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49 

Stabilizing Haiti: Mission Accomplished? 

A Review of the work of MINUSTAH 

2010-2011 
Kevin Edmonds, Deepa Panchang, 

Marshall Fluerant, Rishi Rattan 
 

“The writing of the White Paper has proved to be an invaluable experience in learning 

about how powerful institutions and actors respond to the criticisms of their brutality. 

The United Nations has not acknowledged any of its misdeeds, and has absolved 

itself of any negligence or human rights abuses. The writing process allowed me and 

the team to connect with numerous grassroots Haitian groups…and be a part of an 

ongoing struggle to hold yet another occupying and anti-democratic force 

accountable for their wrongs in Haiti”  

 -Kevin Edmonds 

Link to the White Paper in its entirety: 

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=healthroots&pageid=icb.page462433 

 

***The executive summary here first appeared in Tectonic Shifts: Haiti Since the 

Earthquake, edited by Mark Schuller and Pablo Morales. 

 

INTRODUCTION 

 
On February 23, 2004, the Caribbean Community 

(CARICOM), an organization of Caribbean countries and 
dependencies that included Haiti, requested that the United Nations 
(UN) Security Council (UNSC) address the worsening unrest in 
Haiti, which was supported and financed by the US, France, and 
others.i CARICOM asked the Council, of which the U.S. and France 
are permanent members, to authorize an international military force 
to assist the Haitian government in maintaining order.ii The Security 
Council rejected the petition. 

 
However, within 5 days of the request, democratically 

elected Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was removed 
against his will from Haiti by a U.S. military airplane. In an event 
eerily familiar to the US occupation of Haiti in 1915, 1,000 U.S. 
Marines were on the ground in Haiti within 24 hours. By April, at the 
request of interim President Alexandre Boniface, the UNSC 
established the Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en 
Haiti (MINUSTAH), which included the deployment of 6,700 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2012 

50 

soldiers. By the end of the year, several independent human rights 
organizations including Amnesty International had documented 
numerous, violent abuses of human rights against Haitian civilians.iii  

 
In addition to offering a “secure and stable” environment, 

MINUSTAH was charged with “restructuring and reforming” the 
Haitian National Police (HNP), disarming rebels and paramilitary 
forces (whose arms were largely provided by U.N. member-states 
like the U.S.)1, supporting free elections, and promoting and 
protecting human rights.iv 

 
According to the standard of insecurity that is used to justify 

MINUSTAH’s continued presence, the levels of violence in several 
neighbouring Caribbean states (which are much higher than that of 
Haiti) could warrant international stabilization efforts in Jamaica, 
Trinidad and the US Virgin Islands (See Table). Yet, for political 
reasons, this is not the case. Even the US Department of State 
remarked in March 2011 that “despite grinding poverty, inadequate 
policing, and lax gun laws, some studies have shown Haiti to have a 
lower homicide rate than many of its neighbors in the Caribbean and 
Latin America.”v It is ironic that in Brazil, the national leader of 
MINUSTAH, levels of civilian violence are far greater than in Haiti 
by a rate of more than three hundred percent. 

 

Country Population Murders Rate per 100,000 

Haiti 9,600,000 795
vi

 8.2 per 100,000 

Brazil
+ 

189,953,000 50,113
vii

 
26.38 per 

100,000 

Jamaica 2,600,000 1428
viii

 54.9 per 100,000 

Trinidad 1,300,000 472
ix

 36.3 per 100,000 

US Virgin Islands 100,000 66
x

 60 per 100,000 

 Table 1: Data from 2010 

+ 
Data published on Brazil’s murder rate by the Brazilian Ministry of Justice from 2008 

                                                           
1 The paramilitary rebel army which crossed over the Dominican border was 

largely made up of former members of Le Front pour l'avancement et le progrès 

d'Haiti (FRAPH) – the death squad involved in mass killings during the 1991 

coup against Aristide. Guy Philippe, a former member of the Haitian Armed 

Forces had been trained during the 1991 coup by US Special Forces in Ecuador. 

