Bull 519 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Sahood et al. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2023) 17 (3): 519-530. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2023.17.3.0519 ORIGINAL ARTICLE REVISION OF THE GENUS XYLOCOPA LATREILLE, 1802 (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) WITH A NEW RECORD OF SPECIES IN IRAQ Ghofran Hussein Sahood*♦, Hanaa H. Al- Saffar** and Feryal Bahjat Hermize* *Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. **Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. ♦Corresponding author E-mail: ghofran.hussein2104m@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq Recived Date: 14 March 2023, Accepted Date 22 May 2023, Published Date:20 June 2023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT In this study, the genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was revised. There were 4 species registered in our investigations: X. hottentotta Smith, 1854; X. olivieri Lepeletier, 1841; X. pubescens Spinola, 1838 and X. valga Gerstäcker, 1872, the first species was described as being found for the first time for the insect fauna of Iraq, which were obtained from Solanum melogena L. flowers. Key to the species was constructed and supported by figures of the main diagnostic characters and some morphological features, illustrated and compared with other species, which are recorded in the current survey. Keywords: Apidae, Carpenter bee, Iraq, Revision, Xylocopa Hottentotta INTRODUCTION Arthropods and pathogens have the most developed relationships with host plants through the evolution process (Adhab and Schoelz, 2015; Adhab, 2021; Adhab et al., 2019). They have always been linked to agricultural loses through history (Al-Ani et al., 2009, 2011; Adhab 2021). The family Apidae is one of the largest families of order Hymenoptera, including about 6484 described species that are important pollinators of natural plants and agricultural crops (GBIF Secretariat, 2022). The larvae and adults of this family feed on flowers, nectar and pollen to acquire energy (Delaplane and Mayer, 2000). Bees have a significant role in the natural pollination of flowering plants and greatly benefit humans by increasing food security, improving livelihoods and preserving biodiversity in agricultural and natural ecosystems (Eardley et al., 2010). According to Michener (2007), this family includes three subfamilies, Apinae, Nomadinae and Xylocopinae, commonly known as carpenter bees because they build their nests by making holes in the steams of dead plants and wood, They are either characterized by biological diversity and solitary with social tendencies (He and Zhu, 2020). The large carpenter bee Xylocopa Latreille, 1802, wide spread worldwide, contains about 473 species (Michener, 2007). BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799-Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2023.17.3.0519 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9382-5023 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-487X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3951-4194 mailto:ghofran.hussein2104m@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 520 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Revision of the genus Xylocopa Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 characterized by several morphological features that includes: head transvers, ocellar triangle ocelli arranged below the vertex, compound eyes larger in male, labial palp flattened and sheath like; antennae geniculate, three submarginal cells in the forewing, marginal cell of forewing short, submarginal cross veins developed, pterostigma absent, jugal lobe less than one fourth as long vannal lobe (Michener, 2007). The species of Xylocopa are distributed around the world, such as in Asia and the Middle East: Lebanon, Turkey, Palestine, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Afghanistan (Terzo and Rasmont, 2011; Terzo and Rasmont, 2014; Ascher and Pickering, 2021); South of Africa (Grace, 2010). In Iraq, Xylocopa fenestrata (Fabricius, 1798) was listed by Derwesh (1965); X. olivieri Lepeletier, 1841, X. rufa Friese, 1901, and X. aestuans (Linnaeus, 1758) were listed by Khalaf and Al–Omar (1974). As well X. pubescens Spinola, 1838, and X. violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) were recorded by Swailem et al. (1974) and X. varentzowi Morawitz, 1895 was registered by Ahmed (2015). Finally, Augul (2018) referred