Bull 395 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2024) 18 (2): 395-429. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.2.0395 ORIGINAL ARTICLE NEW RECORDS OF SOME DIGENETIC TREMATODES IN SOME MARINE FISHES FROM IRAQ Hassan A. Fazaa*, ** Atheer H. Ali* and Hussein A. Saud*** *Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq. **Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Muthanna, Samawah, Iraq. ***Department of Pathological Analyses, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq. Corresponding author E-mail: atheeralibu@gmail.com Received: 27 July 2024, Revised:09 Oct. 2024, Accepted: 10 Oct. 2024, Published:20 December 2024 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT A parasitological investigation of diagenetic trematodes in three fish species from Iraqi marine territorial waters was conducted from December 2021 to December 2022. The study identified five trematode species belonging to the families Hemiuridae, Acanthocolpidae, and Opecoelidae. Lecithocladium angustiovum Yamaguti, 1953, found in the intestines of the black pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) (Hemiuridae). Three species of acanthocolpid trematodes, Monostephanostomum loossi (Pandey & Tewari, 1984), Stephanostomum ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939), and Stephanostomum sp., were recorded in the greater amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) Additionally, Pseudopecoeloides tenuis Yamaguti, 1940 (Opecoelidae) was recorded in the purple-spotted bigeyes Priacanthus tayenus Richardson, 1810. Except for L. angustiovum, all of these parasites were recorded for the first time in Iraq and the Arabian Gulf. Keywords: Arabian Gulf, Fish, Iraq, Marine, Monogenoidea, Parasite. INTRODUCTION Black pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) is commercially important fish species in the Arabian Gulf region. It feeds on phytoplankton, zooplanktons, crustaceans and annelids (Dadzie, 2007). The Greater Amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), a large predatory fish of commercial significance, is distributed globally, inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas. Its range includes the Indo-West Pacificfrom South Africa to the Arabian Gulf, southern Japan, the Hawaiian Islands, and south to New Caledonia as well as the Western and Eastern Atlantic. Purple-spotted bigeyes Priacanthus tayenus Richardson, 1846 which feeds on a variety of benthic organisms, is considered a minor commercial species (Froese and Pauly, 2024). BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799, Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.2.0395 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1522-3592 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2541-968x https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5342-0146 mailto:atheeralibu@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 396 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic In Iraq research on parasites in the fish species targeted in the current study has been limited; P. niger has been to be only infected with Lecithocladium bulbolabrum Reid, Coil & Kuntz, 1966 (=Lecithocladium angustiovum Yamaguti, 1953) by Mohammad (2010); P. tayenus has been found to host a cestode plerocercus of Callitetrarhynchus sp. (Al-Hajjaj, 2021), fourth larval nematode Hysterothylacium sp. type BI (Al-Hajjaj, 2021; Ali and Mizher, 2023) and a diplectanid monogenoid Oliveriplectanum robustitubum (Wu & Li, 2003) (Kritsky et al., 2024). However, for parasitological report (s) detected on S. dumerili. Lecithocladium Lühe, 1901 comprises 50 valid species (WoRMS, 2024); although seven species are known from Pakistan: L. arii Bilqees, Khatoon, Shabbir, Shaukat, Muti-ur- Rehman & Khan, 2005, L. cybii Shaukat & Bilqees, 2011, L. karachiense Shaukat & Bilqees, 2010; L. lateropharyngium Shaukat, Bilqees, Haseeb & Matiur-Rehman, 2008, L. magnasoma Shaukat & Bilqees, 2007, L. olivacae Bilqees, Khatoon, Khan & Mutiur- Rehman, 2006 and L. thynense Bilqees & Nighat, 1985; only L. karachiense has been described from the stomach of the black pomfret P. niger (Shaukat and Bilqees, 2010). L. unibulborum Fischthal & Thomas, 1971 has been isolated from the stomach of the Malabar travelly Platycaranx malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from the UAE coast (Kardousha, 2003). According to Cribb et al. (2002), the genus Stephanostomum Looss, 1899 is ranked the second richest genus of Digenea that infect fishes, with 108 valid species belonging to this genus, including six species isolated from S. dumerili (Saoud et al., 2002; Cribb et al., 2003; WoRMS, 2024). In contrast, the genus Monostephanostomum Kruse, 1979 is characterised by a single row of large oral spines, compared to the species Stephanostomum, which have two rows of large oral spines (Madhavi and Bray, 2018). The Opecoelidae Ozaki 1925 comprises over 800 species and 85 genera, including Pseudopecoeloides Yamaguti, 1940, which contains 25 valid species (Cribb, 2005; Martin et al., 2018). Species this genus are categorized into two phenotypic groups based on the ratio of the ventral sucker to the oral sucker. Group A includes species in which the oral sucker is larger than the ventral sucker, while Group B includes species in which the ventral sucker is equal to or greater than the oral sucker (Aken’Ova et al., 2009). This study aims to describe some trematode species recorded from commercial fishes for the first time in Iraq and the Arabian Gulf to enhance understanding of the diversity of these parasites in marine fish populations in the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fishes were collected from Iraqi marine waters by fishermen during the period from December 2021 to December 2022. The fish were kept in a cool box filled with crushed ice and transported to the Fish diseases and parasites laboratory at the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The targeted fishes were identified according to Carpenter et al. (1997) and verified using Fricke et al. (2024). The fish species examined 39 Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and three Seriola dumerili 397 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Richardson, 1846 (both Carangidae) as well as 240 Pricanthus tayenus Richardson, 1846 (Priacanthidae). The fish were dissected, examined for parasites and the isolated specimens were then, washed and fixed in hot 5% formalin (Justine et al., 2012), stained in Mayer- Schuberg's Aceto carmine and mounted in Canada balsam. All morphometric measurements were taken in micrometers. The ecological terms used in the current study followed the guidelines set by Bush et al. (1997). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Family Hemiuridae Looss, 1899 Genus Lecithocladium Lühe, 1901 Lecithocladium angustiovum Yamaguti, 1953 Host: Parastromateus niger (Bloch) Prevalence and intensity: 38.46%, 4. 