Digital Twin Technology: A Scoping Review Of Characterization And

Implementation Through Business IT Perspectives

Hein Ko Ko Htet1, Indrianawati Usman2, Mohamad Yusak Anshori3
1,2 Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia

3 Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Indonesia

e-mail: heinkokohtet1998@gmail.com1, indrianawati-u@feb.unair.ac.id2, yusak.anshori@unusa.ac.id3

ABSTRACT: The study aims to identify the factors that influence agency costs in publicly listed IT firms

in Bangladesh. The research is based on secondary data obtained from nine IT firms listed on the Dhaka

Stock Exchange (DSE) between 2018 and 2021. The effects of eight independent factors: board size, firm

size, female directors, independent directors, managerial ownership, foreign ownership, institutional

ownership, and leverage are examined in this study. For measuring the agency costs, the Asset Utilization

Ratio (AUR) and Expense Ratio (EXR) have been employed as proxies. An ordinary least square (OLS)

regression model has been used to test the hypothesized model. The study findings indicate that

managerial ownership and institutional ownership are inversely and significantly associated with agency

costs. In contrast, the board size, independent directors, and foreign ownership have a direct and

significant relationship with agency costs. However, the relationship between agency costs and leverage

or firm size cannot be determined. Besides, no statistically significant association between female

directors and agency costs has been found. Being the first of its kind, the research findings can assist

policymakers to identify the determinants of agency costs in IT firms and take the necessary steps to

reduce them.

Keywords: Agency costs, Board attributes, Organizational characteristics, Ownership structure,

Corporate governance, IT, Bangladesh.

INTRODUCTION

During the Industrial Revolution 4.0, one

of the evolving technologies is Digital Twin

technology, which assists digital conversion by

creating modern business strategy and decision

support systems for the business IT. (Delen &

Demirkan, 2013)Similar to other digitization

creative ideas concerning cloud computing, the

internet of things (Iot), augmented reality,

artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The

Digital Twin technology has owned a great

concentration during the current period in both

terms of academia and business industry due to

the increment of academic articles, research

paper publications, and sales and marketing. The

previous sources of academic literatures

illustrate the benefits of the Digital Twin

technology which involved reducing cost, and

risks 5 cultivating efficiency(Delen & Demirkan,

2013) [6], increasing service offerings,

reliability, safety and security, and resilience

(Karve et al., 2020); and enhancing the decision-

making process(Macchi et al., 2018)(Zhou et al.,

2021a, 2021b). However, there is a lack of

academic literature about the definition and

presentation of digital twin technology

especially in architecture, healthcare and

engineering sectors. In detail, the various uses of

definitions about digital twin technology lead to

confusion that weakens the notion and bounds

the capabilities of technology. To reduce this

uncertainty, there is a demand to define the exact

explanation of the digital twin technology and

the description of the idea that distinguished it

from several types of similar technologies.

Additionally, it should be highlighted

that a large number of present literature on a

digital twin is mostly precise on analytical

ABSTRACT: Digital twin is revolutionizing technology and it will convert the physical world into

a virtual world in the future. Digital twin technology is considered state-of-the-art, but full

implementation has yet to be occurred due to technical challenges and delays. Since, many

researchers and employees from some industries such as architecture, health care, and engineering

still have not completely understood the technologies and tools used in digital twin technology. This

paper illustrates scoping reviews of digital twin technology in business IT within 5 years period from

2018 to 2022. The objective of the paper is to understand specifically the characterization and

implementation sectors of digital twin technology in real-world applications. Preferred Reporting

Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR)

model have been used to implement the scoping review of the study. The study findings indicate a

broad description of digital twin technology characterization, implementation, and its applications in

the fields of smart cities, health care and medicine, and engineering. This will aid in establishing the

criteria for the necessary models, data, and processes for updating the data-driven models.

Keywords: digital twin, characterization, implementation, application, scoping review

Business and Finance Journal, Volume 8, No. 1, Maret 2023

methodologies, technical methods, and the

difficulties posed by data gathering and

incorporation into the Digital Twin technology.

Examples of actual implementations are required

that consider deployment tactics and decision

assistance to produce desired results with

quantifiable advantages. A digital twin

implementation strategy must also consider the

present Digital Twins technology, which has

both technical and cultural obstacles kept them

from providing the benefits they promise.

