Bull 315 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2024) 18 (2): 315-356. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.2.0315 ORIGINAL ARTICLE INVESTIGATION OF WILD LAND PLANTS OF THE RIPARIAN AREA OF THE DUJAIL RIVER, SALAHALDIN PROVINCE, NORTH OF BAGHDAD, IRAQ Khansaa Rasheed Al-Joboury* and Lubna M. Zurgany Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding author E-mail: dr.khansaa@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq Received: 8 Dec. 2023, Revised:29 July 2024, Accepted: 2 August 2024, Published:20 December 2024 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT In the current study, wild land plant specimens were collected during the flowering and fruiting period of these plants in February, April, June, August, and October 2023 from the riparian area of the Dujail River, Salahaldin Province, north of Baghdad, Iraq. Identified and the results showed that the number of these species were: 104 species, belong to 29 plant families, Included 26 dicotyledon families with 76 genera and 96 species. The asteraceae family was the most diverse, with 30 species, followed by Brassicaceae with (12) species. Additionally, there were 13 families represented by only one species in Dujail River which included: Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae, Capparaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae, Geraniaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Papaveraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Primulaceae, Rutaceae and Urticaceae. For the monocotyledon seven genera and eight species. The Poaceae family was the most diverse, with five genera and five species, followed by Cyperaceae which has one genus and two species. Keywords: Baghdad, Dujail River, Iraq, Plants, Salahaldin Province. INTRODUCTION Earth is characterized by an enormous diversity of animals and plants. Plant diversity determines the nature and features of this biodiversity, giving each region unique characteristics that distinguish it from other regions; these differences depend on various factors, including geographical location, climate, nature of the soil and other human factors (Yang et al., 2022). Plants are of great importance for the earth, and form the foundation of the food pyramid. They utilize carbon dioxide and solar energy to produce the food needed by humans and all creatures, while also releasing oxygen gas necessary for respiration (Al- Garaawi and Hamid, 2023). Since ancient times humans have relied on plants for food and healing purposes. They were planted and used as a source of, and at other times as medicine or treatment. Over the ages, humans accumulated knowledge of the healing properties of plants, and it also plays an important role at home and garden decoration (Kareem and Ahmed, 2022). BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799-Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.2.0315 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8230-3747 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8030-9181 mailto:dr.khansaa@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 316 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Iraq is known to be located within two phytogeographic regions: Irano-Turanian Region and the Saharo-Sindian Region. It is noteworthy that the first region is represented in Iraq by two secondary regions, which are under the Mesopotamian sub-regio and Irano-Anatolian sub- Region (Mousa, 2018). Iraq is well known for its significant variation in wild plants, which attributed to its climatic conditions and geographical diversity. Additionally, more formal than also Iraq is located at the convergence for three continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe. This unique location contributes to the presence of diverse floras from these continents (Al– Douri, 2014). Dujail River is an important irrigation system that has continued to function during challenging times. It is located on the right bank of the Tigris River, and it irrigates the land west for the Tigris at the districts extending from Balad, down to the northern quarters for western Baghdad. Its intake is situated on the right bank for the Tigris River approximately 10 kilometers northwest to Balad and seven kilometers south east of al- Qadisiyya fort, near the ancient town of al- Alath (Adamo and Al-Ansari, 2019), which Dugail area is situated around 55 kilometers south of Samarra on the Dujail River. The old village of Dujail is one of the most well-known communities in the region. It has been recorded in Arab texts as a picnic spot (Al-Khazraji, 2020). The study ares is located within Saharo-Sindian region, specifically in the Middle Saharo-Sindian Sub-region (Guest, 1966). Plant diversity has declined in Iraq for many reasons, including various sources of pollution, such as buildings, factories, and war and vehicles emitting exhaust gases. Additional contributors include smelting factories, and the burning factories of raw materials like oil (Al-Mashhadi and Alabadi, 2023). There are many studies in different regions of Iraq. For example Naqishbandi (2014) studied plants used in traditional Iraqi medicine in Erbil - Kurdistan Region. Other studies include a survey study of wild plants in AL- Najaf Desert (Al-Garaawi and Hamid, 2023), and the study of Plants used in traditional Iraqi medicine in Erbil - Kurdistan region (Naqishbandi, 2014), and the study of the endemic plant species in Iraq (Youssef, 2020). The aim of the current study is to identify the plants in the riparian area of the Dujail River in Iraq, noting that the plants that have not been studied in detail previously, and there are no references regarding plant diversity in this area. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study area: The current study was conducted in the riparian area of the Dujail River (Map 1), in Salahaldin Province, North of Baghdad, Iraq. The research involved five field trips following the method of AL-Mayah et al. (2018), carried out during February, April, June, August, and October of 2023, during the flowering and fruiting period (fl and fr.) of each plant. A total of 27 geographical locations, were identified to create a map of the collection areas (Tab. 1). 317 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Map (1): Stations collect plants in the riparian area of the Dujail River, Salahaldin Province, north of Baghdad, Iraq. [From: https://www.google.com/maps/@33.9444321,44.3107274,8.89z?entry=ttu] Table (1): Stations with the coordinates in the study areas No Coordinate of Stations 1 33°33'28.6"N 44°12'40.4"E 2 33°34'25.6"N 44°12'49.7"E 3 33°34'53.7"N 44°12'57.7"E 4 33°35'36.8"N 44°13'12.8"E 5 33°35'47.0"N 44°13'11.2"E 6 33°36'25.7"N 44°13'15.7"E 7 33°37'10.7"N 44°13'40.8"E 8 33°37'54.8"N 44°13'31.6"E 9 33°38'20.0"N 44°13'41.5"E 10 33°39'07.3"N 44°13'57.2"E 11 33°40'20.6"N 44°13'59.0"E 12 33°41'05.4"N 44°13'59.5"E 13 33°41'44.6"N 44°13'27.1"E 14 33°42'01.8"N 44°13'47.1"E 15 33°42'26.1"N 44°13'56.4"E 16 33°45'30.8"N 44°15'07.6"E 17 33°46'09.7"N 44°15'10.1"E 18 33°47'34.8"N 44°15'09.8"E 19 33°48'20.4"N 44°15'07.2"E 20 33°49'24.8"N 44°13'26.7"E 21 33°51'00.6"N 44°13'07.1"E https://www.google.com/maps/@33.9444321,44.3107274,8.89z?entry=ttu 318 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants 22 33°51'45.9"N 44°12'53.4"E 23 33°52'30.7"N 44°12'27.5"E 24 33°53'18.1"N 44°12'28.5"E 25 33°54'23.2"N 44°11'17.5"E 26 33°56'32.1"N 44°07'57.3"E 27 33°59'04.2"N 44°05'05.2"E Taxonomy and specimens identification: A total of 558 specimens were identified in the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences laboratory at the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum-University of Baghdad. The identification was based on various keys including: Townsend et al. (1968), Townsend and Guest (1974), Townsend and Guest (1980), El-Gazzar et al. (2019), and Ghazanfar and Edmondson (2013, 2016, 2019). The valid names and synonyms for the species mentioned in this study were adopted in accordance with GBIF Secretariat (2023), and the distributions of the species mentioned in this study were adopted following the method outlined by Augul and Al-Saffar (2023). Upon completing all study requirements, the specimens will be added to the Natural History Museum’s herbarium for preservation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plants were collected from twenty-seven stations in the riparian area of the Dujail River. Variation was observed in the number of plant species and a large difference in each station, with some locations containing a rich diversity of plants, while there were a number of stations characterized by poor plant diversity. This disparity may be due to their distance from water sources and the lack of nutrients in the soil. The results showed that the numbers of these species were: 104 species, which belong to 29 plant families, Including 26 dicotyledon families with 76 genera and 96 species then. Asteraceae family is the most diverse, with 30 one species, followed by Brassicaceae (12) specie. In contrast, 13 families were recorded with only one species in the riparian area of the Dujail River including, Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae, Capparaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae, Geraniaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Primulaceae, Rutaceae and Urticaceae. For the monocotyledon there were seven genera and species. The Poaceae is the most diverse, with five genera and five species, followed by Cyperaceae with one genus and two species, so Tamarix L. was the most species-rich genus due to its ability to tolerate an extreme range for environmental conditions, and highly saline soils, Therefore, climatologically (Tab. 2), tamarisks are best suited to arid also semi-arid zones. These species possess specialised roots capable of drawing water