Bull 67 Hanaa H. Al-Saffar Bull. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus. (2014) 13 (1): 67-71 SURVEY OF THE GENUS PHYTOMYZA FALLEN,1810 (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) OF IRAQ Hanaa H. Al- Saffar Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, Baghdad University Email: hanaahani2014@gmail.com ABSTRACT The aim of this study to survey the leaf miner Phytomyza Fallen of Iraq, many leaf plants which infested by leaf miners were collected from several regions of Iraq. The paper showed there are four species of this genus during the work: Phytomyza horticola Gourear,1840; Ph. atricornis Meigen, 1838; Ph. rufipes Meigen,1830; Ph. ranunculi (Schrank,1803) Key words: Leaf miners, Agromyzidae, plantshosts, Phytomyza , Iraq fauna INTRODUCTION Agromyzidae is commonly referred to as the leaf –miners, for the feeding habit of larvae, most of which are leaf miners on various plants, some of them are stem borer of galls maker .The family is widely distributed through the world but with significantly loss species in the southern hemisphere than in the temperate areas of the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, then was studied in different region of the world, (Spencer, 1961,1963,1972and 1973). A worldwide family of approximate 3000 species belonging to 30 genera about 1165 species (Shahreki et al 2012), small, some with wing length. The maximum size is 6.5 mm. Most species are in the range of 2to3mm. Adults agromyzids can be recognized by the distinctive sclerotization of head. The upper part of frons, above the ptilinal suture is lightly sclerotized and lacks setae, while the lower part of frons and the dorsal area of head tends to be much more heavily sclerotized and setaceous. Thus the frontal vita often forms a distinctive patch on the head different in color and texture to the rest of head and it has 1-7 frontal bristles so the vibrissae are present. Compound eyes are usually oval and feirly small although in some species they are larger and more circular. The wings are usually hyaline although those of a few tropical species have darker makings. Costal break present at the apex of subcostal vein; cell cup small, first anal vein not reached wing margin; pre genital sclerites of male with a simple (fused) tergal complex (tergites 6-8) with only two spiracles between tergites 5 and the genital segment; and anterior part of abdominal segment 7 in female forming an oviscape, (Hennig, 1958; Curran, 1965; Oldryd,1970; Borrer and White, 1970; Spencer,1972, 1987;. Unwin, 1981; Scudder and Canning, 2006). Phytomyza is beyond to subfamily Phytomyziae which diagnosed by subcostal vein becoming a fold distally and ending in costal vein separately and based of R1 (first radial vein), (Spencer,1961,1963,1972,1973) and it is the largest genus of agromyzid flies which includes over 530 species (Winker et al, 2009). 68 Survey Of The Genus Phytomyza Fallen Typically agromyzid larvae are cylindrical in shape, tapering interiorly; with projections bearing the anterior and posterior spiracles, the former positioned on the dorsal surface of the prothorax, the latter backwardly directed at the rear; prominent, strongly sclerotised mouthparts, the mandibles with its longitudinal axis at oblique or right angles to the rest of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton and usually bearing two or more pairs of equally sized teeth, directed anteriorly, the ventral cornua (the posteriorly directed “arms”) commonly shorter than the dorsal ones (Spencer, 1972). Adults of Phytomyza species are distinguishable from other Agromyzidae by the combination of the following morphological characters: fronto-orbital setae proclinate , costa extending only to the vein R4+5 and cross vein dm-cu usually absent (Spencer and Steskal, 1986; Spencer,1987). In addition,the medial vein (M) is usually much weaker than branches of the radial vein(R), adding to the distinctive appearance. In Iraq the genus was announced at(Al-azawi 1967and 1971; El-Haidari et al. 1972; Al-Ali, 1977; Mekhlif and Abdul-Rassoul,2002). MATERIAL AND METHODS Many infested leaf of plants were collected from different region of Iraq (25-50) leaves per each plants. The leaf plants are of many plant families such as Solanaceae, Cucuribtae, Cruciferae, Leguminosae, and weeds Compositae species from the provences: Baghdad, (Abu – Ghraib, Bab Al—Muadham, Al-Kadhumyia), Kerbala, Nejef, and Basrah (Abu Al Khaseeb, Al – Buradheiaya), during February to May, (2012, 2013), but on October (2012) from north of Iraq, Duhok. The infested leaves were collected and brought to the laboratory, then kept in Petri dishes at room temperature, the dishes were numbered, the date and locality were recorded. After 21-30 days the adukt flies were impressed. The adults were collecting by sweeping net from the field of alfalfa and different weeds. The flies were diagnosed by using identification keys by (Spencer. 