Bull 375 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2023) 17 (3): 375-407. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2023.17.3.0375 ORIGINAL ARTICLE SURVEY WITH REVISED CHECKLIST OF COMPOSITAE IN THE HERBARIUM OF IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH CENTER AND MUSEUM Khansaa Rasheed Al-Joboury*♦ and Sukeyna Abass Aliwy** * Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. ** Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. ♦Corresponding author: dr.khansaa@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq Recived Date: 17 November 2022, Accepted Date 12 Feberuary 2023, Published Date:20 June 2023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT A survey and revised checklist of the species belonging to the family of Compositae for the specimens which are collected and deposited previously at the herbarium of the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, in addition to the current specimens collected for the period 2016-2021. A total of 85 species belonging to 49 genera and 16 tribes are revised with their synonyms, locality, and distributions, flowering and fruiting period. Keywords: Checklist, Compositae, Herbarium, Museum, Natural. INTRODUCTION Compositae (Asteraceae) are the largest family for the vascular plants (Soares et al., 2022), it comprises four major subfamilies, three of which are represented in Iraq, with more than 1600 genera, around 123 of which occur in Iraq, and some 25000 species, of which 433 species occur in Iraq (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019), which distributed in most countries worldwide and in all habitats (Rahman et al., 2008), except for Antarctica, species of the family account for about 8% - 10% for the angiosperm diversity described worldwide (Schaefer and Essi, 2017). The late Cretaceous palynomorph Compositopollenites in India was evidence that proves the family was around there in this early date (Stevens, 2017). Compositae are monophyletic, yet resolving the phylogenetic relationships in the family has proven very difficult, this makes it difficult to understand its origin and diversity. Recent molecular clock dating was suggested the Cretaceous origin, but the lack of deep sampling for many genes and representative taxa within the family has obstructed the resolution for migration routes and diversifications which led to the global distribution and tremendous diversity (Mandel et al., 2019). Also, the analyses of morphological and molecular evolutionary required a very well-resolved phylogeny, the previous studies, and the presence of plastid genes, gave support for the monophyly of Asteraceae (Zhang et al., 2021). Most of species that belong to this family are herbaceous, and the rest are trees or shrubs, which BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799-Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2023.17.3.0375 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8230-3747 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7885-993X mailto:dr.khansaa@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 376 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae contains essential oil, vegetable milk latex, resins, vitamins, foodstuffs and maybe other active chemical ingredients, it may also be rich in phenols and flavonoids (Hameed et al., 2021). There are many studies for this plant family in Iraq, such as a study of cuticular indumentums of some species from Asteraceae family (Khaleel and Al-Dobaissi, 2022), also the study of comparative anatomy of peduncles for plant species of Compositae (Asteraceae) family, and a survey of genera of family Asteraceae on Korek mountain in Kurdistan region - Iraq (Mousa, 2018). The main objective of this study is to conduct a survey and document the specimens at the herbarium of the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum and identify the genera and species of this family with determining the locality of their spread so that this is a scientific reference for all researchers about this family in Iraq, especially since these species of this family found in the herbarium have not been previously published. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through this study, the author checked all the Asteraceae specimens that were collected in flowering (fl.) and fruiting (fr.) period and kept at the herbarium of the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum (BUNH), in addition to the current specimens which were collected by the researcher for the period 2016-2021. These specimens were identified or confirmed the previous identification by the author, using the identification keys of the Asteraceae in the relevant literature: Rahman et al. (2008), Zhu et al. (2011), Wilson (2015), Ghazanfar and Edmondson (2019). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The plants of this family, which are found in BUNH, were divided according to the tribes, as mentioned in the Flora of Iraq (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). A total of 286 specimens for 85 species (6 of them were cultivated species) belonging to 49 genera, 16 tribes are revised in BUNH, Sphaeranthus strobiliferus Boiss. & Noë., 1853 is the only endemic species of this family in the herbarium, all species are recorded in the Flora of Iraq, however, there are number of species in the BUNH considered as synonyms for other species. According to the results, it was observed that the genus Centaurea L., 1753 has the most number of specimens which was 36 specimens, and has the highest number of species with 10 different species distributed in different physiographic regions of Iraq depending on those that are kept in BUNH. The results showed, that the widest distributing species is Achillea aleppica DC., 1838; this is due to many reasons, including the plant's ability to withstand changing and difficult environmental conditions, so it thrives and continues to survive, It distributes in many physiographic districts (Guest, 1966) such as Jabal Sinjar district (MJS), Sulaimaniya district (MSU), Arbil district (FAR), Ghurfa-Adhaim district (DGA), Central Alluvial Plain district (LCA), Southern Marsh district (LSM). As well a number of species that stored in BUNH 377 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy described as very rare in Iraq: Anthemis cotula L., 1753; Carlina lanata L., 1753; Filago contracta (Boiss.) Chrtek & Holub, 1963 and Filago eriocephala Guss., 1826 (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). The Asteraceae species found in BUNH are much less than what was recorded in the Flora of Iraq, because of the lack of field trips and the difficult conditions the country went through, which impeded the field trips and led to a lack of collected plants belonging to this family. This study presented for the first time the complete information about the Asteraceae family specimens in BUNH. Most of these species which their details would be presented below, have synonymous names, as well as, common or local names given by the local people, these local names could confuse the researcher because some species shared the same local name or sometimes one species has more than one local name depending on the locations of the specimens collected , following are the details of Asteraceae family specimens in BUNH: Tribe: Anthemideae Cass. Genus, Achillea L., 1753 Remark: Achillea L. is represented in Iraq by 10 species: Achillea leppica DC., A. arabica Kotschy, A. conferta DC., A. filipendulina Lam., A. fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip., A. millefolium L., A. oligocephala DC., A. talagonica Boiss., A. vermicularis Trin., A. wilhelmsii C. Koch. Achillea aleppica D C., 1838 Synonyms: Achillea trilingulata Sch.Bip. ex Boiss, 1875 Material examind: : (2 Specimens) : Balad, Adhaim (near Balad); fl. and fr. : May-July. BUNH: (13 specimens): Jabal Sinjar, nr Balad Sinjar, Jarmo (E. of Chemchamal), Sudur (the canal heads) on R. Diyala, Bisan valley Sulaimaniya, Adhaim (near Balad), Aski Kalak (Arbil), Fallujah, Darbandikhan (Sulaymaniyah), Al-Kahla District (Maysan), Fatha (Kirkuk and Baiji). Distribution: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Turkey, Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson 2019). Remark: This species has 2 subsp. in Iraq: a: subsp. aleppica, b: subsp. densa (endemic) (Youssef, 2020); local names: Culilk, Giya mesh. Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch.Bip., 1855 Synonyms: Santolina fragrantissima Forssk., 1775 BUNH: (1 specimen): Fallujah; fl. and fr. : March-May. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Mohammed–Ibtisam and Doka, 2018), Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Kuwait, Egypt (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Qaisum. Achillea arabica Kotschy, 1866 Synonyms: Achillea biebersteinii Afan., 1959 A. micrantha Willd., 1803 BUNH: (2 specimens): Hijran in Arbil, Salah El Deen Resort in Arbil; fl. and fr.: May- August in the mountains, April- June on the plains. 378 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Remark: This species is registered at herbarium of the Natural History Museum under the name A. micrantha Willd. by Mohammad in (1977) and the other sample is diagnosed by Karan (1979); local names: Burzhan, Bejank, Brinda, Brindasi, Tureik Adduban. Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch, 1851 Synonyms: Achillea santolina auctt., 1753 A. kermanica Gand, 1918 A. krascheninnikovii Afan., 1953 A. teretifolia, 1845 Material examind: (1 specimen): Al Khalis (Diyala); fl. and fr. : March- June. BUNH: (1 specimen): Sarsank (Dohuk). Distribution: Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor 2014), Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Afghanistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: In GBIF Secretariat (2020), this species is accepted but in flora of Iraq ,the name A. wilhelmsii K.Koch for the same species is accepted. Achillea talagonica Boiss., 1849 Synonyms: Achillea tenuifolia Lam. var. talagonica (Boiss.) Bornm., 1849 A. oxylepis Boiss. & Hausskn., 1875 BUNH: (1 specimen): Sudur (the canal heads) on R. Diyala; fl. and fr.: March- August. Distribution: Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Anthemideae Cass. Genus, Anthemis L., 1753 Remark: Anthemis L. is represented in Iraq by 34 species, 7 of them are endemic: Anthemis altissima L., A. arvensis L., A. brevicuspis Bornm., A. coelopoda Boiss., A. cotula L., A. corymbulosa Boiss. & Hausskn., A. deserti Boiss., A. gillettii Iranshahr, A. hamrinensis Iranshahr, A. handel-mazzettii Eig, A. haussknechtii Boiss. & Reut., A. homalolepis Eig, A. hyalina DC., A. kotschyana Boiss., A. leptophylla Eig, A. leucanthemoides Boiss., A. maris- mortui Eig, A. melanacme Boiss. & Hausskn., A. melanolepis Boiss., A. melampodina Delile, A. micrantha Boiss. & Hausskn., A. microlepis Eig, A. odontostephana Boiss., A. pauciloba Boiss., A. plebeia Boiss. & Noë A. pseudocotula Boiss., A. rascheyana Boiss., A. scariosa Banks & Sol., A. schizostephana Boiss. & Hausskn., A. susiana Nábělek, A. tinctoria L., A. tubicina Boiss. & Hausskn., A. wettsteiniana Hand.-Mazz., A. zoharyana Eig. Anthemis cotula L., 1753 Synonyms: Anthemis cotula subsp. psorosperma (Ten.) Arcang., 1882 A. foetida Lam., 1778 Chamaemelum cotula (L.) All., 1785 C. foetidum (Lam.) Baumg., 1817 Maruta cotula (L.) DC., 1838 Remark: This species is rare in Iraq. BUNH: (2 specimens): Adiam, Salah Al-Din road; fl. and fr.: March- May. 379 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Distribution: Egypt, Italy (Bartolucci et al. 2018), Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor 2014), Bolivia (Hind, 2011), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), The Falkland Islands (Upson and Lewis, 2014), Sierra Nevada (SE Spain) (Lorite, 2016), Asia, Europen countries, North Africa, America, Australia and New Zealand (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Anthemis tubicina Boiss. & Hausskn., 1875 Synonyms: Anthemis odontostephana Boiss.var. tubicina (Boiss & Hausskn) Bornm., 1911 BUNH: (3 Specimens): Shaqlawa (in Erbil), Jabal Sinjar; fl. and fr.: March- July. Distribution: Turkey, Syria and Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Anthemis wettsteiniana Hand.-Mazz., 1913 Synonyms: Anthemis deltawensis Eig, 1938 A. deserti-syriaci Eig, 1938 BUNH: (2 Specimens): Fallujah, Rutba; fl. and fr.: April- May. Distribution: Syria, Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Anthemideae Cass. Genus, Artemisia L., 1753 Remark: Artemisia L. is represented in Iraq by 7 species: Artemisia absinthium L., A. campestris L., A. jordanica Danin, A. scoparia Waldst. & Kitam., A. sieberi Besser, A. splendens Willd., A. vulgaris L. Artemisia campestris L., 1753 Synonyms: Artemisia campestris var. sosnovskyi (Krasch.) Poljakov, 1961 A. clausonis Pomel, 1874 A. dniproica Klokov, 1962 Oligosporus campestris (L.) Cass., 1817 O. caudatus (Michx.) Poljakov, 1961 Material examind: (1 specimen): Baqubah; fl. and fr.: April- October. BUNH: (3 Specimens): Diyala, the southern desert, west Iraq. Distribution: China, Japan, Russia, Iran, Asia, Europe, America (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: An important medicinal plant (Naqishbandi, 2014). Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit., 1801 Synonyms: Artemisia capillaris Miq., 1866 A. gracilis L'Hér. ex DC., 1838 A. kohatica Klatt, 1878 A. piperita Pall. ex Ledeb., 1833 A. scoparioides Grossh., 1929 A. trichophylla Wall. ex DC., 1838 BUNH: (2 specimens): Sudur (the canal heads) on R. Diyala; fl. and fr.: March- July. Distribution: Egypt, Russia, Mongolia, Sweden, Czechia, Ukraine, Japan, France, China, India, Poland, Germany, Centeral and southwest Asia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). 380 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Artemisia sieberi Besser, 1836 Synonyms: Artemisia contra L., 1771 A. fragrans Eichw., 1835 A. glomerata Sieber ex Spreng., 1826 A. herba-alba var. laxiflora Boiss., 1875 Seriphidium incultum (Delile) Y.R.Ling, 1991 BUNH: (1 specimen): Nukhaib; fl. and fr.: March- July. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Mohammed–Ibtisam and Doka, 2018), Sierra Nevada (SE Spain) (Lorite, 2016), E Mediterranean across SW Asia to Pakistan and C Asia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Inuleae Cass. Genus, Asteriscus Mill., 1754 Remark: Asteriscus Mill. is represented in Iraq by a single species: Asteriscus pygmaeus (DC.) Coss. & Durieu. Asteriscus pygmaeus (DC.) Coss. & Durieu, 1856 Synonyms: Asteriscus aquaticus (L.) Less. var. paygmaeus DC., 1838 Odontospermum pygmaeum (Coss. & Dur.) Hoffm., 1955 BUNH: (4 specimens): Western desert; fl. And fr.: March- June. Distribution: Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Yemen, Iran, Kuwait, Afghanistan, Sinai, Pakistan, Macaronesia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: GBIF Secretariat (2020) listed this species under the name Pallenis hierichuntica (Michon) Greuter 1997, while in flora of Iraq (2019) this plant has been diagnosed under the name Asteriscus pygmaeus (DC.) Coss. & Durieu. Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Atractylis L., 1753 Remark: Atractylis L. is represented in Iraq by 3 species: Atractylis arabica Rech.f., A. carduus (Forssk.) C. Chr., A. cancellata L. Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C.Chr., 1922 Synonyms: Atractylis candida Cuénod, 1911 A. citrina Coss. & Kralik, 1857 A. flava Desf., 1799 Centaurea carduus Forssk., 1775 Material examind : ( 1 specimen): Baquba (Diyala); fl. and fr.: April- June. BUNH: (3 Specimens): Shithatha (50 Km. W. Karbala), Baquba (Diyala). Distribution: Syria, Palestine, Peninsula, Africa, Sinai (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Number of varieties of this species were recognized in Egypt, but not present in Iraq. Also the species was previously diagnosed in the herbarium under the name Atractylis flava Desf. By R. Wheeler Haines. Atractylis cancellata L., 1753 381 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Synonyms: Acarna caespitosa Willd., 1830 A. cancellata (L.) All., 1785 Atractylis caespitosa Viv., 1824 A. glomerata Caball., 1935 Carthamus cancellatus (L.) Lam., 1779 BUNH: (3 Specimens): Kirkuk, Adiam, 50 Km. before Khalis; Fl. & fr.: March- May. Distribution: Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor 2014), Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Syria, Palestine, Peninsula, Africa, Turkey, Europe (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Astereae Cass. Genus, Bellis L., 1753 Remark: Bellis L. is represented in Iraq by 2 species: Bellis annua L. and B. perennis L. Bellis perennis L., 1753 Synonyms: Aster bellis E.H.L.Krause, 1905 Bellis alpina