Finally, to implement Digital Twins, numerous

enabling technologies and their technological

development and maturity must be realized.

This study illustrates the current state of

digital twin technology as a subset of a larger

cluster of digitization initiatives meant to

improve current workflows and support fresh

services. The following are the contributions of

this paper. First, existing definitions of the

"Digital Twin" characterizations are examined in

(Section 1), and then the term's primary

implementation and attributes (Section 2). Then,

the method and factors to be considered for

characteristics and implementing digital twins

for real-world applications are described

(Section 3). Finally, recent difficulties, future

requirements, and benefits for proper

development are illustrated (Section 4). Finally,

(Section 5) involves conclusion remarks.

LITERATURE REVIEW AND

HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT

Digital Twin Characterization

Based on his collaboration with John

Vickers, Michael Grieves presented the concept

of digital twin technology in the product life-

cycle administration in 2003, as it first appeared.

The inspiration behind Grieves and Vicker's

creation of the goal remained to get away from

primarily manual and paper-based product

information to a digital representation of the

product that would be necessary as a base for

life-cycle management. Comparable ideas like

Cypher Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of

Things (IOT) all concentrate on the notion of

coupling an outer structure into figures of data,

computational but does so from contrasting

viewpoints such as CPS idea is from the IOT

system engineering and IT networking

standpoint, but the computational modeling was

from the machine learning and artificial

intelligence standpoint.

Vickers and Grieves initially defined the

term "Digital Twin," claiming that it

encompassed three elements: a physical object in

reality, a computer-generated model of that

product in virtuality, and the links of information

and data that connected the virtual and real

environments. Grieves' initial description, which

this work aims to return to and generalize, has

been diluted by the proliferation of definitions

and characterizations that have resulted from the

interest in digital twins over the past 20 years

across a wide range of businesses.

According to the broad definition

offered directly above, the Digital Twin

technology can be divided into three main parts:

(1) a physical object, (2) a virtual model, and (3)

links that allow the virtual and physical models

to communicate with one another.

These three elements are further covered in the

following subsections.

The Physical Reality

The physical reality of interest has been

described in the literature about Digital Twin

technology using an extensive range of

vocabulary, much of which is domain specific.

This paper proposes the phrase "physical reality"

as the most all-encompassing way to describe

what may be tried to be modeled since physical

reality comprises the known and unknown

system. The whole thing can be reduced to its

physical components- the system, the

environment, and the developments.

Hein, K,K, H., Indrawati, U., Mohamad Yusak. Digital Twin Technology: A Scoping Review Of Characterization And
Implementation Through Business It Perspectives

Physical System

This is known as the collection of

interdependent, interacting components that

make up the physical system. The structure or

function of this group of elements is frequently

discussed, and it is distinguished from other

types of technology by limits in time and space.

The choice of the border often uses the natural

divisions connected to the more conventional

definition of the expression design. As is evident,

the interest involved in the physical environment

is often artificial, but as the Digital Twin

technology spreads to other sectors like the

administration of health(Mohammadi et al.,

2018) and agriculture(Verdouw & Kruize, n.d.),

it may also be a part of nature, environment, and

the physical body of the humans.

Physical Setting

The environment in which the setting of

interest was located in a physical environment.

The physical process is dominated and

surrounded by the physical environment, and the

two interact. According to each unique design of

the digital twin application, the difference

between the physical environment and the

physical setting is already established. This

distinction may be straightforward in some

situations but challenging in others, for instance,

in the additive production process. In this

instance, the 3D printer is the system of interest

on a physical level. At the same time, the

surrounding environment includes additional

elements directly bearing on the process itself,

such as noise, temperature, and humidity.

Physical Processes

Physical processes can be defined as the

meaning of a system, its interaction with the

outside world, and how its constituent parts

experience state changes. For instance, casting,

forging, welding, and other physical processes

may be relevant in manufacturing. In the case of

asset life-cycle management, the way the interest

processing style may be degradation procedures,

which might cause the physical setting states to

change over time, or the system always setting

effects on the loading process. Physical methods

may also be characterized in the virtual

environment, much like the real system and

physical environment to facilitate simulations,

optimization, and forecasting.