from deep underground, while also extracting water from unsaturated soil layers (a facultative phreatophyte); these findings are consistent with Bateman et al. (2013). The results also showed that the species Sonchus oleraceus L., 1753 has recorded a wide spread in many stations such as: St 1, St 9, St 11, St 15, St 22, and St 23 (Tab. 3). This plant is characterized by its growth in cultivated land, sand dunes, gardens, waste places, roadsides, burned areas, near waterways, construction sites and rail yards. It is also required light to germinate and grow; furthermore, it is grazed by both farmed and wild livestock. Additionally, it is found in many different substrates, Such as in saline soils, moist soils, rich 319 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany in sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium and occurs in a wide range for climates, cold and warm. These findings are consistent with Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo (2022), while there were few stations exhibited limited plant diversity, this can be attributed to environmental conditions and soil type, or due to human activity and the conversion of much agricultural land into residential areas or areas used for cultivating economically important crops. It is important to note that no previous studies have been conducted on plant diversity in this region, the results Of the current study revealed that there are 69 annual herbs and 2 biennial herbs: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., 1791 and Onopordum ambiguum Fresen., 1834 which belong to Asteraceae family. The remaining the species, were divided into perennial herbs and perennial shrubs. It was observed that large specimens of Datura innoxia Mill., 1768 and D. stramonium L., 1753 have spread abundantly on both sides of the road between the Balad and Dujail region. This proliferation is perhaps due to the presence of farms in these areas that were propagated by farmers and their seeds spread on the external roads of the cities. The spread of introduced plants species has also been observed, such as Conocarpus erectus L., 1753. It has been observed that it is grown as a fence around homes, and it is one of the plants that causes serious environmental problems that are difficult to control or deal with, the effects of these trees on the environment have also been proven in many studies. No. Families Number of genera Number of species 1 Amaranthaceae 6 8 2 Apiaceae 5 6 3 Apocynaceae 1 1 4 Asteraceae 25 31 5 Berberidaceae 1 1 6 Brassicaceae 11 14 7 Convolvulaceae 1 1 8 Caryophyllaceae 1 1 9 Capparaceae 1 1 10 Cistaceae 1 2 11 Fabaceae 5 8 12 Geraniaceae 1 1 13 Lythraceae 1 1 14 Malvaceae 1 1 15 Papaveraceae 2 2 16 Plantaginaceae 1 2 17 Plumbaginaceae 1 1 18 Primulaceae 1 1 19 Resedaceae 1 1 20 Rubiaceae 1 2 21 Rutaceae 1 1 22 Salicaceae 2 3 Table (2): Names of plant families and number of genera and species in the study areas. 320 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants 23 Solanaceae 2 2 24 Tamaricaceae 1 4 25 Zygophyllaceae 1 1 26 Urticaceae 1 1 27 Cyperaceae 1 2 28 Iridaceae 1 1 29 Poaceae 5 5 No. Famalies Species Duration Local names Stations 1 A m aran th aceae Amaranthus viridis L. Annual herb Slender amaranth St 1, St 3, St 10 2 Amaranthus albus L. Annual herb White pigweed St 4, St 13 3 Atriplex nummularia Lindl. Perennial shrub Old man saltbush St 3, St 10 4 Halothamnus iraqensis var. hispidulus Botsch Perennial shrub Bua idh, Shinan, Aiwa, Rimth abu raida, Rimith St 4, St 27 5 Chenopodium album L. Annual herb Fat-hen, White goosefoot, St 1, St 9, St 17 6 Cornulaca aucheri Moq. Annual herb Thalj St 1, St 18 7 Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zohary Annual herb Tartai, Shuatan St 4, St 13 8 Suaeda carnosissima Post Annual herb Hamudh St 13, St 10 9 A p iaceae Artedia squamata L. Annual herb Crown-flower St 22, 10 Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Annual herb Khella baldi, toothpick weed, khella baladi, khella, St 10, St 16, St 19 11 Ammi majus L. Annual herb Garair, Zand al- arus, khaizaran, Akhalla St 1, St 8, St 13, St 24 12 Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem. Annual herb Narrow Thorow- Wax St 3, St 16 13 Bunium paucifolium DC. Perennial herb Joz bawa, Ughrarira St 4, St 15 14 Torilis stocksiana (Boiss.) Drude Annual herb Lizzaij St 5, St 8, St 26 15 Apocyn- -aceae Cynanchum acutum L. Perennial herb Halablab, Hallab St 5, St 12, 16 Achillea aleppica DC Perennial herb Qaisum, Culilk, Giya mesh St 4, St 9, St 17, St 18 17 Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch Perennial herb Zawal St 12, St 20 Table (3): Names of the species, duration, local names and the stations 321 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany 18 Astera- ceae Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. Annual herb Chamomile St 8, St 9 19 Anthemis leucanthemifolia Boiss. & C.I.Blanche Annual herb Dog-fennel St 13 20 Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC. Perennial shrub Nougd, Nakhd, Harr, Niqt St 11, St 19 21 Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C.Chr. Perennial herb Samna, Jalwa St 18 22 Carthamus oxyacanthus M.Bieb. Annual herb Wild safflower St 4, 23 Calendula arvensis L. Annual herb Khuzna, Hanwa, Kahla ,10 St St 11 24 Launaea angustifolia (Desf.) Kuntze, Annual herb Murrair St 20, 25 Garhadiolus hedypnois (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Jaub. & Spach Annual herb Tiny Garhadiolus St 16 26 Centaurea bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. Annual herb Cornflower St 1, St 12 27 Centaurea rigida Banks & Sol. Perennial herb Tahlishk St 2, St 11, St 15 28 Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. Perennial herb Eastern Star- thistle St 3, St 12 29 Crepis kotschyana (Boiss.) Boiss Annual herb Kalilk zar St 11 30 Cymbolaena griffithii (A.Gray) Wagenitz Annual herb Qutaina, Qutn, Uqtaina St 6, St 18 31 Filago pyramidata L. Annual herb Cudweed St 12 32 Gundelia tournefortii L. Perennial herb Silifa, Kaub, Kangar St 2, St 23 33 Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf. Dwarf annual herb Ain al- buqr St 9, St 20 34 Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F.W.Schmidt Annual herb Cretanweed St 11 35 Koelpinia linearis Pall. Annual herb lahya at-tais, carter, dickson, dh iluq carter St 9, St 11 36 Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. Annual herb Hasal, Hasach St 8 37 Leontodon laciniatus (Bertol.) Widder Annual herb Ward Hodhan, Murran, Murrar, Murair St 13, St 14 38 Onopordum ambiguum Fresen. Biannual herb Cotton thistle St 10, St 16 39 Onopordum heteracanthum C.A.Mey. Perennial herb Scotch thistle St 17 40 Picris babylonica Hand.- Mazz. Annual herb Umrar, Gula zerde St 6, St11 41 Scorzonera papposa DC. Perennial herb Halakok, Ruba hela St 2, St 8 322 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants 42 Senecio glaucus L. Annual herb Word hodhan, Hodhan. St 3, St 9, St 10 43 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Biennial herb Milk thistle, Gulaghan St 3, St 5, St 8, St 19 44 Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual herb Harfash, Umm al-halib St 1, St 9, St 11, St 15, St 22 45 Sonchus tenerrimus L. Annual herb Clammy sowthistle, Harfash St 11, St 19, 46 Xanthium strumarium L. Annual herb hasach, lizzaij St 2, St 11, 47 Berberid -aceae Leontice leontopetalum L. Perennial herb Taqiq, Kaf al- asad St 8, St 9, 48 Brassic- aceae Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Annual herb Huwaira, Ghuwair St 4, St 9, St 18 49 Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. Annual herb hara, khafash, khafaj St 3, St 19, St 21, St 26 50 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Annual herb St 19, St 22 51 Sisymbrium irio L. Annual herb khubah, bazarulkhamkha m St 6, St 18, St 24 52 Schimpera arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud. Annual herb Safraa St 3, St 8 53 Clypeola jonthlaspi L. Annual herb Azerbaijani St 17, St 23 54 Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. Annual herb Shiqara, Shikara St 12 55 Zuvanda crenulata (DC.) Askerova Annual herb St 18, 56 Strigosella grandiflora (Bunge) Botsch. Annual herb Shigar, Sillih, Silla, Yahaq St 5, St 7 57 Neotorularia torulosa (Desf.) Hedge & J.Léonard Annual herb St 15 58 Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce Annual herb Sillaih, Rishad, Al-Jibal St 20 59 Lepidium draba L. Annual herb Qunaibra, jinaibra St 14, St 15 60 Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.Cours. Perennial shrub Khudhr St 11, St 19 61 Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. Annual herb Jaraid St 4 62 Cappara- ceae Capparis spinose L. Perennial shrub Mariana caper- bush, Cariana caper St 9, 63 Convolv -ulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. Perennial herb Field bindweed St 3, St 10 323 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany 64 Caryoph y-llaceae Herniaria hemistemon J.Gay Perennial herb Ghebayra 65 Fabacea e Alhagi graecorum Boiss. Perennial shrub Shook, Aqool St 1, St 2, St 12, St 16 66 Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F.Macbr. Perennial subshrub Shok, Shauk, Kharnub St 15, St 18, St 22 67 Astragalus fasciculifolius Boiss. Perennial shrub Sarcocolla St 4 68 Astragalus duplostrigosus Post & Beauverd Annual herb Milkvetch St 7, St11 69 Astragalus dactylocarpus Boiss. Annual herb Cheddade, Chettat, Chiddad St 12 70 Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl. Perennial shrub Taqaiq St 26, St 25 71 Lathyrus annuus L. Annual herb Hurtuman, Habb adh-dharat St 6, 72 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Perennial shrub Licorice St 3, St 5, St 10, St 15, St 22 73 Gerania- ceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. Annual herb Dahmiyet el- ghazal, Dardar St 2, St 7 74 Primula- ceae Lysimachia arvensis subsp. arvensis Annual herb