53 Site of infection: Stomach. Description and measurements based on 17 specimens (Fig. 1, Tab. 1): These trematodes have a thick, muscular body with a smooth tegument, reproductive organs present and located behind the large ventral sucker and hind body elongated. Oral sucker terminal, deep, and funnel-shaped. Pharynx cylindrical in shape, thick and elongated. Seminal vesicle typically elongated and oval sometime bulbous in shape. Ovary postesticular separated by a distance of 0-312 (unit 138 micrometer) sometimes overlaps with posterior testis. Uterus occupies the area between ventral sucker and posterior ovary and reaches the tail (ecosoma). Seminal vesicle cylindrical to tubular shape. The genital pore opens at the base of oral sucker. The vitellarium is follicular, formed in 3-4 tubes on each side posterior to the ovary (Tab.1). Remark: The measurement and biometric characteristics of current specimens were compared with six species that has been isolated mainly from the black pomfret which contains an oral sucker larger than the ventral one (Group A, see Aken’Ova et al., 2009); L. annulatum Chauhan, 1945 from the intestine of Apolectus niger (=P. niger) from Calicut, Indian waters, L. apolecti Velasquez, 1962 from the intestine of A. niger (=P. niger) from the island of Luzon, Philippines, L. angustiovum Yamaguti, 1953 from the intestine of Indian mackerel Scomber kanagurta [=Rastrilleger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816)] from Macassar, South Africa; L. excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 from the intestine of butterfly perch Caesioperca lepidoptera (Forster, 1801) and the stomach of New Zealand blue cod Parapercis colias (Forster, 1801) from Wellington In New Zealand; L. excisiforme Cohn, 1902 from the intestine of Stromateus niger (=P. niger) from the coasts of the Arabian Sea and Bombay, India; L. karachiense Shaukat & Bilqees, 2010 from the stomach of P. niger from coast of Karachi, Pakistan (Cohn, 1902; Velasque, 1962; Shaukat and Bilqees, 2010; Madhavi and Lakshmi, 2011; Indaryanto et al., 2015; Madhavi and Bray, 2018) (Tab. 2). The extension of the uterus to the middle of the tail, the placement of the ovary at the end of the soma, the some tubular vitellaria extending to the ecsoma; and the eggs measurement, funnel-shaped oral sucker and other biometric characteristics (as shown in Table (1)), confirm that the current specimens agree with L. angustiovum, including the proportion of the 398 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic ecsoma to the total length of the body, suckers ratio, and the ratio of ventral sucker to body width (Yamaguti, 1953; Indaryanto et al., 2015; Madhavi and Bray, 2018) (Tab. 1). The current specimens differ from L. annulatum, where the uterus in the latter species extends only to the end of the soma rather than reaching the to the ecsoma and it has smaller eggs and the ventral sucker is located in the first sixth of the body (Compared to its position at the beginning of the second sixth of the body), the seminal vesicle in L. annulatum is wider than length (Chauhan, 1954). Table (1): Measurements and biometric characters of Lecithocladium angustiovum from Parastromateus niger. Character Min-Max (Mean± Standard deviation) Body size 6615-12096 (9132± 1488.655)×800–1210(983±142.637) Ratio body width to length 1: 5.6-11.5 (9.47±1.823) Ecsoma length 2703–5765(4065±978.471) Forebody 820–1840(1399±264.845) Hindbody 4838–9242(6593±1338.588) Oral sucker L ×W 546–945(759±86.981) × 546 – 780(692±62.065) Pharynx L ×W 515–983(773±152.167) × 234– 462(385±64.586) Ventral sucker L ×W 413–680(541±70.048)×350– 671(478±94.546) Sucker width ratio L ×W 1: 0.63-0.81(0.80±0.12) Seminal vesicle L ×W 218-1201(566±246.737)–133 × 390(264±69.894) Anterior testis L ×W 270–499(369±67.385) × 164-499(309±91.818) Posterior testis L ×W 200–507(335±77.743) × 133– 486(291±94.168) Distance between posterior testis and ovary 0–328(138±128.548) Ovary L ×W 164–390(253±74.411) ×125–390(261±85.001) Eggs L ×W 14–19.5(16.272±1.967) × 8–10(9.2) Body length without ecsoma 3693 - 6331.0 (5169±922.965) 399 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Figure (1): Lecithocladium angustiovum Yamaguti, 1953 from intestine of Parastromateus niger. (A) Ventral view, (B) Anterior part with protruded cirrus and globular seminal vesicle, (C) Terminal genitalia, (D) Eggs, (E) The shape of seminal vesicle of globular seminal vesicle. [Abbreviations: gp: Gonopore, OS: Oral sucker, Ov: Ovary, P: Pharynx, SV: Seminal vesicle, t: Testis, V: Vitellaria, VS: Ventral sucker. Scale bars, A-C= 770µm, D=190 µm, E=385 µm]. The current specimens differ from L. apolecti in the location of the testes, ovary, and the extension of the vitellaria, the testes are located in the middle of body, and the overy is located at the end of soma and beginning of ecsoma, and vitellaria do not extend to the tail area. In contrast, vitellaria extend beyond ecsoma, and slightly have smaller eggs. The soma in the current specimens is longer than the ecsoma whereas in L. apolecti soma is shorter than ecsoma (Velasquez, 1962; Madhavi and Bray, 2018). 400 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic Table (2(: Comparative measurements and biometric characters of Lecithocladium spp. mainly from the black pomfret which possessing an oral sucker larger than the ventral one. S p e c ie s L . a n n u la tu m L . a p o le ct i L . a n g u st io v u m L . ex ci su m L . ex ci si fo rm e L . k a ra c h ie n se L . a n g u st io v u m Reference Chauhan (1945) Velasquez (1962) Yamaguti (1953) Gibson and Bray (1986) Cohn (1902) Shaukat and Bilqees (2010) Current study Host Apolectus niger (=P. niger) A. niger (=P. niger) Scomber kanagurta (=Rastrilleg- er kanagurta) Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758 Stromateus niger (=P. niger) P. niger P. niger Locality BOM, Calicut AS The island of Luzon, Philippine s Macassar, South Africa Hugli Estuary BOM, AS Arabian Sea, Pakistan Arabian Gulf, Iraq Body length (TL) 9870 10090- 15370 (3800– 6528) 3500- 7200 3700 8800-8980 6615- 12096 (9132) Body width 1100 730-1040 0.171- 0.257 600-1200 420-780 1330-1390 800- 1210 (983) Fore body: Soma length 20.75% 25% 28% 17.9-20% - - 19-41 (28)% Fore body 1137.9 428.5 785.71 600-1100 600-1100 1430-1450 820- 1840 (1399) Ecsoma Length 3610 3820- 6910 231- 975 150-400 1300 4100-4230 2703- 5765 (4065) Oral sucker L. 425 170-260 200-300 350-650 420 490-500 546-945 (759) Suckers ratio 1: 0.76 1:0.91– 0.99 1:0.63- 0.95 1: 0.72- 0.95 1:0.33 1: 0.64- 0.65 1:0.63- 0.81 (0.80) Oral sucker width 325 180-451 210-300 380-600 300 750-770 546-780 (692) Pharynx L. 379 230-160 200- 300 500 480 490-500 515-983 (773) Pharynx. W. 172.4 69-104 110-150 250 250 380-400 234-462 (385) Ventral Sucker L. 350 364-418 (140-250) 175-220 300-470 300 480-490 413-680 (541) Vent. Sucker width 344 120-459 102-120 350-500 100 490-500 35-671 (478) 401 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Ovary L. 350 46-210 100-130 150-300 - 210-220 164-390 (253) Ovary W. 250 69-230 150-210 280-390 - 240-250 125-390 (261) Anterior testis L. 413.7 69-280 65-87 230-420 230-420 200-210 270- 499(369) Anterior testis W. 241 70-320 57-81 230-430 230-430 180-190 164-499 (309) Posterior testis L. 413.7 71- 370 57-94 243.2 - 140-150 200-507 (335) Posterior testis W. 206.8 69-320 61-86 324.32 - 160-163 133-486 (291) Seminal vesicle L. 250 69-690 120-300 513.5 - 500-510 218- 1201 (566) Seminal vesicle W. 425 69-240 110-130 189.1 - 210-220 133-390 (264) Egg length 12 18-20 (9-13 15-19 21-24 - 28-34 14-19.5 (16) Egg width 4.8 11-12 (5-6) 7-9 11-14 - 16-20 8-10 (9.2) The species under current study differs from L. excisum in the distribution of the vitellaria (in the current species, all vitellaria lobes extend back towards the tail, whereas in L.excisum some lobes extend to the anterior of the ovary; Additionally, the uterus in the current species extends near the end of the tail, whereas in L. excisum uterus does not reach the tail (Manter, 1954; Gibson and Bray, 1986; Indaryanto et al., 2015). The current specimens differ from L. excisiforme by having shorter tail, larger body, pharynx, oral