1961, 1972 and 1973). RESULTS AND DISCUTION This study is showed foure species of Phytomyza they are:Ph.horticola Goureau, 1840; Ph. atricornis Meigen 1838; Ph. rufipes Meigen,1830; Ph. ranunculi (Schrank,1803) The larvae feed mostly in the upper part of the leaf, mining through the green palisade tissue. Mines are usually off-white, with trails of brass appearing as broken black strips along their length. Repeated convolutions in the same small part of the leaf will often result in discoloration of the mine with dampened black and dried brown areas appearing, usually as the result of plant-induced reactions to the leaf miner, but the young larvae of Ph. rufipes makes a true mine towards the nearest nein and then feeds inside this downward the midribs and petiole where the main feeding takes place. Table (1) showed some host plants of Phytomyza spp. Phytomyza horticola is widely distributed and it has more than 40 hosts thus it is economically pest , (Spencer,1973; Mecklif and Abdul- rassoul 2002). It caused damage to cultivated crops and vegetables.The other specis showed lower economic importance on plants. Phytomyza atricornis: is widely distributed in but lesser than Ph. horticola. 69 Hanaa H. Al-Saffar Phytomyza rapa: its particularly infested the family Crusifereae in different regions (Spencer,1973). Phytomyza ranunculus: it has special host from the family Ranunculacea. (Pakalniškis, 2004) Table (1):Showed leaf miners Phytomyza Falle'n spp. and theire hosts in Iraq. Leaf miners Phytomyza Hosts Locality Date of collection Ph. horticola Brassicae rapa Citrulus vulgaris Mentha sp. Pisum sativum Trifolium veryandium Lycopersicum esculentum Cucuribta moschata Baghdad,Basra, Kerbala, Nejif Baghdad,Kerbala Baghdad, Nejif Nejif Baghdad Duhok Febrauary Feb. -March Feb- March Febrauary Feb. April October Ph. atricornis Medicago sativa Pisum sativum Helianth anuus Melilotis indicus Btassicae rapa Baghdad Basra, Kerbala, Baghdad Baghdad Baghdad Baghdad March- May March April Feb.-April March Ph. Rufipes Brassicae oleracea var botrylis Brassicae oleracea var capitata Brassicae rapa Baghdad, Kerbala Baghdad, Kerbala Baghdad, Nejif Kerbala, Basra Feb. - April March, Fabrauary Ph.ranunculi Anemon cornaria Ranunculus sp. Baghdad Baghdad, April April LITERATURE CITED Al-Ali, A. S.(1977). Phytophagous and entomophagous insects and mites of Iraq.Nat. Hist. Res. Center,publ.33:142Pp. Al- Azawi, A. F. (1976).Agromyzid leafminers and their parasitites in Iraq. Bull. Entomol. Res., 57(2): 285-287. Al- Azawi, A. F. (1971). Parasites of agromyzid leafminers in Iraq. Bull.Iraq nat.Hist. Mus., 5(1): 35-37. Borrer, D. J. and White, R. E. (1970). A field guide to the insects of America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin company Boston. XI +404pp. Curran, C. H. (1965). The families and genera of North American Diptera.2 nd rev. ed. Henry Trip, 515pp. El-Haidri, H.; Fattah,Y. M. and Sultan, J. M. (1971). Contribution to the insect fauna of Iraq. Part3,Bulletin No. 9:20 Pp. 70 Survey Of The Genus Phytomyza Fallen Hennig, W. (1958). Die Familien der dipteral Scizophora und ihre phylogenetischen verwandschafstsbeziehug. Beiträge zur Entomologie,8:505-688. Oldroyd, H. (1970). Diptera, Introduction and key to families. Handbk. Identif. Br. Insects, R.Entomol. Soc. Lond., vol.9 Pt1, 104pp. Mekhlif, A. F. and Abdul –Rassoul, M. S. (2002). Efficiency of parasitoids of pea leaf miner Phytomyza horticola Goureau and their appearance time in the field. Bull. Iraq nat.Hist.Mus., 9(4):27-32. Pakalniškis, S. (2004). The Agromyzidae (Diptera) feeding particlalarities on some genera of Ranunculaceae. Latvijas Entomologs, 41:93-99. Scudder, G. G. E. and Cannings, R. A. (2006). The Diptera families of British Colombia. The Diptera families of British Colombia. 1-158. 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Manual of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) of the United States USD Agriculture Handbook (638):478Pp. (Cited in Winkler et al., 2009). Unwin, D. M. (1981). A key to the families of British Diptera. Field studies, 5:513-553. Winkler, I.; Scheffer, S.J. and Mitter, C. (2009).Molecular phylogeny and systematic of leaf- mining flies (Diptera:Agromyzidae) delimitation of Phytomyza Fallén sens lato and included species groups, with new insights on motphological and host – use evolution. Systematic Entomology,34:260-292. 71 Hanaa H. Al-Saffar Bull. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus. (2014) 13 (1): 67-71 في العراق Phytomyza Fallén,1810مسح النواع الجنس هناء هاني الصفار جامعة بغداد/ مركز بحوث و متحف التاريخ الطبيعي الخالصة جمعت . في العراق Phytomyza Fallénالهدف من البحث هو مسح النواع الجنس و من خالل ،العديد من االوراق النباتية المصابة بهذا الحفار لمناطق مختلفة من العراق :البحث وجدت االنواع التالية Phytomyza horticola Gourear,1840; Ph. atricornis Meigen 1838; ph. rufipes Meigen,1830; Ph. ranunculi (Schrank,1803).