Red chickweed St 8, St 22, St 25 75 Lythra- ceae Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Perennial herb Grass-poly St 3, St 27 76 Plumba- ginaceae Psylliostachys spicatus (Willd.) Nevski Annual herb Bamboo St 18 77 Plantag- inaceae Plantago lagopus L. Annual herb Hare-foot plantain St 6, St 19 78 Plantago afra Annual herb Qatoona, hab el- baragheet St 17, St 20, St 23 79 Papave- raceae Fumaria parviflora Lam. Annual herb Shahtaraj, Shattaraq St 7 80 Hypecoum pendulum L. Annual herb Ifiquwun, Daidahan St 15 81 Malva- ceae Malva nicaeensis All. Annual herb Khubbaz St 6, St 11, St 17, St 18, St 24 82 Reseda- ceae Reseda alba L. Annual herb Dhiniban St 5 83 Rubia- ceae Galium spurium L. Annual herb Kurkur, Nusak St 5, St 7 84 Galium aparine L. Annual herb Hashishat al-afa, Balashka St 2, St 14, 324 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants It was Observed that the plant diversity in these areas has been adversely affected by neglect, and many areas have been cultivated with agricultural and economic crops, which has further negatively impacted impact the diversity of wild plants in those areas, the plants in these areas will be reviewed as follows: 85 Rutaceae Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A.Juss. perennial shrub Zifra, Jifjaf St 18 86 Salica- ceae Populus euphratica Olivier Perennial tree Gharab St 7, St 10, St 13, St 20 87 Populus nigra L. Perennial tree Ispindar, Qauwagh St 6, St 14, St 17 88 Salix acmophylla Boiss. Perennial tree Violet willow St 6, St 7, St 17, St 22 89 Solana- ceae Physalis angulate L. Annual herb Winter cherry, harankash St 15, St 26 90 Lycium barbarum L. Annual herb Wolfberry, Boxthorn St 7, St 14, 91 Tamari- caceae Tamarix arceuthoides Bunge perennial shrub Tarf St 1, St 6, St 17 92 Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. perennial shrub Tarfa St 17, St 24 93 Tamarix brachystachys Bunge perennial shrub Tarfa St 14, St 26 94 Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. Annual herb Athl St 2, St 11 95 Zygophy -llaceae Fagonia glutinosa Delile Annual herb Dereima St 13, St 22 96 Urtica- ceae Urtica urens L. Annual herb Qaris, Qurrais St 13, St 19, St 26 97 Cypera- ceae Cyperus rotundus L. Perennial herb Coco Grass St 2, St 14, St 16 98 Cyperus michelianus (L.) Delile Annual herb Shala, Zarair gaba St 3, St 22 99 Iridaceae Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. Perennial herb Anselan, Ansalan St 9, St 27 100 Poaceae Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski Annual herb Shair al-khail, Shuwairib St 4, St11 101 Schismus arabicus Nees Annual herb Ahnaita, Hanaita St 14 102 Sphenopus divaricatus (Gouan) Rchb Annual herb Naima St 24 103 Bromus lanceolatus Roth Annual herb Sanaisla, Usnaisla St 15, St 9 104 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud Perennial grass Qasab, Qamish, kamish St 14, St 11, St 23, St 25 325 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Family, Amaranthaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Amaranthus L., 1743 Amaranthus viridis L., 1763 Remark: Blakelock (1957) recorded this species for Iraq. Examined specimens: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Himrin, Baghdad, Zafaraniya, Garm al Bani Sad and Basra (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: Asia, Australia (Reyad-ul-Ferdous et al., 2015); Europe and N America (Akbar et al., 2017). Amaranthus albus L., 1759 Remark: Blakelock (1957) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 9 specimens; fl and fr.: Jul.- Nov. Distribution in Iraq: Halabja, Mosul, Sudur, Tarmiya, Baghdad, Suwaira, Namaniya and Kut (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: N Amrica, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, Caucasus and Afghanistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Genus, Atriplex L., 1735 Atriplex nummularia Lindl., 1848 Remark: Blakelock (1957) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Upper Masopotamian plain and Abu Ghraib (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: W S Australia, New South Wales and Victoria (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Genus, Halothamnus Jaub. & Spach, 1845 Halothamnus iraqensis var. hispidulus Botsch, 1981 Remark: Ghazanfar and Edmondson (2016) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. Aug.-Nov., fr. Oct.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Sulaimaniya, Ramadi, Habbaniya, between Shithatha and Rahhalyah, Kerbela, Samawa, Nasiriya, Diwaniya and Amara (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: Syria, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Genus, Chenopodium L., 1753 Rmark: According to GBIF Scretairat (2023a), this genus was added under Amaranthaceae, Previously it was put under Chenopodiaceae, Currently, all genera and species of this family have become under Amaranthaceae. Chenopodium album L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl. and fr.:May- Sep. Distribution in Iraq: Balad, Maqdadiya, Baquba and Baghdad (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). 326 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Global distribution: India, N America, N E Europe and Asia (Saini and Saini, 2020). Genus, Cornulaca Del., 1813 Cornulaca aucheri Moq., 1840 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.:Oct.- Nov. Distribution in Iraq: Sulaimaniya, Kirkuk, Al-Sudur, Jabal Hamrine, Balad, Sumaicha, Baiji, Ramadi, Habbaniya, Baghdad, Fakkuja, Rustamiya and Iskanderiya (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: Kuwait (Ahmed et al., 2019); Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Genus, Suaeda Scop. 1777 Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zohary, 1957 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5; fl. and fr.: May- Nov. Distribution in Iraq: Mandali, Balad, Wadi Thirthar, Thirthar Lake, Bahr al-Milh, Karbala, Samawa, Kut, Baquba, Nasiriya, Amara and Basra (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: Iran (Malayeri et al., 2018); France, Portugal, Spain, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Iran, Africa, Canary is lands, England, Bangladesh and Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2021). Suaeda carnosissima Post, 1896 Remark: Ghazanfar and Edmondson (2016) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind:7 specimens; fl. and fr.: Aug- Dec. Distribution in Iraq: Shithatha, Rumaitha, Kerbala, Baghdad and Amara (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: Turkey and Syria (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Family, Apiaceae Lindl., 1836 Genus, Artedia L., 1753 Artedia squamata L., 1735 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind:4; fl. and fr.: Apr.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Sinjar, Balad Sinjar, Jabal Bekher, between Dargala and Karoukh, Bakrajo, Pir Omar Gudrun, Sulaimaniya, Tikrit, Mosul, Baghdad, Mandali and Khanaqin (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2016). Global distribution: Turkey, Jordan, Iran, Greece, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Genus, Ammi L., 1753 Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., 1778 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 15 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Jun. 327 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Distribution in Iraq: Zakho, Halabja, Mosul, Ain Sifni, Kirkuk, Baquba, Muqdadiya, Shahraban, Balaruz and Baghdad (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Global distribution: Egypt (EDA., 2022a); N Africa (Khalil et al., 2020); N America, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Alabama, Mediterranean, California, Florida, the Atlantic islands, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Asia and Iran (Al-Saleh et al., 2019). Ammi majus L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind:12 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Sinjar, Tal Afar, Balad Sinjar, Mosul, Baiji, Arbil, Makmur, Baghdad, Badra, Kut, Aziziya, Daltawa, Rustamiya, Basra and Amara (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Global distribution: Egypt, Europe, Mediterranean, West Africa and India (Abdul Munim et al., 2021). Genus, Bupleurum L., 1753 Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem., 1813 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 12 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Chemchamal (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Genus, Bunium L., 1753 Bunium paucifolium DC., 1830 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 2 specimens; fl and fr.:Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Mosul, Dohuk, Salah ad-Din, Kuh-i Sefin, Halgord, between Halgord and Kholan, Sakri Sakran, Serkabkhan, Kirkuk, Sulaimaniya, Qaranjir, Chemchemal, Zewiya, Qaradagh, Tanjaro, Penjwin, Hawraman, Halabja, Tawila, Jabal Sinjar, Tal ash-Shur, between Sinjar and Tal Afar, between Balad Sinjar and Ba‘ajm Hamman, Tal Kuchek, Tal Kaif, Arbil, between Arbil and Altun Kupri, Taktak bridge, between Kirkuk and Koi Sanjak, Tuz, Zurbatiya, Samarra, Ba‘quba, Shahraban, Ra‘aya and Daltara (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Global distribution: Asia, Europe and North Africa (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Genus, Torilis Adans., 1763 Torilis stocksiana (Boiss.) Drude, 1898 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 11 specimens; fl and fr.:Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Shaqlawa, Koi Sanjaq, Jarmo, Pira Magrun, Malakawa, Darband-i-Khan, Makhlat, Kirkuk, Qizil Robat, between Naft Khana and Mandali, Baghdad, Abu Ghraib, Rustamiya, Abu Saldi Jizera, Ba‘quba, Kut al-Imara, Amara, Qala‘t Salih, Basra and Abul Khasib (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Global distribution: Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). 