Virtual Representation

Virtual models should be definite

models for physical things, reproducing their

geometry, attributes, behaviors, and rules

(Baruffaldi et al., 2019). The three aspects of

geometric models depict a real-world object

regarding its size, shape, tolerance, and structural

relationship. Physical qualities, such as speed,

wear, and force, are reflected in the entities of the

physical phenomena, such as deformation,

corrosion, fracture, and delamination. The

behavior model has described behavior such as

state transition, performance decline, and

coordination, which are a few examples of

actions and responses that entities use to deal

with changes in the outside surroundings. The

rule frameworks give DT logical skills, including

reasoning, judgment, and independent making

decisions, by adhering to the guidelines derived

from past data or subject-matter experts.

Virtual System

The virtual system could be assumed as

the element of the virtual representation. The

virtual system includes the information and

models of the relevant physical system entities at

a selected degree of abstraction. It is vital to

remember that the virtual system could include

various abstract terms of the physical system,

and those kinds of models might or might not

directly relate to one another. For instance, in an

aeroelasticity analysis of an airfoil, the structure

model may use the output way and the

aerodynamics model as the input way (two-way

coupling).

Business and Finance Journal, Volume 8, No. 1, March 2023

Virtual Environment

The virtual environment illustrates the

natural environment, which looks like a virtual

system. Due to the fact mentioned, the virtual

illustration of the actual setting can be a specific

degree of generalization.

Virtual Process

The abstract level selected for the virtual

illustration; virtual processes designate how the

virtual system expresses. A virtual representation

of the relevant physical processes is the most

typical format. These computer simulations of

the physical state changes aid in developing the

knowledge needed to assist decision-making.

The connection of input and output of a

certain process that modifies system states (such

as degradation processes, load application and

system dynamics etc.) is utilized to build the

computational models that are employed to

achieve this. These processes' input-output

connections are derived from well-established

physical principles or data-driven models built

using input-output information. The connection

between physical setting and virtual setting

The connection between physical

objects and virtual models where data and

information are transferred in both verse versa.

The connection is the last element of the idea of

digital twin technology.

Physical To The Virtual Connection

The link between the real and virtual

worlds enables the incorporation of newly

acquired knowledge from the real world into the

most up-to-date version of the state illustrations

stored in the virtual world. There are three steps

in establishing a physical-to-virtual connection

concerning gathering the required data,

interpreting the data, and updating the states of

virtual representation.

The Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor

technology are frequently mentioned when

addressing data collecting for the Digital Twin in

the first step(Canedo, 2016; Madni et al., n.d.;

Verdouw & Kruize, n.d.) . Even though they are

not strictly necessary, technologies that allow for

more frequent and extensive measurement are

often credited with increasing interest in Digital

Twin concepts. The significant fact that needs to

be highlighted is that manual data and offline

data collection methods, such as repair records,

visual inspection and non-destructive evaluation,

are also pertinent in this context.

Interpreting the data acquired is the

second phase in the process. Depending on the

data, it may involve various steps, such as data

processing, curation, and conversion. For

example, consider how strain readings are

obtained from measuring a power shift in a strain

gauge. However, a more abstract depiction

would require additional interpretation, such as

converting strain data to load cycle counts.

Utilizing the data to be updated the steps

of the virtual illustration is the third stage of the

process. In the most straightforward scenarios,

the virtual representation is updated to reflect the

observed physical system step when the

measured data precisely matches a state kept in

it. The update of the critical unidentified step of

the system and the measurement of the model

design is frequently accomplished via system

identification approaches.

Virtual-Physical Connection

To link the virtual world to the real

world is to reverse the process by which

information and data from the virtual world are

transmitted to the real world and its actual things.

In the digital twin context, it is important to note

that the insight and decisions produced from the

virtual environment needs to be comprehended

closely in the physical environment. Either the

data updates or additional information from the

physical world needs to be updated time to the

virtual world.

Hein, K,K, H., Indrawati, U., Mohamad Yusak. Digital Twin Technology: A Scoping Review Of Characterization And
Implementation Through Business It Perspectives

Digital Twin Implementation

A crucial element of Industry 4.0, digital

transformation is seen as a catalyst for more

inventive, optimized, and efficient products and

processes. The use of digital twins in real life

corresponds to the idea of digital transition,

where developing an innovation of business

model targets to represent the value of the data

and how it behaves a wide range of technical

components are present in Digital Twin

components make up an implementation of a

Digital Twin that we aim to generalize.