Other leaders such as Emmanuel "Toto" Constant and Jodel Chamblain, were 

both former Tonton Macoutes and leaders of FRAPH. According to a 1996 UN 

Human Rights Commission report, FRAPH had been supported and financed by 

the CIA. 



KEVIN EDMONDS | 

STABILIZING HAITI: MISSION ACCOMPLISHED? 

51 

It is thus becoming increasingly difficult to justify the 
continued presence of MINUSTAH in Haiti. A detailed analysis of 
MINUSTAH’s actions documented in the available situation reports 
during the post-earthquake phase reveal that the force is engaged in 
little more than policing activities related to crimes against persons 
and property - work which falls under the domain of the HNP, and 
which HNP could better carry out with more resources and training. 
Analysis of MINUSTAH’s record leads to a concurrent conclusion to 
that of a large portion of the Haitian population – that the force 
should develop a plan for withdrawal from the country.   

 
MINUSTAH’s Pre-earthquake Human Rights Record 

 
From 2004 to 2010, several independent legal and human 

rights organizations published reports supporting Haitian civil 
society charges that MINUSTAH not only failed to protect rights as 
outlined by its mandate, but also directly violated human rights of 
Haitian citizens. In 2005, the research organization Center for 
Global Justice, in collaboration with the Human Rights Program at 
Harvard Law School, found that MINUSTAH had neither initiated a 
disarmament program, nor protected civilians - particularly 
supporters of Fanmi Lavalas, the political party of ousted Aristide - 
from murderous paramilitary attacks and extrajudicial killings. 
Furthermore, they protected, both directly with personnel and 
indirectly through lack of investigation, Haitian National Police 
members who were carrying out extrajudicial killings.xi  

 
By mid-2005, MINUSTAH itself was carrying out attacks on 

civilian communities without involvement of the Haitian National 
Police. In a July 2005 assault on Cite Soleil, a Port-au-Prince slum, 
MINUSTAH targeted a single alleged gang leader and five of his 
associates, but ended up using 22,000 rounds of ammunition, killing 
upward of 70 people. The final death toll is unknown as MINUSTAH 
deemed the mission a success and did not seek to enumerate the 
civilian deaths.xii Two years later, human rights lawyers were still 
documenting similar violent military strikes. They concluded that 
MINUSTAH’s actions violated their charter and international law as 
well. However, the MINUSTAH mandate included a clause that 
essentially gave perpetrators of crimes immunity from the Haitian 
justice system.xiii 

 
In addition to physical violence, sexual violence committed 

by members of MINUSTAH has run rampant and gone 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2012 

52 

unpunished.xiv Most notably, in 2007, 114 Sri Lankan soldiers were 
repatriated for transactional sex with underage Haitian girls. 
Because of the de facto immunity from the Haitian legal system, the 
U.N. recommended prosecution in Sri Lanka. To date, no 
prosecution has occurred, and despite U.N. threats to the contrary, 
Sri Lanka remains a part of the MINUSTAH mission.xv This history 
tarnished MINUSTAH’s reputation to the point where it began to be 
perceived as an occupying force. 

 
MINUSTAH’s post-earthquake human rights record 

 

Protection failures and direct violations 

 
Since the earthquake, Haitians have faced heightened 

threats to security, life, and health, as millions experienced 
conditions in makeshift displacement camps. Gender-based violence, 
which has affected women in hundreds of camps, has gone virtually 
ignored by MINUSTAH. The force has taken only few, name-only, 
measures to address it, and even in instances where patrols are sent 
to camps, most troops can barely communicate with camp residents 
enough to react appropriately. xvi Forced evictions from camps have 
also affected hundreds of thousands of IDPs, with nearly no 
protective action by MINUSTAH despite domestic and international 
law that classifies these evictions as illegal. xvii Compounding these 
protection failures was the actual introduction of cholera into the 
country by MINUSTAH troops, the subsequent cover-up, failure to 
investigate, and lack of proper response to the growing epidemic.xviii 
Counter to its mandate to assist in free and fair elections, 
MINUSTAH also played a role in propping up a U.S.-supported but 
illegitimate presidential election which oversaw the exclusion of a 
majority political party and a large part of the population.xix    

