Bull 465 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2024) 18 (2): 465-476. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.2.0465 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION WITH A CHECKLIST OF LAND SNAILS IN IRAQ Hiba Mohammed Jihad Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail: hiba.muhammad@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq Received: 2 Aug. 2024, Revised: 20 Nov. 2024, Accepted: 24 Nov. 2024, Published: 20 December 2024 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT Land snails constitute an important group of mollusks distributed worldwide. This study reports on land snails found in Iraq. A survey of terrestrial gastropods was performed during their activity seasons in gardens, agricultural lands and nurseries in Iraq from March 2022 to September 2023. Fifteen terrestrial snails belonging to seven families were documented. The species Euchondrus michonii (Bourguignat, 1853) was identified and recorded based on several distinct conchological characters for the first time in Iraq. The recently collected specimens, along with those previously recorded in Iraq, were included in this checklist. Essential information on each species is also presented. As there is no previous checklist or study that provides an overview of land snails in Iraq, the results of this study fill the gap in our knowledge about this group and provide an important database for further research in this field in the country. Keywords: Checklist, Gastropods, Iraq, Molluska, Terrestrial. INTRODUCTION The interest in Iraqi fauna, specifically mollusks, has increased with the number of field studies in recent years, including those concerning bivalves (Jihad, 2023). Certainly, many other important groups of mollusks, such as land snails, remain to be discovered and reported. Land snails are a familiar group of mollusks with several easily identifiable characteristics; they typically dwell on the ground, trees, or shrubs, and feed on decaying organic matter. Taxonomically, snails belong to the class Gastropoda, which contains more species than any other class in the phylum Mollusca (Holland, 2009). Many terrestrial species from Iraq have been described, but this group of mollusks remains poorly investigated. The studies on the land snails of Iraq include some old studies, with only a few recent records scattered in the literature. Germain (1921) Pallary (1939) and Biggs (1959) reported several species in Iraq. More recently, Al-qaisi and Farman (2023) added the species Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758), while Jihad and Ali (2021) added Polygyra cereolus (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1818) and Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) to Iraqi malacofauna. BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799-Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.2.0465 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4330-9350 mailto:hiba.muhammad@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 466 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 465-476. Additional information with a checklist Three species of the family Enidae, which comprises several terrestrial snails belonging to the genus Buliminus, were recorded in Iraq; Buliminus diminutus (Mousson, 1861) (Neubert et al, 2015), Buliminus alepensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1841) and Buliminus egregius Nägele, 1902 (Bank and Neubert, 2016). Our current study aims to document and update the land gastropod species in Iraq, as well as provide more information about the malacofauna of the region. However, this checklist must be continuously updated, as more related information becomes available. MATERIALS AND METHODS Many gardens, agricultural lands, and nurseries located in the provinces of Al- Sulaymaniyah, Baghdad, and Babylon were chosen for the purpose of studying terrestrial snailꞌs biodiversity (Map1). A total of 168 specimens were collected by hand between March 2022 and September 2023. The collected specimens were cleaned and preserved in 70% alcohol (Forsyth, 1999). Terrestrial gastropod species were identified by their shell characteristics. Morphological characteristics were examined using a stereoscopic microscope for the purpose of conchological identification, and many identification keys and studies were used, including those by Neubert et al. (2015) and Jihad (2021). The newly recorded species were deposited in the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum-University of Baghdad. For the purpose of standardizing and correcting the scientific names, the taxon names were checked against the databases of GBIF Secretariat (2023) and Molluscabase (2023), and the original descriptions were verified based on the last reference. Map (1): Showing the collection sites. 