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51 

USA’s Crusade on the Haitian Black Pig Population 
& its Toll on Haitian Peasantry and Agriculture 

Sarah Taluy 

 
Sarah Taluy is a graduate of the University of Toronto. She completed her Hon. 
Bachelors of Arts in 2013 with a specialist in Caribbean Studies, a major in 
International Relations and a minor in Spanish. Currently, Sarah is pursuing a 
Masters Degree at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) in 
International Development and Humanitarian Emergencies. In the future, she 
aspires to contribute to improving Haitian relations with the rest of the Caribbean 
and take part in research that she hopes will bring about real development in her 
country and positively affect the lives of Haitians.  

On January 12th 2010, a surrounding city of Port-au-Prince 
(PAP) was hit by 7.0 magnitude earthquake. In the end a staggering 
300,000 casualties had been reported and millions were displaced. 
The event was perhaps the most catastrophic calamity to strike Haiti, 
since its “discovery” in 1492. The earthquake further exacerbated the 
hardships of day-to-day lives of Haitians suffering from isolation and 
imperialistic policies. The fact that an earthquake had such a 
devastating impact on the country was closely linked to the weak and 
inefficient infrastructure but more importantly for the purposes of 
this paper to the ineffective and poor peasantry. The agricultural 
sector in Haiti in the 1950’s employed about 80% of the population 
and by the 1980’s, declined to 66% of the population.1 Therefore, it is 
safe to say that a majority of Haitians were heavily reliant on 
agriculture. However, Haiti’s agricultural production has suffered 
dramatically as a result of the implementation of free trade 
prescriptions and the introduction of economic liberalization policies 
under the auspices of institutions like the International Monetary 
Fund and World Bank, which ultimately limited the ability of the 
Haitian state to govern and help its own population.  

Those in the countryside continue to suffer the most from 
these decisions that prohibit government subsidies or any such aid. 
This setback coupled with the American led slaughter of the Haitian 
native pig, also known as Creole Pig, the cochon planche or the black 

                                                           
1 Richard A. Haggerty, Haiti: A Country Study, Country Studies (Washington: GPO 

for the Library of Congress, 1989). http://countrystudies.us/haiti/54.htm  



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2013 

52 

pig, in 1982-3 completely destroyed the composition of the 
agricultural system in Haiti. As a result, poverty in rural Haiti has 
drastically intensified and consequently there has been an exodus 
from rural areas to the capital. This led to the overcrowding of PAP 
and the building of unstable structures directly causing the death toll 
in the January 2010 to be of astronomical proportions. In order to 
understand the over-population of Port-au-Prince and the high 
number of casualties from the 2010 earthquake, I will argue that US 
foreign policy in the early 1980’s towards Haiti, had stunted the 
agricultural development in Haiti by destroying the fundamental 
fabric of the peasantry system- the Haitian black pig, and ultimately 
further entrenched the maladies of the poverty stricken countryside.  

Haiti, part of the island of Hispaniola, was the first black 
colony to forcefully attain independence from the French forces of 
Napoleon Bonaparte. This was remarkable because, at a time where 
French armies were defeating all major European forces, they 
suffered a defeat by enslaved forces that were not as well trained and 
armed. On January 1st 1804, the efforts of Toussaint L’Ouverture and 
later Jean-Jacques Dessalines among others came to fruition and 
Haiti was declared a free Republic. Haiti’s independence has been 
stifled since its inception. Haiti was forced to pay France 
90,000,000 Francs as repatriation and a guarantee not to be 
invaded by French armies. Thereafter, Haiti also experienced several 
US military occupations.  It has been 208 years now since the 
independence of Haiti and unfortunately the majority of these years 
have been plagued by dire poverty, violence, and corruption. The 
causes of these misfortunes have varying sources from internal to 
external roots and most of the times, a combination of both.  Haiti’s 
government and politics have been marred by violence and 
corruption and it appears that although government regimes may 
have switch hands, so did the intensity of violence and poverty. Haiti 
was invaded and occupied by the United States of America (USA) 
from 1915-1934 due to a period of intense political violence and a US 
fear for its corporations in Haiti. In the late 1950’s, perhaps the most 
notorious government of Haiti took office: the Duvalier regime 
beginning in 1957 with Francois Duvalier and ending with the 
overthrow of his son Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1986. It is during the 
tenure of the second repressive and brutal dictatorship that the black 
pig disaster occurred amidst increasing liberalization.  