328 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Family, Apocynaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Cynanchum L., 1753 Cynanchum acutum L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Note: In flora of Iraq this species is under the family of Asclepiadaceae (Townsend and Guest, 1980). Material examind: 12 specimens; fl and fr.: Aug.- Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Qalat Shergat, Mosul, Nineveh, Baghdad, Qasr Naqib, Abu Ghraib, Za‘faraniya, Rustamiya, Babylon, Dabuni, Aziziya, Amara, Mushara and Basra (Townsend and Guest, 1980). Global distribution: Egypt and Europe (Hamidi et al., 2023); Africa, and Asia (Abdelhameed et al., 2021); Algeria, S Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Arabia, Bahrain, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, W Pakistan, Afghanistan, China and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1980). Family, Asteraceae Dumort., 1822 1753 L., Achillea Genus, Achillea aleppica DC., 1838 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Jul.-; fl. and fr.: Mayspecimens 7 Material examind: Distribution in Iraq: Jabal sinjar, Karsi, Zawita, Erbil, Kirkuk, Jarmo, Chemchemal, Tasluja, Sulaimaniya, Gilazarda, Azmir, Pira Magrun, Penjwin, Kamarspa, Kochak, Balad, Jabal Khatchra, Mosul,Baba Gurgur and Mandali (Ghazanfar and Edmondson 2019). Global distribution: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson 2019). Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch, 1851 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Chemchemal, Sulaimaniya, Upper Jazira, Balad Sinjar, Ain Tellawi, Tal Afar, Mosul, Arbil, Kirkuk, Daquq , Jabal Hamrin, Mandali, Badra, Musaiyif al-Ghizlan , Baghdad and Rustamiya (Ghazanfar and Edmondson 2019). Global distribution: Lebanon, Syria, Palestine,Turkey, Jordan, Afghanistan,Transcaucasia, (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019); Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014). Genus, Anthemis L., 1753 Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss., 1846 Remark: Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Jul. Distribution in Iraq: Dohuk, Darbandikan, Dokan, Sulaimaniya, Qaradagh, Sinjar, Mosul, Baghdad, Syrian, Arbil, Badra, Balad, Sinjar, Jabal Hamrin, Wadi Alkhirr, Diyala, Diwaniya, Global distribution: Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Arabia and Iran(Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Anthemis leucanthemifolia Boiss. & C.I.Blanche, 1856 329 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Remark: Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Amara, Tikrit, Beiji and Rutba (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Palestine and Lebanon (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Anvillea DC. 1836 Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC., 1836 Remark: Zohary (1850) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 7 specimens; fl. and fr.: May- Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Tikrit, Rutba, Nukhaib, Najaf, Karbala and Basra (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Saudi Arabia (Aati et al., 2021); Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt and Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Atractylis L., 1753 Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C.Chr., 1922 Remark: by Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Falluja, Ramadi, Habbaniya and Rutba (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Egypt (El-Gazzar et al., 2019); Peninsula, Syria, Africa, Palestine and Sinai (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Carthamus L., 1753 Carthamus oxyacanthus M.Bieb., 1808 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.: May – Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Rowanduz, Jarmo,Sulaimaniya, Ankawa, Sadiya, Mandali, Falluja, Baghdad, Abu Ghraib, Amara and Aqqur Kuf (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Saudi Arabia, Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014); Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan andTranscaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Calendula L., 1753 Calendula arvensis L., 1763 Remark: Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 9 specimens; fl. and fr.:Feb. – Jul. Distribution in Iraq: Dohuk, Jarmo, Darband, -I Khan, Balad Sinjar, Qaiyara, Arbil, Kirkuk, Khalis, Khanaqin, Samarra, Rutba, Rahhaliya, Nukhaib, Sammawa, Rubaitha, Zubair, Sudur, Garmashaya,Basra, Zubair, Rushida, Amara, Kut and Khalis (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Spain, Palestine, Syria, Iran, Egypt, Turkey, Europe, Afghanistan, Cyprus, Sinai Algeria, Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, Caucasia, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain and Yemen (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). 330 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Genus, Launaea Cass., 1822 Launaea angustifolia (Desf.) Kuntze, 1891 Remark: Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.:Feb.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Samarra, Jabal Sanam, Ansab and Shabicha (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Arabian countries in W Asia and N Africa (Aiman et al., 2023). Genus, Garhadiolus Jaub. & Spach 1849 Garhadiolus hedypnois (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Jaub. & Spach, 1850 Remark: Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 2 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Jun. on the plains, Apr.-Jun. in the hills. Distribution in Iraq: Samarra, Hamam Alil, Kamarspa, Shkho, Sharanish, Kamarspa and Sinjar (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: United Arab Emirates (Byalt et al., 2022); Iran, Afghanistan, Caucasia, Turkey and Asia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Remark: In flora of Iraq this species accepted under the name Garhadiolus angulosus Jaub. & Spach. (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019), but in GBIF Secretariat (2023b) accepted under the name Garhadiolus hedypnois (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Jaub. & Spach. Genus, Centaurea L., 1753 Centaurea bruguierana (DC.) Hand.-Mazz., 1913 Remark: Ghazanfar and Edmondson (2019) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl. and fr.: Jun. – Aug. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Qilat, Balad Sinjar, Jarmo, Mosul, Khabur, Bridge, Mahmur, Dibaga, Kirkuk, Arbil, Diyala, Mandali, Tikrit, Falluja, Zubair, Baghdad,Diwaniya and Amara (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution:Turkey, Afghanistan, Syria, C Asia (Turkmenia to Kazakhstan), Transcaucasia, Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019); Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014). Centaurea rigida Banks & Sol., 1794 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 2 specimens; fl. and fr.: May-Aug. Distribution in Iraq: Dohuk, Amadiya, Erbil, Jarmo, Jabal Sinjar, Daquq, Kirkuk, Baghdad, Mandali, Jabal Hamrin, Samarra and Muqdadiya (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Jordan, Palestine, Syria and Turkey (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss., 1846 Remark: This species was recorded for Iraq by Zohary (1950) Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: May – Aug. Distribution in Iraq: Balad Sinjar, Baiji, Ankawa, Baquba, Baghdad, Amara, Shahraban, Arbil, Jabal Hamrin, Dukhail, Kirkuk and Qara Hasan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). 331 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Global distribution: Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon and Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Crepis L., 1753 Crepis kotschyana (Boiss.) Boiss., 1875 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.- Jul. Distribution in Iraq: Chemchemal, Khanaqin, Mandali, Samarra, Jarmo, Jabal Khatchra, Injana and Qopi Qaradagh (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Afghanistan, Turkey, Pakistan, C Asia (Turkmenia to Tajikistan) (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019); Iran (Dehshiri and Jozipoor, 2014). Genus, Cymbolaena Smoljan., 1955 Cymbolaena griffithii (A.Gray) Wagenitz, 1971 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.:May – Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Zakho, Suwara, Kirkuk, Samarra, Shargat, Kirkuk, Shaqlawa, Koi Sanjak, Pira Magrun, Salah ad-Din and Tuz. Global distribution: Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Arabia, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenia, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Filago L. 1753 Filago pyramidata L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl. and fr.: Feb.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Zakho, Balad Sinjar, Mosul, Chemchemal, Sulaimaniya, Tall Afar, Hawija, Khanaqin, Baquba, Ana, Rawa, Ansab, Zubair, Tarmiya, Khalis, Amara, Baghdad and Hilla (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: S Europe, Aegean Is., Syria, Iran, Palestine, Mediterranean, Turkeym, Cyprus, Jordan, Arabia, Afghanistan, N Africa, Caucasia, Pakistan and Macaronesia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019); Spain and Italy (Bartolucci et al., 2018). Genus, Gundelia L., 1754 Gundelia tournefortii L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Jul. Distribution in Iraq: Zakho, Sarsang, Khanzad, Rownduz, Jarmo, Mosul, Qara Dagh, Mosul, Tal Afar, Khanaqin, Ramadi, Rutba and Khlis (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Turkey, Cyprus, Algeria Transcaucasia, Afghanistan and Iran (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Gymnarrhena Desf., 1818 Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf., 1818 Remark: Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. 