sucker, ventral sucker, and ratio of sucker. Some of vitellaria lobes in the current specimens enter the tail area, whereas in L. excisiforme, the vitellaria lobes do not reach the tail. The pharynx is elongated in the current specimen, reaching the ventral sucker with part of it extending beyond, whereas in L. excisiforme, the pharynx reaches a distance before the ventral sucker (Cohn, 1902). The current specimens differ from L. karachiensis as they have larger testes relative to the than the ovary, and smaller eggs (Shaukat and Bilqees, 2010). Mohammad (2010) recorded L. bulbolabrum (= L. angustiovum) from the intestine of black pomfret from Khor Abdullah, Iraq. The author mentioned that the species was recorded for the first time in Iraq and the Arabian Gulf, despite having been previously previously recorded in the Arabian Gulf specifically in Kuwaiti waters by Al-Yamani (1981) from the Donkey croaker Johnius aneus [=Pennahia aneus (Bloch, 1793)]. Al-Kuwari et al. (2001) recorded L. angustiovum from milkfish, Chanos chanos (Fabricius, 1775), in Qatari waters. Nahhas and Sey (2002) isolated the parasite from shrimp scad Caranax kalla [=Alepes djedaba (Fabricius, 1775)] in Kuwaiti waters and they found differences in the location and distribution of the vitellaria. Although the current species of parasite was isolated from the same host and sharesa synonymous name, the current study provides 402 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic additional morphological data and characteristics which are necessary for accurately distinguishing closely related species, especially those that infect the same hosts. Family Acanthocolpidae Lühe, 1906 Genus Monostephanostomum Kruse, 1979 Monostephanostomum loossi (Pandey & Tewari, 1984) Saoud, Nahhas, Al Kuwari & Ramadan, 2002 Host: Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) Prevalence and intensity: 66.6%, 5 Site of infection: Stomach Description and measurements (Based on 5 specimens, Fig. 2, Tab. 3): The worms are cylindrical, with their maximum width at the level of the testes. The tissue area directly posterior, ventral sucker is non-spinous, unlike the rest of body parts, especially the area of pharynx and esophagus which reach up to the ventral sucker, which spines extend to the level of seminal vesicle. The oral sucker is vascular in shape and surrounded by a single ring of 31- 32 blunt, cylindrical spines. The ventral sucker is large, circular and located in the first sixth of body. The caeca bifurcated anteriorly before the ventral sucker. Two oval-shaped testes are located near the end of body. The overy is spherical and pretesticular situated in the last quarter the hindbody. The preovarian uterus is located between the ovary and the posterior end of the seminal vesicle. The eggs are large but few in numbers. The vitellaria fill the posttesticular space covering the testes, the posterior region of the body, and the lateral margin of the seminal vesicle (Tab. 3). Table (3(: Measurement and biometric characters of Monostephanostomum loossi from Seriola dumerili. Character Min-Max (Mean± Standard deviation) Body size 3270-5046 (4547±726.563) ×359-397 (378±13.400) Ratio body width: length 8.65-13.53 (12.04) Spines number 31-32 Forebody (FB) 1285–1512 (1413.74±97.700) Hindbody (HB) 1796–3308 (2786±576.687) Prepharynx length 680-945 (810±112.311) Pharynx 123-179 (160±19.198) × 94.5-132 (118±18.954) Oral sucker 78-170 (110±37.757) × 78-359 (201±110.681) Ventral sucker (VS) 204-289 (226±35.909)× 179-265 (207±34.222) Suckers ratio 1:1.28-2.60 (2.18±0.515) VS length / body length % 4.02-8.84 (5.23±2.030)% Ventral sucker: Fore body 13.43-22.49. (16.17±3.632)% Anterior testis 312-320 (314±3.900) × 179-250 (224±33.525) Posterior testis 312-343 (323.7±14.936) ×179-250 (230±34.221) Ratio anterior testis: fore body 1:4.12-4.85 (4.43±1.527) Ratio anterior testis: hind body 1:5.76-9.57 (8.45) Ovary 125-156 (146±18.013) ×140-156 (151±9.238) Eggs 61-74 (68.78±4.853)× 47-55 (52±3.311) 403 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Figure (2): Monostephanostomum loossi (Pandey & Tewari, 1984) from Seriola dumerili; (A) Ventral view, (B) Terminal genitalia, (C) Oral sucker, (D) Eggs. [Abbreviation: C: caecum, eg: egg, Gp: gonopore, OS: oral sucker, OSP: Oral spines, Ov: ovary, P: pharynx, PP: prepharynx, SV: seminal vesicle, t: testis, V: vitellaria, VS: ventral sucker, VSP: Ventral spines. Scale bars: A-B= 770µm, C-D=190 µm]. There are nine valid species belonging to Monostephanostomum Kruse, 1979 (WoRMS, 2024): M. gazzae (Shen, 1990) Bray & Cribb, 2002, from the toothpony Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1795) in the waters near Hainan Island, China; M. georgianum Bray & Cribb, 2002, from the intestine and caeca of Arripis georgianus (Valenciennes, 1831) off Kangaroo island, southern Australia, M. krusei Reimer, 1983 from the intestine of the white trevally Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) along the Ningaloo coast in Australia, M. loossi (Pandey & Tewari, 1984), Saoud et al. (2002) from Euthynnus sp. in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, M. manteri Kruse, 1979 from the intestine and rectum of A. georgianus off the coast of Kangaroo Island in southern Australia. 404 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic Table (4): Comparative measurements of and biometric characters of Monostephanostomum spp. with M. loossi from Seriola dumerili. S p e c ie s M . g a zz a e M . g eo rg ia n u m M . k ru se i M . m a n te ri M . m es o sp in o su m M . n o la n i M . ro y tm a n i M . y a m a g u ti i M . l o o ss i R e fe re n c e B ra y a n d C ri b b (2 0 0 2 ) B ra y a n d C ri b b (2 0 0 2 ) B ra y a n d C ri b b (2 0 0 2 ) B ra y a n d C ri b b (2 0 0 2 ) A b d el -G ab er e t a l. ( 2 0 2 3 ) B ra y a n d C ri b b (2 0 0 7 ) S ao u d e t a l. (2 0 0 2 ) R am ad an (1 9 8 4 ) C u rr en t st u d y T o ta l le n g th (T L ) - 2 3 9 8 -2 9 0 4 (2 6 3 8 ) 2 5 0 4 -2 7 0 8 (2 5 9 6 ) 1 2 5 5 -2 5 7 6 (1 8 6 4 ) 6 1 0 2 -7 9 2 3 (6 8 7 0 ) 2 0 7 2 -2 9 6 3 (2 6 0 2 ) - 2 5 8 0 -3 3 7 0 3 2 7 0 -5 0 4 6 (4 5 4 7 ) B o d y w id th - 1 8 2 -1 9 7 (1 9 2 ) 2 7 3 -2 9 5 (2 8 7 ) 1 9 2 -3 4 9 (2 7 1 ) 2 0 1 -2 4 3 (2 3 1 ) 2 9 3 -4 3 7 (3 4 3 ) - 6 4 0 -6 9 0 3 5 9 -3 9 7 (3 7 8 ) O ra l su c k e r L . - 5 2 -5 5 ( 5 4 ) 5 1 -6 4 ( 5 8 ) 4 9 -7 3 ( 5 9 ) 7 0 -7 9 ( 7 5 ) 4 3 -1 0 2 ( 7 6 ) - 1 2 0 -1 5 0 7 8 -1 7 0 ( 1 1 0 ) O ra l su c k e r W - 7 3 -7 9 ( 7 6 ) 1 1 5 -1 2 6 (1 2 0 ) 6 9 -9 8 ( 8 1 ) 9 1 -1 0 3 ( 9 8 ) 8 1 -1 3 4 ( 1 0 9 ) - 1 5 0 -2 0 0 7 8 -3 5 9 ( 2 0 1 ) P re p h a r y n x L - 3 9 0 -4 2 1 (4 0 1 ) 5 4 9 -8 0 8 (6 6 8 ) 1 6 3 -3 9 7 (2 8 3 ) 5 9 0 -7 2 1 (6 1 1 ) 3 8 9 -9 2 1 (7 0 1 ) - 2 0 0 -3 0 0 6 8 0 -9 4 5 (8 1 0 ) P re p h a r y n x : T L - - 2 1 .9 -2 9 .8 (2 5 .6 ) - - 1 7 .4 -3 5 .2 (2 6 .9 ) - - 1 4 -2 2 .6 ( 1 8 ) 405 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. P h a ry n x L . - 6 7 -8 6 ( 7 8 ) 1 5 2 -1 6 8 (1 6 1 ) 5 1 -1 0 2 ( 7 3 ) 1 6 3 -1 8 4 (1 7 2 ) 1 0 1 -2 5 3 (1 7 9 ) - 2 2 0 -2 3 0 1 2 3 -1 7 9 (1 6 0 ) P h a ry n x . W . - 5 7 -6 2 ( 5 9 ) 7 4 -8 7 ( 8 0 ) 4 9 -7 2 ( 6 2 ) 8 2 -9 4 ( 8 6 ) 5 5 -7 9 ( 6 8 ) - 1 7 0 -2 1 0 9 4 .5 -1 3 2 (1 1 8 ) P re p h a ry n x /T L % - - 6 .1 -6 .3 ( 6 .2 ) - - 4 .7 -9 .9 ( 6 .9 ) - - 2 .7 -4 .5 ( 3 .5 8 ) V e n tr a l su c k e r L . - 1 2 5 -1 3 8 (1 3 3 ) 1 1 5 -1 3 8 (1 2 4 ) 1 0 1 -1 5 6 (1 3 0 ) 1 1 8 -1 4 7 (1 2 8 ) 1 2 1 -2 1 5 (1 6 0 ) - 3 6 0 -4 2 0 2 0 4 -2 8 9 (2 2 6 ) V e n tr a l su c k e r W . - 1 2 0 -1 3 2 (1 2 4 ) 1 2 0 -1 3 2 (1 2 7 ) 1 0 