It would be a mistake to think that it was only while the 
Duvaliers were in power that the Haitian peasantry had been 



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USA’S CRUSADE ON HAITIAN BLACK PIG POPULATION  

53 

neglected. “The Haitian state has always been authoritarian from 
Dessalines to the two Duvaliers, Haiti has known nothing but 
dictators” and most, neglected its peasants and instead, worried 
about maintaining power more than anything else.2  Prior to the 
Duvalier era, Paul Magloire ruled Haiti. Magloire had put a tax on 
coffee, Haiti’s main export, which had raised the coffee price by 16% 
in 1953 and by 1955-56 it had increased to 27% thus putting the fate 
of the peasantry in the stock exchange market where any price 
decrease would directly affect the cultivators.3 In the mid 50’s 
discontent towards the Magloire regime grew to unprecedented 
heights and led him to free Haiti in 1956. An election ensued in 1957 
but high priority matters were not given to the rural parts of Haiti, 
only the cities mostly Port-au-Prince were paid attention to; Michel 
Trouillot observed that even though the agricultural sector 
accounted for the largest portion of the GNP, they were marginalized 
during the election, and were not even recognized as the backbone of 
the Haitian economy and thus, the peasantry’s efforts were negated.4  
François Duvalier, like Magloire, put a tax on another of Haiti’s 
export crops, sugar. The tax collected on sugar grew to 37% in 1969 
and instead of the government re-investing in the agricultural sector 
in order to generate growth and improve the agricultural and 
irrigation systems, the redistribution of wealth was divided between 
three useless parts of Haitian society the “parasites, individual gains, 
and buying sympathisers.”5 Duvalier was thus pocketing the profits 
from the hard labour of the peasants and to bribe the allegiance of 
people to remain in power and rule through a system of fear and 
extreme brutality where even women, children and elders were not 
spared from the violence pursued by his loyal army the Tonton 
Macoutes. Although after the Duvalier period violence slightly 
decreased, the neglect of the agricultural sector persisted and its’ 
depreciation continued.   

  As previously stated, Haiti’s main source of employment 
post-independence was within the agricultural sector. In CLR James’ 
Black Jacobins, the leader of the revolution saw very early the 
importance of agriculture in the development of Haiti; “Toussaint 
saw early that political power is only a means to an end. The 

                                                           
2 Michel-Rolph Trouillot, State Against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of 

Duvalierism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990). 164 
3 Ibid. 143 
4 Ibid. 147 
5 Trouillot, 154 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2013 

54 

salvation of San Domingo lay in the restoration of agriculture…. 
Toussaint addressed himself to this from the first days of his 
command. Work is necessary, it is a virtue, it is for the general good 
of the state.”6 By the 1980’s, although the percentage of peoples 
employed in the agricultural sector had declined, it was still the 
major employer, accounting for some 66% of the population.7 The 
Haitian peasantry organized in a very novel manner, one that 
differed from other economic systems, this unique system was 
known as Kombit.8 Kombit is a practice relying on agriculture and 
the sharing rather than selling of services and goods; there is no 
money involved in these exchanges and the system is based on the 
community gathering to harvest and then sharing the products.9 The 
typical Kombit will have a planter announce the harvest day and 
invite the neighboring community to come and help in the 
cultivation process, there, the tasks will be divided depending on 
gender and capability, and all while working, chants of 
encouragements can be heard alongside jovial conversation.10 The 
Haitian Kombit promoted self-sufficiency encouraged the 
consumption of locally produced and exchanged goods, but not the 
exportation of goods.11 This practice was very well described in 
Jacque Roumain’s novel Gouverneurs de la Rosée where the 
protagonist Manuel led a Kombit to reunite the town and helped in 
finding water to assist in the cultivation of crops. The practice of 
Kombit, a promoter of unity and cooperation, was what had saved 
the town from drought, division amongst families, and more poverty. 
Laurent Dubois writing on Jacques Roumain’s Masters of the Dew, 
stated that the novel’s crux is to promote Haiti’s rural population by 
putting it at the centre of a story rather then on the sidelines; Dubois 
argued that Roumain tried to make a connection between the elite 
world of Haiti, which he belonged to, and  “the core foundation of his 
country: the farmers and families of the countryside” this goes hand 

                                                           
6 C.L.R. James, The Black Jacobins, Second Edition (New York: Vintage Books 

Edition, 1989). 155-56 
7 Haggerty. 
8 Roland Berthold, Kombit a Haitian agricultural and economic system, 

http://www.haitimega.com/Agricultural_Products_and_Practices-

Kombit_a_Haitian_agriculture_and_economic_system/85543180715950112/

article_86195166922211328.jsp (accessed 2012 -04-04). 
9 Ibid.  
10 Berthold.  
11 Ibid.  