 
In addition to these main areas of concentration are a 

number of other issues related to MINUSTAH’s involvement in 
Haiti. One, for example, is MINUSTAH’s complicity in the Les Cayes 
prison massacre which occurred on January 19, 2010, when the HNP 
stormed the facility to put down a riot related to deteriorating 
conditions. Although the incident led to the death of 19 unarmed 
inmates and injury of 40 others, MINUSTAH effectively helped the 
HNP orchestrate a cover-up.xx Another telling incident is the death of 
Jean Gérald Gilles, the sixteen-year old boy who was found hanging 
inside a MINUSTAH base in Cap Haïtien on August 17, 2010.xxi 



KEVIN EDMONDS | 

STABILIZING HAITI: MISSION ACCOMPLISHED? 

53 

Despite suspicions that he was murdered on the base, MINUSTAH 
has refused to investigate.xxii  

 
MINUSTAH has also developed a record of responding to 

peaceful popular protests in violent ways by gassing students and 
IDP camps,xxiii assaulting journalists, shooting at childrenxxiv, and 
killing peaceful protestors.xxv Given that these protests were often 
targeting the presence of MINUSTAH itself, the mission’s 
unprovoked, violent responses only provide further examples of its 
failure to build a positive relationship with the Haitian people and its 
suppression of the democratic process. 
 
Lack of security coordination 

 
MINUSTAH’s failure to coordinate their activities with 

other governmental, domestic, and international organizations has 
either duplicated or understaffed critical positions, siphoned money 
from groups documenting abuses and protecting citizens, and 
created fatal mistakes in military operations. Despite being made 
aware of this issue since its inception, MINUSTAH fails to devote 
personnel and money toward more efficient coordination.  

 
Despite designating a non-military security force, UNPOL, 

to Haiti, MINUSTAH’s failure to coordinate with community leaders 
in post-earthquake Haiti has left internally displaced persons “at the 
mercy of landowners and gangs.”xxvi The lack of sufficient translators 
to accompany missions exacerbates MINUSTAH’s inability to 
effectively document abuses and communicate with the very people 
they are charged to protect. Such a lack of commitment to 
understanding the on-the-ground reality of Haitian civilians is 
unconscionable given that the UN has been present in Haiti in one 
form or another for almost 20 years. 

 
CONCLUSION  

 
In sum, MINUSTAH’s human rights record constitutes 

violations of not only its own mandate but also of human rights 
enshrined in Haiti’s constitution and in international treaties legally 
binding in the country. These include the failure to protect, or direct 
violations of, the right to housing, the right to security of person, the 
right to water, the right to health, and a number of other civil, 
political, social, and economic rights. Nor has MINUSTAH made 
progress in building up Haiti’s own capacity for protection and 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2012 

54 

promotion of human rights. Despite its record, the mission has been 
rewarded with consistent renewals of its mandate over the past seven 
years. 

 
While some may claim that MINUSTAH’s departure from 

the country could create a security vacuum, this is based on the false 
assumptions (as demonstrated here) that MINUSTAH is effective in 
its duties, and that Haiti experiences inordinate levels of violent 
instability in comparison to its Caribbean neighbors. MINUSTAH’s 
failure to uphold its mandate and the force’s consistent violation of 
human rights have made it a significant threat to the Haitian people. 
In light of the collected evidence, and in support of the frequently-
issued demand from Haitians, the humane solution is for 
MINUSTAH to develop a timetable for withdrawal from the country, 
and for international resources to be re-routed to support 
humanitarian relief and capacity-building for those still suffering the 
effects of the earthquake, the cholera outbreak, and decades of 
pernicious foreign policy. MINUSTAH’s $865 million per year would 
be better spent on cholera treatment and water infrastructure than 
on soldiers and bullets. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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STABILIZING HAITI: MISSION ACCOMPLISHED? 

