Bull 1 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al- Rudainy and Al- Mayah Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (2024) 18 (1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.1.0001 ORIGINAL ARTICLE HELIOTROPIUM CURASSAVICUM L., 1753 (BORAGINACEAE): A NEW RECORD FOR FLORA OF IRAQ Yusra Tareq Al- Rudainy* and Abdulridha Akbar Al- Mayah** * Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Basrah, Iraq. ** Department of Ecology, College of Science, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq. Corresponding author: yusra.yassen@uobasrah.edu.iq Received: 14 Februry 2023, Revised:11 Sept. 2023, Accepted: 15 Sept. 2023, Published:20 June 2024 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ABSTRACT Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 belongs to the Boraginaceae family, and it was recorded for the first time to the Flora of Iraq in Basrah Province, Iraq. Its morphological characteristics have been described with photos; as well as a taxonomical key has been suggested to separate it from other species of Heliotropium that grow in Basrah Province. The geographical distribution of the species was determined, and the results showed that it was grown in five different locations along the southern parts of Shatt Al-Arab. Pollen morphology and anatomy of leaves were studied by using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed that the species has psilate and hexa- heterocolpate pollen grains, and the leaves were glabrous with anomocytic and hemiparacytic stomata. Keywords: Basrah, Boraginaceae, Heliotropium curassavicum, New record, SEM. INTRODUCTION Heliotropium L.M 1753 is one of the large genera in the family Boraginaceae, and subfamily Heliotropioiodeae (Bramwell, 1978). It is commonly found as perennial or annual herb or shrub (Riedl, 1978). There are 247 accepted species which belong to this genus (POWO, 2022) that distribute extensively in arid or semiarid habitats of the temperate and tropical regions of the world with greater diversification in the Middle East and South America (Mabberley, 2008). In Iraq, Al-Rawi (1964) recorded 15 species which belong to Heliotropium, while Rechinger (1964) found 8 species. However, Heliotropium curassavicum is a halophytic succulent herb or shrub and is entirely glabrous. The native range of this species is North and South America, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands, but it is introduced to Portugal, Mediterranean countries, South Africa, Iran, Pakistan, and India (Dinarvand and Howeizeh, 2002; Charilaou, 2018; POWO, 2022), and no previous study recorded this species in Iraq. It has chemical compounds, represented by tannins, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, and alkaloids (Choudhary et al., 2013; Wasiullah et al., 2019), which are isolated to be used effectively against infection with insects, fungi, and bacteria BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Iraq Natural History Research Center & Museum, University of Baghdad https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home Copyright © Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum Online ISSN: 2311-9799, Print ISSN: 1017-8678 https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2024.18.1.0001 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-2979 mailto:yusra.yassen@uobasrah.edu.iq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/Home 2 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (18) 1: 1-16. Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 (Boraginaceae) (Yogamoorthi and Sathyapriya, 2006). This species is used in some countries to treat some human diseases such as ulcers, wounds, edema, local infections, gonorrhea, erysipelas, cancer, diabetes, as an enema, and to treat constipation, arteriosclerosis, and rheumatism (Davicino et al., 1988; Satyavani et al., 2013a, b; Kaliamurthi et al., 2014). The distribution and anatomy of this species have been studied by Fariña et al., (2003), Taia (2006), Satyavani et al., (2013b), Alwahibi and Buhary (2013), Pynee and Lorence (2014) and El-Hadidy et al. (2018). Morphological studies of leaf epidermis and Palynological studies are important in the classification of species, and have been used in many studies, such as Al-Mousawi et al. (2019) and Khamis and Hamdy (2023). The aim of the present study is to provide taxonomic information on the morphological, pollen, and epidermis characteristics of the species H. curassavicum, which is recorded for the first time in the flora of Iraq. As well as determining the characteristics of its habitat and distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant collection: Fresh specimens were collected from various parts of Al- Mekhrag, Al- Dorah, Al-Duweeb, Al-Seeba and Al-Faw Districts in Basrah