Bull 997 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2025) 18 (4): 997-1011. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2025.18.4.0997 ARTICLE REVIEW DARKLING BEETLES OF THE SUBFAMILY PIMELIINAE (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) IN IRAQ: AN ANNOTATED WITH UPDATED CHECKLIST Hanaa H. Al Saffar, Razzaq Shalan Augul and Fatima H. B. Muarid Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Corresponding author: dr.hanaa66@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq Received: 18 May 2025, Revised: 4 Sep. 2025, Accepted: 7 Sep. 2025, Published:20 December 2025 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT The recent changes in the subfamily Pimeliinae (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), including updates at the generic and species levels, are summarized in this study. According to the previous literature and museum collections of the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, a revised and current list of 18 recognized genera and 44 species, organized into 10 tribes, is provided for the fauna of Iraq. The importance of this study is that it is the first updated list for the Pimeliinae subfamily for the entomofauna of Iraq. Keywords: Adelostoma, Darkling beetles, Iraq, Pimeliini, Tenebrioniformes. INTRODUCTION Among the subfamilies of Tenebrionidae, Pimeliinae is notable for its ecological adaptation to deserts and its taxonomic complexity, yet it remains understudied in Iraq. Within the superfamily Tenebrionoidea, the most diverse and advanced guild is Tenebrionidae, one of the largest families of Coleoptera (Fattorini, 2000; Bouchard et al., 2005). The confirmed and known main groups are Lagriiformes, Tenebrioniformes, and Pimeliiformes (Matthews and Bouchard, 2005). In particular, many of these beetles live in hot environments and extremely dry arid places, such as deserts. Long-term drought will affect the variety of evolved organisms that survive in scorching and humid environments. The Tenebrionidae are now regarded as the most prominent, deeply progressing family due to these results compared to other beetles (Crowson, 1955). Watt (1974) identifies the primary features that set this subfamily apart: the head's edges are not foliated, its outline is not semicircular, antennal pouches are absent, procoxal cavities are closed behind, and the propleuron's postcoxal processes do not meet in the middle behind the intercoxal process. The lateral edges of the prothorax and elytra are often not foliated, whereas the anterior margin of the prothorax is seldom foliated and covers the head. Heteromeroid trochanters rarely form nearly hemispherical shapes; if they do, mesocoxae BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799, Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2025.18.4.0997 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-487X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9590-8307 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0863-5054 mailto:dr.hanaa66@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 998 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (4): 997-1011. Darkling beetles of the subfamily Pimeliinae with exposed trochanters; claws simple, and except for the Palearctic tribes including Pimeliini and Platyopini, abdomen without exposed intersegmental membranes between obvious sternites. Numerous data on tenebrionid beetles were reviewed and contributed to increasing the knowledge on the Tenebrionidae of Iraq in which numerous species were recorded from diverse regions, included Gebien (1910), Reitter (1916), Holdhaus (1919), Blair (1923), Khalaf (1959), Derwesh (1963,1965), Hussein (1963), Kaddou (1967), El-Haidari et al. (1972), Swailem et al. (1974), Khalaf and Al-Omar (1974), Abdul-Rassoul (1976), Abdul- Rassoul et al.