Bull 565 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2025) 18 (3): 565-576. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2025.18.3.0565 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A SURVEY OF GASTROPODS IN THE GREENHOUSES OF IRAQ Hiba Mohammed Jihad and Noor HusseinYousif ♦ * Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Corresponding author: nhnm@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq Recived: 10 June 2024, Revised: 13Feb.2025., Accepted: 16 Feb. 2025, Published:20 June 2025 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT The humid and warm conditions in greenhouses provide an excellent environment for pests’ living conditions, and therefore, they provide ideal medium for alien introductions. Molluscs are among the most significant pests that infest plastic covered greenhouses. To identify and report their mollusc species, 23 greenhouses in Iraq were surveyed between March 2023 and April 2024. Of these, 11 were found to be infested with snails. A total of 158 specimens were collected and morphologically identified to seven species: Monacha obstructa (L. Pfeiffer, 1842), Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Müller, 1774), Xeropicta krynickii (Krynicki, 1833), Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758), Polygyra cereolus (Megerle Von Mühlfeld, 1818), Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758), and Veronicella cubensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1840), the latter being a slug species that is reported for the first time in Iraq in this study. With the limited knowledge about the molluscs pests in Iraq, the data presented here will provide valuable baseline information for various agricultural purposes. Keywords: Baghdad, Invasive, Land snails, New record, Veronicella cubensis. INTRODUCTION The use of greenhouses has developed rapidly over recent decades in many regions, due to the advantages provided by these protected environments, which lead to the availability of off-season production and a production increase, enhancing fruit quality and production periods (Pardossi et al., 2004). Terrestrial gastropods are among the most economically important pests all over the world, infesting plants at all stages of growth, including germinated seeds close to the surface of the soil, though not seeds themselves (Routrayand Dey, 2016). They cause severe damage and significant yield reductions (Baur and Baur, 1993). In the field land snails can be found on the soil surface, leaves, stems and fruits (Awad, 2013). Infested plant material is usually the primary cause of snails' entrance into the greenhouses from which they then spread to other plants (Hollingsworth and Sewake, 2002). BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORYMUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799, Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2025.18.3.0565 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4330-9350 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-4200 mailto:nhnm@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 566 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (3): 565-576. A survey of gastropods Among the main factors determining the activity of snails and slugs, moisture is the most important determinant, while temperature is also a significant factor (Moreno-Rueda, 2012). Therefore, the greenhouses provide ideal conditions for both plant life and several pests snails, maintaining stable moisture and temperature levels. Several snails and slugs species are considered agricultural pests in different parts of the world. Due to their rasping feeding mechanism, terrestrial molluscs can cause significant harm to vegetables, fruits, crops fields and ornamentals plants (Kumar, 2020). In Iraq, greenhouses are becoming widely used across all regions. The most commonly cultivated vegetables in these greenhouses are cucumbers, tomatoes and green peppers. This study was therefore conducted to survey and assist in the identification of mollusc pests, as well as to provide a report of their presence inside the greenhouses in some localities, especially in districts known for this type of agriculture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Greenhouses in five locations across two governorates in Iraq, Baghdad (33.360991° N, 44.431680° E, 33°21'09.2° N, 44°25'31.4° E) and Babel (32°52'34.6° N, 44°21'37.4° E , 32.856682° N,44.411917° E (32°52'34.6° N, 44°21'38.7° E)- were surveyed (Map1). These greenhouses were divided into two categories: the first were cultivated with economic crops such as cucumbers, tomatoes and peppers, while the second were ornamental plants cultivated (Pl.1). Both live specimens and dry shells were hand collected. Live individuals were preserved in 70% alcohol (Forsyth, 1999), while feeding individuals were photographed on site to document infestation. The geographic coordinates of the collection spots were recorded using a GPS. The species identification was based on conchological characteristics such as number of whorls, shell shape and shell colour and other criteria with reference to Ali and Ramdini (2020) and Jihad and Ali (2021). 567 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad and Yousif Map (1): showing the study regions. RESULTS Eleven out of the twenty-three greenhouses surveyed in the study area were found to be infested with seven gastropod species (n = 158 individuals), representing different genera and six families. These gastropod species which were present in dense populations caused minor leaf damage to a wide range of plants. As a result, they can be considered pests of concern in agricultural fields and gardens (both urban and suburban). (A) Order: Systellommatophora Family: Veronicellidae J. E. Gray, 1840 Veronicella cubensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1840) (Pl. 2). Material examined: 20 specimens, Baghdad, May 2023, on the leaves of ornamental plants, also on the soil. Description of species: Large, averaging 6 cm in length when relaxed, brown in colour with bluish gray eye tentacles and two dark lateral bands broken up into spots, mantle covers entire body, body texture is granular (Robinson and Hollingsworth, 2009). 568 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (3): 565-576. A survey of gastropods Host and habitat: V. cubensis is a serious pest, infesting a wide range of economic, ornamental as well as medicinal plants, in both natural habitats and agricultural areas (Robinson and Hollingsworth, 2004). Distribution: Originally endemic to Cuba (Baker 1925). Introduced to USA (California and Hawaii) (Mc Donnell et al., 2008), Barbados, Dominica, Nevis, Saint Kitts, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola (Robinson et al., 2009), Pacific Island of Rota and Guam (Robinson and Hollingsworth, 2004). This study represents the first record of V. cubensis in Iraq. Note: The current study also represents the first record of the family Veronicellidae from Iraq. (B) Order: Stylommatophora 1. Family: Achatinidae Swainson, 1840 Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pl. 3A) Material examined: 30 specimens, Baghdad, April 2023, on the soil and on the stems of the ornamental plants. Distribution: Indigenous to western Mediterranean region, introduced to the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, southern France, the western Balkans, northern Africa (Prévot et al., 2014), and Iraq (Al-Qaisi and Farman, 2023). 2. Family: Geomitridae C. R. Boettger, 1909 Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pl. 3B) Material examined: 8 specimens, Baghdad, March 2023 and April 2024, on the stems and the leaves of the ornamental plants. Distribution: Native to western Mediterranean region and Western Europe (Roth and Hertz, 1997), introduced to Türkiye (Ekin and Sesen, 2020) and Iraq (Al-Doori et al., 2018). Xeropicta krynickii (Krynicki, 1833) (Pl. 3C) Material examined: 6 specimens, Babel, May 2023, on the leaves of the ornamental plants. Distribution: Eastern Mediterranean (Neubert et al., 2015), and Iraq (Kennedy, 1937). 3. Family: Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815 Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Pl. 3D). Material examined: 23 specimens, Babel, Baghdad, November 2023 and March 2024, on the leaves of the ornamental plants. Distribution: Native to western Mediterranean region, introduced to other Mediterranean countries, such as Türkiye and Spain, also in Hungary, Germany, Japan, Australia, USA, Egypt, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Iran (Ronsmans and Neucker, 2016). Iraq (Al Khafaji et al., 2016). 4. Family: Hygromiidae Tryon, 1866 Monacha obstructa (L. Pfeiffer, 1842) (Pl. 3E). Material examined: 46 specimens, Baghdad and Babel, collected during September and October 2023, tomato and ornamental plants, they were collected from stems and leaves. 