Specifying is one of the fundamental

components of a Digital Twin implementation

which desired results, specifying the scope of the

solution both identifying the physical

development of the virtual world, the system of

interest and layers of abstraction creating

necessary data linkages and representation. A

quick analysis of present adoptions of digital

twins could be divided into three types:

commercial off-the-shelf options, hybrid

solutions with customized designs, and digital

twin-component solutions. Many of the

advertised Digital Twin product options were

delivered by platform providers such as

Microsoft, or by using a computer simulation or

model businesses like Ansys. Typically, these

companies promote Digital twin strategies that

draw on their product offerings in part, it can be

combined to provide a customized solution for

digital twin implementation. The final is how the

digital twin is built. Digital Twin products that

are off the shelf are the next most popular

category. Typically, these are supplied by

original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), like

GE(Power Digital Solutions, 2016), for

examples of typical industrial use.

The last group entirely owns hybrid

strategies, in which the user creates their

frequently combined commercial and

personalized items, as a solution. Since an

organization uses a hybrid approach internally, it

is difficult to estimate the extent of its industrial

application. Despite this, it can be the most

effective outcome since the abilities of the

technology can be arranged and the functions can

be managed with a regular increase. According

to Myung-Sun Baek, Deuk Young Jeong (Jeong

et al., 2022a) digital twin implementation

process can be divided into five layers which is

composed of 1. Digital virtualization, 2. Digital

twin synchronization, 3. Modeling and

simulation, 4. Federated digital twin and 5.

Intelligent digital twin services.

Digital Virtualization

Digital virtualization is an essential

component of digital twin technology. Among

this component, the object's information and data

in the physical environment are gathered and

transferred to the virtual environment. Moreover,

the digitalized data was managed to be analysed

and visualized for intended objects. This layer is

made up of eight different parts, including a

virtual sensor, object recognition, data collection

and processing, multidimensional data casual

relation analysis and technology integration, and

real-world data pre-processing;

multidimensional data and object modelling; a

processing and analysis framework; a digital

object transferred storage solution; and sensor

replacement optimization.

Digital Twin Synchronization

In this stage, physical things are related

to the digital model in the virtual world. This

process involves seven technological elements:

data transmission at high speeds with minimal

latency, management of data transmission and

space-time synchronization technologies,

reduction of workload, verification of data and

information efficacy, object cleaning, actuation

in the real world, and updating of data in real

time. (Olatunji et al., 2021)

Modeling and simulation

During the modeling and simulation

process, physical object problems were solved

within a digital model and several simulations

Business and Finance Journal, Volume 8, No. 1, March 2023

are processed. In this layer, it must be considered

both perceptible and impalpable objects. (Wright

& Davidson, 2020). The elements involved in

this stage are electronic physics displaying, the

rule of the system technology, behavioral

modeling, digital twin replication and modeling

confirmation, instinctive state generation and

tailoring, and certification technologies.

Federated digital twin

This stage involves a strategy to create

huge-sized digital models originating from

numerous types of small digital twin models.

Consequently, internetworking and

collaboration technologies of several digital

twins could be the technical elements which is

assumed for the administration of the digital twin

technology, the organization for metadata

formation and arrangement, intelligence

federation and technologies for exchanging the

data between digital twin models. (Rassõlkin et

al., 2021)

Intelligent digital twin services

This stage relates to services and service

management of digital twin technology which

always uses the same podium. In the initial stage,

high-speed visualization, managing service

resources for intelligence and service

information arrangement is associated with

digital twin facility technologies. Other

correlated examples are service assessment,

problem discovery, and service preservation

technologies. Eine Architektur (Ashtari

Talkhestani et al., 2019) described the

architecture and necessary parts for an intelligent

digital twin such as plug-and-play, personal

learning and curative prognostic conservation.

The synopsis of the intelligence of the digital

twin technology in use was presented in

reference.(Olatunji et al., 2021)

Digital twin applications

The applications of digital twins can be

divided into three parts in this paper. The

primary technology areas are smart cities, health

care, medicine, and engineering-related software

conducted in digital twin technology.