467 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. RESULTS More than 168 collected specimens, representing 15 terrestrial mollusk species, were reported as follows: Class: Gastropoda Order: Stylommatophora 1-Family: Achatinidae Allopeas gracile (T. Hutton, 1834) Bulimus gracilis T. Hutton, 1834. On the land shells of India. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 3 (26): 81-93 Synonyms: Bulimus apex Mousson, 1849 Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton, 1834) Aclis californica Bartsch, 1927 Achatina mandralisci Calcara, 1840 Distribution: In Iraq, this species was recorded under the name Allopeas gracilis (Hutton, 1834) (Naser, 2010) along the Arabian Gulf coast (Neubert, 1998); Asia, Australia, and Central and South America (Capinera, 2017). Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) Helix decollata Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, 1: 824 pp. Synonyms: Bulimus decollatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Stenogyra bavouxi (Coquand, 1862) Materials examined: 35 specimens, Baghdad, Botanical Garden- Al Zawra Park, February 2023. Distribution: Iraq (Al-qaisi and Farman, 2023); Jordan (Neubert et al., 2015). It is native to the Mediterranean, China and USA (Prévot et al., 2014). 2-Family: Enidae Buliminus diminutus (Mousson, 1861) Bulimus labrosus var. diminutus Mousson, A. (1861). Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies par M. le Prof. J.R. Roth dans son dernier voyage en Orient. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, 6 (1): 1-34; 6 (2): 124-156. Synonyms: Bulimus labrosus var. diminutus Mousson, 1861 Distribution: Iraq and Jordan (Neubert et al., 2015). Buliminus alepensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1841) Bulimus alepensis L. Pfeiffer, 1841. Pfeiffer, L. (1841). Symbolae ad historiam Heliceorum. Sectio prima [1]. Kassel: Th. Fischer. 88 pp. Synonyms: Bulimus alepensis L. Pfeiffer, 1841 Buliminus (Buliminus) alepensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1841) Petraeus halepensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1841) Material examined: Four specimens, Al- Sulaymaniyah, near Dokan Lake Garden, May 2023. 468 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 465-476. Additional information with a checklist Distribution: Iraq and Türkiye (Gümüs and Neubert, 2012) Syria and Iran (Bank and Neubert, 2016). Euchondrus michonii (Bourguignat, 1853) Pupa ledereri L. Pfeiffer. 1868. Monographia Heliceorum viventium. Sistens descriptiones systematicas et criticas omnium huius familiae generum et specierum hodie cognitarum. Volumen sextum. 1-598. Synonyms: Euchondrus ledereri (L. Pfeiffer, 1868) Pupa ledereri L. Pfeiffer, 1868 Diagnostic characters: A small sized species of Euchondrus, white shell, with wide aperture and four teeth, two palatalis and two parietal. This species is similar to Euchondrus paucidentatus, has reduced dentation, but, smaller shell (Gümüs and Neubert, 2012). Description: dextral small shell, elongate oval, white in colour; teloconch consists of five flat whorls, finely striated. Aperture wide subquadrate in shape provided with four teeth: two palatalis and two parietal; peristome reflected. Shell high ranges between 10-13 mm (Pl. 1). Materials examined: Three specimens, Al- Sulaymaniyah/near Dokan Lake, garden, April 2022. Distribution: Turkey and Lebanon (Gümüs and Neubert, 2012); Jordan (Neubert et al., 2015). In this study, this species was reported from Iraq for the first time. 3-Family: Geomitridae Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) Helix barbara Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1: 824 pp. Synonyms: Cochlicella ventricosa (Draparnaud, 1801) Bulimus ventricosus Draparnaud, 1801 Materials examined: 14 specimens from Baghdad, Palestine Street, nursery, April 2022. Distribution: Africa (Herbert, 2010), Europe, and Australia (Bank, 2011). Iraq (Dohi and Mahmood, 2024). Xeropicta krynickii (Krynicki, 1833) Helix krynickii Krynicki, J. A. 1833. Novae species aut minus cognitae e Chondri, Bulimi, Peristomae Helicisque generibus praecipue Rossiae meridionalis. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 6: 391-436. Synonyms: Helix (Xerophila) vestalis L. Pfeiffer, 1841 H. (Xerophila) homoleuca Brusina, 1870 H. (Xerophila) joppensis Schmidt, 1855 Materials examined: 16 specimens, Baghdad and Babylon, agricultural field, nursery, Al Mahawil, May 2022. Distribution: In Iraq, it is recorded as Xerophila vestalis (Kennedy, 1937). Italy, Iran, Syria, Egypt and Lebanon (De Mattia and Pešić, 2014). Jordan and Mediterranean Region (Neubert et al., 2015). 