Hegetschw., 1839 B. armena Boiss., 1875 B. hortensis Mill., 1768 Erigeron perennis (L.) Sessé & Moc., 1894 BUNH: (3 specimens): Khalis, Shaqlawa; fl. and fr.: March- June. Distribution: Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Sierra Nevada (SE Spain) (Lorite, 2016), Syria, Palestine, Iran, Turkey, Europe, Cyprus, Transcaucasia, Macaronesia, India, Australia, New Zealand, America Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Ward Al-Dukmah, Zehrat Al-Rabee' a, Zehrat Al-lulu, Also this species wild in the north of Iraq but cultivated in middle and south. Tribe: Calenduleae Cass. Genus, Calendula L., 1753 Remark: Calendula L. is represented by 9 widely cultivated species, 3 native species in Iraq: Calendula arvensis L., C. officinalis L., C. tripterocarpa Rupr. Calendula arvensis L., 1763 Synonyms: Calendula alata ech.fil., 1989 C. amplexifolia Rchb., 1830 C. bicolor Raf., 1810 C. byzantina DC., 1838 C. crista-galli Viv., 1824 Material examind: (3 specimens): Rashidiya (in Baghdad), Adhaim; fl. and fr.: February – July. BUNH: (14 specimens): Baghdad, Kut, Suwaira (in Wasit), Al-Na'maniya (Wasit), Hawraman (Sulaymaniyah), Abu Al-Khaseeb (Basra), Adhaim, Jabal Sinjar. Distribution: Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Saudi Arabia (Mohammed–Ibtisam and Doka, 2018), Syria, Palestine, Iran, Turkey, Europe, Cyprus, Afghanistan, Sinai, Egypt, 382 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Caucasia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Yemen (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: The local names: Khuzna, Hanwa, Kahla; in herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name C. persica C. A. Mey by Lawand L. Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Carthamus L., 1754 Remark: Carthamus L. is represented in Iraq by 7 species: Carthamus dentatus Vahl, C. lanatus L., C. glaucus M.Bieb., C. tinctorius L., C. oxyacanthus M.Bieb., C. persicus Desf. ex Willd., C. cardicus Hanelt. Carthamus glaucus M.Bieb., 1798 Synonyms: Carthamus syriacus (Boiss.) Čelak., 1885 C. glaucus M. Bieb. Var. alexandrines (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss., 1875 C. alexandrinus (Boiss & Heldr.) Bornm., 1898 C. glaucus M.Bieb. subsp. alexandrinus (Boiss & Heldr.) Hanelt, 1963 BUNH: (3 Specimens): Kirkuk, Jarmo, Jabal Hamrin; fl. and fr.: June- November. Distribution: Crimea, Turkey, Caucasia, Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Carthamus tinctorius L., 1875 Synonyms: Centaurea carthamus E.H.L.Krause, 1906 Calcitrapa tinctoria (L.) Röhl., 1813 Carduus tinctorius Ehrh., 1788 Carthamus glaber Burm.f., 1768 C. tinctorius var. albus Alef., 1866 Material examind: (2 specimens): Abu Ghuraib, Baghdad; fl. and fr.: March – June. BUNH: There are no previously collected herbarium specimens in the herbarium for this species. Distribution: New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Asia, Africa (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Cultivated plant; Local names: Bastard Sffron, Safflower, Zafaran. Carthamus oxyacanthus M.Bieb., 1808 Synonyms: Carduus flavescens Willd., 1803 Carthamus oxyacantha subsp. noeana Sostak., 1947 BUNH: (3 Specimens): N Baghdad, Abu Ghuraib, Suwaira; fl. and fr.: May – October. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (El Ghazali and Al-Soqeer, 2013), Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014), Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Transcaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Carduus L., 1754 Remark: Carduus L. is represented in Iraq by 3 species: Carduus getulus Pomel, C. argentatus L., C. pycnocephalus L. Carduus pycnocephalus L., 1763 383 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Synonyms: C. pycnocephalus subsp. Pycnocephalus, 1763 C. tenuiflorus var. pycnocephalus (L.) DC., 1838 C. australis L., 1782 C. albidus M.Bieb, 1808 Material examind: (3 specimens): Baghdad, Zafaraniya; fl. and fr.: March – June. BUNH: (6 Specimens): Bab Al Mu'adham in Baghdad, Al-fahhama in Baghdad, Baqubah, Shaqlawa. Distribution: Egypt, New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Sierra Nevada (SE Spain) (Lorite, 2016), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Transcaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: This species have 3 subspecies: C. pycnocephalus subsp. albidus (M.Bieb.) Kazmi 1964, C. pycnocephalus subsp. arabicus (Jacq. ex Murray) Nyman 1879, C. pycnocephalus subsp. breviphyllarius P.H. Davis 1975. Genus, Carlina L., 1754 Remark: Carlina L. is represented in Iraq by 2 species: Carlina kurdica Meusel & Kästner and C. lanata L. Carlina lanata L., 1753 Synonyms: Carlina lanata var. proilfera DC., 1838 Carlina pola Hacq., 1782 Chromatolepis lanata Dulac, 1867 BUNH: (1 Specimen): Dohuk; fl. and fr.: July – August. Distribution: Italy (Bartolucci et al., 2018), Europe from Spain to Turkey, S Bulgaria, Cyprus, N. Africa (Libya to Morocco), Pakistan, Transcaucasia, Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: This species is rare in Iraq. Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Centaurea L., 1753 Remark: Centaurea L. is represented in Iraq by 44 species: Centaurea aggregata Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ex DC., C. alveicola Rech.f., C. amadanensis Sch.Bip., C. ammocyanus Boiss., C. aucheri (DC.) Wagenitz, C. behen L., C. bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz., C. davisii Wagenitz, C. delbesiana Arènes, C. elegantissima Bornm., C. foveolata Blakelock, C. fusiformis Blakelock, C. gigantea Sch.Bip. ex Boiss., C. gudrunensis Boiss. & Hausskn., C. hadacii Wagenitz, C. handelii Wagenitz, Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss., C. iberica Trevir. ex Spreng., C. imperialis Hausskn. ex Bornm., C. intricata Boiss., C. koeieana Bornm., C. laxa Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn., C. longipedunculata Sch.Bip. ex Boiss., C. luristanica Rech.f., C. mesopotamica Bornm., C. microcnicus Reese & Sam. ex Rech.f., C. ochrocephala Wagenitz, C. polypodiifolia Boiss.C. regia Boiss., C. persica Boiss., C. postii Boiss., C. pseudosinaica Czerep., C. rhizantha C.A.Mey., C. rigida Banks & Sol., C. sinaica DC., C. singarensis Boiss. & Hausskn., C. solstitialis L., C. bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. C. virgata Lam. 384 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Centaurea bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz., 1913 Synonyms: Centaurea phyllocephala Boiss., 1846 Tetramorphaea bruguieriana DC., 1838 BUNH: (6 Specimens): Tuz Khurmatu (in Saladin Governorate), Imam Ibrahim (Babil), Baiji; fl. and fr.: June – August. Distribution: Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014), Turkey, Syria, Afghanistan, C. Asia (Turkmenia to Kazakhstan), Pakistan, Transcaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: This species has 2 subsp.: C. bruguierana subsp. belangeriana (DC.) Bornm. 1939, C. bruguierana subsp. bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.1913. Centaurea behen L., 1753 Synonyms: Behen album Garsault, 1764 Centaurea alata Lam., 1785 Microlophus behen (L.) Takht., 1945 BUNH: (4 Specimens): Sarsank, Jabal Sinjar, Balad Sinjar; fl. and fr.: April – August. Distribution: Turkey, Palestine, Transcaucasia, Iran, Lebanon (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Kakhor. Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng., 1826 Synonyms: Calcitrapa iberica (Trevir. ex Spreng.) Schur, 1866 C. iberica Spreng., 1826 Centaurea macracantha Heldr. ex Boiss., 1875 C. noeana Boiss., 1856 Leucantha iberica (Spreng.) Á.Löve & D.Löve, 1961 Material examind: (2 specimens): Baghdad, Khalis; fl. and fr.: July – August. BUNH: (6 Specimens): Baghdad, Sarsank, Altun Kupri (Kirkuk), Amara. Distribution: SE Europe (Greece to Romania and Crimea), Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Pakistan, Transcaucasia, Iran, Afghanistan, Kashmir, C. Asia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: local names: Kassub, Murrair (bitter-wort), Chalba. Centaurea mesopotamica Bornm., 1906 Synonyms: Centaurea musili Velen., 1912 BUNH: (4 Specimens): Fallujah, Baghdad, Baiji, Haditha (Al Anbar); fl. and fr.: April – June. Distribution: Jordan, Syria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019) . Remark: The common name: Chalba. Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss., 1846 Synonyms: Calcitrapa hyalolepis (Boiss.) Holub, 1974 Centaurea pallescens Bové ex DC., 1838 C. pallescens var. australis Plitmann, 1973 C. pallescens var. hyalolepis (Boiss.) Boiss., 1875 C. pallescens subsp. hyalolepis (Boiss.) Holmboe, 1914 385 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy BUNH: (1 specimen): Baghdad; fl. and fr.: April – June. Distribution: Jordan, Syria, Cyprus, Palestine, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Centaurea solstitialis L., 1753 Synonyms: Calcitrapa solstitialis (L.) Lam., 1778 C. lutea Delarbre, 1800 C. solstitialis (L.) Lam., 1779 Centaurea cyanifolia Poir., 1811 C. parvispina Láng ex Gugler, 1907 BUNH: (4 Specimens): Amadiya (in Duhok ). Baqubah, Jarmo (E. of Chemchamal). Distribution: Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014), Egypt, New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Jordan, Syria, Cyprus, Palestine, Lebanon, Turkey, Europe, S Russia, Caucasus, C Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Only one subsp.: Centaurea solstitialis subsp. solstitialis L. for this species occurs in Iraq. Centaurea calcitrapa L., 1753 Synonyms: Calcitrapa lanceolata Lam., 1779 C. stellaris Hill, 1769 C. vulgaris Bernh., 1800 Centaurea carduifolia Salisb., 1769 BUNH: (1specimen): Taji (north of Baghdad); fl. and fr.: April – June. Distribution: New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021); Jordan, Syria, Cyprus, Palestine, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Europe, S Russia, Caucasus, C. Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Centaurea cyanus L., 1753 Synonyms: Cyanus segetum Hill, 1769 C. arvensis Moench, 1794 Centaurea hoffmanniana Asch., 1899 C. pulchra DC., 1838 C. umbrosa Reut., 1856 BUNH: (3 specimens): Cultivated in Baghdad; fl. and fr.: April – June. Distribution: New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), The Falkland Islands (Upson and Lewis, 2014), Europe, Siberia, Caucasus, C Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan), N America, Italy, Greece, W Turkey (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names cornflower, Blue- bottle. Centaurea rigida Banks & Sol., 1794 Synonyms: Centaurea myriocephala Sch.Bip. ex Boiss., 1857 C. myriocephala Sch.Bip.ex Boiss., 1875 C. myriocephala var. schizophylla (Nábělek) Nábělek, 1929 386 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae C. schizophylla Nábělek, 1925 C.russelliana Buek, 1840 BUNH: (2 Specimens): Arbil, Bekhair (Dohuk); fl. and fr.: May – August. Distribution: Palestine, Turkey, Syria (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Centaurea virgata Lam., 1785 Synonyms: Acosta virgata (Lam.) Holub, 1972 Centaurea virgata subsp. virgate, 1785 BUNH: (5 Specimens): Haji Omeran, Qara Dagh, Sarsank; fl. and fr.: May – July. Distribution: Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, C. Asia (Turkmenia) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: There are 2 subsp.: C. virgate subsp. virgate, C. virgata subsp. squarrosa (Boiss.) Gugler, 1907. Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Chondrilla L., 1753 Remark: Chondrilla L. is represented in Iraq by a single species: Chondrilla juncea L. Chondrilla juncea L., 1753 Synonyms: C. acanthophylla Borkh. ex Rchb., 1831 C. gaudini Hegetschw., 1822 C. hispida Desf., 1829 C. rigens Rchb., 1831 C. viminea Bubani, 1899 BUNH: (2 specimens): Sarsank; fl. and fr.: July- September. Distribution: C & S Europe (N France to SC Russia, Mediterranean region from Portugal to Turkey), Syria, Lebanon, Turkmenia, Afghananistan, N Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Chardinia Desf., 1817 Remark: A monotypic genus has a single species in Iraq: Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze. Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze, 1887 Synonyms: Chardinia macrocarpa K.Koch, 1851 C. xeranthemoides Desf., 1817 Xeranthemum annuum var. orientale L., 1753 X.orientale (L.) Mill., 1768 BUNH: (8 specimens): Shaqlawa, Jaddala (S. Balad Sinjar), Jabal Sinjar; fl. and fr.: March- June. Distribution: Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014), Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Pakistan, Turkey, Caucasus, Afghanistan, C Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Banish iuk, Gia Gur. 387 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Cichorium L., 1753 Remark: Cichorium L. is represented in Iraq by 2 species: Cichorium intybus L. and Cichorium pumilum Jacq. Cichorium intybus L., 1753 Synonyms: Cichorium balearicum Porta, 1887 C. callosum Pomel, 1874 C. intybus var. sativum Bisch., 1851 C. intybus var. glabrum (C.Presl) Gren. & Godr., 1850 C.intybus var. genuina Kurz, 1877 C. intybus f. sativum (Gaudin) Bisch., 1851 BUNH: (7 specimens): Bisan valley (Sulaimaniya), Sarsank, Salah alddin Resort, near Khalis, Ashewa Resort (Duhok); fl. and fr.: March- June. Distribution: New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Afghanistan, C Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Banish iuk, Gia Gur. Cichorium pumilum Jacq., 1771 Synonyms: Cichorium ambiguum Schult., 1809 C. divaricatum Schousb, 1800 C. dichotomum Link, 1829 C. minimum Port., 1824 C. noeanum Boiss., 1875 BUNH: (2 Specimens): Karradah Maryam (Baghdad); fl. and fr.: May-September. Distribution: Southern Europe from Portugal to European Turkey, Syria, Iran, Macaronesia, N. Africa (Libya to Morocco), Transcaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Tala Shir, Chaqchaqa; In herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name C. glandulosum Boiss. & A.Huet by R. Wheeler Hanise. Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Cirsium Mill., 1754 Remark: Cirsium Mill. is represented in Iraq by 13 species: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., C. canum (L.) All., C. ciliatum (Murray) Moench, C. elodes M.Bieb., C. haussknechtii Boiss., C. hygrophilum Boiss., C. karduchorum Petr., C. lappaceum (M.Bieb.) Fisch., C. libanoticum DC., C. pubigerum (Desf.) DC., C. pseudobracteosum Davis & Parris, C. sorocephalum Fisch. & C.A.Mey., C. vulgare (Savi) Ten. Cirsium libanoticum DC., 1838 Synonyms: Cirsium apiculatum DC., 1838 C. kotschyanum Boiss., 1846 C. uliginosum Heldr. ex Boiss., 1849 388 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae C. lycaonicum Boiss. & Heldr., 1849 BUNH: (10 Specimens): Ashewa Resort (Duhok), Salah alddin Resort, Sarsank, Sudur, Haji Umran; fl. and fr.: July- September. Distribution: Syria, Turkey (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Has 2 subsp.: C. libanoticum subsp. libanoticum (found in Syria, Lebanon, western Iran), C. libanoticum subsp. arachnoideum Davis & Parris 1975 (found in Iraq). Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Crepis L., 1753 Remark: Crepis L. is represented in Iraq by 11 species: Crepis alpina L., C. aspera L., C. elbrusensis Boiss., C. foetida L., C. kotschyana (Boiss.) Boiss., C. kurdica Rech.f., C. micrantha Czerep., C. pulchra L., C. quercifolia Bornm. & Gauba, C. sahendi Boiss. & Buhse, C. sancta (L.) Babc. Crepis foetida L., 1753 Synonyms: Barkhausia foetida subsp. infr, 1905 B. foetida var. sinuatodentata Schur, 1866 Crepis foetida subsp. eufoetida Domin, 1935 C. foetida subsp. radicata Nyman, 1879 C. foetida var. arenaria Heuff., 1858 BUNH: (7 specimens): Gara Mountain (Duhok), 10 Km S Baghdad, Samarra, Arbil, Shaqlawa; fl. and fr.: April- July. Distribution: Italy (Bartolucci et al. 2018), New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Turkmenia, Turkey, Caucasus, N Africa (Morocco, Algeria,), C Asia (Turkmenia) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: 2 subspecies found in Iraq: C. foetida subsp. foetida 1753, C. foetida subsp. commutate; the local names: Hodhan, Kalilk zar, Gullikah zar. Crepis micrantha Czerep., 1964 Synonyms: Crepis parviflora Pers., 1807 C. parviflora Desf., 1807 C. breviflora Delile, 1840 C. fuliginosa Webb & Berthel., 1850 C. muricata Sm., 1813 BUNH: (4 Specimens): Tarmiyah (N Baghdad), Shaqlawa, fl. and fr.: April- June. Distribution: Greece, Syria, Crete, Crimea, Aegean Is., Turkey, Iran, Egypt, C Asia (Turkmenia) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Marair; in herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name C. parviflora Desf. by Lawand L. Crepis kotschyana (Boiss.) Boiss., 1875 Synonyms: Barkhausia bureniana (Boiss.) C.Winkl., 1890 B. bureniana (Boiss.) Krasch., 1937 389 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy B. glanduligera C.Winkl., 1890 B. kotschyana Boiss., 1846 Crepis bureniana Boiss., 1875 BUNH: (1 specimen): Khanaqin; fl. and fr.: April- June. Distribution: Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014), Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, C. Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Crupina (Pers.) DC., 1810 Remark: Crupina (Pers.) DC.is represented in Iraq by 3 species: Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis., C. intermedia (Mutel) Walp., C. vulgaris Cass. Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis., 1847 Synonyms: Centaurea crupina Sibth. & Sm., 1839 C. crupina var. maculata Pers., 1807 C. visianii Rouy, 1905 C. crupinastrum f. morisii Rouy, 1905 C. crupinastrum f. visianus Rouy, 1905 BUNH: (5 Specimens): Jabal Sinjar, Darbandikhan (Sulaimaniyah), Salah alddin Resort, Jabal Sinjar; fl. and fr.: April- July. Distribution: Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014), Sierra Nevada (SE Spain) (Lorite, 2016), Europe, islands from Spain to Turkey, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Transcaucasia, N Africa (Libya to Algeria) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Dipterocome Fisch. & C.A.Mey., 1835 Remark: Dipterocome Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is represented in Iraq by a single species: Dipterocome pusilla Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Dipterocome pusilla Fisch. & C.A.Mey., 1836 Synonyms: Jaubertia koelpiniodes Spach, 1850 Koelpinia sessilis Boiss., 1849 BUNH: (1 Specimens): Fatha; fl. and fr.: March- May. Distribution: Iran, Syria, Palestine, Afghanistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Heliantheae Cass. Genus, Eclipta L., 1771 Remark: Eclipta L. is represented in Iraq by a single species: Eclipta prostrata L. Eclipta prostrata L., 1771 Synonyms: Anthemis cotula var. hierosolymitana Eig, 1938 A. viridis Blanco, 1845 Bellis racemosa Steud., 1821 Eclipta alba f. prostrata (L.) Hassk., 1848 390 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae E. erecta L., 1771 Material examind: (1 specimen): Karradah (Baghdad); fl. and fr.: April-May. BUNH: (9 Specimens): Al-Fahamah (Baghdad), Baqubah, Sudur, Aziziya. Distribution: Bangladesh (Rahman et al., 2008), India (Adhikari and Babu, 2008), Brazil (Soares et al., 2022), Iran, Syria, Palestine, Afghanistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: In herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name Eclipta alba f. prostrata (L.) Hassk by Lawand L., and another one by R. Wheeler Haires, and the third plant by Rassam I., also found herbarium plant samples diagnosed under the name Eclipta erecta L. by Karam M. Tribe: Calenduleae Cass. Genus, Filago L. 1753 Remark: Filago L. is represented in Iraq by 7 species: Filago anatolica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Chrtek & Holub, F. arvensis L., F. contracta (Boiss.) Chrtek & Holub, F. desertorum Pomel, F. eriocephala Guss., F. palaestina (Boiss.) Chrtek & Holub, F. pyramidata L. Filago contracta (Boiss.) Chrtek & Holub, 1963 Synonym: Evax contracta Boiss., 1849 BUNH: (1 Specimens): Al Za'franiya; fl. and fr.: June-July. Distribution: Iran, Syria, Palestine, Afghanistan, Crete, Aegean Is., Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, N Africa (Libya, Algeria) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: This species rare in Iraq; also In herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name E. contracta Boiss by R. Wheeler Harins. Filago eriocephala Guss., 1826 Synonyms: Filago germanica f. eriocephala (Guss.) Rouy, 1903 F. germanica subsp. eriocephala (Guss.) Arcang., 1882 F. germanica var. eriocephala (Guss.) P.Fourn., 1939 F. germanica var. lanuginosa (Duby) DC., 1838 F. lanuginosa Req. ex DC., 1838 BUNH: (4 Specimens): Kut, Baghdad, Basrah, Aski Kalak (Arbil); fl. and fr.: June-July. Distribution: Italy (Iamonico, 2012), Iran, Syria, Palestine; E, S and C Mediterranean, Cyprus, Turkey (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Rare in the mountain region, also in Herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name F. germanica subsp. eriocephala (Guss.) Arcang. by Lawand L. and R. Wheeler Haines. Filago pyramidata L., 1753 Synonyms: Crepis oporinoides var. prostrata Boiss., 1841 Filago candolleana Parl., 1840 F. decumbens Holmboe, 1914 F. gussonei Lojac., 1902 BUNH: (4 specimens): Kut, Adhaim, Fallujah; fl. and fr.: February-May. 391 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Distribution: Italy (Bartolucci et al., 2018), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021); S. Europe, Aegean Is., Iran, Syria, Palestine; E,S and C Mediterranean, Cyprus, Turkeym Jordan, Arabia, Caucasia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, N Africa, Macaronesia (Madeira, Canary Is., Azores (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: The local names: Qutaina, Qutn, Quttain; also In herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name F. spathulata by R. Lawand L., the other herbarium plant by R. Wheeler Haines. Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Gundelia L., 1754 Remark: Gundelia L. is represented in Iraq by 2 species: Gundelia rosea M.Hossain & Al- Taey and G. tournefortii L. Gundelia tournefortii L., 1753 Synonyms: Gundelia glabra Mill., 1768 G. purpurascens Bornm., 1939 G. tenuisecta (Boiss.) Freyn & Sint., 1892 G. tournefortii var. tenuisecta Boiss., 1875 G. tournefortii var. glabra (Mill.) DC., 1836 BUNH: (3 Specimens): Adhaim, Jabal Hamrin, Baghdad; fl. and fr.: March-July. Distribution: Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Cyprus, Transcaucasia, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenia, Algeria (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: The local name: Kaub, Kangar, the fruits of this species used as a sourse of oil. Tribe: Anthemideae Cass. Genus, Geropogon L., 1763 Remark: Geropogon L.is represented in Iraq by a single species, A monotypic genus: Geropogon hybridus (L.) Sch.Bip. Geropogon hybridus (L.) Sch.Bip., 1850 Synonyms: Geropogon glabrum L., 1763 G. australis Spreng., 1826 Tragopogon geropogon Rouy, 1908 T. hybridus L., 1753 T. glaber Hill., 1768 BUNH (1 specimen): Baqubah; fl. and fr.: April-May. Distribution: S Europe from Portugal toTurkey, Egypt, Iran, Syria, Palestine, Mediterranean Is., Cyprus, Turkey, N Africa (Libya to Morocco), Macaronesia (Madeira, Canary Is.), Transcaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Dhanab Al-Faras, horse-tail, Zabib Al-Khail, Aspink, Shaddanak local names, this plant is harmful to sheep and causes death in spring. Tribe: Cynareae Cass. 392 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Genus, Gymnarrhena Desf., 1818 Remark: Gymnarrhena Desf. is represented in Iraq by a single species: Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf. Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf., 1818 Synonyms: Cryptadia euphratensis Lindl., 1868 Frankia schimperi Steud., 1840 Gymnarrhena balansae Coss. & Durieu ex Coss. & Kralik, 1857 BUNH: (1 specimen): Rutba; fl. and fr.: March-May. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Iran, Syria, Palestine, N Africa, Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: local name: Ain Al Buqr. Tribe: Tageteae Cass. Genus, Helianthus L., 1753 Remark: Helianthus L.is represented in Iraq by 3 species: Helianthus annuus L., H. laetiflorus Pers., H. tuberosus L. Helianthus annuus L., 1753 Synonyms: Helianthus aridus Rydb., 1905 H. aridus Rydb., 1905 H. indicus L., 1767 H. jaegeri Heiser, 1948 H. cultus Wenzlaff, 1941 BUNH: (4 specimens): Culticated in Baghdad, Al Za'franiya; fl. and fr.: April-May. Distribution: Bangladesh (Rahman et al., 2008), Bolivia (Hind, 2011), Iran, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, N Africa, Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Sunflower, Ward ash shams, Ain ash shams, Abad ash shams, Shams wa qamar, Qunah Baqan, Gulah barruzhah. Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Jurinea Cass., 1821 Remark: Jurinea Cass. is represented in Iraq by 4 species: Jurinea carduiformis (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss., J. inuloides Boiss. & Hausskn., J. mesopotamica Hand.