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USA’S CRUSADE ON HAITIAN BLACK PIG POPULATION  

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and hand with CLR James’ argument concerning Toussaint and his 
promotion of agriculture previously mentioned.12 

Apart from the Kombit, Haitian peasants also cultivated 
land under a system known as méteyage or dimouatyé. In this 
system the peasantry would turn over half of their produce to their 
landowner and the other half would remain for personal use.13 
Dimouatyé is similar to the notion of renting a piece of the land but 
more often then not, the amount of land being rented is not specified 
and no concrete contract is signed, however, if the landlord was to 
take his land back, he would be responsible to pay the tenant farmer 
the cost of cultivation if it had already occurred.14 This system 
provided Haitian peasants with the liberty to choose what they 
wanted to cultivate and also allowed for a monetary-free exchange 
that enabled many of those affected by poverty to engage in a system 
of collateral exchange.15 Although Haitian peasants were highly 
neglected and used very basic tools such as the hoe, the machete, the 
sickle, the digging stick and the fork, this method of collateral 
exchange, along with state support would have been beneficial to 
adequately meet the demands of this local system.16 

The Haitian black pig was the peasant’s most valued asset - 
it served as a local banking system, had a central role in Vodou 
ceremonies and was also an important source of protein.17 Pigs were 
a promising investment for peasants as by killing or selling them 
they were able to meet their household obligations, finance their 
children’s schooling, healthcare, baptisms, funerals, weddings, and 
other unexpected expenses and also protected them from the city 

                                                           
12 Laurent Dubois, Haiti: The Aftershocks of History (New York: Metropolitan 

Books Hentry Hold and Company,LLC, 2012). 309 
13 Serge Larose, L'exploitation Agricole en Haiti: Guide d'etude (Montreal: Centre 

de Recherche Caraibes, University of Montreal, 1976). 43 
14 Larose,,14 
15 Dubois, 269 
16 Larose,49 
17 Paul Farmer, "Swine Aid," in THe Haiti Files: Decoding the Crisis, ed. James 

Ridgeway, 130-133 (Washington D.C: Essentiaal Books, 1994). 130 AND Patrick 

Bellegarde-Smith, Haiti: The Breached Citadel (Toronto: Canadian Scholar's 

Press Inc., 2004). 47 AND Franz C. M. Alexander, "Experience with African Swine 

Fever in Haiti," Annals of the New York Sciences, June 1992: 251-256. 255 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2013 

56 

loan sharks.18 The Creole pig was also very cost efficient since it 
needed no care, roamed freely, ate whatever they found and during 
famines would live off their grease.19 In religious Vodou ceremonies 
the sacrifice of a Haitian black pig was very important, this practice 
dates back to the ceremony that took place before the first slave 
revolt led by Boukman where at “Morne Rouge, a mountain 
overlooking le cap, Boukman gave the last instructions and after 
Voudou incantations and the sucking of the blood of a stuck pig he 
stimulated his followers by a prayer…”20 It was believed that the 
blood of the black pig sealed contracts during Vodou rituals.21 Aside 
from religious and economic purposes, because the caring of the 
Black pig was so minimal, they thrived under the worst 
circumstances and when there was a famine; their meat could be 
used as source of protein for the peasants and Haitian population 
itself. It is believed that 50% of the protein intake of Haitians was 
satisfied by the black pig, explaining the traditional dish of the fried 
pieces of pork known as Griots.22   

In 1978, African swine fever (ASF), an incurable and fast 
spreading disease that affected pigs causing hemorrhagic fevers and 
in a short amount of time leads to death, began flourishing across the 
Americas.23 The disease was caused by an atypical DNA virus that 
easily spreads through a host tick called tampans. For example, when 
pigs are in close contact with each other, these tampans spread and 
pullulate and thus, infect them through the sucking of their blood.24 
ASF was endemic to the southern and central parts of Africa but has 