332 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Badra, Baghdad, Ramadi, Ana, Qaim, Rutba, Zubair, Jabal Sanam, Basra, Amara, Falluja, Safwan, samawa, Wadi Hawran and Shithatha (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Iran, Syria, N Africa, Palestine, Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019); Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019). Genus, Hedypnois Hill 1753 Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F.W.Schmidt, 1795 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Sinjar, Mosul, Koi Sanjaq, Jarmo, Kirkuk, Samarra, Amara, Baghdad, Shahraban, Injana, Kifri and Saadiya (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Palestine, Syria, Iran, Egypt, Turkey, Europe, Cyprus, N Africa (Libya to Morocco), Macaronesia (Madeira, Canaries, Azores)(Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Ifloga Cass., 1822 Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip., 1845 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Amara, Falluja,Wadi Thirthar, Jabal Muwaila, Rutba, Samarra, Wadi Hauran, Najf, Jumaima, Zubair, Baghdad, Ansab, Busaiya, Julaida and Um-Qasir (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Iran, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Turkmenia, Afghanistan, Aegean, Lebanon, Palestine, Sinai, S Europe (SE Spain), Kuwait, N Africa ( Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco) and Macaronesia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, koelpinia Pall., 1776 Koelpinia linearis Pall., 1776 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 2 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Jarmo, Jabal Qilat, Balad Sinjar, Tal Julaimid, Kirkuk, Rawa, Samarra, Balad, Ramadi, Jabal Sanam, Karbala, Zubair, Susur, Basra, Rustamiya, Sudur and Aidaha (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Iran, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Turkmenia, Afghanistan, (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019); Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019). Genus, Leontodon L., 1753 Leontodon laciniatus (Bertol.) Widder, 1967 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 2 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Shargat, Rutba, Qaraghan, Rawa, Aziziya, Amara, Samarra, Jumaima, Salman, Rustamiya, Rashida, Babylon, Njaf, Qaaim, Safwan and Shabicha (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). 333 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Global distribution: Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Iran, Egypt, Kuwait and Caucasus (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Onopordum L., 1753 Onopordum ambiguum Fresen., 1834 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.-Sep. Distribution in Iraq: Rutba, Ana, Hilla Ramadi, Samarra and Falluja. Global distribution: Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Sinai and Yemen (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Onopordum heteracanthum C.A.Mey., 1831 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.-Aug. Distribution in Iraq: Sulaimaniya, Mosul, Kirkuk, Mandali, Baghdad, Dohuk, Ramadi, Rutba, Adhaim andTikrit (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Iran, Turkey and Transcaucasia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Picris L., 1753 Picris babylonica Hand.-Mazz., 1913 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Balad, Wadi Thirthar, Samarr, Habbbaniya and Samwa (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Jordan Syria, Egypt PalUmm Qasr, Basra, Zubair, Karbala, Najaf, Fallluja, Nukhaib and Ajjrumiya (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Scorzonera L., 1753 Scorzonera papposa DC., 1838 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Sinjar, Sulaaimaniya, Jarmo, Kirkuk, Mandali, Baba Gurgur, Rawa, Haditha, Nukhaib, Sharkat, Rutba and Jabal Sanam (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution:Transcaucasia, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Kuwait, (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019); Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019). Genus, Senecio L., 1753 Senecio glaucus L., 1753 Remark: This species was recorded for Iraq by Guest (1933). Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Feb.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Qilat, Baiji, Jabal Hamrin, Ana, Tal-Julaimid, Mosul, Ramadi, Samarra, Ansab, Amara, Babylon, Basra, Wadi Tib, Wadi Fuhaimi and Tikrit (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). 334 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Global distribution: Italy (Bartolucci et al., 2018); Iran, Pakistan, Palestine, Afghanistan, N Africa from Egypt to Morocco and Canary Is (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Silybum Adans., 1763 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., 1791 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 11 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Mosul, Baghdad, Amara, Basra, Abu-Graib, Baquba, Zafaraniya and Jalala (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: New Zealand, The Falkland Islands, Native in Mediterranean region, SW Europe and SW Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Australia, S America, Palestine and Egypt (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Sonchus L., 1753 Sonchus oleraceus L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 11 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Sayid Sadiq, Baquba, Amara, Basra, Qaim, Falluja, Rustamiya and Suwira (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: India (Adhikari and Babu, 2008); Saudi Arabia (Osman and Abdein, 2019); New Zealand, Europe, Cyprus, Aegean Is., Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Sinai, Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Pakistan, N Africa, Caucasia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Siberia, Japan and China (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Sonchus tenerrimus L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.-Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Babylon, Amara, Basra and Khalis (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Global distribution: Jordan, Syria, Palestine (Al-Joboury and Aliwy, 2023), Iran, Egypt, Mediterranean Europe (from Portugal, Italy, Spain, Balkans and Sicily), Pakistan, Cyprus and Macaronesia (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Genus, Xanthium L., 1753 Xanthium strumarium L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 10 specimens; fl. and fr.: Jun.-Feb. Distribution in Iraq: Sarsang, Penjwin, Badra, Namaniya, Fao, Zurbatiya, Habbaniya, Kirkuk and Khalis (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2019). Family, Berberidaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Leontice L., 1753 Remark: In flora of Iraq this genus was diagnosed under Leonticaceae family (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). 335 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Leontice leontopetalum L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Sinjar, Rowanduz, Sinjar, Mosul, Kirkuk, Kifri, Tuz, Mandali, Bdra, Samarra, Rutba, Nukhaib, Ramadi, Ana, Qaim, Khalis, Shahraban, Baquba, Baghdad and Zurbatiya (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution: S E Europe, Crete, Aegean Isles (Al-Snafi, 2019); Cypruc, Syria, Lenanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Afghanistan and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Family, Brassicaceae Bumett, 1835 Genus, Diplotaxis DC., 1821 Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC., 1821 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 10 specimens; fl and fr.: Apr.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Darband-I Khan, Mosul, Kirkuk, Balad, Baghdad, Abu Ghraib, Baghdad, Amara, Baquba, Diyala, Ramadi and Sadiya (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution: Mediterranean countries (Clemente-Villalba et al., 2020), S W Europe, Turkey, Syria, Sinai, Palestine, , Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Arabia, Iran and Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss., 1867 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr. Feb-Jul. Distribution: Sicily, Syria, Sinai, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, N. Africa and Tropical Africa (Somalia, Ethiopia) (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Eruca Mill. 1754 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav., 1802 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Remark: In flora of Iraq, this species named Eruca sativa Mill. (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Apr.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Kirkuk, Shargat, Adhaim, Mandali, Baghdad, Rusttamiya, Basra, Sudur and Zubair (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution: Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Caucasus and Iran (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Sisymbrium L., 1753 Sisymbrium irio L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl and fr: Feb.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Khanaqin, Mandali, Rawa, Karbala, Shabicha, Khalis, Diyala, Amara, Kut, Aqarquf, Rustamiya, Abu Ghraib and Haditha (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). 336 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Global distribution: North Africa, Asia and Europe, South Africa, (Tiwari and Bhargava, 2021); North America and Australia (Angelo and Boufford, 2011). Genus, Schimpera Steud. & Hochst. ex Endl., 1839 Schimpera arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud., 1816 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl and fr.: Feb.- Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Hamrin, Baghdad, Shahraban, Jalaula, Muqdadiya, Ramadi, Nukhaib, Rawa, Falluja, Samarra, Zarqa, Jumaima, Samawa, Um Qasr, Zubair, Abul-Khassib, Nasiriya, Umam Ibrahim, Jabal Sanam and Basra (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution:Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Caucasus, Iran, Europe, Cyprus, Jordan, Arabia, Kuwait, Pkistan, Afghanistan, N Africa (Libya to Morocco), N America, Australia (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Clypeola L., 1753 Clypeola jonthlaspi L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Sinjar, shaqlawa, Jabal Maklub, Bashiqa, Dokan, Khanaqin, Muqdadiya, Rawa and Jarmo (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution:Turkey, Sinai, Egypt, Caucasus, Iran, Jordan, Pkistan, Afghanistan, N Africa (Libya to Morocco), C. Asia ( Aralo-Caspian to Tian Shan) (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Matthiola R.Br. 1812 Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC., 1821 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl and fr.: Feb.- Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Balad Sinjar, Baiji, Kirkuk, Baba Gurgur, Rowanduz, Arbil, Chamchamal, Qaiyara, Samarra, Balad, Qaim, Rutba, Ramadi, Nukhaib, Karbala, Jabal Muwailih, Rawa, Shanicha, Zubaida, Nukhaib, Basra, Zubair, Baghdad, Khan Bani Sad, Nahrwan, Bsra and Najan (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution:S E Europe (Greece, S. Russia), Aegean Isles, Turkey, Syria, Sanai, Egypt, Lebanon, , Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Arabia, Cyprus,, N Africa (Libya) (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Zuvanda (Dvořák) Askerova, 1985 Zuvanda crenulata (DC.) Askerova, 1985 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.-May. Global distribution: Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Lebanon, Zambia and Egypt (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). 337 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Genus, Strigosella Boiss., 1854 Strigosella grandiflora (Bunge) Botsch., 1972 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.:Feb.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Hamrin, Mansuriya, Badra, Falluja, Wadi Thirthar, Samarra, Ramadi, Falluja, Karbala, Zubair, Nukhaila, Zubair, Um Qasar, Babylon, Khanaqin, Safwan, Ghubaishiya, Shithatha and Balad (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution: Syria, Kueait, Arabia, Iran, W Pakistan, Afghanistan and C. Asia (Turkmenia to Kazakhstan) (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Neotorularia Hedge & J.Léonard, 1986 Neotorularia torulosa (Desf.) Hedge & J.Léonard, 1986 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-Jun. Distribution: Ukraine, Jordan, Jordan, Spain, Turkey, Spain, Morocco, Georgia, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Syria, Morocco and Cyprus (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Erucaria Gaertn., 1791 Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce, 1914 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl and fr.:Feb.- Jul. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Sinjar, Kirkuk, Jalaula, Khanaqin, Badra, Qaim, Haditha, Ramadi, Shabicha, Jabal Muwailih, Sammarra, Balad, Rutba and Nukhaib (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution: S E Europe, Crete, Aegaean, Isles, Lebanon, Jordan, Cyprus, Turkey, Sinai, Syria, Egypt, Palestine, Arabia, Iran, Bahrain, N. Africa and W Pakistan (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Lepidium L., 1753 Lepidium draba L., 1753 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 9 specimens; fl and fr.: Mar.- Aug. Distribution in Iraq: Zawita, Salah al-Din, Diyala, Baquba, Baghdad, Basra, Amara, Babylon, Azizya and Samarra (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Global distribution: Western Asia, Iran, Turkey, Armenia, Syria, E Europe, N America, Africa and Algeria (Naser et al., 2019). Family, Capparaceae Juss., 1789 Remark: In flora of Iraq this family named Capparidaceae, 1936 (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Genus, Capparis L., 1753 Capparis spinose L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 15 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-May. 338 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Singar, Zakho, Samarra, Baquba, Zurbatiya, Mosul, Abu Graib, Rownduz, Rustamiya, Sadiya and Mosul (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: N E Africa, Asia, Indonesia, Australia, and Oceania (Annaz et al., 2022); Morroco to Crimea, Armernia, Iran, Spain, Moroccourkey and Italy (Mollica et al., 2019); Mediterranean, S Europe (Altameme and Abidhuda 2018). Family, Convolvulaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Convolvulus L. 1753 Convolvulus arvensis L. 1753 Material examind: 7 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-May. Global distribution: Europe and Asia, Mediterranean region and Macaronesia (Alwan and Hamad, 2020). Family, Caryophyllaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Herniaria L., 1753 Herniaria hemistemon J.Gay, 1847 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Feb.- Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Samarra, Jabal Sinjar, Jumaima, Falluja, Khalis, Tikrit, Rutba, Zafaraniya and Smawa (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: North Africa and Asia, spanning from Morocco to Iran (Ghareeb et al., 2023); Egypt (Elhagali et al., 2019). Family, Cistaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Helianthemum Mill., 1754 Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.Cours., 1802 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- May. Distribution in Iraq: Kirkuk, Jabal Himrin, Mandali, Zerbatiya, Amara, Karbala, Samarra, Ansab, Zubair, Jabal Sanam, Falluja, Basra, Nukhaib, Rutba, Lake Tharthar and Baghdad (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: S Europe, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, N Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, W Pakistan and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill., 1768 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Jarmo, Arbil, Rutba, Baiji, Khanaqin, Jalaula and Tuz (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Mediterranean Europe, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, N Africa and N Sudan (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Fabaceae Lindl., 1836 Genus, Alhagi Tourn. ex Gagnebin, 1755 339 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Alhagi graecorum Boiss., 1849 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 12 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-Jul. Distribution in Iraq: Sulaimaniya, Mosul, Kirkuk, Falluja, , Baghdad, Shamiya, Babylon, Hilla, Diyala, Dabouni, Kut,Bani Said, Qurna and Basra (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Global distribution: UK (Hawar et al., 2022); Iran (Esmaeilzadeh-Hosseini and Salehi, 2021); Turkey, Syria, Palestine (Al-Snafi, 2015); Aegean Isles, Lebanon, Sinai, SE Europe (Greece), Kuwait, N Africa ( Libya, Algeria,), Rhodes, Cyprus, Bahrain, Caucasus, Jordan, Egypt and Arabia (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Genus, Prosopis L., 1767 Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F.Macbr., 1919 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Zakho, Atrush, between Harir and Baba Chichak, Rowanduz, Mosul, Arbil, Kirkuk, Jalaula, Khanaquin, Badra, Jabal al-Muwaila, Khalis, Falluja, Bahr al-milh, Shithatha, Salman, Thulaima, Jumaima, Sudur Mansuriya, Abu Ghraib, Baghdad, Rustamiya, Babylon, N‘amaniya, Amara, bank of Shatt al-Arab, between Basra and Fao (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Global distribution: Libya (Sh-hoob et al., 2021); Iran, Türkiye, Syria, Palestine, Aegean Isles, Lebanon, Sinai, SE Europe (Greece), Kuwait, N Africa ( Libya, Algeria,), Rhodes, Cyprus, Bahrain, Caucasus, Jordan, Egypt and Arabia (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Genus, Astragalus L., 1753 Astragalus fasciculifolius Boiss., 1843 Remark: Al-Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-May. Distribution: Iran (Sadeghi et al., 2023). Astragalus duplostrigosus Post & Beauverd, 1932 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Remark: In flora of Iraq this species called Astragalus hamrinensis Hausskn. & Bornm., but in GBIF Secretariat (2023c), it is considered a synonym for Astragalus duplostrigosus Post & Beauverd. Material examind: 7 specimens; fl. and fr.:Feb.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Bashiqa, Jabal Hamrin, Adhaim, Injana, Mansuriya, Shahraban, Euphrates, between Baiji and Bagga, Baiji, Samarra, Rutba, Amrah, Wadi Hauran and Karbala (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Global distribution: Iran (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Astragalus dactylocarpus Boiss., 1843 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 7 specimens; fl and fr.: Mar.- Jul. 340 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Distribution in Iraq: Zakho, Madhiq, Jarmo, Sinjar, Julaimid, Shargat, Baiji, Jabal Makhul, Arbil, between Baba Gurgur and Kirkuk, Tuz, Samarra, Injana, Quraitu, Khanaqin, Jabal Darawishka, between Qizil Robat and Jabal hamrin, Sharaban, Kazariya, Mandali, Badra, Jabal Muwailih, Amara, Euphrates and Baiji Haditha (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Global distribution: Türkiye, Jordan and Iran (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl., 1907 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl and fr. Feb-jun. Distribution in Iraq: Chemchemal, Mosul, Jabal Makhul, Kirkuk, Jabal Hamrin, Khanaqin, Jabal Darawishka, Muqdadiya, Mandali, Badra, Jabal Muwailih, Amara, Khumran, Samarra, Falluja, Qaim, Rutba, Baghdad, Nukhaib, Karbala, Ukhaidhir, Abu Sukhair, Shabicha, Ruhba, Salman, Abu Ghar, Busaiya, Nukhaila, Zubair, Jabal Sanam, Um Qasr, Falluja and Baghdad (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Global distribution: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, Arabia, Kuwait and Iran (Townsend and Guest 1974). Genus, Lathyrus L., 1753 Lathyrus annuus L, 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 7 specimens; fl and fr.: Apr.