serica (Urquhart, 1886)
Steatoda zonata (Keyserling, 1884)
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Material examined: 1♀ Yerevan, 40.20709°N, 44.54449°E, 07.ix. 2020, 1280 m.a.s.l.; 1♀
Yerevan, 40.20709°N, 44.54449°E, 11 .vii. 2021, 1280 m.a.s.l.
Description: Female has yellowish brown cephalothorax and brown to blackish abdomen,
with a lighter pattern. A median longitudinal row of three blotches, and two lateral blotches
spread like whiskers. Legs yellowish brown. Epigynal with obvious narrow groove.
Distribution: Widespread in most continents. First record for Armenia .
Habitat: Under cliffs and in buildings.
Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) (Pl. 11)
Synonym: Steatoda latrodectoides (Franganillo, 1913)
Material examined. 1♀1♂ Kharberd, Ararat Province, 40.08472°N, 44.50708°E, 02.xi. 2019,
950 m.a.s.l.; 1♀Sardarapat, Armavir Province, 40.09168°N, 43.94171°E, 13.xi. 2019, 915
m.a.s.l.; 2♂♂ Geghadir, Kotayk Province, 40.16107°N, 44.66949°E, 30 .x. 2019, 1710
m.a.s.l.; 1♀ Getap, Vayots Dzor Province, 39.77368°N, 45.31531°E, 24 .xi. 2020, 1150
m.a.s.l.; 1♀ Dasht, Armavir Province, 40.2279°N, 44.3125°E, 04.viii.2020, 973 m.a.s.l.; 1♀
Goravan, Ararat Province, 39.88751°N, 44.71948°E, 06.v.2021, 966 m.a.s.l.
Description: Female with dark brown to black cephalothorax. Abdomen black, with a red or
yellow band around front, sometimes with a median longitudinal series of ribbon; sternum
and legs dark brown; two up-folded wing-like epigyne heavily sclerotized. Male’s
cephalothorax dark brown to black; abdomen black, with a whitish band around front with
serrated edge median longitudinal band; ventrally with red-brown markings; legs yellow-
brown; palp relatively small and dark.
Distribution: Widespread in South Europe and central Asia. First record for Armenia .
Habitat: Dry and semi desert area under the stones.
Steatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802) (Pl. 12(
Synonyms: Steatoda flavomaculata (Lucas, 1846)
Steatoda lugubris (Schenkel, 1963)
Steatoda saylori (Fox, 1940)
Material examined: 2♀♀ Yerevan, 40.20709°N, 44.54449°E, 02 .vi. 2021, 1280 m.a.s.l.
Description: cephalothorax of female with reddish brown and brown abdomen with whitish
patterns. Sternum reddish brown, while legs pale yellowish; epigyne with specific rounded.
Distribution: Widespread in Palearctic, recorded in Canada and America. First record for
Armenia .
Habitat: Very common in houses and abandoned buildings.
DISCUSSION
Twelve new records for the Armenian arachnofauna have been detected, thus increasing the
spider biodiversity of the most studied family Salticidae to 46 species and Theridiidae to 12 in
Armenia. Ballus rufipes is the first record for the Caucasus region and Armenia .
Despite the long history of research, the spider fauna of Armenia is still far from being well
studied and needs further investigation. By this study, the total list of spiders has been
enlarged to 249 species, but Armenia is still the poorest among the Caucasus region countries,
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neighboring Turkey (145 species of Salticidae and 84 species of Theridiidae) ((Nentwig et al.,
2021) and Iran (117 species of Salticidae and 64 species of Theridiidae) (Zamani et al., 2020)
regarding spider species richness due to the limited conducted researches of arachno-fauna
studies and the insufficient data .
Plate (1): Ballus rufipes; (A) Habitus, (B) Pedipalp (10X), (C) Eyes.
Plate (2): Neon reticulatus; (A) Habitus, (B) Epigyne (magnification x10), (C) Pedipalp
(10X).
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Plate (3): Pellenes brevis; (A) Habitus, (B) Pedipalp (10X), (C) Eyes.
Plate (4): Salticus Scenicus; (A) Habitus, (B) Pedipalp (10X).
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Plate (5): Synageles dalmaticus; (A) Habitus, (B) Epigyne (10X), (C) Eyes.
Plate (6): Kochiura aulica Habitus (subadult).
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Plate (7): Steatoda albomaculata; (A) Habitus, (B) Epigyne (10X).
Plate (8): Steatoda bipunctata; (A) Habitus, (B) Epigyne (10x).
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Plate (9): Steatoda castanea Habitus.
Plate (10): Steatoda grossa; (A) Habitus, (B) Epigyne (10X).
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Plate (11): Steatoda paykulliana; (A) habitus, (B) Pedipalp (10x), (C) Epigyne (7X).
Plate (12): Steatoda triangulosa; (A) Habitus, (B) Epigyne (10x).
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CONCLUSIONS
The provisional tendency in species richness is inadequate to capture key changes
in biodiversity for these two families (Salticidae and Teridiidae). We hope this paper will
accelerate further studies on arachnology in Armenia and could contribute for future
biodiversity data.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the Science Committee of Ministry of Education, Science, Culture
and Sports of Republic of Armenia for financial support to study Arachnids in Armenia.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflict of interest related to the work in a manuscript.
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BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
Zarikian, N.
Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus.
(2022) 17 (2): 169-185.
Salticidae و Theridiidae بيانات جديدة عن عناكب من عائلتي
في أرمينيا Araneae رتبة
نوشك زيراكيان
،ألكاديمية الوطنية للعلوما ،لبيئة املائية ومعهد علم الحيواناملركز العلمي لعلم ا
جمهورية أرمينيا.
20/12/2022، تأريخ النشر: 2/09/2022، تأريخ القبول: 12/05/2022تأريخ االستالم:
الخالصة
وعناكب الويب املتشابكة Salticidae تم تقديم بيانات جديدة عن العناكب القافزة
Theridiidae مؤخًرا في مناطق مختلفة من جمعتي في أرمينيا على أساس العينات الت
أرمينيا.
كما ان ،على أنه جديد ملنطقة القوقاز Ballus rufipes (Simon),1868النوع ُسِجل
Theridiidae :Neon reticulatusالتالية ضمن عائلة هذا النوع باالضافة الى االنواع
(Blackwall, 1853) ،Pellenes brevis (Simon, 1868) ، Salticus cinicus (Clerck),
1757 ،Synageles dalmaticus (Keyserling, 1863) في أرمينيا. ها الول مرة ، تم تسجيل
في أرمينيا ألول مرة شملت: Theridiidae عائلة أنواع أخرى من 7 سجلتكما
Kochiura aulica (C.L. Koch,1838)، Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) ،
Steatoda castanea Clerk, 1757 ،Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838) ، Steatoda
paykulliana Walckenaer, 1805 وSteatoda triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802).