to recent records of family species through an update of the list of pollinators in Iraq. In the present paper, a new record species of X. hottentotta Smith, 1854 is redescribed, contributing to identify the carpenter bees in Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens' collection: Specimens used in this investigation were collected during the field surveys in different regions of Iraq throughout 2022 with irregular periods. Totally, 11 specimens were collected from Baghdad, Diyala, Kerbala, Saladin and Wasit Provinces in Iraq using sweep nets on a sunny day throughout the entire flowering period of plants. The collected bee specimens were kept in plastic containers. At the laboratory, specimens were mounted by insect pins; each specimen was labelled by two cards which contained the host plant, date and localities of collecting. All specimens were kept in wooden insect boxes. The photographs were taken by Huawei nova 7i (Sony-IMX586) and used a binocular dissecting microscope (MB. MARIOBROMA, Roma) to magnify the morphological features. Identification: The specimens were identified by using different keys, such as Bingham (1897), Michener (2007), Eardly et al. (2010), and Guershon and Hirsch (2012). The synonyms mentioned in the current results are based on the GBIF Secretariat (2022). Abbreviations: 1r-m: First radio– medial cross vein M: Basal vein SMC2: Second submarginal cell 2r-m: Second radio – medial cross vein Mc: Marginal cell SMC3:Third submarginal cell C: Claws Ms: Mesothorax S: Spine Cl: Clypeus Mt: Metathorax T: Tergite Co: Coxa N: Notum Te: Tegula E: Compound eye O: Ocellus Ti: Tibia Fc: Frontal carina P: Pedicel Tr: Trochanter Fe: Femur Pa: Papillate Ts: Tarsus Fl: Flagellum S: Spur Vl: Vanal lobe Jl: Jugal lobe Sc: Scape L: Labrum SMC1: First submarginal cell 521 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Sahood et al. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results showed nine species, four of them were collected from different provinces in Iraq. The species Xylocopa pubescens was the highest distribution of Iraq, but the species Xylocopa olivieri was the lowest which only one specimen was collected from Baghdad Province. Key to the species of Xylocopa occurring in Iraq: 1- Integument black……………………….……………………………….…………..……. 2 - Integument brown. (Pl. 1A) ……………………………………...…….………. X. olivieri 2- Scutum covered with bright yellow hairs dorsally. (Pl. 1B)……………......... X. pubescens - Scutum covered with black or intermixed with whitish hairs dorsally ………,,,…….….. 3 3-Frontal carina from median ocellus towards frons elevated as a keel. (Pl. 1C) ……………………………….………………………………………….. X. hottentotta - Frontal carina sulcated from median ocellus towards frons. (Pl. 1D) ………….... X. valga Subfamily, Xylocpinae Tribe, Xylocopin Genus, Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 Synonym: Hylocopa Kirchner, 1857 Common name: Carpenter Bee Xylocopa hottentotta Smith, 1854 Synonyms: Xylocopa carinata Smith, 1874 X. fimbriatopilosa Enderlein, 1903 X. flavilabris Smith, 1874 X. fraterna Vachal, 1899 X. natalensis Vachal, 1899 X. producta Smith, 1874 X. tarsata Smith, 1854 Materials examined (2♀♀): The specimens collected from Wasit Province, Al-Aziziyah 32.911836°N 45.061348°E, 26. vii. 2022. Distribution: Egypt (Grace, 2010); Ethiopia, Senegal, Togo, Nigeria, Somalia, Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Namibia and Zimbabwe (Pauly et al., 2018). Description of Female: Body length 13-19 mm; completely black. (Pl. 2A, B, C); head black, densely punctate; compound eyes dark brown with pale areas, parallel, convergent ventrally without any setae between compound eyes, ocelli dark brown, arranged as triangle shape, median ocellus bigger than lateral ocelli, lateral ocelli lower than upper margin of compound eyes and equal in size, median ocellus not intersected by interocellar line, clypeus black, densely punctate, without lateral tubercles (Pl. 3A). Frontal carina elevated as a keel, gena narrow, anttenocular distance two times larger than clypeoantennal distance (Pl. 3B). Antennae black consist of twelve segments, scape longer than pedicel about three times, first flagellomere longer than each rest segments (Pl. 3C). Thorax width 8-9 mm; mesothorax larger than prothorax and metathorax, densely punctate, mesonotum and sides of scutellum punctate, hairless in the middle, metathorax contain black hair lateral, tegulae large and black 522 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Revision