(1988), Al-Ali (1977), Carl (1990 a, b, 1991, 1992), Ismail and Husain (2018), and Omar et al. (2018). However, these studies were not comprehensive of all the species spread in Iraq; the last study that addressed them in detail was the study presented by Augul and Al Saffar (2023), except for Pimeliinae. Therefore, the present study aims to fill this gap by compiling an updated checklist of Pimeliinae species recorded in Iraq; this study aims to complement this work and provide an updated list of this group so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS The species of Pimeliinae that have been documented previously in Iraq were reviewed and listed; the literature currently accessible was used to determine the species' general range. Classification and nomenclature followed Lillig (2005), Bouchard et al. (2021), Nabozhenko et al. (2021), GBIF Secretariat (2023), and Lillig and Pavlíček (2023). The valid names are presented based on the last taxonomic modification. Within the taxa, tribes, genera, and species are provided and presented alphabetically. This study is a revision of this subfamily to update the list of Iraq based on the previous studies and the collections available at the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were 44 species of the subfamily Pimeliinae Latreille, 1802, within 18 genera belonging to 10 tribes recorded from Iraq. These taxa are as follows: (A) Tribe: Adelostomini Solier, 1834 Genus, Adelostoma Duponchel, 1827 Synonyms: Adelostomoides Carl, 1991 Falsaspila Koch, 1952 Omandelostoma Purchart,2017 Psaryphulum Koch, 1952 Zarudnionymus Semenov-Tjan-Shansky& Bogatchev, 1947 Adelostoma grande Haag-Rutenberg, 1879 Synonyms: Adelostomoides grandis Carl, 1991 Falsaspila perissinottoi Canzoneri, 1965 999 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al Saffar et al. Zarudnionymus persis Semenov & Bogatchev, 1947 Distribution: Iraq (Gebien, 1910); Egypt (Alfieri, 1976); Iran (Lӧbl et al., 2008). Adelostoma metatarsale Carl, 1991 Distribution: Iraq (Carl, 1991). Adelostoma sulcatum Duponchel, 1827 Distribution: Iraq (Holdhaus, 1919); Algeria, Egypt, Cyprus, Morocco, Spain, Syria, Tunisia (GBIF Secretariat, 2023). (A) Tribe: Adesmiini Lacordaire, 1859 Genus, Adesmia Fischer de Waldheim, 1822 Synonyms: Adesma Percheron, 1835 Adesmina Reitter, 1916 Aesmia Fischer, 1839 Heteroscelis Agassiz, 1846 Macropoda Solier, 1835 Oteroscelis Solier, 1835 Sarachus Gistl, 1848 Spongesmia Koch, 1944 Zambesmia Koch, 1944 Adesmia anthracina (Klug, 1830) Synonyms: Adesmia ramburi Solier, 1835 Pimelia anthracina Klug, 1830 Distribution: Iraq (Holdhaus, 1919); Türkiye, Syria (Ardoin, 1978); Palestine (Carl, 1990a). Note: Gebien (1910) recorded this species for Iraq under Adesmia ramburi Solier, 1835. Adesmia antiqua (Klug, 1830) Synonym: A. antiqua aethiopica Allard, 1885 Distribution: Iraq and Egypt (Reitter, 1916). Adesmia cancellata (Klug, 1830) Synonym: Adesmia abbreviate Klug, 1830 Adesmia clathrata Solier, 1835 Pimelia anthracina Klug, 1830 Distribution: According to Shalaby et al. (1967), A. cancellata was reported in Iraq under the synonym Adesmia abbreviate Klug, 1830. Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan, Oman, Pakistan, KSA, UAE, Syria, and Yemen (Schawaller, 2010). Note: The subspecies A. cancellata cancellata Solier, 1835, and Adesmia cancellata clathrata Solier, 1835 were reported from Iraq by Lӧbl et al. (2008) and Iwan and Lӧbl (2020) respectively. Moreover, the species Adesmia clathrata Solier, 1835 was referred to by Kaszab (1964) in Iraq. 1000 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (4): 997-1011. Darkling beetles of the subfamily Pimeliinae Adesmia carinata Solier, 1835 Synonym: Adesmia elevata Koch, 1940 Distribution: Iraq (Lobl et al., 2008) and Kuwait (Katbeh-Bader et al., 2022). Note: Lӧbl et al. (2008) listed the subspecies Adesmia carinata carinata Solier, 1835 in Iraq. Abdul-Rassoul et al. (1988) also recorded this species under the name Adesmia elevata Koch, 1940. Adesmia conjungens (Koch, 1951) Synonym: Macradesmia procera ssp. conjungens Koch, 1951 Distribution: Iraq (Lobl et al., 2008); Southern Türkiye, and Syria (Lillig, 2015). Adesmia dilatata Klug, 1830 Synonym: Pimelia dilatata Klug, 1830 Distribution: Iraq (Khalaf, 1959); Egypt, Jordan, Syria (Ardoin, 1978); Sahraa Arabia and Afrotropical (Waitzbauer et al., 2004). Adesmia maillei Solier, 1835 Distribution: Iraq (Lӧbl et al., 2008) and Armenia (Nabozhenko et al., 2021). Adesmia mesopotamica Chevrolat, 1877 Distribution: Iraq and Iran (Carl, 1992). Adesmia metallica (Klug, 1830) Synonyms: Adesmia faremonti Lucas, 1844 A.metallica var. chakouri Reitter, 1916 A. syriaca Baudi, 1874 Distribution: Iraq (Carl, 1990a); Egypt, and Jordan (Ardoin, 1978). Adesmia microgranulosa Carl, 1992 Synonym: Adesmia microgranulata Carl, 1990 Distribution: Iraq and Sudan (Carl, 1992). Adesmia mimica Reitter, 1916 Synonym: Adesmia anthracina mimica Carl, 1992 Distribution: Iraq (Reitter, 1916). Adesmia montana Klug, 1830 Distribution: Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and North Africa (Carl, 1990a). Note: Löbl et al. (2008) listed A. montana montana (Klug, 1830) in Iraq. Adesmia procera Miller, 1861 Distribution: Iraq and Syria (Carl, 1990a). Adesmia servillei Solier, 1935 1001 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al Saffar et al. Synonym: Adesmia flagergreeni Baudi, 1874 Distribution: It's reported in Iraq under A. flagergreeni Baudi, 1874 by Khalaf (1959). Iran (Löbl and Smetana, 2008). (C)Tribe: Akidini Billberg (1820) Genus, Akis Herbst, 1799 Synonyms: Acidia Illiger, 1804 Acis Billberg, 1820 Akixa Guérin, 1834 Stenopsis Rafinesque, 1815 Akis elevata Solier, 1836 Distribution: Iraq (Shalaby et al., 1967); Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Palestine, and KSA (Pierre, 1961); Jordan (Kaszab, 1981). Akis latreillei Solier, 1836 Distribution: Iraq (Lӧbl et al., 2008) and Türkiye (GBIF Secretariat, 2023). Akis subtricostata Redtenbacher, 1850 Distribution: Iraq, Iran, and Syria (Löbl et al., 2008); Türkiye (Keskin and Yağmur, 2008). (D) Tribe, Boromorphini Skopin, 1978 Genus, Boromorphus Wollaston, 1854 Boromorphus opaculus Reitter, 1887 Distribution: Iraq (Lӧbl et al., 2008); Armenia (Abdurakhmanov and Nabozhenko, 2011). (E) Tribe: Cnemeplatiini Jacquelin du Val, 1861 Genus, Cnemeplatia Costa, 1847 Synonyms: Autocera Wollaston, 1857 Cnemoplatia Wollaston, 1865 Cnemeplatia atropos A. Costa, 1847 Distribution: In Iraq, it was reported by Lӧbl et al. (2008) under the subspecies C. atropos atropos Costa, 1874. Italy, France, Gambia, Greece, Türkiye, and Spain (GBIF Secretariat, 2023). (F) Tribe: Erodiini Billberg, 1820 Genus, Amnodeis Miller, 1858 Amnodeis confluens Miller, 1858 Synonym: Amnodeis arabicus Ritter, 1914 Distribution: Iraq (Gebien, 1910); Egypt and Jordan (Kaszab, 1981). 