2 -1 6 9 (1 3 3 ) 1 2 4 -1 6 8 (1 4 1 ) 1 2 6 -1 8 7 (1 5 9 ) - 3 6 0 -4 1 0 1 7 9 -2 6 5 (2 0 7 ) O S W :V S W 1 :2 .0 -2 .5 1 :1 .6 -1 .7 1 :1 .8 -2 .7 (2 .2 ) - 1 :1 .2 -1 .4 - - 1 :0 .3 1 -0 .4 2 1 :1 .2 8 -2 .6 0 (2 .1 8 ) O v a ry L . - 1 0 8 -1 1 4 ( 1 1 1 ) 9 2 -1 0 4 ( 9 8 ) 7 2 -1 3 6 ( 1 1 0 ) 1 1 5 -1 2 4 ( 1 1 9 ) 8 5 -1 4 2 ( 1 2 3 ) - 1 2 0 -2 0 0 1 2 5 -1 5 6 (1 4 6 ) O v a ry W . - 1 0 7 -1 1 5 ( 1 1 1 ) 9 7 -1 1 6 ( 1 0 6 ) 7 1 -1 2 5 ( 1 0 3 ) 1 1 3 -1 2 5 ( 1 1 9 ) 9 3 -1 4 1 ( 1 1 1 ) - 1 6 0 -2 0 0 1 4 0 -1 5 6 (1 5 1 ) S p in e s n u m b er 2 3 1 8 -2 0 (1 9 ) 1 7 -2 0 1 4 -1 8 (1 6 ) 1 8 1 7 -2 0 (1 7 .9 ) 1 7 -2 0 1 2 -1 6 3 1 -3 2 406 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic A n te r io r te st is L - 1 9 1 -2 3 9 (2 1 0 ) 1 9 0 -2 1 (2 0 0 ) 1 9 6 -3 9 7 (2 9 4 ) 2 6 7 -3 5 1 (2 9 8 ) 2 0 3 -3 1 0 (2 6 6 ) - 2 6 0 -4 1 0 3 1 2 -3 2 0 (3 1 4 ) A n te r io r te st is W - 1 4 3 -1 7 5 (1 5 5 ) 1 6 4 -1 6 8 (1 6 7 ) 1 1 7 -2 3 5 (1 8 1 ) 1 7 3 -1 8 5 (1 7 0 ) 1 5 3 -2 3 6 (2 0 7 ) - 2 0 0 -2 7 0 1 7 9 -2 5 0 (2 2 4 ) P o st er io r te st is L - 2 2 5 -2 6 0 (2 4 2 ) 2 2 9 -2 3 7 (2 3 4 ) 2 2 0 -5 4 2 (3 7 6 ) 2 9 1 -3 7 1 (3 1 1 ) 2 7 1 -3 8 6 (3 3 0 ) - 3 0 0 -5 1 0 3 1 2 -3 4 3 (3 2 3 .7 ) P o st er io r te st is W - 1 5 2 -1 7 3 (1 6 3 ) 1 7 1 -1 9 1 (1 7 8 ) 1 1 5 -2 1 8 (1 8 2 ) 1 8 9 -1 8 4 (1 8 4 ) 1 6 9 -2 4 2 (2 0 8 ) - 1 6 0 -2 7 0 1 7 9 -2 5 0 (2 3 0 ) E g g L 4 2 -4 5 7 5 -8 6 (8 1 ) 6 2 -6 4 (6 3 ) 6 3 -9 1 (7 6 ) 7 5 -8 6 5 2 -6 2 (5 6 ) 4 6 -6 0 6 8 -7 4 6 1 -7 4 (6 8 .7 8 ) E g g W . 2 7 -3 0 3 9 -5 0 (4 5 ) 3 9 -4 4 (4 1 ) 2 4 -4 8 (3 7 ) 3 9 -5 0 3 0 -4 0 (3 4 ) 3 3 -4 6 3 0 -5 2 4 7 -5 5 (5 2 ) F o re B o d y L - 6 6 8 -7 5 2 (7 2 4 ) 8 9 8 -1 1 9 9 (1 0 4 8 ) 4 7 8 -8 0 1 (6 3 4 ) - 7 2 4 -1 3 0 2 (1 0 7 5 ) - - 1 2 8 5 - 1 5 1 2 (1 4 1 3 .7 4 ) H in d B o d y L . - - 1 3 8 9 - 1 4 6 8 (1 4 2 3 ) - - 9 3 5 -1 6 0 5 (1 3 6 6 ) - - 1 7 9 6 - 2 9 8 6 (2 7 8 6 .1 2 ) F o re B o d y /T L % 1 1 % 2 5 -3 2 3 5 .9 -4 4 .3 (4 0 .3 ) - 1 0 % 3 2 .4 -4 8 .6 (4 1 .3 ) - - 2 8 .4 1 - 3 9 .3 0 (3 1 .6 2 ) H in d B o d y : T L % - - 5 1 .3 -5 8 .6 (5 4 .9 ) - - 4 5 .1 -6 0 .5 (5 2 .5 ) - - 5 4 .9 2 - 6 5 .5 6 (6 0 .8 2 ) B o d y w id th : T L - 6 .8 -8 .3 (7 .3 ) 1 0 .6 -1 1 .5 (1 1 .1 ) 1 2 -1 8 (1 5 ) - 1 0 .3 -1 7 (1 3 .3 ) - 3 .7 8 -5 .0 7 1 :8 .6 5 - 1 3 .5 3 (1 2 .0 4 ) 407 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. % B o d y w id th / T L 4 .7 0 % - - - 3 .1 -3 .4 % - - - 7 .3 9 - 1 1 .5 6 (8 .5 3 )% M. mesospinosum (Madhavi, 1976), Bray & Cribb, 2002 from the intestine of coastal trevally Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (= Turum caeruleopinnatus [Rüppell, 1830]) in the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia; M. nolani Bray & Cribb, 2007 from the intestine of Barcheek trevally C. plagiotaenia (= Craterognathus plagiotaenia [Bleeker, 1857]) from Australian Great Barrier Reef, M. roytmani (Parukhin, 1974) Reimer, 1983 from bigeye trevally Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 in the Red Sea, and M. yamagutii Ramadan 1984 from the small intestine of sky emperor Lethrinus mahsena (Fabricius, 1775) in the Red Sea. (Ramadan 1984; Bray and Gribb, 2002, 2007; Madhavi and Bray 2018; Abdel-Gaber et al., 2023). The current specimens match M. loossi in distinctive characteristics that can be classified as M. loossi. The most important feature is the number of oral spines, as they both have 32 spines. All other species of this genus have 14-23 mouth spines, except M. loossi, which has 32. The body shape is also club-shaped and the vitellaria are limited to the posterior of the body and spread between the gonads (Tab. 4). The general characteristics of the species under the current study differ from M. gazzae and M. georgianum in body shape, and number of oral spines, the ratio of suckers and eggs measurement. M. manteri and M. nolani differ from the current species in the distribution of the vitellaria which reach to the fore body or even to the ventral sucker, whereas in the current species, the vitellaria distribution is in the hind body. They also differ in the number of oral spines (Bray and Cribb 2007). M. loossi differ from M. mesospinosum in the number of oral spines. These two species are aslo vary in the distribution of the vitelline as well as eggs measurements, the ratio of the body width to body length and the ratio of fore body length to total body length (Bray and Cribb, 2002, 2007). Monostephanostomum krusei differs from M. loossi in the number of oral spines, the percentage ratio of both the pre- pharyngeal and pharynx length to the body length, the ratio of suckers and the presence or absence of the uroproct (Bray and Cribb 2007). The M. roytmani differs from M. loossi in the number of oral spines and the eggs measurement. M. yamagutii differs from M. loossi in the number of oral spines and the ratio of body width to length. Genus Stephanostomum Looss, 1899 Stephanostomum ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939) Manter, 1947 Host: Seriola dumerili (Risso) Prevalence and intensity: 66.6%, 12.5 Site of infection: Stomach. 408 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic Description and measurements (12 specimens, Fig. 3, Tab. 5): The worms are cylindrical. The area behind ventral sucker is non spined, unlike the rest of the body especially between pharynx and esophagus extending to the ventral sucker which is spiny. The oral sucker is vascular in shape, surrounded by a double ring of alternating spines. The ventral sucker is large and protrudes forward from the body. It is circular in shape, and is located in the second sixth of body. The pre-pharyngeal is very long, while the pharynx short. The testes are oval, either contagious or well separated from each other, are located near the posterior end of the body. The seminal vesicle is elongate, and tubular. The overy is spherical located in the last quarter of hind body, and is pretesticular. The uterus is preovarian and located between the ovary and the seminal vesicle. Figure (3): Stephanostomum ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939) from Seriola dumerili; (A) Ventral view, (B) Terminal genitalia, (C) Oral sucker area. [Abbreviations: eg: Egg, gp: Gonopore, OS: Oral sucker, OSP: Oral spines, Ov: Ovary, P: Pharynx, PP: Prepharynx, SV: Seminal vesicle, t: Testis, V: Vitellaria, VS: ventral sucker, VSP: Ventral spines. Scale bars, A-B= 770µm, C=190 µm]. 