55 

Endnotes 

                                                           
i Farmer, Paul. Who removed Aristide? London Review of Books 

26(8):28-31. 2004. 

U.N. Security Council. The question concerning Haiti Letter dated 23 February 

2004 from the Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations 

addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2004/143). Official 

record. New York. 2004. 

iii Amnesty International. Amnesty International calls on the transitional 

government to set up an independent commision of enquiry into summary 

executions attributed to members of the Haitian National Police. London, 

England. 11 Nov 2004. 

iv UPR. (2011, March). Haiti's Renewal of the MINUSTAH mandate in 

violation of the Human Rights of the Haitian People. Universal Periodic Review: 

Submission to the United Nations . Retrieved May 2, 2011 from Institute for 

Justice and Democracy in Haiti: http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-

review-upr 

v Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Haiti 2011 Crime and Safety Report. 

United States Department of State. 

https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560  

vi  Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Haiti 2011 Crime and Safety Report. 

United States Department of State. Available at 

https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560 
vii  Julio Jacobo Waiselfisz. Mapa Da Violência 2011. Sao Paulo, Instituto 

Sangari, Ministry of Justice, 2011 

available at 

http://www.sangari.com/mapadaviolencia/pdf2011/MapaViolencia2011.pdf 
viii  Mark Wignall. Why Has Jamaica’s Crime Rate Fallen? The Jamaica 

Observer. February 3rd, 2011.  

available at http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Why-has-Jamaica-s-

crime-rate-fallen_8329778 
ix  In the Shadow of the Gallows: Trinidad Debates the Death Penalty. 

The Economist. February 10th, 2011. available at 

http://www.economist.com/node/18114940 
x  Daniel Shea. Homicides in V.I. Virgin Islands Daily News. January 13th, 

2011. available at http://virginislandsdailynews.com/news/homicides-in-v-i-

1.1089794#axzz1RC9AESqx 
xi  Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights & Centro para la 

Justicia Global, Keeping the Peace in Haiti? An Assessment of the United 

Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Using Compliance with its Prescribed 

http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
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http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-review-upr
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
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https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=10560
http://www.sangari.com/mapadaviolencia/pdf2011/MapaViolencia2011.pdf
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Why-has-Jamaica-s-crime-rate-fallen_8329778
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Why-has-Jamaica-s-crime-rate-fallen_8329778
http://www.economist.com/node/18114940
http://virginislandsdailynews.com/news/homicides-in-v-i-1.1089794%23axzz1RC9AESqx
http://virginislandsdailynews.com/news/homicides-in-v-i-1.1089794%23axzz1RC9AESqx


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Mandate as a Barometer for Success, Mar 25, 2005 available at 

http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf  

xii International Tribunal on Haiti, Preliminary Report of the Commission 

of Inquiry, First Inquiry October 6-11, 2005 (2006), 5 

http://www.ijdh.org/article_international-tribU.N.al.htm 

xiiixiii  UPR. (2011, March). Haiti's Renewal of the MINUSTAH mandate in 

violation of the Human Rights of the Haitian People. Universal Periodic Review: 

