Bull 589 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2023) 17(4): 589-610. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2023.17.4.0589 ORIGINAL ARTICLE CHECKLIST OF BIVALVIA (MOLLUSCA) IN IRAQ Hiba Mohammed Jihad Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail: hiba.muhammad@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq Recived Date: 22 February 2023, Accepted Date 30 June 2023, Published Date:20 December 2023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT This study presents a comprehensive list of the freshwater and marine bivalves distributed in Iraq. A total of 51 species were recorded, and distributed as: 14 freshwater species, and 37 marine species, these species belonging to 25 families, all available remarks on the distribution, taxonomy, and nomenclature of these species were given. This study included the recently collected specimens along with those previously studied and recorded in Iraq. Keywords: Bivalvia, Checklist, Freshwater, Iraq, Marine, Mussels. INTRODUCTION Iraq is characterized by having diverse aquatic environments that include a marine coast, rivers, marshes, and lakes that support the biodiversity of various biological groups (including bivalvia); the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are the Iraqi main water resources. The Iraqi marine coast represent the north-west part of the Arabian Gulf occupies an area of 64 km (Abbas et al., 2020), from the Arabian Gulf which has a surface area 239 Km² and differs from it due to the effect of sediments transferred from Shatt al-Arab (Al-Shamary et al., 2020). A few studies concerned with the systematic study of mussels in Iraq were conducted, and many of the recorded species are considered synonyms for other species, many others are needed to be updated. In the earlier studies Annandale (1918) described some bivalve species of his collections from Iraq; some bivalvian species were described by Ahmed (1975), another species of bivalve were recorded in Iraq by Al-Hassan and Al-Hasani(1985), five more marine species were added to Iraqi malacofauna by Ali et al. (2017), recently, Bogan et al. (2021) recorded the freshwater mussel Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) in Iraq; then Yasser et al. (2022) published a checklist that included the marine species, in this checklist, 32 taxa were reported including four species were described for the first time to Iraqi malacofauna, lastly, six other marine species were added to malacofauna of Iraq by Yasser et al. (2023) and Bashê (2022) made a study about the freshwater mussel Unio tigridis in the north of Iraq. BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799-Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2023.17.4.0589 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4330-9350 mailto:hiba.muhammad@nhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 590 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Checklist of bivalvia The current data will be important inputs for a better understanding of the mussel's biodiversity in Iraq. As with all lists, this list will undoubtedly require to be revised as additional research evidence becomes available. Therefore, the present paper aimed to study the biodiversity of bivalves and provide a comprehensive list of this group distributed in Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling: The specimens of the present study were collected by hand or by means of sieves, and then preserved in ethanol solution 70% (Forsyth, 1999). Dried shells were also collected and preserved. The first collection was made from the Euphrates River north of Babylon, in October 2021, six alive specimens were collected. The second collection was from the Tigris River, north of Baghdad, in October 2021, three alive specimens were collected. The third collection made from the Canal of Euphrates River north of Babylon, in November 2021, about 30 shells were collected. In April 2022, four more specimens were obtained from the Tigris River in Al- Madain District, southeast Baghdad, and four more specimens were obtained from the Al- Dalmaj Marsh in April 2023. These specimens are deposited in the collection of mollusks at the Iraqi Natural History Research Center and Museum. Identification: The identification of specimens was made according to many morphological characteristics such as shell shape, length, width, high and texture, and on the base of many identification keys and available literatures such as Popa et al.