                                                           
18 Farmer, 130-133 (Washington D.C: Essentiaal Books, 1994). 130 AND Rod 

Price, Haiti Family Business. London: Latin American Bureau (Research and 

Action) Limited, 1985.47 
19Debora MacKenzie, "Haiti, le retour du cochon," Pyepimanla, 

http://www.pyepimanla.com/decembre-2008/articles/haiti-le-retour-du-

cochon.html (accessed 02 4, 2012). 
20 C.L.R. James, "The San Domingo Masses Begin," in Caribbean Slavery in the 

Atlantic World: A Student Reader, ed. Hilary McD. Beckles Verene Shepherd, 

946-960 (Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers Limited, 2000). 947 
21 Mohamed Larbi Bouguerra, Pour Sauver le Cochon Noir d'Haiti, 

http://www.pyepimanla.com/decembre-2008/articles/haiti-le-retour-du-

cochon.html (accessed 01 21, 2012). 
22Bellegarde-Smith, 207. 
23 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "Recognizing African 

Swine Fever: A field Manual," FAO Corporate Document Repository, 2000, 

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/X8060E/X8060E00.HTM#ch2  (accessed 03 

31, 2012). 
24 Ibid.  



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USA’S CRUSADE ON HAITIAN BLACK PIG POPULATION  

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been known to infect swine in Europe in rare occasions. It was 
through infecting pigs in Europe that this virus spread to the 
Caribbean region.  In 1978, pigs in the Dominican Republic, 2/3 of 
the island that Haiti shares, ate contaminated (ASF) pig wastes from 
the meals that had been served aboard a flight arriving from Europe. 
(ASF virus cannot spread to humans so the meat of an infected pig 
will not cause a human to be sick).25 From the Dominican Republic, 
ASF spread to Cuba and Haiti. Once ASF was detected in the 
Americas, the USA led an investigation into the Haitian pigs and 
found that a small number of pigs had been infected however; many 
appeared to be resistant to the disease because not many infected 
pigs actually died as the disease predicted.26 Haiti’s native pig was a 
small but robust descendant of the European pig of the XVII century 
whose diet consisted of whatever it found in the area.27  After 
discovering that some Haitian pigs were infected with ASF, the USA 
chose to protect its own pig industry and funded the $23 million 
Programme pour L’Éradication de la Peste Porcine et pour le 
Dévelopment de l’Évlevage Porcine (PEPPADEP) which would serve 
to exterminate and restock the swine population.28 USAID and the 
Haitian government had thus promised to compensate the peasants 
for the slaughter of their pigs, whether infected or not, through the 
importation of new pigs. The reimbursement plan did not prove as 
efficient as the eradication program had been. Many Haitians did not 
get reimbursed and those that did quickly realized the inefficiency of 
the newly brought pigs.29 

Haiti being only an hour and a half flight away from USA’s 
Florida could not escape the American ASF pillaging. The USA did 
everything in its power to protect its own self-interests, without a 
care about the adverse effects it would have on the Haitian 
peasantry. They had to make sure that their own farmers would not 
stand to lose with the spread of ASF and thus convinced the Haitian 
government to slaughter its domestic pig population that stood at 1.3 
million in 1981. Thus, by 1984, there remained no Haitian black pigs 
on the island.30 The US Agency for International Development Aid 
(USAID) had argued that the only way to successfully eradicate ASF 

                                                           
25 MacKenzie. 
26 Farmer, 130 
27 MacKenzie 
28 Farmer, 130 
29 Dubois, 325 
30 Farmer, 130-1 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2013 

58 

was to kill all of the pigs and as Laurent Dubois argued, this was 
perhaps the first time that the Haitian government efforts towards 
any policy aimed at rural Haiti was so successful because this brutal 
attack on the peasantry and its native pig had devastating effects in 
innumerable facets of Haitian life. The killing of all of the Haitian 
pigs was not necessarily the best solution because ASF specialists 
recommended pinpointing the ASF infected animals and only 
slaughtering those infected.31 During the period when ASF was 
present on the island, the USAID funded PEPPADEP and had 
international veterinarians come and train local Haitian 
veterinarians in order to carry out the mass slaughter. One of the 
veterinarians who helped in the detection and eradication process 
Franz C.M. Alexander admitted that out of the slaughter of 34,488 
pigs, only 2% had been infected by ASF.32 With that being said, 
would it not have been simpler to test the pigs and kill those who 
were infected instead of devastating a whole population? 
Unfortunately, the USA chose eradication rather than preservation 
of the black pig and thus, the former represented the best option. 
The USA believed that if ASF reached their country they would stand 
to loose $560 million while eradicating ASF would only cost them 
$300 million a year for a decade therefore, the swine population in 
the neighboring island, Hispaniola, had to be dually annihilated to 
make sure that the US did not get infected.33 