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Baghdad, Samaraa, Bghdad, Amara, Babylon and Tarmiya (Townsend and Guest 1974). Global distribution: Mediterranean, Europe, Aegaean Isles, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Macaronesia and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Genus, Glycyrrhiza Tourn. ex L., 1753 Glycyrrhiza glabra L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl and fr.: Jun-Sep. Distribution in Iraq: Dohuk, between Salah ad-Din and Shaqlawa, Debis, Kirkuk, Chamchamal, Sulaimaniya, Nineveh, Gerwona, between Mosul and Aqra, Jabal Hamrin, Sangar, Khanaqin, Qasr, Baghdad, Z‘faraniya, Khalis, B‘aquba, Hilla, Amara, between Basra and Abul-Khassib, between Basra and Fao (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Global distribution: Egypt (Zadeh et al., 2013); Asia, Mediterranean (Townsend and Guest, 1974). Family, Geraniaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Erodium L'Hér., 1789 Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér.,1789 Remark: Blakelock (1948) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 8 specimens; fl and fr.:Apr.- Jun. Global distribution: Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Taiwan, Türkiye, Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Russian, Federation, Pakistan, China, India, 341 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Nepal, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Belgium Lithuania, Moldova, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Czech Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark, Ireland, Albania, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Finland Romania, Serbia and Slovenia (Al-Snafi, 2017). Family, Lythraceae J.St.-Hil., 1805 Genus, Lythrum L., 1735 Lythrum hyssopifolia L., 1753 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Zhkho, Chamchamel, Diyala, Takrit, Khalis and Aziziya (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: S Europe, S E Africa and Asia (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Malvaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Malva L., 1753 Malva nicaeensis All., 1785 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 12 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-May. Global distribution Türkiye (Renda et al., 2021); Mediterranean Europe, Aegaean Isles, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Arabia, Iran, Caucasus, Iran, N Africa, Macaronesia and Asia (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Plumbaginaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Psylliostachys (Jaub. & Spach) Nevski, 1937 Psylliostachys spicatus (Willd.) Nevski, 1937 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 2 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar- Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Tuz, Jabal Hamrin, Mandali, Jazira, Kut, Baghdad, Amara, Basra and Fao (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Syria Palestine, Arabia, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Plantaginaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Plantago L. 1753 Plantago lagopus L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 10 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar- Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Zawita, Dohuk, Jabal Maqlub, Mosul, Tuz, Khanaqin, Samarra, Baquba, Diyala, Falluja, Shahraban, Abu Ghraib, Amara and Kut (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Global distribution:Egypt (Behiry et al., 2022); Syria, Kuwait, Palestine, Iran, Mediterranean, S Europe, N Africa, Caucasus, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). 342 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Plantago afra, 1762 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.:Feb.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Darband-i-Khan, Sulaimaniya, Dohuk, Mosul Liwa, Arbil, Zurbatiya, Khanaqin, Badra, Jaybabal Makhal, Ain Dis and Salah Al-Din(Ghazanfar and Edmondson, 2013). Global distribution: Egypt (EDA., 2022b); Mediterranean, Asia and N Africa (Mohsenzadeh et al., 2020). Family, Papaveraceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Fumaria L., 1753 Remark: In flora of Iraq this genus It was diagnosed within the Fumariaceae family (Townsend andGuest, 1980b). Fumaria parviflora Lam., 1788 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 2 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Sinjar, Dohuk, Aqra, Shaqlawa, Jarmo, Mosul, Arbil, Namrud, Kirkuk, Rutba, Wadi Hauran, Haditha, Rustamiya, Babylon and Basra (Townsend andGuest, 1980b). Global distribution: Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Iran, Türkiye, Iran, Europe, Cyprus, N America, N Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Lebanon, Sinai, Kuwait, W Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Asia (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Genus, Hypecoum L., 1753 Hypecoum pendulum L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Balad Sinjar, Baghdad, Samarra, Falluja, Shabicha, Rutba, Nukhaib, Haditha, Khanaqin, Mosul, Tal afar and Karbala. Global distribution: Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Iran, Türkiye, Iran, Europe, Cyprus, N America, N Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Sinai, Kuwait, W Pakistan, Afghanistan, Asia, W Siberia, India, Macaronsia (Canary), S Russia, Aegean Isles, Jordan, Kuwait and Caucasus (Townsend and Guest, 1980b). Family, Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. (1797) Genus, Lysimachia Tourn. ex L., 1753 Lysimachia arvensis subsp. arvensis U. Manns & Anderb, 2009 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Gara Dagh, Diyala, Jabal al-Muwaila, Shithatha, Smawa, Amara, Daltawa, Fao, Mosul, Kirkuk, Fuuhaimi, Shitatha, Baghdad and Heditha (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Egypt, Palestine, S America, Taiwan and India (Yasmeen et al., 2020). 343 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Family, Resedaceae Martinov., 1820 Genus, Reseda L. 1753 Reseda alba L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Feb.- May. Distribution in Iraq: Rawa, Wadi al-Battikha, Nukhaib, Rutba, Banks of Zab, Kirkuk, Qaraghan and Nukhaib (Townsend and Guest, 1980). Global distribution: Türkiye (Çilden et al., 2021); N America (Angelo and Boufford, 2011); Lebanon, Jordan, S Europe, Aegean Isles, Crete, Türkiye, Sinai, , Syria and Egypt (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Rubiaceae Gen Pl., 1789 Genus, Galium L. 1753 Galium spurium L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Amadiya, Rowanduz, Jarmo, Dokan Sulaimaniya, Baghdad, Amara, Samarra, Khurmal, Basra, Amara, Arbil, Great Zab Penjwin and Samarra (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: S Europe, Syria, Labanon, Türkiye, Iran, Palestine and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Galium aparine L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 7 specimens; fl and fr.: Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Aqra, Qaradagh, Baghdad and Chemchamal (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: All Europe, Egypt Syria, Labanon, Türkiye, Caucasus, Pakistan, Iran, Palestine and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Rutaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Haplophyllum A.Juss., 1825 Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A.Juss., 1825 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Balad Sinjar, Harir, Ankawa, Rownduz, Kirkuk, Injana, Khanaqin, Mandali, Badra, Amara, Ain al hasan, Aqra, Badra, Fakka, Jabal Makhul, Arbil, Naft Khana, Shargat, Mosul, Baba Gurgur and Jabal al-Muwailih (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Türkiye, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, N Africa and Sudan (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Salicaceae Mirb., 1815 Genus, Populus L., 1753 Populus euphratica Olivier, 1807 344 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 7 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Amadiya, Rowanduz, Qara Dagh, Mosul, Khanaqin, Mandali, Zurbatiya, Samarra, Babylon, Karbala, Samara, Rustamiya, Zafaraniya, Nasiriya, Kut and Amara (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Spain, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Türkiye, Caucasus, Iran, W Pakistan, Afghanistan, Asia and N Africa (Ruisheng and Dong, 2005). Populus nigra L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 Specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.- May. Distribution in Iraq: Bakrajo, Rustamiya and Zafaraniya (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Europe, British Isles, Mediterranean, N Africa, Kazakstan and China (De Rigo et al., 2016). Genus, Salix L., 1753 Salix acmophylla Boiss., 1846 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl and fr.:Mar.- May. Distribution in Iraq: Jabal Sinjar, Amadiya, Sersang, Aqra, Khanaqin, Baghdad, Daltawa, Karbala, Rustamiya, Abu Ghraib, Babylon, Amara, Qurna, Basra and Fao (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: India (Capuana et al., 2022); Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Türkiye, Iran, W Pkistan, Afghanistan and Asia (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Solanaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Physalis L., 1753 Physalis angulate L., 1753 Remark: Alallaq (2012) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 10 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar.- Jun. Global distribution: Libya (Mahklouf, 2019) and Syria (Mahklouf, 2016). Genus, Lycium L., 1753 Lycium barbarum L., 1753 Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Mar.-Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Baghdad (Hasan et al., 2023). Family, Tamaricaceae Link., 1821 Genus, Tamarix L., 1753 Tamarix arceuthoides Bunge, 1851 Remark: Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 9 specimens; fl and fr.:Mar.- May. 345 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Distribution in Iraq: Sulaimaniya, Mosul, Great-Zab, Kirkuk, Tuz, Jabal Hamrin, Mandali, Jabal al-Muwailiah, Euphrates, Quaim, Jadida, Baghdad, Garma, Falluja, Hilla, Kut, Nasiriya, Diyala, Baquba, Amara and Basra (Townsend and Guest, 1980). Global distribution: China (Wang et al., 2023), Iran and North of Evaniki (Villar et al., 2019). Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., 1829 Remark: Guest (1932) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Mar.- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Mosul, Nineveh, between Arbil and Rowanduz, Rawa, Tikrit, Baghdad, Rustamiya, Abu Ghraib, Babylon and Amara (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: In the arid and semi-arid areas for continental Asia, North Africa, S Africa and Europe (Wang et al., 2023). Tamarix brachystachys Bunge, 1852 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Baidha, Khanzad, Hawija, Wadi Fuhaimi, Wadi Thirthar, Hadhr, between Ramadi and Shithatha, Karbala, between Karbala, Hilla and Najf, Rustamiya, Abu- Ghraib, Mahmudiya, Diyala, Ba‘quba, Salman Pak, Baghdad-Kut highway, Kut, Amara and Basra (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Iran and Asia (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst., 1881Gez Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl and fr.: Jun- Dec. Distribution in Iraq: Ramadi, Rutba, Busaiya, Shaiba, Baghdad, Falluja and Basra (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Global distribution: Africa, Asia, Mediterranean, America and Australia (Villar et al., 2022). Family, Urticaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Urtica L., 1753 Urtica urens L., 1753 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 10 specimens; fl and fr.:Mar.- May. Distribution in Iraq: Sinjar, Baghdad, Kut, Amara and Mosul (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Zygophyllaceae R. Br., 1814 Genus, Fagonia L., 17531 Fagonia glutinosa Delile, 1813 Remark: Rechinger (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: Feb- Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Habbaniya, Falluja, Karbala, Balad, Ansab, Zubair, Busaiya, Shabicha and Wadi al Khirr (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). 346 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants Global distribution: Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, Arabia, Kuwait and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1980a). Family, Cyperaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Cyperus L., 1753 Cyperus rotundus L., 1753 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 4 specimens; fl. and fr.: May-Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Rawi, Salah ad-Din, Mosul, Nineveh, Mandali, south of Shithatha, Balad, Garma, Falluja, Abu Ghraib, Baghdad, Khalis, Rustamiya, Z‘faraniya, Mahmudiya, Hilla, Graham, Suwaira, Bablyon, Shatra, Diwaniya, Aziziya, Kut and Basra (Townsend and Guest, 1985). Global distribution: Syria, Europe, Cyprus, India, China, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, N Africa, Macaronesia, S Amrica, Aegaean Isles, Palestine and N Australia (Townsend and Guest, 1985). Cyperus michelianus (L.) Delile, 1813 Remark: Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl. and fr.:Jul.- Oct. Distribution in Iraq: Falluja and Baghdad (Townsend and Guest, 1985). Global distribution:East Mediterranean Europe, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Türkiye, S Iran, India, Malaysia, Australia, China, Japan, New Guinea, Philippines and Tropical Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1985). Family, Iridaceae Juss., 1789 Genus, Gladiolus Tourn. ex L., 1753 Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss., 1854 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 3 specimens; fl. and fr.:Apr.-May. Distribution in Iraq: Between Kirkuk and Chamchamal, Sulaimaniya, Balad, Sinjar and Hamam Alil (Townsend and Guest, 1985). Global distribution: Jordan (Al-Jabera et al., 2019); Syria, Palestine, Iran, Türkiye, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Transcaucasia and C. Asia (Turkmenia) (Townsend and Guest, 1985). Family, Poaceae Barnhart, 1895 Genus, Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub. & Spach, 1851 Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski, 1933 Remark: Rawi (1964) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 7 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-May. Distribution in Iraq: B‘aj, Baidha, Sinjar, Tal Afar, Rutba, Ramadi, Karbala, Rawa, Wadi Thirthar, Falluja, Samarra, Baghdad, Kut-Amara and Badra (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Global distribution: Türkiye (Cabi and Doğan, 2010); Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia, W Pakistan, Afghanistan and India (Townsend and Guest, 1968). 347 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al-Joboury and Zurgany Genus, Schismus P. Beauv. 1812 Schismus arabicus Nees, 1841 Remark: Zohary (1950) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.:Mar.-Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Tuz, Rutba, Ramadi, Baghdad, Babylon, Fallujah, Samarra, Busaiya, Zubair and Jebel Sanam (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Global distribution: Сhina, (Olonova et al., 2021); Europe (Sicily, Balkans), Aegaean Isles, Rhodes, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Arabia, Türkiye, Caucasus, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tunisia, Libya, N America, S Australia and India (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Genus, Sphenopus Steenstrup, 1856 Sphenopus divaricatus (Gouan) Rchb., 1830 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 5 specimens; fl. and fr.: Mar-Apr. Distribution in Iraq: Qaiyara, Tuz, Khanaqin, Rawa, Zubair, Amara, Basra, Tikrit, Baghdad, Wadi Thirthar, Aziziya and Kirkuk (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Global distribution: Mediterranean Europe, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Sinai, Egypt, Arabia, Türkiye, Caucasus, Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, Asia, N Africa, Macaronesia and Australia (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Genus, Bromus L., 1753 Bromus lanceolatus Roth, 1797 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 6 specimens; fl. and fr.: Apr.-Jun. Distribution in Iraq: Aqra, Darband-i Khan, Tanjaro valley, Wadi Thirthar, Baghdad, Amaran and Abul-Khassib (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Global distribution: S E Europe (Balkans), Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Türkiye, Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, C. Asia and N Africa (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Genus, Phragmites Adans., 1763 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1841 Remark: Guest (1933) recorded this species for Iraq. Material examind: 12 specimens; fl. and fr.: May-Dec. Distribution in Iraq: Zawita, Haji Umran, Jabal Hamrin, Baghdad, Rustamiya, Mahmudiya, Babylon and Amara (Townsend and Guest, 1968). Global distribution: Türkiye, Syria, Korea, Japan, N Africa, Palestine, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Siberia and China (Townsend and Guest, 1968). CONCLUSIONS The current study that a large number of dicotyledon plants were widespread in the study areas despite the neglect these areas have suffered. The botanical diversity of wild plants continues to flourish, with dicotyledons plants characterized by the wide distribution of their species. Many of these species have spread with a distinct density, especially the Asteraceae. The number of plant species recorded reached 30, distributed across most of the study areas, 348 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 315-356. Investigation of wild land plants while it was observed that a number of plant families were represented by only one family, Also, monocotyledons plants were collected, which spread in a much lower numbers of types and densities compared to dicotyledons, which were represented by three plant families: Cyperaceae, Iridaceae and Poaceae. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT "The authors have no conflicts for interest to declare". LITERATURE CITED Aati, H. Y., Perveen, S., Orfali, R., Al-Taweel, A. M., Peng, J., Tabassum, S. and Taglialatela-Scafati, O. 2021. 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(2024) 18 (2): 315-356. دراسة النباتات البرية في منطقة ضفاف نهر الدجيل، محافظة صالح الدين، شمال بغداد، العراق د الزركانيلبنى مجي خنساء رشيد الجبوري و العراق., بغداد, بغداد جامعة, الطبيعي التاريخ ومتحف بحوث مركز 20/12/2024، النشر: 5/8/2024القبول: ،29/7/2024املراجعة: ، 8/12/2023االستالم: الخالصة في الدراسة الحالية تم جمع النباتات البرية في منطقة ضفاف نهر الدجيل, محافظة بغداد, العراق وذلك في فترة التزهير واالثمار لهذه النباتات خالل صالح الدين, شمال , وتم تشخيصها, وقد 2023االشهر: شباط, نيسان, حزيران, اب وتشرين االول في اظهرت النتائج ان عدد النباتات التي تم جمعها بلغ مئة واربعة انواع, والتي تعود لتسعة عشرين عائلة من ذوات الفلقتين منها ست وعشرين عائلة نباتية, والتي تتضمن ستة و وسبعين جنسا نباتيا وستة وتسعون نوعا, وكانت العائلة املركبة االكثر تنوع واملتضمنة اربعة وعشرون نوعا نباتيا تتبع بالعائلة الصليبية باثنا عشر نوعا نباتيا, بينما تم , Apocynaceaeتشخيص ثالثة عشر عائلة نباتية من خالل نوع نباتي واحد وهي: Berberidaceae ,Capparaceae ,Caryophyllaceae ,Convolvulaceae , Geraniaceae ,Lythraceae ,Malvaceae ,Papaveraceae ,Plumbaginaceae , Primulaceae ,Rutaceae و ,Urticaceae . باالضافة الى نباتات احادية الفلقة واملتضمنة االكثر تنوعا مع خمس اجناس نت العائلة النجيليةسبع اجناس وثمان انواع نباتية, وكا وخمس انواع تتبع بالعائلة السعدية بتشخيص جنس نباتي واحد ونوعين.