1002 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (4): 997-1011. Darkling beetles of the subfamily Pimeliinae Amnodeis grandis Miller, 1858 Distribution: Iraq (Gebien, 1910); Syria, Türkiye, and Iran (Bunalski et al., 2014). Genus, Apentanodes Reitter, 1914 Apentanodes mesopotamicus Blair, 1923 Synonym: Sepidium mesopotamicus Blair, 1923 Distribution: Iraq (Blair, 1923). Apentanodes persicus Koch, 1940 Distribution: Iraq (Abdul-Rassoul et al., 1988). Genus, Arthrodosis Reitter, 1900 Note: Arthrodosis sp. listed in Iraq by Shalaby et al. (1967). (G) Tribe: Pimeliini Latreille, 1802 Genus, Pimelia Fabricius, 1775 Synonyms: Amblyptera Solier 1836 Aphanaspis Wollaston 1864 Camphonota Solier 1836 Chaetotoma Motschoulsky 1860 Doderoella Schuster 1926 Ecphoroma Solier 1836 Eurypimelia Reitter 1915 Homalopus Solier 1836 Pimella Brullé 1832 Pimidia Rafinesque 1815 Pimelia arabica (Klug 1830) Distribution: Jordan, KSA, Oman, UAE, Yemen, and Iraq (Kaszab, 1982). Egypt (Elshewy et al., 2016). Qatar (GBIF Secretariat, 2023) Genus, Prionotheca Dejean, 1834 Prionotheca coronata (Olivier, 1795) Distribution: North Africa (Koch, 1934). KSA, Iran, and Iraq (Kaszab, 1982). Genus, Trachyderma Latreille, 1829 Synonym: Trachydermum Gistl, 1848 Trachyderma hispida (Forskl, 1775) Synonym: Tenebrio hispida Forskl, 1775 Distribution: Iraq (Lӧbl et al., 2008); Morocco, Jordan, Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, UAE, Syria, Oman, Libya, Chad, Mauritania, Niger, KSA, Eritrea, Senegal, Mali, Cameroon, Italy, Russia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and Algeria (GBIF secretariat, 2023). 1003 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al Saffar et al. Trachyderma philistina Reiche & Saulcy, 1857 Synonyms: Ocnera parvicollis Baudi, 1875 Ocnera habelmanni Kraatz, 1865 Distribution: Türkiye, Egypt, Cyprus, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, KSA, and India (Grimm, 1991). (H) Tribe: Stenosini Schaum, 1859 Genus, Dichillus Jacquelin du Val, 1860 Synonyms: Dichillesthes Reitter, 1916 Dichillinus Reitter, 1916 Dichillocerus Reitter, 1916 Dichillodontus Reitter, 1916 Dichillomessor Reitter, 1916 Pushtunillus Medvedev, 1995 Dichillus crassicornis Allard, 1869 Distribution: Iraq (Lӧbl et al., 2008). Türkiye and Cyprus (GBIF Secretariat, 2023). Dichillus lisae Carl, 1990 Distribution: Iraq (Carl, 1990b). Dichillus nitidus Kraatz, 1862 Distribution: Iraq (Gebien, 1910) Dichillus rugatus Baudi di Selve, 1874 Distribution: Armenia, Iran, Iraq (Löbl and Smetana, 2008). Based on this reference, the subspecies Dichillus rugatus rugatus Baudi di Selve, 1874, is registered for these countries. (I)Tribe: Tentyriini Eschscholtz, 1831 Genus, Dailognatha Steven, 1828 Dailognatha caraboides Solier, 1835 Distribution: Iraq (Holdhaus, 1919); Greece, Türkiye and Uzbekistan (GBIF Secretariat, 2023). Dailognatha carceli Solier, 1835 Distribution: Iraq (Abdul-Rassoul et al., 1988). Türkiye (Koçak and Kemal, 2009). Mesostena Eschscholtz, 1831 Synonyms: Comphosida Dejean 1834 Mesostenopa Kraatz, 1865 Platystena Koch, 1940 Saxistena Koch, 1940 1004 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. 