The eradication of ASF and the Haitian pig population 
affected many different sectors of Haiti. Not only was the main 
source of protein completely demolished but the possibility of 
maintaining avenues of fast cash had also disappeared. Immediate 
signs of concern appeared just two months after the USA had 
declared Haiti free of ASF on August of 1984.34 In the 1980’s and 
early 1990’s the school year began in October and in October of 1984, 
school registration had plummeted some 40-50%; those businesses 
which provided books, cloth and uniform makers, school supply 
stores as well as other businesses felt the economic slowdown.35 
Religious rites in Vodou had to be altered because there were no 
more black pigs, causing a high demand for black pigs to preserve 

                                                           
31 Bouguerra.  
32Alexander, 255  
33 MacKenzie 
34 Farmer,131 
35 Ibid. 



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culture and respect rituals.36 The loss of the pig had wider 
repercussions outside of the financial and nutritional realm, as 
peasants now had an excess of mangoes previously used to feed the 
pigs. In order to perpetuate more cash flow the mangoes were sold at 
the market and mango trees were used to make charcoal – as an 
attempt to replace the loss of the pig with a new type of business. 37 
Haiti had already begun to suffer from deforestation and the use of 
mango trees to sell as charcoal further aggravated the situation. As 
an alternative to the breeding of the Haitian pig, peasants began 
breeding goats, which also thrived in Haiti however; the goat also 
further inflamed the deforestation problem since they feed on small 
shrubs and any vegetation and thus would hinder any attempts of re-
planting trees.38 The problem of deforestation is enormous in Haiti, 
in 1923, Haiti’s forests made up 60% of the country and recently, in 
2006 it was said to stand at only 2%!39 This massive decrease has 
been the source of numerous deadly landslides and has caused the 
deterioration of the soil leading to lower agricultural yields.40 

The USAID funded PEPPADEP had planned to compensate 
the Haitian peasants and to re-stock Haiti with new pigs and of 
course, went directly to its own swine farmers and exported 500 
Iowa pigs to Haiti.41 This species did not fare very well in the hot and 
poor environment. This newly introduced pig excluded the peasants 
from the pig industry because Iowa pigs required a significant 
amount of money to maintain and subsequently breed. 42 These pigs 
were pink and thus were called grimmelle but they were also more 
fragile than their predecessors earning them the name the “white 
princess;” these pigs required a wheat and vitamin based diet, 
regular baths, cement floors, veterinary interventions, and to make 
matters worse, they did not yield as many piglets as had been 
promised and the litters did not come often.43 The new pigs brought 
conflicts to many towns because of the situation of those who had 

                                                           
36 Alexander, 255 
37 MacKenzie,  
38 Ibid. 
39 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, "Country Profile: Haiti, May 

206," 05 2006, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Haiti.pdf (accessed 04 04, 

2012). 10 
40 Ibid. 
41Bellegarde-Smith, 207 
42 Ibid.132 
43 Farmer, 208 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2013 

60 

pigs and those who did not.44 In Dokay, a town in Haiti, for example, 
a priest known as Father Alexis had attempted to redistribute the 
pigs and piglets but was unsuccessful because they required too 
much maintenance, around $120-$250 was necessary per year for 
the upkeep of the pig and this was both an inconceivable and 
unrealistic demand as the average peasant lived on less than a dollar 
a day. 45 

The persistent lack of government initiatives to improve and 
protect rural Haiti coupled with the eradication of ASF and the 
Haitian pig, as well as the increase of deforestation and the erosion 
of soil had drastic ramifications for agricultural employment. It was 
hardly surprising then, that by 2006 agriculture employed 46%, of 
the country, the service sector now employed 44% of the population 
and there stood a 32.7% unemployment rate.46 Four years later, the 
agricultural sector only employed 38.1% of the population and 
unemployment rose to 40.6%.47 The decline in agriculture caused 
Haiti to import most of its foodstuffs most notably from the USA 
where in 2005, 35% of its imports were from the USA.48 It also led 
many to migrate to the cities of Haiti most notably in Port-au-Prince 
as well as abroad to the USA and Canada where New York, Florida, 
Boston and Montreal where noticeably large diasporic community of 
Haitians began to settle. In Port-au-Prince, this further aggravated 
an already tense situation because of the over population of the city, 
in 2006, of a population of about 8.3 million, 1.5 million lived in the 
city Port-au-Prince.49 As Haiti’s population continued to augment so 
did the population in PAP and this caused great danger because 
many of the houses in Haiti were built on unsuitable lands such as 
hillsides and these houses were also poorly constructed. The 
overpopulation of PAP and the poor infrastructure of the capital city 
is the reason why the January 2010 earthquake had such a 
devastating effect to the lives of the citizens and to the infrastructure 
of the city. Again, in the face of such great calamity the government 