409 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Table (5): Principal measurements of Stephanostomum ditrematis. Character Min-Max (Mean± Standard deviation) Body size L×W 9412-18147 (12151±2552.223) ×236-564 (463±91.645) Ratio body width to length 1: 18-39 (27±6.430) body width to length % 2.51- 5.56 (3.90)% Number of spines 36-40 (38±1.379) Forebody 1480–2268 (1763.50±221.509) Hindbody 7163–15979 (10018.92±2460.055) Forebody/ Total length % 9.24-19.88(15±2.592)% Hindbody/ Total length 76-88(82±2.961)% Prepharynx length (pp) 800-1193 (1023±105.014) Prepharynx length: Forebody 53-68 (58±5.790)% Prepharynx length: Hindbody 6.62-15.83 (10.67±2.417)% Prepharynx length: Total length 5.83-12(8.69±1.679)% Pharynx L×W 160-289 (212±41.716) × 101-125 (113±7.336) Oral sucker L×W 110-321 (178±54.037) × 240-473 (348±58.300) Prepharynx: Pharynx 1:3.60-6.94 (5.01±1.125) Ventral sucker L×W 320-491 (369±44.262)× 290-454 (361±42.259) Suckers ratio 1: 1.53-2.91 (2.17±0.412) Ventral sucker length/total length 2.31-4.00 (3±0.522)% Ventral Sucker: Fore Body 13.43-22.49 (16.17±3.477)% Anterior testis (AT) L×W 523-920 (719±106.657) × 150-400 (259±70.702) Posterior testis (PT) L×W 530-991 (759±133.698) ×195-360 (278±52.855) Seminal vesicle L×W 867-1640 (1264±263.372) ×100-190 (147±22.725) Ratio Anterior testis: Fore body 1:5.76-9.57 (8.45±7.258) Ovary L×W 234-370 (30645.811) ×187-420 (229±63.899) Eggs L×W 47-66 (60±4.745) × 29-49 (42±5.573) The eggs are large and few. Vitellaria fill the area between seminal vesicle to posterior end of the body (Tab. 5). The presence of two rows of enlarged spines surrounding the oral sucker indicates that these worms belong to the genus Stephanostomum, within the Acanthocolpidae Lühe, 1906. It is widespread and represents the largest genus that removes many aquatic organisms, especially marine fishes. There are 19 species of this genus have been reported from the Indian subcontinent. The classification of these dioecious worms are is challenging, and determineing the species depends on a set of characteristics, including the number and arrangement of the spines surrounding the mouth, the size of the oral and ventral suckers, the size of the seminal vesicle, the distance between the gonads, and the presence or absence of a uroproct, and eggs measurements (Madhavi and Bray, 2018). Six species of this genus have been isolated from Seriola dumerili. These species are: S. cesticillum (Molin, 1858) Looss, 1899 from the intestine of angler Lophius piscatorius 410 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic Linnaeus, 1758 in Mediterranean waters. S. ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939) Manter, 1947 initially described as Echinostephanus ditrematis from Ditrema temminckii Bleeker, 1853 off Japan. S. euzeti Bartoli and Bray, 2004 isolated from the rectum of S. dumerili in Corsica in France, S. hispidum (Yamaguti, 1934) Manter, 1940 originally described as Echinostephanus hispidus Yamaguti, 1934 from the Japanese amberjack Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 along the Pacific coast, Japan, S. filiforme Linton, 1940 from the yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 in the north-western Atlantic and S. petimba Yamaguti, 1970 from Fistularia petimba (=F. commersonii Rüppell, 1838), off Hawaii Island (Manter, 1940; Bartoli and Bray, 2001, 2004; Bray and Cribb, 2003, 2008). The current specimens can be identified as S. ditrematis, depending on the following characteristics: i-The absence of spines in the area located directly below the oral sucker, while the rest of the body is spiny both dorsally and ventrally, especially in the anterior region up to the ventral sucker, ii-The average number of oral spines is 36-40 (average 38), iii-The oral sucker is funnel-shaped, iv- The dorsal spines on the body are longer than the abdominal spines, v-The ventral sucker is prominent, circular and located at the end of the second sixth of the body length, and the vitellarium follicular fill the space between the seminal vesicle and the posterior end of body, and vi- large eggs are present (Tab. 7). The current species (S. ditrematis) differs from S. cesticillum in the placement of the ventral sucker, a longer percentage ratio of the pre-pharynx to the length of the fore body, a pharynx smaller than the ventral sucker, the vitellarium follicular distribution forming more than 50% of the length of the hindbody vs only 5% of the length of the hindbody, number of oral spines and the suckers ratio (Bartoli and Bray, 2001; Saoud et al., 2002). S. ditrematis differs from S. euzeti in the number of spines around the oral sucker, the spines interrupted in the ventral region of the sucker. The ratio of hindbody to forebody is larger than in S. euzetii. The testes are oblique vs tandem, and the ovary is far from the anterior testis vs contiguous to the anterior testis (Bartoli and Bray, 2004). S. ditrematis differs from S. filiforme in the number of spines around the oral sucker, the location of the ventral sucker; the ratio of the length of the pre-pharyngeal part to the length of the forebody which is smaller in S. ditrematis (Bartoli and Bray, 2004). Furthermore, S. ditrematis differs from S. petimba in total length; number of spines on the oral sucker, the pharynx is longer than the ventral sucker (Bray and Cribb, 2003, Bartoli and Bray, 2004). Finally, S. ditrematis differs from S. hispidum in the number of oral spines; the location of the seminal vesicle; the ratio of suckers. The testes are contiguous in S. ditrematis whereas in S. hispidum, the testes are well separated from each other. Additionally, the vitellarium follicular are absent from the space between ovary to the seminal vesicle in S. ditrematis, whereas in S. hispidum the vitellarium follicular fill the space between ovary and the level of the seminal vesicle (Manter, 1940; Ohnish et al., 1991). Stephanostomum sp. Host: Seriola dumerili (Risso) Prevalence and intensity: 66.6%, 7.5 Site of infection: Stomach and pyloric caeca. 411 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Description and measurements (8 specimens, Fig. 4, Tab. 6): The worms are cylindrical in shape. The area behind ventral sucker is non spinous, unlike the rest of the body parts, especially the area around the pharynx and esophagus, extending to the ventral sucker. The oral sucker vascular in shape, surrounded by a double ring of alternating cylindrical and blunt spines. The ventral sucker is circular and large, protruding forward from the body and located in the second sixth of the body length, the pre-pharynx is very long. The testes are oval- shaped either contiguous or well separated from each other and located near the end of body. The ovary is semi-spherical (pyriform) and situated in the last quarter of hind body. The uterus is unclear, while the seminal vesicle is distinct in some specimens (Fig.4A), and eggs are small, fewin number, and absent in most specimens; vitellarium not present (Tab. 6). Table (6): Measurements and biometric character of Stephanostomum sp. from Seriola dumerili. Character Min-Max (Mean± Standard deviation) Body size Length × Width (L×W) 4631-6350 (5788±595.494) ×378-491 (429±39.073) Ratio of body width to total length 1: 11.86-16 (13.54±1.535) Body width to length % 6.25- 8.43 (7.46) Spines number 36-41 (38) Forebody 1115-1701 (1477±202.883) Hindbody 3062-4328 (3858±427.014) Forebody/ Total length % 18-29 (26±3.768)% Hindbody/ Total length% 64-70 (67±2.111)% Prepharynx length 819-1053 (922±80.490) Prepharynx length/ Forebody% 56-73 (63±6.114)% Prepharynx length/Hindbody% 20-30 (24±3.237)% Prepharynx length/Total length% 13-20 (16±2.101)% Pharynx L×W 94-180 (130±27.712) × 63-110 (89±14.441) Oral sucker (OS) 109-187 (150±23.512) × 218-328 (279±40.259) Ventral sucker L×W 250-343(285±33.994)× 234-296 (264±23.377) Sucker ratio 1: 1.50-2.31 (1.93±0.328) % VS length/body length 4.29-5.85 (5±0.496)% Ventral sucker: Forebody 1: 15-28 (19.61±3.799) Anterior testis L×W 117-289 (215±60.121)× 101-195 (158±31.979) Posterior testis L×W 156-289 (219±50.053) ×94-187 (155±31.351) Ovary L×W 62-78 (70±5.617) × 49-78 (73) Eggs L×W 31×16 Stephanostomum sp. is similar to S. ditrematis; however, the latter differs from the former in total length, in the ratio of both hind body and fore body to the total length. Although the two closely related species are similar in the length of the prepharynx, they differ in the ratio 412 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic of the ratio of the pre-pharyngeal length to the body length, pre-pharyngeal length ratio to the hindbody, the ratio of the ventral sucker length to body length and the eggs