( 2007) and Rogers and Thorp( 2019). In order to correct and standardize the scientific names, all taxon names were checked by GBIF Secretariat (2022), Molluscabase (2023) and WoRMS (2023), the reference to the original description was based on Molluscabase (2023). RESULTS The current study recorded 51 species in total, distributed as: 14 freshwater species and 37 marine species within 12 orders, 25 families, and 43 genera. These taxa as follows: Class: Bivalvia 1-Order: Adapedonta Family: Solenidae Solen vagina Linnaeus, 1758 Original description: Solen vagina Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Natura, 1:824pp. Synonyms: Solen brevis Hanley, 1842 Solen abbreviates R. A. Philippi, 1843 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975). Turkey (Uysal, 1967); Thailand (Saeedi et al., 2016), Vietnam (Ambarwati and Irawan, 2020). 2-Order: Arcida (A) Family: Arcidae Acar plicata (Dillwyn, 1817) 591 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Original description: Arca plicata Dillwyn, 1817. A descriptive catalogue of recent shells, arranged according to the Linnean method; with particular attention to the synonymy, 1: 1- 580pp. Synonyms: Acar dubia digma Iredale, 1939 Acar dubiakerma Iredale, 1939 Arca irioides Menke, 1843 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Kuwait, Arabian Gulf (Al-Kandari et al., 2020). Anadara uropigimelana (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827) Original description: Arca uropigimelana Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Vers, coquilles, mollusques et polypiers.1: part29, pp83-84, 133-180. Synonyms: Anadara holoserica (Reeve, 1843) Arca holoserica Reeve, 1843 Anadara (Anadara) uropigimelana (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Arca uropyogomelana a miss spelling of Arca uropigimelana Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 by Ahmed (1975). Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008); Central Pacific (Tebano and Paulay, 2000). Barbatia decussata (Sowerby, 1833) Original description: Byssorca decussata Sowerby, 1833.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1833: 16-22, 34-38. Synonyms: Arca decussate (Sowerby, 1833) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Ali et al., 2017). Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012); Iran (Zeinalipour et al., 2014). Barbatia foliata (Forsskål, 1775) Arca foliata Forskål, 1775. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae, 1-20. Synonyms: Arca lima Reeve, 1844 Arca corallicola Iredale, 1939 Arca nivea Röding, 1798 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: It was recorded in Iraq under the name Arca foliate Forsskål, 1775 by Ahmed (1975). Red Sea (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008), China (Tan and Kastoro, 2004), and Western Central Pacific (Poutiers, 1998). Barbatia trapezina (Lamarck, 1819) Original description: Arca trapezina Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. 6(1):5+343 pp. Synonyms: Arca areolata Deshayes, 1858 Barbatia oblonga Dunker, 1868 592 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Checklist of bivalvia Barbatia petersii Dunker, 1871 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Al-Kuwait (Al-Kandari et al., 2020), and Red Sea (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008). (B) Family: Neotiidae Didimacar tenebrica (Reeve, 1844) Original description: Arca tenebrica Reeve, 1844. Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, 2: 1-17. Synonyms: Barbatia koshibensis Hatai & Nishiyama, 1952 Didimacar repenta Iredale, 1939 Striarca tenebrica (Reeve, 1844) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Kuwait (Al-Kandari et al., 2020). (C) Family: Spondylidae Spondylus foliaceus Schreibers, 1793 Original description: Spondylus foliaceus Schreibers, 1793. Zweyter Band. Von den Muscheln, pp. (1-9), 1-416. Synonyms: Spondylus costatus Lamarck, 1819 Spondylus digitatus Perry, 1811 Spondylus nux Reeve, 1856 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Spondylus costatus Lamarck, 1819 by Ahmed (1975). Indo-Pacific (Lamprell and Willan, 2000). 3-Order: Cardiida (A) Family: Cardiidae Vasticardium assimile (Reeve, 1844) Original description: Cardium lacunosum Reeve, 1845. Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, 2, pl.1-22. Synonyms: Acrosterigma lacunosum (Reeve, 1845) Trachycardium lacunosum (Reeve, 1845) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: In Iraq, it was recorded as Acrosterigma lacunose (Reeve, 1845) by Yasser et al. (2023). Kuwait and Arabian Gulf (Al-Kandari et al., 2020). Vasticardium flavum (Linnaeus, 1758) Original description: Cardium flavum Linnaeus, 1758. Editio decima, reformata (10th ed.), 1: 824pp. Synonyms: Cardium fucatum Spengler, 1799 Acrosterigma flavum flavum (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Marine. 593 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Laevicardium flavum (Linnaeus, 1758) by Ahmed (1975). Indo-Pacific (Vidal, 1997). (B) Family: Psammobiidae Gari occidens (Gmelin, 1791) Original description: Solen occidens Gmelin, 1791. Systema Natura, 1(6). Synonyms: Psammobia nivosa Deshayes, 1855 Dysmea vitrea Dall, Batsch& Rehder, 1938 Solen occidens Gmelin, 1791 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et. al., 2022). Eastern Pacific (Coan, 2000). (C) Family: Semelidae Theora mesopotamica (Annandale, 1918) Original description: Corbula (Eeodona) mesopotamica Annandale, 1018. Records of Indian museum. 15(3): 159-170. Synonyms: Abra cadabra Eames & Wilkins, 1957 Corbula mesopotamica Annandale, 1918 Theora cadabra (Eames & Wilkins, 1957) Habitat: Marine and Brackish. Distribution: It was recorded in Iraq as Corbula (Erodona) mesopatamica Annandale, 1918 Annandale (1918). Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012). 4-Order: Carditida Family: Condylocardiidae Carditopsis coxii (Eames & Wilkins, 1957) Original description: Cuna coxi Eames & Wilkins, 1957. Proceeding of the Malacological Society of London, 32(5): 198-203. Synonyms: Cuna coxi Eames & Wilkins, 1957 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). 5-Order: Myida (A) Family: Dreissenidae Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) Original description: Mytulus polymorphus Pallas, 1771. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. 12, 504, 6 p. Synonyms: Dreissena locardi Locard, 1893 Dreissena kuesteri Dunker, 1855 Materials examined: Three specimens, Tigris River, Baghdad, October 2021. Habitat: Brackish-water, freshwater. Distribution: Iraq (Al-Rawy, 2005). Turkey (Aksu et al., 2017), Black and the Caspian Sea Basins, and spreads across Europe (Karatayev et al., 1997). 594 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Checklist of bivalvia Dreissena siouffi Bourguignat, 1893 Original description: Dreissena siouffi Bourguignat, 1893. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 1(1): 113-185. Synonyms: Dreissena elongataLocard, 1893 Dreissena elongata Bourguignat, 1893 Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Iraq, Euphrates River (Locard, 1893). (B) Family: Pholadidae Aspidopholas tubigera (Valenciennes, 1846) Original description: Penitella tubigera Valenciennes, 1846. Atlas de Zoologia. Mollusques. Synonyms: Martesiaobtecta (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849) Pholasobtecta G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Aspidopholas obtecta (Sowerby, 1849) by Yasser et al. (2022). Southeastern Thailand (Valentich-Scott and Tongkerd, 2008), Pacific region (Wonc, 1982). 6-Order: Mytilida Family: Mytilidae Brachidontes variabilis (Krauss, 1848) Original description: Mytilus variabilis Krauss, 1848. Die Südafrikanischen Mollusken,140 pp. Synonyms: Brachidontes semistriatus (Krauss, 1848) Mytilus variabilis Krauss, 1848 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded under the name Brachyodontes variabilis (Krauss, 1848) by Ahmed (1975). Indo-Pacific regions (Shin et al., 2008), Red Sea and Gulf of Suez (Rusmore- Villaume, 2008). Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) Original description: Volsella fortunei Dunker, 1857. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 24: 358-366. Synonyms: Limnoperna coreana Park &Choi, 2008 Modiola cambodjensis Clessin, 1889 Mytilus martensi Neumayer, 1898 Habitat: Freshwater Distribution: Iraq (Al-Khafaji et al., 2022). China (Xu, 2015). Lithophaga robusta Jousseaume, 1919 Original description: Lithophaga robusta Jousseaume, 1919. Bulletin du Museum National d Histoire Naturelle. 25: 252- 257, 344-350. Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Ali et al., 2017). Indo-Pacific (Oliver et al., 2004). 