of the genus Xylocopa (Pl. 3D). Forewings length 14-18 mm, dark brown with purple reflection, veins darker brown, marginal cell long, narrow and extends along margins of wing, three submarginal cells (SMC), the third submarginal cell (SMC3) larger than SMC1 and SMC2, 1rs-m curved inward, 2rs-m curved outward, basal vein (M) straight, jugal lobe (JL) of hind wing less than vanal lobe (VL), ends of forewings and hind wings densely papillate (Pl. 4A, B). Coxae rounded, black, with dense black setae, trochanter rectangular, narrow at base, wider at the apex with black setae, femora black slender in shape, wide at base and narrowed apically, with dense black setae erected downwards, tibia narrow basely, wider apically, surface with densely punctate with dense long and black setae, tibial spur one on each leg, tibiae with single spur and spine at posterior apices. Tarsi black consists of five tarsomeres with densely black setae, tarsal claws branched, arolia with short black setae (Pl.4 A, B, C). Abdomen width 5-7mm, six segments, densely punctate, tergum 2 (T2) wider than other terga; lateral sides of terga and sterna with black setae, pygidial plate black with dense black setae, posterior margin with short brown spine. Sterna with densely punctates, dense and black setae at apical edges (Pl. 5 A, B). Diagnostic characters: Pubescence and integument black, clypeus without lateral tubercles, but with a more or less prominent tubercle in the center; sometimes the median carina a little more prominent in front lateral sides of terga and sterna with black setae. Xylocopa olivieri Lepeletier, 1841 Synonym: Xylocopa hellenica Spinola, 1843 Material examined (1♀) Baghdad Province, Abu Ghraib, 33°17′31″N 44°03′56″E, 23.vi.2022. Distribution: Iraq (Derwesh, 1965), Turkey (Warncke, 1982.), Israel (Guershon and Hirsch, 2012), Albania, Azerbaijan, Greece, Crete, Cyprus, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Syria and Turkmenistan (Ascher and Pickering, 2018). West Palaearctic: Northern and Eastern Mediterranean to the Western Caspian Sea and Lebanon (Grace, 2010) Xylocopa pubescens Spinola, 1838 Synonyms: Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) aestuans subsp. rubida Gribodo, 1884 X. pubescence Eardley, 1987 X. rubida Gribodo, 1884 Materials examined (4♀♀, 1♂): (1 ♀) Baghdad Province, Jadriyah, 33°17′17″N 44°23′35″E, 6.vii.2022; (2♀♀). Wasit Province, Al-Aziziyah, 32.911836°N 45.061348°E, 26.vii.2022; (1 ♂, 1♀) Saladin Province, Al-Eshaqi, 34°17′00″N 43°46′00″E; 28.vii.2022. Distribution: Iraq (Swailem et al., 1974); Egypt, Algeria, Burma, Ethiopia, Iran, India, Israel, Morocco, Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, Syria, Senegal, Sudan, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania (Warncke, 1982; Ascher and Pickering, 2018). Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872 Materials examined (2♀♀, 1♂): (1 ♀) Baghdad Province, Jadriyah, 33°17′17″N 44°23′35″E; 6.vii.2022. (1♂, 1♀) Babylon Province, Al-Musayyib, 32.778611°N 44.29°E, 6.ix.2022. Distribution: Iraq (Ascher and Pickering, 2018). West Palaearctic: Widespread in Europe and East of the Mediterranean basin to China, scattered records in North Africa (Terzo and Rasmont, 2014; Ascher and Pickering, 2021). 523 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Sahood et al. Xylocopa aestuans Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms: Apis aestuans Linnaeus, 1758 Xylocopa confusa Pérez, 1901 X. leucothorax (DeGeer, 1773) Distribution: Iraq (Khalaf and Al–Omar, 1974); United Arab Emirates (Harten, 2005); Saudi Arabia (Hannan et al., 2012); Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula (Pauly, 2016). Xylocopa fenestrata Fabricius, 1798 Synonym: Apis fenestrata Fabricius, 1798 Distribution: Iraq (Derwesh, 1965); Turkey (Warncke, 1982); Afghanistan, Burma, China, Iran, Pakistan, India, Mauritius, Madagascar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Reunion (Ascher and Pickering, 2018). Xylocopa rufa Friese, 1901 Distribution: Iraq (Khalaf, 1958).Caucasus, Sudan, Turkestan, Pakistan, Israel and Iran (Warncke, 1982). Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, India, Tajikistan and China (Ascher and Pickering, 2018). West Palaearctic: Eastern Mediterranean to China (Terzo, and Rasmont, 2014). Xylocopa violacea Linnaeus, 1758 Synonym: Apis violacea Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution: Iraq (Swailem et al., 1974); East Palaearctic: Widespread across Europe, scattered records from North Africa and further east in the Mediterranean to Tajikistan (Terzo and Rasmont, 2014; Ascher and Pickering, 2021). Xylocopa varentzowi Morawitz, 1895 Distribution: Iraq (Khalaf and Al – Omar, 1974). Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Turkmenistan and Turkey (Ascher and Pickering, 2021). 524 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Revision of the genus Xylocopa B CA B CA B CA Plate (1): (A) Dorsal view of X. olivieri, (B) Dorsal view of X. pubescens, (C) Lateral view of head X. hottentotta, (D) Lateral view of head X. valga. Plate (2): Female of X. hottentotta; (A) Dorsal, (B) Frontal and (C) Lateral view. 525 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Sahood et al. N Te Ms Mt D O E Cl L A B C Plate (3): X. hottentotta; (A) Head, frontal view, (B) Head, lateral view, (C) Antenna, (D) Thorax, dorsal view. Plate (4): Wings and legs of X. hottentotta; (A) Forewing, (B) Hindwing; (C) Dorsal view, (D) Ventral view, (E) Claws. 526 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Revision of the genus Xylocopa CONCLUSIONS This study is the most comprehensive review of bees out of the genus Xylocopa in Iraq to date, which is poorly known in Iraq and many species of it remain to be described. The species which are belonging to it have a great importance in pollination of agricultural crops. According to database, references and checklists that related to this group, the genus Xylocopa is one of the most widespread genera in Iraq. Therefore, it is necessary to complete the investigation of its species in the different regions; and will expect to add more species to the Iraqi fauna. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All thanks to Prof. Dr. Razzaq Shalan Augul in the laboratory of the Entomology and Invertebrates Department, Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum-University of Baghdad for his kind help and continuous encouragement to this work. We would like to express our appreciation to assistant Mrs Ekhlas Abdul Jabbar in Plant Protection Directorate, for the aid in obtaining some specimens. We grateful to the anonymous outside reviewers for their helpful comments on improving the revision. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATMENT The results of the present study are part of the requirements of M. Sc. in Insects, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences-University of Baghdad for the first author. As well, we are the authors of this manuscript, declare and confirm that there is no significant financial or other relationship with any official institution. Plate (5): Abdomen of X. hottentotta; (A) Dorsal view, (B) Spine. 527 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Sahood et al. LITERATURE CITED Ahmed, H. 2015. Taxonomic study of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in some localities of Kurdistan region-Iraq. M.Sc. in plant protection, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq, 151pp. [Click here] Adhab, M. A. and Schoelz, J. E. 2015. Report of the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843) from Missouri, USA. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 3(55): 327-328. [CrossRef] Adhab, M. 2021. Be smart to survive: Virus-host relationships in nature. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 10(6): e3422. [CrossRef] Adhab, M., Angel, C., Rodriguez, A., Fereidouni, M., Király, L., Scheets, K. and Schoelz, J. E. 2019. 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Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 مراجعة للجنس )Hymenoptera, Apidae) للعراق مع تسجيل نوع جديد فريال بهجت هرمز* و غفران حسين صاهود*، هناء هاني الصفار** قسم وقاية النبات، كلية علوم الهندسة الزراعية، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق* .عة بغداد، بغداد، العراقمركز بحوث و متحف التأريخ الطبيعي، جام** 20/6/2023، تأريخ النشر: 22/5/2023القبول: ، تأريخ 14/3/2023تأريخ االستالم: الخالصة )رتبة عشائية Xylocopa Latreille, 1802جرى في هذه الدراسة مراجعة لجنس ج س ، اذ( Apidae عائلة النحل ، Hymenopteraاالجنحة .X اربعة انواع شملت: ل hottentotta Smith, 1854 ،X. olivieri Lepeletier, 1841 ،X. pubescens Spinola, وصف النوع األول كتسجيل جديد ألول حيث .. X. valga Gerstaecker, 1872و 1838 Solanumالنوع من أزهار نبات الباذنجان هذا ،جمع مرة للمجموعة الحشرية العراقية melogena L. .مم مفتاح لعزل أنواع ص ً بالصور التوضيحية جنس الهذا ا ً مدعوما للصفات التشخيصية الرئيسية و بعض الصفات املظهرية للمقارنة بين االنواع التي املراجعة. هذه خاللسجلت