569 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad and Yousif Distribution: Iraq (Abdul-Sahib, 2005), Southern Türkiye to Iran and Saudi Arabia (Neubert, 1998). 5. Family: Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895 Polygyra cereolus (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1818) (Pl. 3F). Material examined: 25 specimens, Baghdad and Babel, March 2023, on leaves, soil nearby ornamental plants, also attached to plastic potted plants. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Neubert, 1995), United Arab Emirates (Feulner and Green, 2005), native to Southeastern USA (Perez, 2008), Qatar (Al-Khayat, 2010), Spain (Barrachina et al., 2012), France (Charles, 2014), Türkiye (Frank, 2016), Libya (Liberto et al., 2021), and Egypt (Ali and Robinson, 2020). Introduced in Iraq (Jihad and Ali, 2021). Plate (1): (A) some of the greenhouses surveyed in this study, (B) Cultured with economic plants, (C) Cultured with ornamental plants, (D, E) The infestation of Xeropicta krynickii and Monacha obstructa on some plants. 570 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (3): 565-576. A survey of gastropods Plate (2): Veronicella cubensis; (A) Dorsal view (relaxed), (B) Contracted, (C) Ventral view. [Scale bar 1cm]. Plate (3): Snails prevalent in greenhouses during the current study; (A) Rumina decollata, (B) Cochlicella barbara, (C) Xeropicta krynickii, (D) Eobania vermiculata, (E) Monacha obstructa (F) Polygyra cereolus. [Scale bar 5mm]. 571 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad and Yousif DISCUSSION In Iraq, a few studies have been conducted to survey and identify the land snails, with some species observed infesting agricultural areas (Al-Doori et al., 2018; Jihad and Ali, 2021), while the current study is then the first report on molluscs found exclusively in covered culture within the country. The results of our study reveal a list of seven species of terrestrial gastropods. These species can be divided into two groups: the first group includes native species that are common in Iraqi fields, such as Xeropicta krynickii and Monacha obstructa. The second group includes non-native species that have been recorded in recent years as part of the country’s malacofauna including Eobania vermiculata, Cochlicella barbara, Polygyra cereolus, Rumina decollata and the newly reported Veronicella cubensis. High population densities of V. cubensis were observed infesting several species of ornamental plants in Baghdad. The introduction of V. cubensis into new areas typically occurs via plant material (McDonnell et al., 2008), which is likely the cause of its introduction into Iraq as well. All ornamental plant houses were infested because they were not controlled with pesticides. In contrast, economic plants were treated with pesticides and thus were nearly free of infestation. The family Geomitridae was the most diverse, with two species recorded, while the species Monacha obstructa was the most frequent species, found in three locations on a wide range of plants. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings on the infestation rate of gastropods in greenhouses in Iraq, it can be concluded that land snails represent important greenhouse pests. 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(2025) 18 (3): 565-576. العراق في الحمية البيوت في القدام لبطنية مسح يوسف حسين نور و جهاد محمد هبه العراق. بغداد، بغداد، جامعة الطبيعي، التاريخ ومتحف بحوث مركز 2025/6/20 النشر: ،2025/2/16 القبول: ،2025/2/13 2024/6/10،الراجعة: استالم: اخالصة وبالتالي الفات، لعيشة ممتازة بيئة الحمية البيوت في والدافئة الرطبة الظروف توفر التي الفات أهم من الرخويات تعتبر الغريبة. الكائنات لدخول ا مثاليي ا ي وسط توفر فهي الرخويات أنواع وتصنيف تحديد ولغرض بالبلستيك، الغطاة الحمية البيوت تصيب إلى 2023 آذار من للفترة العراق في محميا ي بيتا 23 مسح تم عنها، واببلغ داخلها الوجودة إلى مظهريا عليها التعرف وتم عينة 158 جمع وتم بقواقع، مصابة 11 وجد ،2024 نيسان أنواع: سبعة Monacha obstructa (Pfeiffer, 1842), Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Müller ،1774) ، Xeropicta krynickii (Krynicki ،1833) ،Rumina decollata (Linnaeus ،1758) , Polygyra cereolus (Mühlfeld, 1818), Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758،) في مره لول يسجل الذي Veronicella cubensis (L.Pfeiffer, 1840) البزاق الى اضافة القدمة البيانات فإن العراق، في الرخويات آفات عن العرفة قلة ومع الحالية. الدراسة الغراضالزراعية. من للعديد أساسية معلومات ستوفر حاليا