18 (4): 997-1011. Darkling beetles of the subfamily Pimeliinae Mesostena arabica (Gestro 1881) Distribution: Iraq (Kasszab, 1981); Kuwait (Kateba-Bader et al., 2022). Mesostena puncticollis Solier, 1835 Distribution: Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and KSA (Koch, 1940; Kaszab, 1981). Somalia (Koch, 1940), and Sudan (Ardoin, 1972). Genus, Micipsa Lucas, 1855 Micipsa philistina Reiche & Saulcy, 1857 Distribution: Jordan, Iraq, and Syria (Kaszab, 1981). Genus, Prochoma Solier, 1835 Prochoma audouini Solier, 1835 Distribution: Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Jordan (Carl, 1994); Egypt (Elshewy et al., 2016). Genus, Tentyrina Reitter, 1900 Synonyms: Tentyriina Peyerimhoff, 1907 Tentyriina Schuster, 1925 Tentyrina palmeri Crotch, 1872 Distribution: Egypt, KSA, Iraq, and Iran (Koch, 1940; Kaszab, 1981). Syria and Jordan (Schawaller, 1982). (J) Tribe, Zophosini (Solier, 1834) Genus, Zophosis Latreille, 1802 Zophosis complanata Solier, 1834 Distribution: Egypt, Jordan, KSA, Iraq, and Iran (Penrith, 1984). Zophosis farinosa Blair, 1914 Synonyms: Zophosis testudinaria Solier, 1834 Erodius testudinarius Fabricius, 1787 Distribution: KSA, Jordan, Iraq, and Iran (Penrith, 1984). Egypt (Elshewy et al., 2016). Zophosis punctata Brullé, 1832 Synonym: Zophosis maillei Solier, 1834 Distribution: KSA (Kaszab, 1981); N. Africa from Morocco to Libya. Europe: from Spain to Greece, Asia: from Türkiye to Pakistan; Egypt, Iraq, and Kuwait (Penrith, 1983). CONCLUSIONS Based on the current investigation and the previous study conducted by Augul and Al Saffar, 2023, the family Tenebrionidae is well represented in Iraq with a total of 51 genera 1005 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al Saffar et al. and 132 species belonging to six subfamilies known now. Omophlus Dejean, 1834, and Blaps Fabricius, 1775 are the largest represented genera, with 14 species for each genus. Many areas in Iraq haven't been surveyed throughout the previous studies, as with this country's exposure to hard climate changes, we expect that other darkling beetle species remain to be discovered. We expect these checklists (in two papers) will help facilitate interest in this research. The importance of the current study is due to its data, which is a complement to the previous study of the Tenebrionidae of Iraq. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors announce no conflict of interest concerning the work in the manuscript. DECLARATION OF EDITORIAL INVOLVEMENT The second author declares that he serves as a member of the Editorial Board of this journal. The manuscript was processed strictly in accordance with the journal’s standard editorial procedures, including assignment to independent peer reviewers and management by an editor with no conflict of interest. The author had no involvement in the editorial handling or decision-making process. LITERATURE CITED Abdul-Rassoul, M. 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(2025) 18 (4): 997-1011. ،عائلة Coleoptera)غمدية األجنحة Pimeliinaeالخنافس الداكنة من عويلة Tenebrionidaeملحة و قائمة محدثة ق:( من العرا فاطمة حسين بريج مورد و رزاق شعالن عكل، هناء هاني الصفار العراق بغداد، ،بغداد، جامعة الطبيعي ومتحف التاريخمركز بحوث 12/2025/ 20، النشر: 7/9/2025القبول: ،2025/ 4/9املراجعة: ،18/5/2025االستالم: الخالصة ل و التغييرات األخيرة بما في ذلك التحديثات على مستوى األجناس الدراسة الحالية ت ص خ الخنافس) Pimeliinae عويلة نافسلخ التابعة األنواع الخنافس Coleopteraرتبة عائلة ، . ( Tenebrionidaeالداكنة السابقة للدراسات ملركزوفقا الحشرية التاريخبحوث واملجموعة الطبيعي ومتحف نوعا منضوية 44وجنسا 18ومحدثة وضمت العراقي، قدمت هذه الدراسة قائمة منقحة تكمن اهمية هذه القائمة كونها العراقية. لعالم األحياءحاليا واملعترف بهاقبائل 10 حتت العويلة. محدثة لهذهاول قائمة