Smart cities

As the number of "smart cities" grows,

more digital twins will be used in the global IT

community. In addition to this, digital

technology may be guaranteed for smart cities'

sustainability, citizen welfare, and economic

growth. Additionally, it has applications in asset

management, maintenance, and city planning for

specific sectors. The quality of life, mobility, and

citizen services may all be improved with the

help of city-scale digital twin

technologies.(Wright & Davidson, 2020).

Instead of striving for economic efficiency, the

digital twin approach focuses on bettering

people's quality of life. From industries and

constructions to stadiums and whole towns,

Microsoft Azure's digital twins can combine

heterogeneous assets and environments and

glean information from them all.

Meanwhile, Dassault Systems pushes

the envelope by including VR and 3D rendering

into the system. According to White G(White et

al., n.d.), The authors explain how traffic,

transportation, electricity generation, utility

provisioning, management of water sources, and

trash management are just a few examples of the

many data sources that modern cities generate. In

today's more developed smart cities, the

application of digital twin technologies has

expanded.

Health care and medicine

Recent reports18 have surfaced in the

literature on the use of digital twin technology in

healthcare. Several possible use domains have

already been identified, including fitness,

(Barricelli et al., 2020) simulations of viral

infections, and promoting healthy lifestyles in

smart cities.(Laamarti et al., 2020) , healthcare

administration(Laaki et al., 2019) and the

potential of remote surgery (Laaki et al., 2019).

Hein, K,K, H., Indrawati, U., Mohamad Yusak. Digital Twin Technology: A Scoping Review Of Characterization And
Implementation Through Business It Perspectives

Digital twin technology has several applications

in healthcare administration, including AI and

data science methods for delivering

individualized patient treatment. Implementing

such technologies creates a digital copy of a

person's physical form, complete with all their

bodily data, which can then be accessed in the

real world by mobile phones, online services,

and wearable sensors.(Shengli, 2021)

Engineering

Digital twin technology is essential for

process modeling, simulation, and cyber-

physical system optimization(Guerra et al.,

2019). It can enhance our understanding of

intricate physical processes by providing their

diagnosis, modeling, monitoring, optimization,

prognosis, and health management services.(Qi

et al., 2021a). As a result, DTs allow businesses

to do more exact calculations, make the same

choices, and make better arrangements (Tao et

al., 2019). To predict a physical system's future

behavior and performance, DT applications in

engineering aim to provide valuable industry

data, allowing or self-adaptive behavior from the

machinery (predictive) (Bottani & Murino,

2017; Zhou et al., 2021a). AR and VR for

simulation through the DT are safer techniques

(with extra capabilities) that allow for working in

risky conditions and remote access, even if a DT

need not imply a spatial/visual model. (Rassõlkin

et al., 2021). However, only around 18% of

engineering DT applications are used for design.

The remaining 35% find application in the

industrial sector, 38% in prognostics and health

management (PHM), and 9% elsewhere.(Tao et

al., 2019). The manufacturing creation lifetime

includes steps such as plan, manufacture,

distribution, consumption, and even end of life,

each of which may call for different

considerations.(Singh et al., 2021).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The scoping review of this paper us the

PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for

Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Protocols Extension for Scoping Reviews)

guidelines. The components of a scoping review

are a review of relevant literature, curating

relevant articles, extracting and analyzing

relevant data, and discussing the consequences

of the research questions.

Eligibility Criteria

The research question was structured

according to the Population, Concept, and

Context (PCC) framework shown in Table 1

Table 1. PCC (population, concept, and context) criteria and definitions

PCC Criteria Definitions

Population “Relevant features of participants, such as age and eligibility requirements”

You may not need to add this part if your inquiry does not include a narrowly defined condition

or population.

Concept

The scope and breadth of the inquiry can be shaped by a well-defined central notion that is the

focus of the scoping review. It may include information that is often included in a systematic

review, such as information about the "interventions," and/or "phenomena of interest,"

and/or "outcomes."

Context " Cultural considerations may involve geography and ethnic and gender-based preferences. In

some circumstances, additional information regarding the physical location may also be included

as part of the context."