Province, South of Iraq through field trips that lasted for two consecutive years from 2020 to 2021. Specimens were brought to the laboratory, and the morphological characteristics were examined using a Wild M38 stereomicroscope, and all parts of the studied species were measured. Photographs were taken with a digital camera Sony E210. Some specimens have been preserved as herbarium specimens and deposited in the Basrah University Herbarium (BSRA). Specimens were identified based on the keys and descriptions in the flora of Turkey (Davis, 1978), flora of Iranica (Akhani and Forther, 1994), flora of Malesiana (Riedl, 1997), flora of Egypt (Boulos, 2000), and Electronic flora of Pakistan (eFloras, 2022). Light microscopy (LM) examination: Pollen morphology was examined by taking pollen grains directly from mature anthers of fresh flowers, then transferring them to a clean glass slide, adding Safranin dye for staining grains, then mounting them in glycerin jelly, and covering them with a cover glass (Sass, 1958). The slides were examined, and measurements were taken for 25 pollen grains by using an oil objective lens (100X) and an eye lens (10X) with an ocular micrometer. Measurements included the polar axis and the equatorial axis, the number of colpi, and pores, the length of colpi and the exine thickness. The terminology used for pollen grains follows Erdtman (1952). The leaves were immersed in Jeffrey’s solution for 30 minutes, and then they were taken out. The epidermis was peeled from the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf, then the epidermis was stained with Safranin dye. It was placed on glass slides with glycerin jelly and covered with a slide cover (Johansen, 1940). Slides were examined using an objective lens (40X) with an ocular micrometer. Data, such as the shape of the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, length and width of epidermal cells and stomata and type of stomata were recorded. The stomatal index was calculated using the formula from Dilcher (1974). The terminology used follows Metcalfe and Chalk (1979). Stomatal index = (stomata No./stomata No.+ ordinary epidermal cells No.) x100 3 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al- Rudainy and Al- Mayah Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination: Samples of pollen and leaves were mounted on standard aluminum stubs using double-sided cellotape and coated with gold in the sputtering device, then examined in a Jeol T20 scanning electron microscope according to Perveen (2009) and El- Naggar et al. (2015). Ecological factors: Soil samples were collected from various depths of the root zones of the species and then taken to the laboratory to do a number of physical and chemical examinations that include pH measurement according to Kalra (1995), electrical conductivity and salinity according to Whitney (1998(, soil texture according to Soil Survey Division Staff (2017 ( , soil moisture according to El- Greeb (2006), and amount of organic substance according to Combs and Nathan (1998(. Geographical Distribution: Mapping the geographical distribution of the areas where the species has grown in Basrah Province was based on information obtained from field trips. The coordinates were determined by the Global Positioning System (GPS) (Tab. 1). Table (1): The coordinates of the collection regions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Taxonomic treatment: Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 1:130 (1753). Lectotype (Iconotype) (VERDCOURT 1991: 67): Curacao, Morris., Pl. Hist. 3: 452, S. 11, t. 31/12. 1699; Typotype: Herb. MORISON (OXF: vidimus foto!) )Akhani and Forther, 1994(. Synonyms: Coldenia succulenta Peter, 1928 Heliotropium angustifolium Raf. Heliotropium chenopodioides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Heliotropium lehmannianum Bruns Heliotropium chilense Bertero Heliotropium curassavicum var. violaceum Ram.Goyena Heliotropium curassavicum var. chenopodioides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Lehm. Heliotropium curassavicum var. curassavicum L. Heliotropium glaucum Salisb. Heliotropium portulacoides DC. ex Bello Morphological description: Perennial herbs are much branched, and entirely glabrous. Height is 20-46 cm (Pl. 1). Roots are 10-18 cm long and 0.3-0.5 cm wide. Stems are prostrate to decumbent, 0.3-0.4 cm wide (Pl. 2). Leaves simple, sessile, succulent, glaucous, lamina lanceolate to oblanceolate-ovate, apex obtuse, margin entire, 1.3-4.0 cm long and 0.3-1.2 cm Collection regions Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Al-Seeba 30.33736293° 48.26123545° Al-Duweeb 30.21738932° 48.33432097° Al-Dorah 30.1359149° 48.37367438° Al-Mekhrag 30.09807907° 48.4048185° Al-Faw 29.94489646° 48.4853565° 4 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (18) 1: 1-16. Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 (Boraginaceae) wide. Inflorescences terminal and lateral, forked, scorpioid cyme, dense, ebracteate, 2.5-5 cm long, 10-27 flowers/ inflorescence (Pl .3). Flowers sessile. Calyx symmetric, lanceolate, five sepals united at the base, 2-3 mm long, sepals lobes lanceolate, 1.3-2 mm long, and 0.5-0.8 mm wide. Corolla white with yellow patches at the center in the inner side, funnel form, sympetalous, longer than calyx, corolla throat without scales, corolla tube 1.5-2.3 mm long and 1-2 mm wide, corolla lobes, ovate to oblong, sinuate margin, 0.5-1 mm long and 0.3-1 mm wide. Stamens five; filament short, 0.1-0.13 mm long and 0.05-0.08 mm wide. Anthers are sagittate, and subsessile, inserted in the middle of corolla-tube, 0.6-0.8 mm long and 0.2- 0.3 mm wide. Stigmas are short conical, 0.5-0.6 mm long, and 0.5-0.7 mm wide. Style absent. Ovaries are glabrous, 0.4-0.5 mm long, and 0.7-0.8 mm wide. Fruits globose, breaking up into four nutlets, 1.5-2.5 mm long, and 1.5-3 mm wide. Nutlets wedge-shaped. Seeds 1.3-2.3 mm long and 1-1.3 mm wide (Pl. 4). Flowering and fruiting from May to November. Key separate H. curassavicum from other Heliotropium species which were recorded from the Basrah Province: 1. Plant entirely glabrous, style absent ….………….... H. curassavicum - Plant variously hairy, with conspicuous style .............…………… 2 2. Fruits glabrous ………………………………….……. H. bacciferum - Fruits hairy……………………………………………… H. crispum Leaves' epidermis: The epidermal cells are polygonal on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces in the studied species, and the anticlinal cell walls of epidermal cells are straight-curved on both surfaces too. This result is consistent with Diane et al. (2003) and Alwahibi and Bukhary (2013) (Pl. 5). The dimensions of epidermis cells vary between both surfaces of the leaves in the studied species; this may be due to the environmental conditions surrounding the plant or the genetic characteristics of the species (Al-Rubaie, 1998). The presence of salt glands on both surfaces of species is an adaptation to maintain the osmotic balance of the plant, contributing to eliminating the excess salt, regulating the salt concentration in the leaves, and allowing the species to tolerate different salinity gradients (Fahn and Cutler, 1992). The stomata complex types are Anomocytic and Hemiparacytic in both surfaces of leaves, but this does not match with Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) (Pl. 6). Stomata elliptic and slightly sunken, guard cell kidney-like (Pl. 7). This result agrees with Diane et al. (2003). The qualitative characteristics of epidermal cells and stomata for the studied taxa and stomatal indexes are presented in Tables (2, 3). Table (2): Ordinary epidermal cells and Stomata measurements for the species. The stomatal complex Ordinary epidermal cells Width (μm) Length(μm) Width (μm) Length (μm) 23.1(20 - 27.7) 28.4(22.5 - 32.5) 24.6(17.5 - 32.5) 44.8(22.5 -65 ) Adaxial surfaces 23.1(20 - 25) 29.6(25 - 32.5) 25.4(17.5 - 37.5) 45.6(25 - 70) Abaxial surfaces 5 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al- Rudainy and Al- Mayah Table (3) Stomatal index in adaxial surfaces and abaxial surfaces. Pollen morphology: The results showed that the pollen grains of H. curassavicum exist in the form of monads and are radially symmetrical and isopolar. All grains were elliptical in the equatorial view and rounded lobed or triangular in the polar view, subprolate, small sized, tectum psilate, and 6-heterocolpate (Pl. 6). The polar diameter (P) = 21.3 (20-24) µm, the equatorial diameter (E) = 18.6 (17-20) µm, P/E= 1.15, colpi length =20 µm, exine thickness =1 µm, (Pl. 8). This result agrees with most characteristics of the results of Qureshi (1985), Ayyad and Moore (1995) and De Melo et al. (2006) on Heliotropium pollen description. Ecological factors: The physical and chemical factors of soils are among the main dominant factors in the distribution of plants (Abd El-Waha et al., 2008). In all collection regions, the pH of all soils tended alkalinity, with the highest value being 8 in Al-Faw and the lowest being 7.1 in Al-Seeba. This is consistent with Adlan (2012), The salinity of soil ranges between 10.4-6.3 mg/l in all collection regions, and according to Soil Survey Division Staff (2017), the soils are moderately saline, which may be due to the continuous irrigation of the soils by the saline water of the Shatt al-Arab. Soil texture is generally loamy and ranges from clay loam in Al-Duweeb, Al-Dorah and Al-Mekhrag to sandy loam in Al-Seeba and Al-Faw, where the highest value of moisture content was 16.2% in Al-Seeba and the lowest value was 13.5% in Al-Dorah. The organic substances range between 0.2-0.8 