                                                           
44Ibid.133 
45 Ibid. 
46 CONSULAT GÉNÉRAL D’HAÏTI À MONTRÉAL, L'economie Haitienne 2006 

(Montreal, 2006). 

http://www.haiti.org/images/stories/pdf/leconomie_haitienne.pdf   
47 CIA.GOV, The World Factbook, 04 3, 2012, 

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html 

(accessed 04 4, 2012). 
48 Library of Congress,10 
49 Ibid. 



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USA’S CRUSADE ON HAITIAN BLACK PIG POPULATION  

61 

proved unable to help its own people and in the end it had to look 
abroad for aid.  

The US and Haitian governments’ cooperation in the early 
1980’s to eradicate ASF is another example of the Haitian 
government’s inability to put the interest of its population ahead of 
the interests of entities such as the USA. The USA led intervention to 
control and eliminate the ASF virus which further entrenched and 
devastated the already fragile and poor peasantry and Haitian 
economy. Although the agricultural sector of Haiti has decreased to 
an unprecedented low, hope may be restored if the government were 
to put its interest first, like the USA does so often, and begin a 
program to combat deforestation and replenish the soil of nutrients. 
Those who remain in the agricultural sector have been given some 
hope by the introduction of a new black pig by a group of French 
scientists.50 These scientists bred some of the native pigs of 
Guadeloupe with another European breed and their offspring have 
been thriving in the environment of Haiti, and more importantly, 
they are black therefore the cultural sacrifice in voodoo ceremonies 
can now resume.51 However, the resurfacing of the black pig in Haiti 
cannot be the only solution to the declining peasantry. The Haitian 
government must begin to prioritize the development of rural Haiti if 
it wants to avoid the pressures of overpopulation in cities leading to 
catastrophes like the 300,000 deaths in 2010 in PAP. It is imperative 
for a government to take a stance like Toussaint’s and initiate an 
agricultural program that will put the majority of the population first 
instead of continuing to work towards the interest of a few and only 
seeking to enrich themselves while in power. The question still 
remains however, when will the Haitian government stop betraying 
its population and actually govern responsibly? For any 
improvement depends strongly on the willingness of the government 
to work responsibly and respect its population to achieve any real 
change.  

                                                           
50 MacKenzie 
51 Ibid. 



CARIBBEAN QUILT | 2013 

62 

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Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick. Haiti: The Breached Citadel. Toronto: 

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Berthold, Roland. Kombit a Haitian agricultural and economic system. 

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50112/article_86195166922211328.jsp (accessed 2012-04-04). 

 

Bouguerra, Mohamed Larbi. Pour Sauver le Cochon Noir d'Haiti. 

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du-cochon.html  (accessed 01 21, 2012). 

 

CIA.GOV. The World Factbook. 04 3, 2012. 

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factbook/geos/ha.html (accessed 04 4, 2012). 

 

CONSULAT GÉNÉRAL D’HAÏTI À MONTRÉAL. L'economie Haitienne 2006. 

Montreal, 2006. 

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Dubois, Laurent. Haiti: The Aftershocks of History. New York: 

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Farmer, Paul. "Swine Aid." In THe Haiti Files: Decoding the Crisis, edited 

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Recognizing 

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Haggerty, Richard A. Haiti: A Country Study. Country Studies, 

Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1989. 

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James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins. Second Edition. New York: Vintage 

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63 

 

James, C.L.R. "The San Domingo Masses Begin." In Caribbean Slavery in 

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=GALE%7CA11860822&v=2.1&u=utoronto_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w 

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(accessed 04 04, 2012). 

 

MacKenzie, Debora. "Haiti, le retour du cochon." Pyepimanla. 

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