Business and Finance Journal, Volume 8, No. 1, March 2023

Search Strategy

Previous literature was reviewed on 5

academic sources and databases: Google

Scholar, SAGE journals, Elsevier; IEEE Access,

and Springer Link. The initial search began on

January 1, 2022 (1/1/2018) and will end on

December 31, 2022 (31/12/2022). The four

databases were carefully selected to provide

comprehensive coverage of the study of digital

twin technology and the analysis, description,

and application. Finding pertinent articles from

previous database searches, as well as grey

literature and non-academic publications,

required using the google search engine. Journals

published by SAGE were used to provide

background information about digital twin

technology in fields including medicine,

engineering, and technology. The digital twin

application's future technologies and tools were

found via Elsevier. Springer was used to identify

the engineering field investing in digital twin

technology using data gathered throughout for

making a product.

The structure also includes a set of

search phrases categorized into two broad

categories: digital twin technology AND

characterization OR implementation. Article

titles and abstracts are analyzed to determine

which keywords should be used in the search.

The keywords and search concepts used in this

review are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The terms used in the search strategy

CATEGORY KEYWORDS (IN TITLE OR ABSTRACT)

Digital Twin Technology digital twin

Characterization ‘characterization’

Implementation ‘Implementation of digital twin’ OR ‘digital twin

implementation’ OR ‘

Inclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria for the review included

studies that described the usage of digital twin

technology and its characterization and

implementation. No restrictions were placed on

the number of copies that may be purchased

because of the publishing year.

Exclusion criteria

Research published in languages other

than English was not considered since it focused

on using digital twins in medical, technology,

and engineering fields. No consideration was

given to articles that did not directly address

digital twin technology.

Hein, K,K, H., Indrawati, U., Mohamad Yusak. Digital Twin Technology: A Scoping Review Of Characterization And
Implementation Through Business It Perspectives

Table 3. Data Extraction

INFORMATION OF ARTICLES GENERAL STUDY INFORMATION

General study information • Publication Title

• Publication Year

Characteristics of digital twin technology • Digital twin Model

• Characterization

• Implementation

Process of Selecting and Vetting Articles

The search resulted in downloading

academic journals, articles and papers, non-

academic publications, and study case reports;

duplicates were deleted. Duplicates were weeded

out, and then the paper was viewed in three

stages (title, abstract, and full text) using the

inclusion and exclusion assessments mentioned

above. The evaluation and selection procedures

were documented in a PRISMA flowchart for

future reference.

Analysis and synthesis of data

The heterogeneity of the available data

made it impossible to do a meta-analysis or

statistical analysis. A narrative synthesis was

used on the extracted data to review the literature

on current digital twin technologies

comprehensively. A summary of the results is

presented in the discussion. It also discussed

defining and applying digital twin technologies

to draw conclusions and conduct follow-up

studies.

FINDINGS

Included research

When the elimination process is finished

among in the database, 11 papers met the

exclusion and inclusion assessments. The

assessment involves removing duplicates and

doing a preliminary screening of abstracts and

full texts. The PRISMA - Scr checklist is

provided in Appendix A, and the PRISMA -

Flow diagram (Figure 1) illustrates the screening

procedure.

Study characteristic

Some publications described digital twin

technology and associated approaches, while

others proposed a framework to facilitate cloud-

based data storage that needed more testing. As

a result, the publications are divided into two

categories: those that provide a framework

model (5/10) and those that provide a scoping

assessment of the relevant literature (6/10).

Search Strategy for the Literature

The literature search resulted in 1760

citations (Fig. 1). After screening 782 potentially

relevant full-text papers, 522 were excluded for

not being a methodology paper or scoping

review, 262 were excluded for not being reported

sought for retrieval, and 5 were excluded for not

being retrieved. Subsequently, 255 papers

included full citations and complete data. Among

them, 126 papers were excluded not enough

information and 74 were extracted for specific

industries and 44 were excluded from different

perspectives. Finally, 11 papers were included in

this scoping review, 4 were framework/model

papers, 4 were review papers, 1 is a literature

review paper, 1 comprehensive review paper and

1 framework/case study. All the 11 different

types of papers were for the 1260 scoping

reviews.