size. Stephanostomum sp. also differs from S. ditrematis in the maximum width of the body, the ratio of the the pre-pharyngeal length to the length of the hind body, the ratio of pharynx length, and the length ratio of the pharynx to its width, the ratio of the fore body to the total length. Stephanostomum sp. possesses more oral spines than S. cesticillum; the location of the ventral sucker, the percentage of pre-pharyngeal part to the forebody and the percentage of pre-pharynx part to the hind body. Stephanostomum sp. differs from S. euzeti in the number of oral spines. The shape of mouth opening; and the degree of isolation between the testes and ovary (Bartoli and Bray, 2004). Stephanostomum sp. has fewer oral spines than the S. filiforme; the location of the ventral sucker at the second sixth of the body while it is located at the end of the first sixth of the body in S. filiforme and in the ratio of width to length ratio (Bartoli and Bray, 2004). Figure (4): Stephanostomum sp. from Seriola dumerili; (A) Ventral view, (B) Oral sucker, (C) Eggs. [Abbreviations: C: Caecum, OS: Oral sucker, OSP: Oral spines, OV: Ovary, P: Pharynx, PP: Prepharynx, t: Testis, SV: Seminal vesicle, VS: Ventral sucker, VSP: Ventral spines]. Scale bars, A= 770µm, B=190 µm. 413 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Table (7): Comparative measurements of Stephanostomum ditrematis and Stephanostomum sp. parasite Seriola dumerili with other Stephanostomum species. S p e c ie s S . d it re m a ti s S . c e st ic il lu m S . e u ze ti S . h is p id u m S . fi li fo rm e S . p e ti m b a S . d it re m a ti s S te p h a n o st o m u m s p . R e fe re n c e Partoli and Bray (2004) Partoli and Bray (2001) Partoli and Bray (2004) Yamaguti (1934) Partoli and Bray (2004) Bartoli and Bray (2004) Current study Current study Total length (TL) 3279- 8540 (5872) 3250- 9393 (5060) 2370- 7094 (4793) 6800- 9800 5265- 10424 (7035) 6194- 7394 (6438) 9412- 18147 (12151) 4631- 6350 (5788) Maximum width 75-152 (101) 470-850 (569) 108-254 (164) 520-620 127-171 (146) 121-237 (176) 236-564 (463) 378-491 (429) Body width: Body length - - - - 1:41.4- 60.9 (48) - 1:18- 39.88 (27.06) 1:11.8-16 (13.5) Body width / TL% 4.4–8.0 (5.7) - 7.1–14.0 (9.6) 6.32-7.64 4.7–6.6 (5.5) 7.7–11.7 (9.4) 2.51- 5.56 (3.90) 6.25- 8.43 (7.46) Hindbody: Forebody 1:3.8-6.5 (5.4) 1: 1.83- 3.37 (2.56) 1:1.84- 2.72 (3.33) - - - 1:3.83- 9.53 (5.72) 1:2.27- 3.63 (2.65) Oral sucker L. 88-126 (110) 155-309 (198) 121-292 (210) 170-220 138-203 (174) 225-273 (249) 110-321 (178) 109-187 (150) Oral sucker W 144-184 (166) 197-373 (268) 198-546 (374) 360-450 206-224 (217) 426-521 (472) 240-473 (348) 218-328 (279) Prepharynx 378-592 (476) 245-959 (556) 298-1152 (709) 710-910 400-646 (542) 896-1270 (1161) 800-1193 (1023) 819-1053 (922) Pharynx L. 170-224 (194) 245-437 (323) 203-323 (267) 300-360 166-256 (206) 356-457 (400) 160-289 (212) 94-180 (130) Pharynx. W. 53-122 (76) 240-368 (305) 70-163 (131) 170-190 80-144 (105) 144-206 (144) 101-125 (113) 63-110 (89) Prepharynx : Pharynx - - 1:1.4-3.5 (2.6) - - - 1:3.60- 6.94 (5.01) 1:5.8-8.7 (7.29) Ventral sucker L. 196-310 (258) 245-453 (319) 192-300 (246) 260-280 218-337 (256) 270-356 (305) 320-491 (369) 250-343 (285) % VS length/TL - - - - - - 2.31-4.00 (3)% 4.29-5.85 (5)% Ventral sucker W. 189-307 (244) 256-469 (323) 179-279 (236) 330-390 211-304 (243) 241-356 (300) 290-454 (361) 234-296 (264) Oral s: Ventral s 1:1.9-2.7 (2.4) 1: 1.43- 1.99 (1.63) 1: 1.4-2 (1.7) - 1:1.2–1.7 (1.5) 1:1.53- 2.91 (2.17) 1: 1.50- 2.31 (1.93) Ovary L. 118-256 (191) 123-346 (179) 122-272 (184) 84 165-286 (197) 149-305 (227) 234-370 (306) 62-78 (70) 414 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic Ovary W 125-185 (177) 75-288 (171) 106-222 (160) 63 134-254 (184) 190-320 (241) 187-420 (229) 49-78 (73) Buccal spines number 34-37 (35, 36) 35-36 49-51 (50) 40-42 43-46 (40-46 ) 42 36-40 (38.08) 36-41 (38.2) Anterior testis L 256-720 (478) 266-826 (393) 195-749 (473) 640-1100 406– 1,067 (658) 540-857 (647) 523-920 (719) 117-289 (215) Anterior testis W 144-286 (202) 165-474 (266) 150-394 (266) 240-470 160–317 (241) 279-540 (385) 150-400 (259) 101-195 (158) Posterior testis L 288-688 (498) 341-959 (507) 272-933 (574) 640-1100 438-1080 (630) 667-1079 (800) 530-991 (759) 156-289 (219) Posterior testis W 160-273 (208) 187-506 (259) 144-406 (271) 240-470 160-317 (241) 317-527 (382) 195-360 (278) 94-187 (155) Seminal vesicle L. 165-233 123-346 (179 - - - - 867-1640 (1264) Not observed Seminal vesicle W. 75-288 (171) - - - - 100-190 (147) Not observed Egg length 48-62 (55) 65-85 (77) 62-76 (68) 68-75 54-73 (59) 62-76 (70) 47-66 (60) 31 Egg width 21-33 (27) 65- 85×28-43 (77× 37) 26-40 (32) 50-60 25-32 (28) 25-43(35) 29-49 (42) 16 Forebody length 608-1092 (871) 850-2061 781-1872 (1304) - 902-1388 (1060) 1722- 2386 (1970) 1480- 2268 (1764) 1115- 1701 (1477) Hindbody length 2352- 7143 (4755) 1,998- 6,864 (3,391) 1442- 5103 (4351) - 3890- 8758 (5705) 3666- 5500 (4351) 7163- 15979 (10019) 3062- 4328 (3858) Prepharynx / Forebody % 54-62 (55) 40% 38-71 (54) - 44-56 (51) - 53-68 (58)% 56-73 (63)% Prepharynx : Hindbody % 8.2-16 (10) 12-13.97 20-22.5 (16) - - - 6.62- 15.83 (10.67) 20-30 (24) Forebody: total length % 8.6–22.7 (15.6) - 19.6–34.8 (28.0) - 12.6-21.7 (15.7) 27.2–32.3 (30.6) 9.24- 19.88(14. 91) 17.56- 28.90(25. 69) Hindbody: total length % - - - - - - 76-88 (82) % 64-70 (67)% The number of oral spines in Stephanostomum sp. is less than that in S. hispidum. They differ in the ratio of both testes length to body length and the ratio of the pre-pharyngeal part to the pharynx (Manter, 1940; Ohnish et al., 1991) (Tab. 7). Stephanostomum sp. has fewer oral spines than S. petimba; the ventral sucker is longer than the pharynx. Whereas in S. petimba. The ventral sucker is shorter than the pharynx; the reproductive organs are contiguous in most individuals whereas in S. petimba. They are separated; the ratio between the body width and length is different (Bartoli and Bray, 2004). According to above results, it is clear that the current specimens are considered an 415 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. undescribed species, however as all specimens lack eggs (except one with single egg) and vitellaria, they are considered juveniles. Pseudopecoeloides tenuis Yamaguti, 1940 Host: Priacanthus tayenus Richardson Prevalence and intensity: 7.91%, 3.63. Site of infection: Intestine. Description and measurements (13 specimens, Fig. 5, Tab. 8): Elongated worms, maximum width at the gonads and three constrictions posterior to the gonads. Oral sucker large compared to the smaller ventral sucker. The ventral sucker is carried on a peduncle. The pharynx is distinct, circular, or semi-circular. The caeca are long and reach the posterior end of body. The testes are spindle-shaped, tandem, and separate, located in the middle of last third of body. The seminal vesicle is long and sinous. The genital pore opens at the posterior level of pharynx. The ovary is oval, pretesticular. The uterus occupies the area between the seminal vesicle and ovary. Eggs are relatively small and oval. Vitellaria extend from the ventral sucker to the posterior end of the body, reaching the gonads area. Pseudopecoeloides Yamaguti, 1940 compromises 25 valid species recorded from many hosts and different regions of the world (Aken’Ova et al., 2009; WoRMS, 2024). Species of this genus are divided into two groups, group A is characterized by a larger oral sucker in comparison with the ventral sucker, whereas group B is characterized by a smaller oral sucker