595 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 Original description: Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Natura, 10 (ed), 1: 824pp. Synonyms: Mytilus abbreviates Lamarck, 181 Mytilus borealisLamarck, 1819 Mytilus retusus Lamarck, 1819 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Okash et al., 2022). Arabian Gulf (Okash et al., 2022), and Western Europe (Hilbish et al., 2002). 7-Order: Nuculanida Family: Yoldiidae Scissileda tropica (Melvill, 1897) Original description: Yoldia tropica Melvill, 1897. Memoris and Proceedings of the Manchester Litterary and Philosophical Society, 41(7): 1-25. Synonyms: Yoldia vicina E. A. Smith, 1906 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Kuwait (Al-Kandari et al., 2020). 8-Order: Ostreida (A) Family: Isognomonidae Isognomon legumen (Gmelin, 1791) Original description: Ostrea legumen Gmelin, 1791. Systema Natura, 1(6). Synonyms: Isognomon vulsella (Lamarck, 1819) Perna caudate Reeve, 1858 Perna spengleri Lynge, 1909 Perna maillardi Deshayes, 1863 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Mediterranean (Scuderi and Viola, 2019), and Red Sea (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008). (B) Family: Malleidae Malleus regula (Forsskål, 1775) Original description: Ostrea regula Forsskål, 1775. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae, 1-20, 1-34, 1-164. Synonyms: Malleus aquatilis Reeve, 1858 Malleus decurtatus Lamarck, 1819 Malleus maculosus Reeve, 1858 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022).Turkey (Falchi, 1974). (C) Family: Margaritidae Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) Original description: Avicula radiate Leach, 1814. Zoological miscellany: being descriptions of new or interesting animals. London, vol 1, 2, 3. 596 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Checklist of bivalvia Synonyms: Meleagrina savignyi Monterosato, 1884 Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach, 1814) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq, recorded as Pinctada imbricate radiata (Leach, 1814) (Yasser et al., 2022). Eastern Mediterranean (Doğan and Nerlović, 2008), Red Sea (Rousmore-Villum, 2008). (D) Family: Ostreidae Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778) Original description: Ostrea cuccullata Born, 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. testacea, (1-40), 1-458, (1-82). Synonyms: Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778) Saccostrea forskahlii (Gmelin, 1791) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq, firstly recorded as Ostrea sp. (Mitchell, 1958), later the species recorded under the name Crassostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) by Ahmed (1975). Turkey (Çevik et al., 2001), Africa (Dye, 1989), Red Sea (Rusmore-Villaume, 2008(. (E) Family: Pinnidae Pinna bicolor Gmelin, 1971 Original description: Pinna bicolor Gmelin, 1971. Systema Natura, 1:6. Synonyms: Artina bicolor (Gmelin, 1971) Pinna cochlearis H. Fischer, 1901 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Ali et al., 2017). Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012). 9-Order: Pectinida (A) Family: Pectinidae Scaeochlamys livida (Lamarck, 1819) Original description: Pecten lividus Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 6(1): 6, 343pp. Synonyms: Ostrea tegula W. Wood, 1828 Pecten lividus Lamarck, 1819 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Chlamys lividis (Lamarck, 1819) by Ali et al. (2017). Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al., 2012). (B) Family: Placunidae Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) Original description: Anomia placenta Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Natura.(10th ed.). 1:824pp. Synonyms: Placenta auriculata Mörch, 1853 Placenta orbicularis Philipsson, 1788 Ephippium transparens Röding, 1798 Habitat: Marine. 597 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Placenta placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) by (Ahmed (1975). Indo-West Pacific (Mondal et al., 2020). 10-Order: Spheriida Family: Sphaeriidae Pisidium dubium (Say, 1817) Original description: Cyclas dubia Say, 1817. American edition of the British Encyclopedia, or, dictionary of arts and sciences comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge. (1st ed.). Synonyms: Cyclas aequalis Férussac, 1835 Cyclas (Phymesoda) equalis Rafinesque, 1820 Cyclas (Pisidium) dubium (Say, 1817) Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Iraq (Mirza and Nashaat, 2019). Canada, United States (Herrington, 1962). 