469 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Xeropicta mesopotamica (Mousson, 1874) Helix (Xerophila) mesopotamica Mousson, 1874. Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies par M. le Dr Alex. Schlæfli en Orient. Journal de Conchyliologie, 22: 5-60. Synonyms: Helix (Xerophila) mesopotamica Mousson, 1874 Material examined: 3 specimens, Baghdad, Bab Al Muadham, garden, March 2023. Distribution: Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Oman (Neubert, 1998). 4-Family: Helicidae Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Müller, 1774) Helix vermiculata O. F. Müller, 1774. Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusorium, Helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. 2: 1-36, 1- 214. Synonyms: Helix vermiculata O. F. Müller, 1774 Helix bonduelliana Bourguignat, 1863 Massylaea vermiculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) Otala vermiculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) Material examined: 15 specimens, Baghdad, Palestine Street, nursery, April 2022 and Babylon, Al Mahawil, farmers, September 2023. Distribution: Iraq (Al Khafaji et al., 2016); Mediterranean, Spain, Türkiye, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands, Japan, USA, South Africa, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran and Jordan (Ronsmans and Neucker, 2016). Helix salomonica Nägele, 1899 Helix (Pomatia) Salomonica Naegele, 1899. Eine neue Pomatia aus Persien. - Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 31 (1/2): 28-29. Synonyms: Helix (Naegelea) salomonica Nägele, 1899 H. (Pelasga) salomonica Nägele, 1899 H. (Pomatia) salomonica Nägele, 1899 Distribution: Iraq, Iran, and Türkiye (Neubert, 2014). Theba pisana (O. F. Müller, 1774) Helix pisana O. F. Müller, 1774. Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia, 2:1-36, 1- 214. Synonyms: Helix albella Linnaeus, 1758 Theba lucostoma Risso, 1826 Distribution: Türkiye (Yildirim et al., 2004); Algeria, Albania, Italy, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Serbia, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Yemen, France, Greece, and Iraq (Eppo, 2024). 5-Family: Hygromiidae Monacha obstructa (L. Pfeiffer, 1842) Helix obstructa Pfeiffer, L. 1842. Symbolae ad historiam heliceorum. Sectio altera, 1-147. 470 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 465-476. Additional information with a checklist Synonyms: Helix schotti L. Pfeiffer, 1857 H. (Fruticicola) obstructa L. Pfeiffer, 1842 Material examined: (52 specimens), Material examined:33 specimens, Baghdad Province, Botanical Garden- Al Zawra Park, February 2023 and 19 specimens, Babylon Province, Al Mahawil, farmer, September 2023. Distribution: Iraq (Abdul-Sahib, 2005), Western Palearctic, Northern Mediterranean Basin, Middle East to Iran (Ali and Robinson, 2020). Trocholus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Helix hispida Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, 1: 824. Synonyms: Fruticicola hispida (Linnaeus, 1758) Trochulus sericeus (Draparnaud, 1801) Material examined: 6 specimens, Babylon Province, Al Mahawil District, farmer, November 2022. Distribution: Europe (Prockow, 2009), Iraq (Jihad, 2021). 6-Family: Oxychilidae Eopolita derbentina (O. Boettger, 1886) Hyalinia (Polita) derbentina Boettger, O. (1886). Neuntes Verzeichniss (IX) von Mollusken der Kaukasusländer nach Sendungen des Hrn. Hans Leder, z.Z. in Helenendorf bei Elisabetpol (Transkaukasien). Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 13 (2): 121-156 Synonyms: Hyalinia (Polita) derbentina O. Boettger, 1886 Hyalinia (Polita) siraphora Westerlund, 1897 Distribution: Iraq, Iran and Türkiye (Šešen and Schütt, 2002). 7-Family: Polygyridae Polygyra cereolus (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1818) Helix cereolus Mühlfeld, 1818. Beschreibung einiger neuen Conchylien. Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 8(1): 3-11. Synonyms: Polygyra carpenteriana (Bland, 1860) Helix febigeri Bland, 1866 Polygyra septemvolva var. floridana Hemphill, 1892 Material examined: 20 specimens, Baghdad Province, Palestine Street, nurseries, April 2022. Distribution: Iraq (Jihad and Ali, 2021), Türkiye (Frank, 2016), Saudi Arabia (Neubert, 1995), Qatar (Al-Khayat, 2010), and Egypt (Ali and Robinson, 2020). 