or one equal in size to the ventral sucker. Based on measurements, it seems that the current species belongs to the first group, accordingly the comparison is limited to the 14 species; P. arripi Aken'Ova, Cribb & Bray, 2009 from the intestine of Australian herring Arripis georgianus (Val.) in Australian marine waters, P. boops Yamaguti, 1970 from the intestine of glasseye Priacanthus boops [=Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1801)] and Champsodontidae from Hawaii and Mozambique, P. buckleyi (Saoud & Ramadan, 1984) Martin, Cutmore & Cribb, 2018 from Atlantic bigeye Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829 from Red Sea, Egypt, P. capucini Toman, 1992 from the intestine of Pseudupeneus sp. from Africa off Seychelles, P. chloroscombri (Fischthal & Thomas, 1970) Bartoli, Bray & Gibson, 2003 from Atlantic bumper Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1766) and Trachurus spp. from the Mediterranean and Atlantic waters, P. hafeezullahi Aken'Ova, Cribb & Bray, 2009 from the intestine of the yellowtail horse mackerel Trachurus novaezealandiae Richardson, 1843 along Coogee Beach Jetty, Australia, P. hickmani Aken'Ova, Cribb & Bray, 2009 from the intestine, cecum and rectum of skipjack trevally Pseudocaranx wrighti (Whitley, 1931) from Western Australia, P. opelu Yamaguti, 1970 from the intestine of mackerel scad Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) from Hawaii, USA, P. orientalis Gupta & Ahmad, 1978 from the intestine of long-barbel goatfish Parupeneus macronemus (Lacepède, 1810) from Bay of Bengal, India, P. parviacetabulatus Yamaguti, 1970 from the intestine of bigeye scad Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) off Hawaii, P. psettodi Parukhin, 1983 from Indian halibut Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in the Mozambique canal, P. tenuis Yamaguti, 1940 from the pyloric caeca and intestine of Pseudopriacanthus nipponicus (=P. niphonia Cuvier, 1829) from Moreton Bay, Australia, P. tenuoides Martin, 1960, from Priacanthus cruentatus (=Heteropriacanthus cruentatus [Lacepède, 1801]) from Kaneohe 416 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA, and P. wekeula Yamaguti, 1970, from Mullidae and Chaetodontidae, and Yellowstrip goatfish Mulloidichthys samoensis (=M. flavolineatus [Lacepède, 1801]), from Hawaii, USA. The relative positions of the ovary, testes and the post-testicular area are important for identifying and distinguishing Pseudopecoeloides species according to the description of Yamaguti (1970) and Aken’Ova et al. (2009). P. tenuis differs from P. arripi in body length, maximum of width, and the ratio of width: length. Additional differences include the percentage of the ventral sucker to oral sucker width, the ratio of peduncle length to body length and the ratio of the ventral sucker to the pharynx (Tab. 9). Figure (5): Pseudocoeloides tenuis Yamaguti, 1940 from Priacanthus tayenus; (A) Ventral view, (B) Eggs, (C) Anterior part of body with terminal genitalia. [Abbreviations: eg: Egg, Gp: Gonopore, OS: Oral sucker, Ov: Ovary, SV: Seminal vesicle, t: Testis, v: Vitellaria, VS: Ventral sucker, VSP: Ventral sucker peduncle. Scale bars, A= 770µm, B, C=190 µm]. 417 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. Table (8): Principal measurements of Pseudopecoeloides tenuis from Priacanthus tayenus. Character Min-Max (Mean± Standard deviation) Body size L×W 4385-9488 (7302±1736.684) ×340-502 (447±54.805) Ratio body width (W): length (L) 1:13-21 (16±2.734) Forebody 335-702 (509±130.606) Hindbody 4165-8978 (6560±2710.474) Forebody: Total length 1:10.2-20.4 (13.98±3.525) Pharynx L×W 94-164 (124±21.810) × 102-156 (128±18.581) Oral sucker 242-390 (334±47.615) × 187-359 (271±43.612) Ventral sucker L×W 117-160 (140±15.262)× 78-225 (161±23.844) Suckers width ratio 1:0.40-0.67 (0.53±0.077) Peduncle L×W 395-780 (579±114.116)× 78-225 (161±40.795) Peduncle width: Peduncle length 1: 2.41-6.50 (3.82) Length of peduncle/ Total length 6.8-11 (8.5±)% Forebody: Peduncle length 1: 0.61-1.11(0.86±1.275) Seminal vesicle L×W 220-601 (379±123.209)× 70-220 (122±49.568) Anterior testis L×W 335-780 (571±142.087)× 187-330 (258±50.754) Posterior testis L×W 374-780 (588±128.598) ×172-360 (274±62.957) Ovary L×W 120-351 (223±75.980) ×86-179 (138±31.718) Eggs L×W 43-59 (53±4.812) x 28-47 (38±5.246) Table (9): Comparative measurements and biometric character of Pseudopecoeloides tenuis with eight closely species. S p e c ie s P . a rr ip i P . b o o p s P . b u c k le yi P . h ic k m a n i P . o ri e n ta li s P . p a rv ia c et a b u la tu s P . p se tt o d i P . t e n u o id e s P . te n u is R e fe re n c e Aken’Ov a et al. (2009) Yamaguti (1970) Saoud and Ramadan (1984) Aken’ Ova et al. (2009) Madhavi and Bray (2018) Yamaguti (1970) Aken’ Ova et al. (2009) Martin (1960); Yamaguti (1970)* Current study Total length 1596- 2798 (2138) 4500- 7500 4750- 8000 3204- 4929 (4213) 3328 2400- 3300 3100 2550- 5040 (3470) 4385- 9488 (7302) Maximum width 156-213 (182) 280-470 200-400 205-301 (249) 320 340-400 220 160-500 (300) 340-502 (447) 418 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic MW: TL 1:8.7-16 (11.8) - 1:23.9- 32 1:15.6- 19.2 (17) - - 1: 9.5- 14.1 - 1:13-21 (16) Oral sucker length 91-143 (112) 160-240 280-520 131-175 (159) 220 140-160 - 220-280 (243) 242-390 (334) Oral sucker Width 88-120 (103) 120-240 280-380 112-155 (134) 240 150-130 - 180-230 (193) 187-359 (271) OS: Pharynx W. 1:1.3-1.6 (1.4) - - 1:1.4- 1.6 (1.5) - - 1:2.9 - 1:1.66- 2.65 (2.18) Pharynx length 59-82 (68) 60-120 40 66-89 (79) - 90-130 - 87-124 (100) 94-164 (124) Pharynx Width 67-81 (73) 90-140 - 71-101 (87) - 100-130 - 65-81 (68) 102-156 (128) Ventral sucker L 75-96 (88) 100-150 100- 160 71-79 (73) - 100-120 - 68-118 (98) 117-160 (140) Ventral sucker W 83-108 (98) 100-160 120-160 78-92 (85) - - - 87-109 (96) 94-172 (144) VS:O.S W 1:0.7-1.1 (1) - 1:3.3- 3.6 1:0.6- 0.8 (0.6) - 1:1.3- 1.5 1:0.6 - 1:0.40- 0.67 (0.53) P ed u n cl e L 271-458 - 310-880 425-863 (650) - - 250-450* 395-780 (579) 419 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. P ed u n cl e W 98-156 (124) - - 97-109 (102) - - - - 78-225 (161) % P ed u n cl e: T L 10.3-16.7 (14.4) - 4-6 13.3-17.5 (15.3) - - - - 6.8-11 (8.5) Ovary L. 50-120 (89) 140- 260 130-320 116-197 (163) - 110-150 - 131-211 (180) 120-351 (223) Ovary W 46-102 (77) 90-220 100-190 129- 168 (142) - 130-160 - 62-243 (96) 86-179 (138) A n te ri o r te st is L 152-233 (190) 200-700 360-800 273- 396 (335) 200-500 - 187-336 (267) 335-780 (571) A n te ri o r te st is W 120-177 (146) 180-370 190-260 169-246 (210) - 150-240 - 93-146 (115) 187-330 (258) P o st er io r te st is L 154-249 (198) - 390-730 298-383 (350) - - - 218-348 (292) 374-780 (588) P o st er io r te st is W 137-183 (156) - 190-280 164-257 (203) - - - 93-124 (111) 172-360 (274) S em in al v es ic le L . 69-190 (135) 400-650 - - - 60-100 - 40-50* 220-601 (379) 420 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic S em in al v es ic le W . 