-Mazz., J. moschus (Habl.) Bobrov. Jurinea carduiformis (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss., 1846 Synonyms: Outreya carduiformis Jaub. & Spach, 1845 BUNH: (5 specimens): Jarmo, Kirkuk; fl. and fr.: May- August. Distribution: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Cnaphalieae Cass. Genus, Ifloga Cass., 1819 Remark: Ifloga Cass. is represented in Iraq by a single species: Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. 393 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip., 1845 Synonyms: Chrysocoma spicata Forssk., 1775 Gnaphalium aegyptiacum Pers., 1807 G. ammophilum Wall., 1831 G. chrysocoma Poir., 1812 Ifloga fontanesii Cass., 1822 BUNH: (2 Specimens): Fallujah; fl. and fr.: March- April. Distribution: S Europe (SE Spain), Iran, Syria, Palestine, Mediterranean Is., Cyprus, Turkey, N Africa (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco Morocco), Macaronesia (Canary Is.), Aegean Is., Transcaucasia, Sinia, Arabia, Kuwait, Afghanistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Hasaj, Hasach. Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Koelpinia Pall., 1776 Remark: Koelpinia Pall. is represented in Iraq by only one species: Koelpinia linearis Pall. Koelpinia linearis Pall., 1776 Synonyms: K. latifolia C.Winkl., 1890 K. linearis var. latifolia (C.Winkl.) Abedin & Ghafoor, 2017 Lapsana koelpinia (Pall.) L.fil., 1782 Rhagadiolus koelpinia (Pall.) F.W.Schmidt, 1795 R. koelpinia Willd., 1804 BUNH: (3 specimens): Fallujah, Abu Al-Khaseeb, W Karbala; fl. and fr.: March- June. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Iran, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Afghanistan, Turkmenia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Lahya at-tais, Carter, Dickson, Dh iluq carter. Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Lactuca L., 1753 Remark: Lactuca L. is represented in Iraq by 10 species: Lactuca aculeata Boiss. & Kotschy, L. microcephala DC., L. orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss., L. rechingeriana (Tuisl) N.Kilian & Greuter, L. saligna L., L. sativa L., L. scarioloides Boiss., L. serriola L., L. undulata Ledeb., L. viminea (L.) J.Presl & C.Presl. Lactuca saligna L., 1753 Synonyms: Chondrilla crepoides Lapeyr., 1813 Hieracium salignum (L.) E.H.L.Krause, 1906 Lactuca adulteriana Gren. & Godr., 1779 L. caucasica C.Koch, 1843 L. caucasica var. major K.Koch, 1843 L. cyanea C.Koch, 1850 L. vanensis Azn., 1918 L. wallrothii Spreng., 1813 BUNH: (11 specimens): Duhok, Sarsank, Chemchamal, Qaradagh, Tarmiyah, Hilla; fl. and fr.: April- May. 394 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Distribution: New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Iran, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Europe, Arabia, Lebanon, Caucasia, N. Africa (Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco), America (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Launaea Cass., 1822 Remark: Launaea Cass. is represented in Iraq by 5 species: Launaea angustifolia (Desf.) Kuntze, L. capitata (Spreng.) Dandy, L. mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl, L. nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f., L. procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal. Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f., 1881 Synonyms: Ammoseris nucicaulis (L.) D.Dietr., 1847 Chondrilla nudicaulis L., 1771 Lactuca nudicaulis (L.) Murray, 1780 Rhabdotheca divaricata var. subnudicaulis Bolle, 1860 Zollikoferia nudicaulis (L.) Boiss., 1875 BUNH: (4 Specimens): Baghdad, Fallujah, Badra (Wasit), Kut; fl. and fr.: April-June. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (El Ghazali and Al-Soqeer, 2013), S Spain, Iran, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Yemen), India, Eritrea, N. Africa (Sahara, Sudan), Macaronesia (Canary Is.) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Eves Dandelion, Huwa, Huwa Al- Ghazal. Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl., 1912 Synonyms: Leontodon mucronatum Forssk., 1755 Zollikoferia mucronata (Forssk.) Boiss., 1875 Launaea resedifolia (L.) Druce sp. Mucronata (Forssk.)Maire, 1937 BUNH: (3 Specimens): Imam Ibrahim, Fallujah, Baghdad; fl. and fr.: March-May. Distribution: Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, N. Africa (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: has one subsp. mucronata, local names: Murara (Murrar, Murrair). Tribe: Gnaphalieae Cass. Genus, Lasiopogon Cass., 1818 Remark: Lasiopogon Cass. is represented in Iraq by only one species: Lasiopogon muscoides (Desf.) DC. Lasiopogon muscoides (Desf.) DC., 1838 Synonyms: Gnaphalium muscoides Desf., 1798 Lasiopogon lanatum Cass., 1818 Leysera muscoides (Desf.) Quézel & Santa, 1963 BUNH: (2 specimens): Fallujah desert; fl. and fr.: March-April. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Sinai, Lebanon, Iran, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, N Africa (Morocco to Egypt), Afghanistan, India (Punjab), S Africa, Namibia, Botswana. (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). 395 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Leontodon L., 1753 Remark: Leontodon L. is represented in Iraq by 3 species: Leontodon asperrimus (Willd.) Endl., L. hispidus L., L. laciniatus (Bertol.) Widder. Leontodon laciniatus (Bertol.) Widder, 1967 Synonyms: Oporinia laciniata Bertol., 1843 Millinia persica Boiss., 1843 M. arabica Boiss., 1849 Leontodon arabicus (Boiss.) Boiss., 1875 Scorzoneroides laciniata Bertol., 2006 BUNH: (2 specimens): Fallujah desert; fl. and fr.: March-June. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Iran, Egypt, Iran, Caucasus, Kuwait (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Ward Hodhan, Murran, Murrar, Murair. Tribe: Anthemideae Cass. Genus, Matricaria L., 1753 Remark: Matricaria L. is represented in Iraq by 2 species: Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch.Bip, M. chamomilla L. Matricaria chamomilla L., 1753 Synonyms: Camomilla patens Gilib., 1792 Chamaemelum chamomilla (L.) E.H.L.Krause, 1905 C. suaveolens E.H.L.Krause, 1905 Courrantia chamomilloides Sch.Bip., 1845 Leucanthemum chamaemelum Lam., 1779 Matricaria bayeri Kanitz, 1862 Material examind: (2 specimens): Bab Al Moatham (Baghdad), Wasit; fl. and fr.: April-June. BUNH: (6 specimens): Baghdad, Al- Habbaniyah, Mosul, Albu Hayat (Anbar). Distribution: Italy (Bartolucci et al. 2018), Europe, Palestine, Mediterranean area, Syria, Iran, Turkey (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch.Bip., 1860 Synonyms: Anacyclus aureus (Loefl.) Lam. ex DC., 1805 Cenocline aurea (Loefl.) C.Koch, 1843 Chamaemelum aureum (Loefl.) E.H.L.Krause, 1905 Cotula aurea Loefl., 1758 Lepidotheca aurea (Loefl.) Kovalevsk., 1962 Perideraea aurea (Loefl.) Willk., 1865 Plagius aureus (Loefl.) Lindl., 1840 BUNH: (2 specimens): Baghdad, Kut; fl. and fr.: March-June. Distribution: Italy (Bartolucci et al. 2018), Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019). 396 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Remark: local names: Babon, Babunnaj, Baibub; it is considered a very important medicinal plant (Moussa et al., 2015). Tribe: Gnaphalieae Cass. Genus, Micropus L., 1753 Remark: Micropus is represented in Iraq by only one species: Micropus supinus L. Micropus supinus L., 1753 Synonyms: Filago supina (L.) Lam., 1779 Gnaphalodes dentata Moench, 1794 BUNH: (1 Specimens): Shaqlawa; fl. and fr.: March-May. Distribution: SE Portugal, and C&S Spain, Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Caucasia, Iran, N Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Libya) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Notobasis Cass., 1825 Remark: Notobasis Cass. is represented in Iraq by only one species: Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass., 1825 Synonyms: Carduus obvallatus Salzm., 1821 C. syriacus L., 1753 Cirsium bracteatum Link, 1834 C. maculatum Moench, 1794 C. syriacum (L.) Gaertn., 1791 BUNH (5 specimens): Sarsank, Mosul; fl. and fr.: April-June. Distribution: Spain, Crete, Syria, Palestine, Aegean Is., Cyprus, Iran, Azerbaijan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Picris L., 1753 Remark: Picris L. is represented in Iraq by 5 species: Picris babylonica Hand.