11-Order: Unionida Family: Unionidae Anodonta vescoiana Bourguignat, 1856 Original citation: Anodonta vescoiana Bourguignat, 1856. Aménités Malacologiques. 6,255pp. Synonyms: Anodonta bahlikiana Pallary, 1939 Anodonta schlaefliiMousson, 1874 Anodonta vescoiana subsp. Mesopotamica Mousson, 1874 Anodonta vescoiana var. schlaeflii Mousson, 1874 Anodonta (Euphrata) bahlikianaPallary, 1939 Sinanodonta vescoiana (Bourguignat, 1856) Habitat: Freshwater Distribution: In Iraq, it was recorded as Anodonta bahlikiana Pallary, 1939 by Pallary (1939), this species is endemic to the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, Iraq and Turkey (MolluscaBase, 2023). Asia Minor (Kinzelbach, 1989). Remark: According to the IUCN Red List, this species in Iraq is near threatened of extinction in the near future (Lopes-Lima, 2014). Leguminaia saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1852) Original citation: Unio saulcyi Bourguignat, 1852.Testacea novissima, (1), 5-31. Synonyms: Pseudodon chantrei Locard, 1883 Unio michonii Bourguignat, 1852 Unio saulcyi Bourguignat, 1852 Habitat: Freshwater Distribution: Iraq (Harris, 1965). Levant Region (Kinzelbach and Roth, 1984). Leguminaia wheatleyi (Lea, 1862) Basionym: Monocondyloea wheatleyi Lea, 1862 (original citation not documented according to Molluscabase (2023)). 598 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Checklist of bivalvia Synonyms: Leguminaia mardinensis (I. Lea, 1865) Monocondyloea haasii Kobelt, 1914 Habitat: Freshwater Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Monocondyloea wheatleyi Lea, 1862 by Lea (1862); Levant Region (Kinzelbach and Roth, 1984). Potomida semirugata (Lamarck, 1819) Original citation: Unio semirugata Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vetebres, 6(1): 5, 343pp. Synonyms: Potamida delesserti (Bourguignat, 1852) Potamida tracheae ( Kobelt & Rolle, 1895) Habitat: Freshwater Distribution: Iraq, recorded as Unio salambonia Lamarck, 1819 by Pallary (1939); Mediterranean Region (Froufe et al., 2016). Pseudodontopsis euphratica (Bourguignat, 1852) Original citation: Unio euphratica Bourguignat, 1852. Testacea novissima, (1), 5-31. Synonyms: Pseudodontopsis babylonica Kobelt, 1913 Unio euphraticus Bourguignat, 1852 by Ahmed (1975) Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: In Iraq, it was recorded under the name Pseudodontopsis babylonica Kobelt, 1913 by Pallary (1939). Endemic to the Eastern Mediterranean Regions, in the middle and lower sections of the Tigris and Euphrates basin (Lopes-Lima et al., 2021). Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) Original citation: Symphynota woodiana Lea, 1834. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 5:23-119, 1-19. Synonyms: Anodon castanea Heude, 1880 Anodon confusa Heude, 1881 Materials examined: Four specimens, Euphrates River, Babylon, October 2021, four specimens, Tigris River, Baghdad, April 2022. Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: In Iraq, this species was recorded by Bogan et al. (2021). East and South-East Asia, and introduced to Europe (Popa et al., 2007). Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 Original citation: Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788. Dissertatio historico-naturalis sistens nova testaceorum genera, 4,23pp. Synonyms: Unio tiguricus Servain, 1885 Unio croaticus Drouët, 1881 Unio ehrmanni Kobelt, 1913 Material examined: Two specimens Euphrates River, Babylon, October 2021. Habitat: Freshwater. 599 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Unio ciconius Kobelt, 1913 by Annandale (1918). Western Palearctic (Araujo et al., 2017). Unio tigridis Bourguignat, 1852 Original citation: Unio tigridis Bourguignat, 1852. Testacea Novissima, (1), 5-31. Synonyms: Unio calliopsis Kobelt, 1913 Margaron tigris Lea, 1870 Unio bourguignatianus Lea, 1863 Unio dignatus Lea, 1863 Unio mosulensis Lea, 1863 Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Iraq, it was listed as Unio calliopsis Kobelt, 1913 by Annandale (1918). Middle East (Graf and Cummings, 2007). 12-Order: Venerida (A) Family: Cyrinidae Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) Original citation: Tellina fluminalis O.F. Müller, 1774. Vermivm Terrestrium et Fluviatilum, 1: 1-136. Synonyms: Corbicula aegyptiaca Germain, 1906 Corbicula albeda (Krauss, 1848) Corbicula artini Pallary, 1902 Materials examined: 30 shells, Canal of Euphrates River, Babylon, November 2021. Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975).Wide range in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America (Freitas, 2010). Corbicula fluminea (O.F.Müller, 1774) Original citation: Tellina fluminea O.F. Müller, 1774.Vermivm Terrestrium et Fluviatilum, 2: 1-36, 1-214. Synonyms: Corbicula aquiline Heudo, 1880 Corbicula astronomoca Heudo, 1880 Corbicula cheniana Heudo, 1880 Materials examined: Four specimens, Al-Dalmaj Marsh, April 2023. Habitat: Freshwater. Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975). Eastern Asia, South America, North America, and Europe (Crespo et al., 2015). (B) Family: Mactridae Mactra dissimilis Reeve, 1854 Original citation: Mactra dissimilis Reeve, 1854. Conchologia Iconica, 8:1-21. Synonyms: Mactra lilacea Lamarck, 1818 Mactra dissimilis Deshayes, 1855 Habitat: Marine. 600 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Checklist of bivalvia Distribution: Iraq (Ahmed, 1975). Australia (Reeve, 1854), and Singapore (Wong, 2009). (C)Family: Trapezidae Neotrapezium sublaevigatum (Lamarck, 1819) Original citation: Cardita sublaevigata Lamarck, 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 6(1): 6, 343pp. Synonyms: Cardita sinuosa Potiez & Michaud, 1844 · Cardita sublaevigata Lamarck, 1819 · Cypricardia solenoidsReeve, 1843 · Cypricardia vellicata Reeve, 1843 · Libitina sublaevigata Lamarck, 1819 · Petricola esculpturata Preston, 1915 · Trapezium sublaevigatum (Lamarck, 1819) · Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Singapore (Tan and Low, 2013), and Hong Kong (Morton, 1979). (D)Family: Veneridae Callistaum bonella (Lamarck, 1818) Original citation: Cytherea umbonella Lamarck, 1818. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 612pp. Synonyms: Amiantis umbonella (Lamarck, 1818) Cytherea isselina Jousseaume, 1888 Meretrix umbonella (Lamarck, 1818) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq, it was recorded as Macrocallista umbonella by Ahmed (1975). Northwest and south-east of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman (Saeedi et al., 2010). Circenita callipyga (Born, 1778) Original citation: Venus callipyga Born, 1778. Index rerum naturalism Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Testacea, (1-40), 1-458. Synonyms: Circe crachrodii Gray, 1838 Circe fumata Reeve, 1863 Cytheraea elliptica G. B. Sowerby II, 1851 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Kuwait and Arabian Gulf (Al-Kandari et al., 2020). Marcia cordata (Forsskål, 1775) Original citation: Venus cordata Forsskål, 1775.Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae. 1-20. Synonyms: Marcia flammea (Gmelin, 1791) Tapes Kraussi Reeve, 1864 Venus flammea Gmelin, 1791 Habitat: Marine. 601 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Kuwait (Al-Kandari, 2020). Pelecyora katiawarensis (Fischer-Piette and Métivier, 1971) Basionym: Dosinia katiawarensis Fischer-Piette and Métivier, 1971(original name not documented according to Molluscabase (2023)). Synonym: Dosinia katiawarensis Fischer-Piette and Métivier, 1971 Habitat: Marine Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Western Pacific, China, Taiwan, and Philippines (Bernard et al., 1993). Periglypta reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Original citation: Venus reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Naturae. (10th ed.). 1: 824pp. Synonyms: Antigona reticulate (Linnaeus, 1758) Chione reticulate (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). South Pacific (Paulay, 1987). Placamen lamellatum (Röding, 1798) Original citation: Venus lamellata Röding, 1798. Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regins naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, 8, 199pp. Synonyms: Bassina javana Kotaka, 1977 Placamen tiara (Dillwyn, 1817) Venus lamellate Röding, 1798 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). India (Joshi et al., 2018). Protapes cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853) Original citation: Venus cor G. B. Sowerby II, 1853. Thesaurus conchyliorum or monographs of genera of shells, 2(14): 703-739, 152-162. Synonyms: Paphia (Protapes) cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853) Paphia cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853) Tapes cor (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853) Venus cor G. B. Sowerby II, 1853 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023). Arabian Gulf (Oliver and Glover, 1996), India, and Pakistan ( Ramakrishna, 2010). Protapes ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) Original citation: Venus ziczac Linnaeus, 1758. Systema natura. (10th ed.). 