27-87 (58) 30-70 - - - - - - 70-220 (122) Egg L 47-67 (56) 55-63 46-54 44-71 (55) 32-46 - 46-53 40-50 (44) 43-59 (53) Egg W 21-36 (28) 32-37 28-31 20-42 (26) 15-27 46-56 26 25-37 (30) 28-47 (38) F o re b o d y L 248-337 (285) - - 337-399 (362) - 32-39 - - 335-702 (509) F o re b o d y : T L 1:9.6-17 (13.9) - - 1:7.7- 10.5 (8.7) - - 1:7.3 - 1:10.2- 20.4 (13.98) F o re b o d y :. p e d u n cl e 1:0.59-1 (0.87) - - 1:0.4- 0.8 (0.6) - - - - 1:0.61- 1.11 (1.03) P o st t es ti cu la r ar ea - - - 1005- 1639 (1472) - - - - 1232- 3081 (2162) P o st t es ti cu la r ar ea : T L % - - - 31.4- 37.1 (34.9) - - - - 15-36 (30) Continues table 421 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. S p ec ie s P . ca p u ci n i P . ch lo ro sc o m b ri P . h a fe ez u ll a h i P . o p el u P . w ek eu la P . te n u is Reference Aken’Ova et al., 2009 Bartoli et al., 2003 Aken’Ova et al., 2009 Aken’Ova et al., 2009 Yamguti, 1970 Current study Total length 5250-6780 2907- 7060(4470) 2452- 3564(3026) 1400-3600 1500-4800 4385-9488 (7302) Maximum width 530-730 253-514 (374) 226-321 (274) 140-400 180-500 340-502 (447) MW: TL 1:8.6 1:11.95 1:8.9-12.6 (11) 60-190 100-210 1:13-21 (16) Oral sucker length 180-200 163-266 (220) 128-163 (147) 60-200 100-200 242-390 (334) Oral sucker Width 170-210 173-262 (210) 110-169 (141) 1:1.8 1:2 187-359 (271) OS: Pharynx W. 1:1.7 1:1.18 1:1.1-1.4 (1.3) 50-150 50-150 1:1.66-2.65 (2.18) Pharynx length 130-150 131-173 (154) 85-115 (99) 50-140 50-40 94-164 (124) Pharynx Width 110-140 106-166 (131) 99-122 (111) - 70-130 102-156 (128) Ventral sucker L 130-140 100-138 (124) 85-111 (96) 60-150 95-160 117-160 (140) Ventral sucker W 130-170 122-176 (154) 96-110 (105) 1:0.6 1:0.7 94-172 (144) VS:OS W 1:0.6 1:0.54-0.86 (0.73) 1:0.6-0.9 (0.7) - - 1:0.40-0.67 (0.53) Peduncle L - - 289-382 (330) - - 395-780 (579) Peduncle W - - 129-161 (140) - - 78-225 (161) % Peduncle / TL - 8.3 10.1-11.8 (10.9) - - 6.8-11 (8.5) Ovary L. - - 85-134 (104) - - 120-351 (223) 422 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. New records of some digenetic Ovary W - - 76-123 (94) - - 86-179 (138) Anterior testis L - - 183-284 (226) - - 335-780 (571) Anterior testis W - - 122-205 (162) - - 187-330 (258) Posterior testis L - - 197-295 (235) - - 374-780 (588) Posterior testis W - - 130-202 (160) - - 172-360 (274) Seminal vesicle L. - - - - - 220-601 (379) Seminal vesicle W. - - - 46-63 51-70 70-220 (122) Egg L 52-62 51-68 (61) 40-60 (52) 30-46 32-49 43-59 (53) Egg W 37-48 28-39 (30) 20-37 (26) - - 28-47 (38) Forebody L - 270-616 (442) 299-465 (384) 1:11.8 1:14.6 335-702 (509) Forebody : T L 1:12.3 - 1:11-15.3 (12.9) - - 1:10.2-20.4 (13.98) Forebody: peduncle - - - 1:11 1:8.5 1:0.61-1.11 (1.03) Post testicular area - 1092-2203 (1618) 797-1159 (971) - - 1232-3081 (2162) %Post testicular area: TL 28.4 36.2 28-34.2 (32.1) 1:21.3 25.7 15-36 (30) The general measurements of current specimens match those of P. tenuis and P. boops in many characteristics; but the former differs by having forebody Similar in length to ventral sucker peduncle Whereas P. boops has a shorter forebody than to ventral sucker peduncle, the position of both ovary (pre-eaquatorial vs posequatorial) and testes (located in the third quarter of body vs the forth quarter of body in P. boops). P. tenuis differs from P. buckleyi in the ratio of body width to length, the ratio of suckers, and the ratio of peduncle length to the body length (Saoud and Ramadan, 1984). P. tenuis is 423 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Fazaa et al. distinguished from P. capucini, P. chloroscombri, P. hafeezullahi, P. opelu, and P. wekeula by the ratio of body width to length (Bartoli et al., 2003; Aken’Ova et al., 2009). P. tenuis differs from P. hickmani in the ratio of ventral sucker peduncle length to the body length, the ratio of forebody to body length, the ratio of forebody to peduncle length and the ratio of oral sucker to pharynx length (Aken’Ova et al., 2009). P. tenuis differs from P. orientalis in the total body length, body width, oral sucker length and larger eggs (Madhavi and Bray, 2018). P. tenuis differs from P. parviacetabulus in body length, oral sucker, ventral sucker length, suckers ratio and seminal vesicle length (Yamagujti, 1970). P. tenuis differs from P. psettodi in body length, the ratio forebody to body length and the ratio of the ventral sucker to Pharynx (Aken’Ova et al., 2009). P. tenuis is very similar to P. tenuoides; however Martin (1960) distinguished between the two species based on eggs size and presence of pads on the ventral sucker which are present in the former and absent in the latter; but Bartoli et al. (2003) prepared keys to diagnosis all species of Pseudopecoeloides and placed P. tenuis and P. boops in the same group which is characterised by forebody length shorter than peduncle length, while P. tenuoides the forebody length is similar to peduncle length. Aken'Ova et al. (2009) redescribed P. tenuis from the intestine of the red bigeye Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier from Queensland, Australia and discussed the measurements and verification of P. tenuoides as reported by Yamaguti (1970) and considered the differences in eggs size between P. tenuis and P. tenuoides are no significant, this is due to the fact that Yamaguti (1970) used live eggs in compared with Martin’s description; however, the pads on the ventral sucker were not observed in the Australian specimens and they predicted from the idea that most australian specimens were mounted laterally. The only difference in the current specimens from original description and redescription is the ratio of forebody to total length (Yamaguti, 1940; Aken'Ova et al., 2009). CONCLUSIONS The current study has identified four trematodes that are new additions to the parasitic fauna of Iraq. Three of these belonging to Acanthocolpidae increasing the number of species in this family to seven in Iraq distributed across three genera Pleorchis Railliet, 1896, Monostephanostomum Kruse, 1979 and Stephanostomum Looss, 1899, as well as one opecoelid trematode was identified, increasing the number of species in this family to six species in Iraq belonging to the genera Helicometrina Linton, 1910, Macvicaria Gibson & Bray, 1982 and Pseudopecoeloides Yamaguti, 1940. AKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thanks the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah for their support of the research. They also extend their gratitude to Dr Ali A. Al-Darwesh, from the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, for his assistance with the illustrations editing. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATMENT "The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." 424 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus 18 (2): 395-429. 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(2024) 18 (2): 395-429. قتسجيل جديد لبعض املخرمات ثنائية املنشأ من بعض االسماك البحرية من العرا حسن عويد فزاع*،** أثير حسين علي* و حسين عبد سعود*** .*قسم االسماك والثروة البحرية، كلية الزراعة، جامعة البصرة، العراق .عراق** قسم االنتاج الحيواني، كلية الزراعة، جامعة املثنى، السماوة، ال .***قسم التحليالت املرضية، كلية العلوم، جامعة البصرة، العراق 20/12/2024، النشر: 10/10/2024القبول: ، 9/10/2024املراجعة:، 27/7/2024االستالم: الخالصة اجريت فحوصات طفيلية للمخرمات ثنائية املنشأ في ثالثة انواع من االسماك في . بينت 2022 االول ولغاية كانون 2021للفترة من كانون االول املياه البحرية العراقية الدراسة تسجيل خمسة انواع من املخرمات تعود الى العوائل هيميوريدي واكانثوكولبيدي وابيكوليدي. )عائلة هيميوريدي( Lecithocadium angustiovum Yamaguti, 1953 عزل املخرم عزل كل من النوع .Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795)من امعاء اسماك الحلوائي و Stephanostomum ditrematisو Monostephanostomum loossi و Stephanostomum sp. (من اسماك الديايوه )عائلة اكانثوكوليدي Seriola dumerili ــــاء الســـــــمن امع Pseudocoeloides tenuis Yamaguti, 1940 باالضافة الى عزل النوع مك ــ ـــــــع الطفيليات املسجلــــميجكانت Priacanthus tayenus كبير العين ـــــــ ــــــــة ماعـ ـــ ــــــــ ــ ـــ ــــدا النــ ـــــ ـــ وعـــ L. angustiovum هذه الدراسة توصوف وتسجل الول مرة في العراق والخليج العربي. في