Submission to the United Nations . Retrieved May 2, 2011 from Institute for 

Justice and Democracy in Haiti: http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-

review-upr 

xiv Information of MINUSTAH Rape and Sexual Assault Taken From the 

Following: 

 a) U.N. troops face child abuse claims, BBC NEWS, Nov. 30, 2006, 

available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm 

 b) Stephanie Busari, Charity: Aid workers raping, abusing children, 

CNN, May 27, 2008, available at 

http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/05/27/charity.aidworkers/ 

 c) U.N. Faces More Accusations of Sexual Misconduct, WASHINGTON 

POST, March 13, 2005, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-

dyn/articles/A30286-2005Mar12.html 

 d) Ansel Herz, Haiti: Looking More Like a War Zone, IPS NEWS, March 

30, 2010, available at http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50855. 

 e) Athena Kolbe and Royce Hutson, Human rights abuses and other 

criminal violations in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: a random survey of households, THE 

LANCET 368 (2006): 864-73. 

 f) Save the Children, No One to Turn to: The Underreporting of Child 

Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Aid Workers and Peacekeepers, (2008), 

available at 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_05_08_savethechildren.pdf.  

xv  UPR. (2011, March). Haiti's Renewal of the MINUSTAH mandate in 

violation of the Human Rights of the Haitian People. Universal Periodic Review: 

Submission to the United Nations . Retrieved May 2, 2011 from Institute for 

Justice and Democracy in Haiti: http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-

review-upr 

xvi  Our bodies are still trembling: Haitian women continue to fight against 

rape. Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, KOFAVIV, CUNY School of Law, 

January 2011. Available at http://ijdh.org/archives/13361.  And Sexual 

Violence in Haiti’s IDP Camps: Results of a household survey. Center for Human 

http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
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http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/Haiti(English)(Final).pdf
http://www.ijdh.org/article_international-tribU.N.al.htm
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http://ijdh.org/archives/13361


KEVIN EDMONDS | 

STABILIZING HAITI: MISSION ACCOMPLISHED? 

57 

                                                                                                                    
Rights and Global Justice – New York University School of Law, March 2011. 

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xvii  UPR. (2011, March). Right to Housting. Universal Periodic Review: 

Submission to the United Nations . Retrieved May 2, 2011 from Institute for 

Justice and Democracy in Haiti: http://ijdh.org/projects/universal-periodic-

review-upr and Vanishing Camps at Gunpoint: Failing to Protect Haiti’s Internally 

Displaced. July 14, 2010. International Action Ties. 

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at Gunpoint: Failing to Protect Haiti’s Internally Displaced, (July 14th, 2010) 

xviii  Walton DA, Ivers LC. Responding to Cholera in Post-Earthquake Haiti. 

N Eng J Med 2011: 364: 3-5 Jan 6, 2011. And Cravioto, A., & al., e. (2011, May). 

Final Report of the Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in 

Haiti. Retrieved May 6, 2011 from UN News: 

www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/haiti/UN-cholera-report-final.pdf and Chin CS, 

Sorenson J, Harris JB et al. The origin of the Hatian Cholera Outbreak NEJM 

2011; 364:33-42. Jan 6, 2011. And UPR. (2011, March). Haiti's Renewal of the 

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2011 from - Professeur Renaud Piarroux- October 2010 

xix  Jake Johnston, Mark Weisbrot. Haiti’s Fatally Flawed Election. Center 

for Economic and Policy Research. February 2011 and Haiti Presidential 

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xx  Sontag, D., Bogdanich, W. Escape Attempt Led to Killings of Unarmed 

Inmates. New York Times. May 22, 2010. 

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alla. http://lo-de-alla.org/2010/09/death-of-youth-sparks-protests-against-

minustah/ 
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http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/world/americas/23haiti.html?ref=americas&pagewanted=all


CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2012 

58 

                                                                                                                    
xxiv  Center for Economic and Policy Research, MINUSTAH: Securing 

Stability and Democracy from Journalists, Children and Other Threats. (October 

18th, 2010)  
xxv  Al Jazeera English, Haiti Cholera Protest Turns Violent, (November 

16th, 2010), Available at: 

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28.html 
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Protect Haiti’s Internally Displaced, (July 14th, 2010) 


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