1:824pp. Synonyms: Tapes inflata Römer, 1870 Venus ziczac Linnaeus, 1758 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022); Indian Ocean including Red Sea, Madagascar, East Africa, Oman, and Persian Gulf (Arathi et al., 2018). 602 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Checklist of bivalvia Sunetta effossa (Hanley, 1843) Original citation: Cytherea effosa Hanley, 1843. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 10: 122-132. Synonyms: Sunetta effossa Var. semisulcata Fischer-Piette&P.-H. Fischer, 1939. Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2023).Thailand (Wells et al., 2021). Timoclea arakana (Nevill & Nevill, 1871) Original citation: Cryptogramma arakana Nevill & Nevill, 1871. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, part2, 40(1):1-11. Synonyms: Timoclea farsiana Biggs, 1973 Timoclea lavrani Fischer-Piette, 1974 Venus arakana Nevill & Nevill, 1871 Habitat: Marine. Distribution: Iraq (Yasser et al., 2022). Iran (AminiYekta et al., 2014). DISCUSSION The results of the current study generally show that Iraq has a diverse malacofauna distributed in its diverse aquatic environment, and as indicated by this study the freshwater environment has much fewer species (14 species) than the marine one (37), probably this is due to fewer surveys and studies concerned with freshwater bivalve in the region. The most prevalent family was Unionidae with eight species, then Arcidae with five species. Compared the number of Iraqi bivalve species with these listed of neighboring countries100 species in Al-Kuwait state (Al-Kandari et al., 2020), 57 marine species in Iran (Paphan and Ghajari, 2018), 40 freshwater species in Turkey (Gürlek et al., 2019) and 279 marine species in Turkey (Öztürk et al., 2014) revealed much less diversity among these species probably due to differences in the nature of the Iraqi aquatic environments. CONCLUSIONS The current list, as compared with previous studies about Bivalvia in Iraq considered the first study that gives us a comprehensive overview of the bivalves (freshwater and marine) recorded in Iraq over time. The distribution of bivalvia species and their current systematic situation were demonstrated. During the preparation of this list, all bivalvia studies conducted in Iraq up to the present time were taken into account, including both old and recent studies. Among the 25 documented families of bivalvia in Iraq the family Unionidae is the most studied in Iraq. Some old records of species needed to be emphasized, so more work on bivalve species must be done in different ecologies of marine and freshwater of Iraq to emphasizing the validity of the recorder species, and for the possibility of more species existence. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT "The author has no conflicts of interest to declare". 603 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Jihad, H. M. LITERATURE CITED Abbas, M. F., Al-Mayah, S. H. and Khalaf, T. A. 2020. Changes of Some Environmental Factors in the Iraqi Coastal Waters. Medico-legal Update, 20(3): 164-172. [Click here] Ahmed, M. M. 1975. Systematic study on Mollusca from Arabian Gulf and Shatt Al-Arab. Center for Arab Gulf Studies, Basrah University, Iraq, 75 pp. Aksu, S., Yildiz, D. and Güngör, P. A. 2017. The Zebra Mussel in Turkey. 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(2023) 17(4): 589-610. في العراقMollusca) ـ Bivalvia ( ثنائية الصدفةقواقع لقائمة مرجعية هبة محمد جهاد .جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق /التاريخ الطبيعي حفبحوث و متمركز 20/12/2023، تأريخ النشر: 30/6/2023القبول: ، تأريخ 22/2/2023تأريخ االستالم: الخالصة الدراسة الحالية قائمة شاملة ألنواع محار املياه العذبة واملالحة، تم تسجيل قدمت نوعا من األنواع 37من أنواع املياه العذبة و نوعا 14نوعا موزعة على النحو التالي: 51 عائلة مع جميع املالحظات املتوفرة عن توزيعها 25البحرية، تعود هذه األنواع إلى وتصنيفها وتسميتها. تضمنت هذه الدراسة العينات التي تم جمعها فضال عن األنواع التي سبق دراستها وتسجيلها للعراق.