471 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Plate (1): Euchondrus michonii [scale bar: 1 mm]. DISCUSSION The knowledge concerning the biodiversity of land snails in Iraq is relatively unsatisfactory, and large portions portions of the country remain unexplored or have been rarely explored, especially in the northern regions. Thus, the current number of documented species may represent only a fraction of the total actual snail species in Iraq. When comparing the results of this study (15 species) with the number of land snail reports from adjacent countries, such as Türkiye, which has approximately 750 (sub) species (Bank et al., 2016), and Iran, which has 22 species reported in just one province (Tehran) (Siahkalroudi et al., 2024), significant differences are revealed. In recent years, two exotic species, Polygyra cereolus and Rumina decollate, have been introduced to the country (Jihad and Ali, 2021; Al-qaisi and Farman, 2023). To date, these species are known only in Baghdad and Diyala. Polygyra cereolus is a snail native to Florida, has spread with ornamental plants and agricultural products (Charles and Lenoble, 2020). This species has been observed in dense populations in many nurseries in Baghdad (Jihad and Ali, 2021), whereas Rumnia decollata likely entered the country through imported plants and fruits (Al-qaisi and Farman, 2023). The two species, Ena (Cirna) macfadyeni Pallary, 1939, belonging to the family Enidae, has been reported from Iraq (specifically from sinjar mountain) as Turanena macfadyeni (pallary, 1939) (Bank et al., 2016), and Xerophila connollyi Pallary, 1939, belonging to the 472 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (2): 465-476. Additional information with a checklist family Helicidae, have also been reported from Iraq as Cernuella connollyi (Pallary, 1939) (Šešen and Schütt, 2002). According to Molluscabase, the validity of these taxa is uncertain, so they are not included in the checklist. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that Iraq has a diverse malacofauna within the land snail group. To date, 15 valid species have been identified and recorded in the country, some of which are exotic. Euchondrus michonii is expected to occur in Iraq, as the species is distributed in the neighboring country of Türkiye. The present records contribute to the documentation of Iraqi land snail fauna. There is a significant difference between the biodiversity of land snails of Iraq and that of neighboring countries. However, further surveys and studies on terrestrial snails in Iraq are necessary. Additionally, molecular analysis will serve as a valuable tool to confirm certain species and potentially reveal new ones. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT "The author has no conflicts of interest to declare". LITERATURE CITED Abdul-Sahib, I. M. 2005. A new record of a white terrestrial snail Monacha obstructa (Pfeiffer, 1842), (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the Iraqi marshes. Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences), 32(3A): 70-73. [Click here] Ali, R. F. and Robinson, D. G. 2020. Four records of new to Egypt gastropod species including the first reported tropical leather leaf slug Laevicaulis alte (D’A. De Férussac, 1822) (Pulmonata, Veronicellidae). Zoology and Ecology, 30(2):138-156. [CrossRef] Al-qaisi, R. H. and Farman, K. 2023. New record of exotic land snail Rumina decollate (Linnaeus, 1758) in Iraq. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara, Series C Biology, 32(1):54-58. [Click here] Al-Khafaji, K. K.S., Abud-Sahab, A. M. and Aziz, N. M. 2016. First record of terrestrial snail Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Helicidae) from Basrah areas, Iraq. 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(2024) 18 (2): 465-476. قع األرضية في العراقمعلومات اضافية مع قائمة مرجعية للقوا هبة محمد جهاد العراق., بغداد, بغداد جامعة, الطبيعي التاريخ ومتحف بحوث مركز 20/12/2024, النشر: 24/11/2024القبول: 20/11/2024املراجعة: ,2/8/2024االستالم: الخالصة اول هذه الحلزونات األرضية هي مجموعة مهمة من الرخويات موزعة في أنحاء العالم. تتن الدراسة الحلزونات األرضية في العراق. تم إجراء مسح للقواقع األرضية خالل موسم 2022نشاطها في الحدائق والحقول الزراعية واملشاتل في العراق، للفترة بين اذار نوًعا من الحلزونات األرضية تنتمي إلى 15عينة، وتم توثيق 168. تم جمع 2023وأيلول ت االنواع من خالل خصائص أصدافها. تم تشخيص وتسجيل سبع عائالت، شخص بناًء على بعض الصفات املميزة Euchondrus michonii (Bourguignat,1853)النوع للصدفة ألول مرة في العراق. اشتملت القائمة على العينات التي تم جمعها إلى جانب العينات املسجلة سابًقا في العراق. كما تم تقديم معلومات أساسية عن كل نوع. ال هذا توجد قائمة أو دراسة سابقة تعطي نظرة عامة عن القواقع األرضية في العراق، ول السبب فإن نتائج هذه الدراسة سوف تسد الفجوة في معرفتنا حول هذه املجموعة وتوفر قاعدة بيانات مهمة ملزيد من األبحاث في هذا املجال في البالد.