-Mazz, P. kotschyi Boiss., P. longirostris Sch.Bip., P. pauciflora Willd., P. strigosa M.Bieb. Picris longirostris Sch.Bip., 1839 Synonyms: P. blancheana Boiss., 1875 P. damascena Boiss. & Gaill, 1875 P. damascena var. diffusa Eig, 1939 P. desertorum Nábelek, 1925 BUNH (2 Specimens): Adhaim, Sudur; fl. and fr.: March-June. Distribution: Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, SW Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: local names: Hodhan, Howithan; In herbarium of the Natural History Museum was previously diagnosed under the name P. damascena Boiss. & Gaill. 397 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Picris strigosa M. Bieb., 1808 Synonyms: Picris glaucescens DC., 1838 P. glomerata K.Koch, 1851 P. persica Gand, 1918 P. turcomanica Gand, 1918 BUNH (2 Specimens): Sarsank, Haji Omeran; fl. and fr.: June-August. Distribution: Syria, Turkey, Iran, Lebanon, Caucasia, Turkmenia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Picris babylonica Hand.-Mazz., 1913 Synonyms: Picris babylonica var. dimorphocarpa Eig, 1939 BUNH (3 Specimens): Fallujah desert, 10 km W of Baghdad; fl. and fr.: March-June. Distribution: Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, SW Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Umrar, Gula zerde, Murrair. Tribe: Cnaphalieae Cass. Genus, Phagnalon Cass., 1819 Remark: Phagnalon Cass. is represented in Iraq by 2 species: Phagnalon kotschyi Sch.Bip. ex Boiss and P. rupestre (L.) DC. Phagnalon kotschyi Sch.Bip. ex Boiss., 1875 Synonyms: Conyza varthemioides Nábelek, 1925 BUNH: (2 Specimens): Sarsank, Alqosh (northern Iraq); fl. and fr.: June-August. Distribution: Turkey, Iran, Lebanon (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC., 1836 Synonyms: Baccharis rupestris (L.) Desf., 1804 Phagnalon spathulatum Cass., 1826 Conyza rupestris L., 1767 BUNH (2 Specimens): Alqosh (northern Iraq), Mosul; fl. and fr.: April-May. Distribution: Italy (Iamonico, 2012), Turkey (SE Anatolia), Iran, Lebanon, W C Mediterranean Europe (C S Portugal, Spain, France, Balkans), Cyprus, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Arabia (N Yemen) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Kadha. Tribe: Inuleae Cass. Genus, Pulicaria Gaertn., 1791 Remark: Pulicaria Gaertn. is represented in Iraq by 6 species: Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) Benth. Ex Oliv., P. dysenterica (L.) Bernh., P. gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss., P. guestii Rech.f. & Rawi, P. vulgaris Gaertn. Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) Benth. Ex Oliv., 1873 Synonyms: Pulicaria undulata subsp. undulata (L.) C.A.Mey., 1831 398 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass., 1825 Aster crispus Forssk., 1775 Inula crispa (Forssk.) Pers., 1807 I. odora Forssk., 1775 BUNH (3 specimens): Rustamiya, Al Za'franiya; fl. and fr.: April-June. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (El Ghazali and Al-Soqeer, 2013), Iran, Turkey (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Jifjaf. Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss., 1844 Synonyms: Inula gnaphalodes Vent., 1802 Pulicaria gnaphalodes var. decipiens Bornm., 1839 Strabonia gnaphalodes (Vent.) DC., 1836 BUNH (2 specimens): Sudur, Khalis; fl. and fr.: May-November. Distribution: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, C Asia (Turkmenia) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: The local name: Jifjaf. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh., 1800 Synonyms: Inula conyzoea Lam., 1779 Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Gaertn., 1791 P. dysenterica var. ramosissima Lecoq & Lamotte, 1847 P. repens Fisch. ex Trevis., 1819 BUNH: (7 specimens): Rawanduz, Sarsank, Khalis, Darbandikhan, Shaqlawa; fl. and fr.: July-October. Distribution: Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), Saudi Arabia (Mohammed–Ibtisam and Doka, 2018) Mediterranean Islands, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Turkey, Iran, Caucasia, Afghanistan, C Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan), Pakistan, NW. India, W. China, Oman, N Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Tropical Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Zerd shire. Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Scorzonera L., 1753 Remark: Scorzonera L. is represented in Iraq by 15 species: Scorzonera cana (C.A.Mey.) O.Hoffm., S. cinerea Boiss., S. davisii Lipsch., S. lanata Hoffm., S. latifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) DC., S. mollis M.Bieb., S. mucida Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand., S. incisa DC., S. papposa DC., S. phaeopappa (Boiss.) Boiss., S. ramosissima DC., S. schweinfurthii Boiss., S. semicana DC., S. tortuosissima Boiss., S. veratrifolia Fenzl. Scorzonera veratrifolia Fenzl, 1843 Synonyms: Lasiospora candidissima Sch.Bip., 1845 L. veratrifolia (Fenzl) Walp., 1847 Scorzonera bella Lipsch., 1963 BUNH: (2 specimens): Shaqlawa, Bisan valley, Halabja; fl. and fr.: June-July. 399 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Distribution: E. Turkey, W. Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Scorzonera papposa DC., 1838 Synonym: Scorzonera kurdica Boiss., 1856 BUNH: (1 Specimens): Jabal Hamrin; fl. and fr.: March-May. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Turkey, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Kuwait, Transcaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Halakok, Ruba Hela, Erbahle. Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Sonchus L., 1753 Remark: Sonchus L. is represented in Iraq by 4 species: Sonchus glaucescens Jord., S. maritimus L., S. oleraceus L., S. tenerrimus L. Sonchus maritimus L., 1759 Synonyms: Sonchoseris maritima (L.) Fourr., 1869 Sonchus baburi Popov, 1941 S. hieracioides Willk., 1865 S. littoralis Rchb., 1831 S. otaviensis Dinter, 1932 Material examind: (4 specimens): Baghdad, Al- Zubaydiyah, Badra (Wasit); fl. and fr.: March-July. BUNH: (11 specimens): Duhok, Sudur, Al- Rashdiya (Baghdad), Qaradagh, Karbala, Suwaira. Distribution: Mediterranean Europe (Portugal, Spain, W & France, Italy), Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Saudia Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, N Africa (Lybia to Morocco), S Africa, Australia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Harfash, Sea sow-thistle. Sonchus oleraceus L., 1753 Synonyms: Carduus amplexicaulis Noronha, 1790 Hieracium oleraceum (L.) Scop., 1772 Sonchus angustissimus H.Lindb., 1932 S. australis hort. ex Trev., 1818 S. ciliatus Lam., 1779 Material examind: (3 specimens): Al- Zubaydiyah, Badra (Wasit), Karada Maryam (Baghdad); fl. and fr.: March-July. BUNH: (11 specimens): Duhok, Sudur, Al- Rashdiya (Baghdad), Qaradagh, Karbala, Suwaira. Distribution: India (Adhikari and Babu, 2008), New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019), Europe, Aegean Is., Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Sinai, Jordan, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Nm Africa, Turkey, Caucasia, Afghanistan, C Asia, Siberia, China, Japan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Umm Al-Halib, Harfash, Merrer. Sonchus tenerrimus L., 1753 400 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae Synonyms: Sonchus italus Spreng., 1826 S. perennis (Lange) A.W.Hill, 1938 S. tenerrimus var. glandulosus Lange, 1861 S. tenerrimus var. laevigatus Lange, 1861 S. tenerrimus var. spinulosus Lange, 1861 BUNH: (2 specimens): Basra, Hilla; fl. and fr.: March-April. Distribution: Mediterranean Europe (from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Sicily and Balkans), Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Macaronesia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Harfash, Clammy Sowthistle. Tribe: Senecioneae Cass. Genus, Senecio L., 1753 Remark: Senecio L.is represented in Iraq by 10 species: Senecio arenarius Thunb., S. cineraria DC., S. doriaeformis DC., S. eriospermus DC., S. glaucus L., S. leucanthemifolius Poir., S. mollis Willd., S. pseudoorientalis Schischk., S. racemosus (M.Bieb.) DC., S. vulgaris L. Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir., 1789 Synonyms: Senecio apulus Ten., 1827 S. atlanticus Boiss. & Reut., 1852 S. caroli-malyi Horvatić, 1956 S. humilis Desf., 1799 BUNH: (2 Specimens): Mandali, Geli Ali Beg center; fl. and fr.: March-June. Distribution: Native in C E Europe, Lebanon, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Caucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Halula, Gulilka Haspi, Gulilka zarda. Senecio glaucus L., 1753 Synonyms: Senecio chrysanthemifolius DC., 1838 S. coronopifolius Desf., 1768 S. desfontainei Druce, 1928 S. joppensis Dinsm., 1933 BUNH (2 Specimens): 25 km from Ramadi to Rutba, Rutba; fl. and fr.: February-June. Distribution: Italy (Bartolucci et al., 2018), Iran (Lotfi et al., 2010), SW Asia from Palestine to Afghanistan, Pakistan, N Africa from Egypt to Morocco, Canary Is (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local names: Hodhan, Ba' aj, Word hodhan, Rijla Al-ghurab, Zimlug. Senecio vulgaris L. 1753 Synonyms: Erigeron senecio Sch.Bip. ex Webb & Berthel., 1845 BUNH (2 Specimens): Baghdad, Miqdadiyah (Diyala); fl. and fr.: January-May. Distribution: Sardinia (Bacchetta et al. 2012), Bolivia (Hind, 2011), Spain (Jiménez-Alfaro et al., 2021), The Falkland Islands (Upson and Lewis, 2014), Europe, Aegean Is. to Cyprus, 401 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Siberia, Egypt, Iran, N. Africa (Morocco to Libya), Arabia, Turkey, Caucasia, Afghanistan, E. Asia, W E Siberia, N. America (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Shaikh Ar-Rabi. Tribe: Cynareae Cass. Genus, Silybum Adans., 1763 Remark: Silybum Adans. is represented in Iraq by only one species: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., 1791 Synonyms: Carduus lactifolius Stokes, 1812 C. mariae Crantz, 1766 C. marianus L., 1753 C. versicolor Salisb., 1796 Material examind (4 specimens): Karbala, wasite, Karada Maryam (Baghdad), Al Za'franiya; fl. and fr.: March-October. BUNH (6 Specimens): Baghdad, Sudur, Duhok. Distribution: New Zealand (Garnock-Jones, 2011), The Falkland Islands (Upson and Lewis, 2014), Native in Mediterranean region, SW Europe and SW Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Australia, S. America, Palestine and Egypt (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: Local name: Gulaghan, Milk Thistle. Tribe: Inuleae Cass. Genus, Sphaeranthus L., 1753 Remark: Sphaeranthus L. is represented in Iraq by only one species: Sphaeranthus strobiliferus Boiss. & Noë. Sphaeranthus strobiliferus Boiss. & Noë, 1856 Synonym: Sphaeranthus volgensis Tzvelev, 1991 BUNH (1specimen): Nasiriyah; fl. and fr.: August. Remark: Endemic plant. Tribe: Astereae Cass. Genus, Symphyotrichum Nees, 1832 Remark: Symphyotrichum Nees is represented in Iraq by 2 cultivated species: Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G. L. Nesom and S. subulatum (Michx.) G. L. Nesom. Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L.Nesom, 1995 Synonyms: Aster subulatus Michx., 1803 A. exilis f. subalpinus R.E. Fr., 1906 A. flexicaulis Raf, 1932 Chrysocoma linifolia (Bertero ex DC.) Steud., 1840 Erigeron linifolius Bertero ex DC., 1836 Material examind (2 specimens): Az -Zubaidiyah; fl. and fr.: March- June. 402 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae BUNH (16 Specimens): Baghdad, Sulaf resort (Dihok), Shaikh Said (20 Km. W Mandali), Pira Magrun (30 K. N.W. Sulaimaniya), Al- Suwaira (in Wasit), Kakla (Erbil), Al Anbar, Mosul. Distribution: Syria, Palestine, Iran, Turkey, Europe, Cyprus, Transcaucasia, Macaronesia, India, Australia, New Zealand, America (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Reichardia Roth, 1785 Remark: Reichardia Roth is represented in Iraq by only one species: Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth. Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth, 1787 Synonyms: Picridium discolor Pomel, 1874 P. hispanicum (Jacq.) Poir., 1816 P. ligulatum Vent., 1804 P. orientale (L.) DC., 1805 P. saharae Pomel, 1875 BUNH (1specimen): Hilla; fl. and fr.: March-April. Distribution: Mediterranean Europe (Spain, Portugal, Balearic Is. Greece), Cyprus, Syria, Arabia, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, Afghanistan, Iran, Macaronesia, N. Africa (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Gymnarrheneae Cass. Genus, Rhagadiolus Juss., 1789 Remark: Rhagadiolus Juss. is represented in Iraq by only one species: Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn., 1791 Synonyms: Lapsana lampsanifolia Mill., 1768 L. ramosissima Crantz, 1766 Rhagadiolus lampsanifolius Mirb., 1805 R. leiocarpus (DC.) A.W.Hill, 1839 BUNH (1specimen): Shaqlawa; fl. and fr.: April-July. Distribution: Mediterranean Europe, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, Caucasia, Iran, Macaronesia (Canary Is., Madeira), N Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Heliantheae Cass. Genus, Tagetes L., 1753 Remark: Tagetes L. is represented in Iraq by only one species: Tagetes erecta L. Tagetes erecta L., 1753 Synonyms: Tagetes corymbosa Sweet, 1829 T. ernestii H. Rob. & Nicolson, 1975 403 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Aliwy T. excelsa Soule, 1996 T. heterocarpha Rydb., 1915 BUNH (1 specimen): Baghdad; fl. and fr. : June- December. Distribution: Native in of Mexico, Africa (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Anthemideae Cass. Genus, Urospermum Scop., 1777 Remark: Urospermum Scop.is represented in Iraq by only one species: Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt. Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt, 1795 Synonyms: Arnopogon asper (L.) Willd., 1803 A. capensis (Jacq.) Willd., 1803 A. picroides (L.) Willd., 1803 Daumailia spinulosa Arènes, 1949 Tragopogon aculeatus Moench, 1794 BUNH (1 specimen): Badra; fl. and fr.: March- June. Distribution: South Europe from Portugal to Greece, Mediterranean Is., Arabia, Palestine, Syria, Turkey, Caucasia, Iran, N Africa (Libya to Morocco), Macaronesia, (Canary Is), Australia, S. Africa (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Tribe: Heliantheae Cass. Genus, Xanthium L., 1764 Remark: Xanthium L. is represented in Iraq by 2 species: Xanthium spinosum L. and X. strumarium L. Xanthium strumarium L., 1753 Synonyms: Xanthium abyssinicum Wallr., 1844 X. strumarium var. revelierei (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy, 1910 X. strumarium var. albertii Rouy, 1910 X. inerme Gray, 1821 X. brasilicum Velloso, 1829 BUNH (1 Specimens): Rustamiya; fl.and fr.: Jun- February. Distribution: India (Adhikari and Babu, 2008), Bolivia (Hind, 2011), Europe, America, Palestine, Syria, Turkey, Africa, Jordan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). CONCLUSIONS We conclude from the current study that the species of the Asteraceae family are distributed in various environments and resist difficult environmental conditions. Therefore, the BUNH contains a good number of specimens of Asteraceae species that were collected during different periods of time and preserved in the herbarium to be an important scientific source for all researchers in the field of plant taxonomy in Iraq. Studying this family is important because it is one of the largest plant families in Iraq with a number of medicinal and food source plant species. A total of 286 specimens for 85 species belonging to 49 genera, 404 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Survey with revised checklist of Compositae and 16 tribes are revised in BUNH, and all these species are recorded in the Flora of Iraq. However, there are number of species in the BUNH which are considered as synonyms for other species. According to the results, it was observed that the genus Centaurea L. has the most number of specimens with 36 specimens of 10 different species. Also, the widest distributing species was Achillea aleppica DC. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors have no conflicts for interest to declare. LITERATURE CITED Adhikari, B.S. and Babu, M.M. 2008. Floral diversity of Baanganga Wetland, Uttarakhand, India. Check List, 4(3): 279-290. [Click here] Khaleel, A. N. and Al-Dobaissi, I. A. R. M. 2022. 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(2023) 17 (3): 375-407. في معشب مركز بحوث و Compositaeعائلة املركبة مسح مع قائمة مراجعة لل متحف التاريخ الطبيعي و سكينة عباس عليوي** *الجبوريخنساء رشيد مركز بحوث و متحف التأريخ الطبيعي/جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق.* **قسم علوم الحياة/كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. 20/6/2023، تأريخ النشر: 12/2/2023القبول: ، تأريخ 17/11/2022يخ االستالم: تأر الخالصة مسحاجري مع قائمة مراجعة لالنواع التي تعود للعائلة املركبة للعينات التي جمعت ا التي لعينات لاضافة ،وحفظت سابقا في معشب مركز بحوث ومتحف التاريخ الطبيعي نوع 85 الكليواع بلغ عدد االنخالل هذه الدراسة. . 2021-2016جمعت للفترة من ا جنس 49تعود لـ قبيلة تمت مراجعتها مع مرادفاتها، مواقعها، توزيعها، وفترة 16و ا التزهير واإلثمار.