gm, Because of their loamy nature, soils have the ability to hold moisture and nutrients more than others (Al- Knaany, 2019). Physical and chemical examinations of soil samples are summarized in Table (4). Table (4): Physical and chemical factors of soil. Geographical Distribution: H. curassavicum distributes over the far south of Iraq in Al-Faw along the coasts of Shatt Al-Arab and the entrance of its secondary branches (Tab. 1). It thrives in moist places with saline or semi saline soils. It looks like a halophyte or a succulent plant. It was also found in villages of Al-Faw, Al-Mekhraq, Al-Dorah and all the way to Al- Stomatal index (%) Number of epidermal cells Number of stomata 27.7 544 208 Adaxial surfaces 29 704 288 Abaxial surfaces Locality Chemical factors Physical factors PH Electrical conductivity ms / cm Salinity mg/l Soil texture Soil moisture % Organic substance (gm.) Al-Seeba 7.1 14.37 9.2 Sandy loam 16.2 0.3 Al-Duweeb 7.5 10.4 6.7 Clay loam 10.9 0.8 Al-Dorah 7.4 9.8 6.3 Clay loam 13.5 0.6 Al- Mekhrag 7.8 14.8 9.5 Clay loam 15.1 0.2 Al-Faw 8.1 16.3 10.4 Sandy loam 15.8 0.2 6 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (18) 1: 1-16. Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 (Boraginaceae) Daweeb and Al-Seeba as shown in the (Maps 1, 2). The species may have appeared in our area recently due to the raising of the seawater level in the Gulf and the shortage of fresh in the Tigris water level, so the marine water during the high tide entered the Shatt Al-Arab carrying the seeds from the Gulf States to our area along the Shatt Al-Arab reaching to Seeba. Also, the seeds are likely to come to our area by the water current during the flood period of the Caron River in Iran. Map (1): Collection regions of H. curassavicum in Basrah Province, Iraq. 7 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al- Rudainy and Al- Mayah Map (2): Distribution of H. curassavicum in Basrah Province, Iraq. Plate (1): Photographs of H. curassavicum. 1 8 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (18) 1: 1-16. Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 (Boraginaceae) Plate (2): Floral parts of H. curassavicum; (1) Stem, (2) Root. [Scale bar = 5 cm]. Plate (3): Floral parts of H. curassavicum; (1) Leaf, (2) Inflorescence. [Scale bar =1cm]. 9 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al- Rudainy and Al- Mayah Plate (4): Floral parts of H. curassavicum; (1) Corolla, (2) Calyx, (3) Stamen, (4) Anther, (5) Pistil, (6) Fruit, (7) Seed. [Scale bar = 1 mm]. 10 Bull. Iraq nat. Hist. Mus. (18) 1: 1-16. Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 (Boraginaceae) Plate (5): Epidermis of H. curassavicum: 1, 2 Abaxial surface and 3, 4 Adaxial surface; Ordinary epidermal cells (OC), Stomata (S) and Salt gland (SG). Plate (6): Stomata types of H. curassavicum; Anomocytic type (Ao), Hemiparacytic type (Hp). Plate (7): Shape of stomata; (1) Abaxial surface, (2) Adaxial surface of H. curassavicum . 11 BULLETIN OF THE IRAQ NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Al- Rudainy and Al- Mayah Plate (8): Pollen grains morphology of H. curassavicum. CONCLUSIONS The current study confirmed the presence of the species H. curassavicum as a new record in Iraq; therefore, it will be an addition to the Iraqi plants. According to the literature review that was used in the study, there are now four species in the genus Heliotropium that are found in Basrah Province: H. curassavicum which is found along the southern coasts of Shatt Al-Arab As well as H. bacciferum, H. crispum and H. europaeum which are present in the southern desert of Basrah Province. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. We "the authors" have followed and signed the scientific research ethics announced by the journal. 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Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753 (Boraginaceae): العراقية للفلوراتسجيل نوع جديد عبد الرضا أكبر املياح** و* يسرى طارق الرديني *جامعة البصرة, كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة, قسم االحياء, البصرة, العراق. **جامعة البصرة, كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة, قسم البيئة, البصرة, العراق. 20/6/2024، النشر: 15/9/2023القبول: ،11/9/2023: املراجعة، 14/2/2023االستالم: الخالصة ا التابع .Heliotropium curassavicum L., 1753للنوع تتضمن هذه الدراسة تسجيل ة في قرية ألول مرة في العراق ؛ اذ تم اكتشافه ألول مر Boraginaceaeلعائلة لسان الثور املخراق في منطقة البحار على ضفاف مجرى "شط العرب" في البصرة, ولقد تم جمع النوع من مناطق مختلفة على امتداد الجزء الجنوبي من "شط العرب" ووصفه عينات وتحديد توزيعه الجغرافي. تمت دراسة بعض الخصائص املظهرية والتشريحية تحت ح باإلضافة إلى دراسة حبوب اللقاح التي أوضحت إنها املجهر الضوئي واإللكتروني املاس أما الثغور فكانت من الطراز الشاذ و شبه , تباينةاملمن نوع سداسية األخاديد والثقوب . املتوازي