Business and Finance Journal, Volume 8, No. 1, March 2023

Figure 1. Flow diagram for the search strategy: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and

Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)

Discussion

The paper conducted a comprehensive

scoping review that included 1260 papers on

scoping reviews. The results highlight an

explosion in the number of scoping reviews

produced between 2018 to 2022. However,

variability in the reporting and conduct of

scoping reviews was observed, which may

impact digital twin technology. Most of the

scoping reviews were completed with funding,

often from a public organization, suggesting that

decision-makers are requesting these reviews. As

such, improved quality of reporting is imperative

for scoping reviews. Our results also suggest that

the methodology used by the scoping reviews

can be improved. When we compared the

methods employed by the 522 scoping reviews,

we identified a lack of compliance on key items

recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute in

their methods guidance for scoping reviews.

Indeed, many scoping reviews reported shortcuts

in their methods, making them similar to those

included in our recent scoping review of rapid

review methods (Bottani & Murino, 2017; Zhou

et al., 2021a). However, given that the Joanna

Briggs Institute only recently published its

methods guidance, this could suggest a lack of

awareness of the methodological rigor required

Hein, K,K, H., Indrawati, U., Mohamad Yusak. Digital Twin Technology: A Scoping Review Of Characterization And
Implementation Through Business It Perspectives

to conduct a scoping review, such as the use of a

protocol, which was not mentioned in the

previous guidance. Taking the newly available

guidance into account, a future update of our

scoping review will help to identify any

improvements in the conduct of scoping reviews.

We are aware of a previous scoping review of

scoping reviews.

The lack of compliance with key steps

outlined in the Joanna Briggs Institute manual

could also be an issue of poor reporting; perhaps

the authors of scoping reviews were unaware of

the items necessary to report. This is particularly

problematic, as 34 % of the included scoping

reviews reported some policy implications

concerning their findings. Scoping reviews have

some limitations because the focus is to provide

breadth rather than depth of information on a

particular topic. As such, the conduct of a meta-

analysis is generally not conducted in a scoping

review. However, this method was appropriate

because our objective was to map out the

evidence on scoping reviews in the literature.

The study results will be of interest to

knowledge users, including journal editors and

researchers who conduct scoping reviews. The

study plans to use its results to create an online

educational module for trainees, peer reviewers,

and journal editors on conducting and reporting

scoping reviews. The ultimate goal is to create a

guideline in the form of a checklist for reporting

scoping reviews and their protocols using the

methods outlined by the Preferred Reporting

Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-

Analysis (PRISMA). The study plan is to have

the scoping review reporting guideline (and

checklist) specific to the characterization and

implementation of the digital twin technology

CONCLUSION

To categorize what is and is not a digital

twin, this work has attempted to characterize

digital twins broadly. It comprehensively

describes digital twin technology

characterization, implementation, and its

applications in smart cities, health care and

medicine, and engineering. The procedure in

which Digital twins can be utilized practically

was explored after providing a description and

characterization, highlighting the applications

and implementation strategies.

Desired results should guide the

advancement of a Digital Twin with the

involvement of the specifics of its parts (s). This

will aid in establishing the criteria for the

necessary models, data, and process updating the

models depending on the data. Several distinct

enabling technologies must be included in digital

twin deployments. It is still difficult to combine

these technologies using commercially available

tools to create a Digital Twin, build one out of

commercial parts, or adopt a hybrid technique.

LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE

RESEARCH

The study suggests that further

education is necessary for researchers

conducting scoping reviews, journal editors, peer

reviewers, and funding agencies on the important

components of a scoping review. For example,

online modules can be shared with these

important stakeholders. Since a reporting

guideline for scoping reviews was not identified,

this is another initiative that may boost reporting

of scoping reviews. Members of our research

team are currently seeking funding to produce a

reporting guideline for scoping reviews.

More research and development are

needed to solve some of the digital twin's

technological challenges. Other difficulties are

cultural and necessitate changing the way things

are done now and how people think. The variety

of newfangled sectors and used studies point out

that Digital Twins are being functionalized to

clearly shows that the concept is continually

growing. A further indication of this concept's

ongoing evolution is the dearth of real-world

instances that illustrate Digital Twins'

undeniable advantages. Despite the idea's

widespread acceptance, there are concerns about

Business and Finance Journal, Volume 8, No. 1, March 2023

the technology's capacity to improve upon

current procedures. Successful technological

value demonstrations are necessary to provide

the answers to these issues.

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