

































The Power & Limits of Language: 
Linguistic Reclamation as a Driver of Taíno Identity in Borikén

Lucia Faria 2T1
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Faculty of Social Sciences, Msc. International Politics

The story of the Taíno people 
has been historically told 
from the narrative perspective 
of the dominant colonial 
viewpoint, which has been 
continuously employed as a 
tool to reinforce the idea of 
the Taíno community’s 
“extinction” or nonexistence. 
This paper outlines the role of 
the Taíno people as a key 
element within Caribbean 
indigeneity and demonstrates 
the central ways in which 
Taíno culture has been 
reinterpreted and carried 
forward in modernity. To this 
end, it assesses the lasting 
impact of language within the 
cultural landscape of Taíno 
nationhood.

A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Borikén, 
language reclamation, Taíno, 

Jíbaro-Borícua

B I O

Lucia Faria is a Brazilian-American graduate student passionate about Latin American 
affairs and politics, with a regional focus on the southern cone. She has a Bachelor of 
Arts from the University of Toronto and is currently pursuing a Master of Science at the 
University of Leuven in Brussels, Belgium. In her spare time, she writes opinion articles 
and commentary.

© 2021 Lucia Faria
Caribbean Studies Students’ Union, Canada - https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cquilt/

                       This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 
                       To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

11

Source: Lorianne DiSabato, “Taíno Mural,” 
June 21, 2013. 

(January 20, 2022 / 09:38:40)

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   Arrom, Juan Jose. 2000. Estudios de Lexicología Antillana. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.
   Makepeace, Anne, dir. 2010. We Still Live Here (Âs Nutayuneân). Bullfrog Films.
   OhIfearn, Tadhg. 2014. “Sociolinguistic Vitality of Manx after Extreme Language Shift: Authenticity without Traditional 
Native Speakers.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language (2015), 47.
   Granberry, Julian, and Gary Vescelius. 2004. Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. Birmingham: University of 
Alabama Press, 20-24.
   Feliciano-Santos, Sherina. “Negotiation of Ethnoracial configurations among Puerto Rican Taíno Activists.” Ethnic and 
Racial Studies 42, no. 7 (2019), 1152.

.

        

 

7

cultural understanding or connection to 
ancestors, as well as to develop the 
knowledge and information set required to 
gain recognition from the government and 
reclaim rights to sacred grounds.

Although many Boricua groups regard the 
project of language revival to be a critical 
step in mobilizing activism and culture, 
the Taíno case-study presents a unique set 
of challenges. Scholars estimate that Taíno 
was spoken as a native or mother-tongue 
language in Puerto Rico sometime around 
the 16th century.  As such, there are 
limited linguistic resources and data from 
which to draw when analyzing attempts to 
reclaim the Taíno language. Furthermore, 
unlike other minority languages such as 
Wôpanâak  and Manx,  there are no bible 
translations, vocabulary databases, or legal 
documentation that could assist scholars in 
the reconstruction project. Currently, the 
recorded documents that display vocabu-
lary from the Taíno language are scarce, 
but there are certain records that have been 
utilized in the process. For instance, there 
are sections transcribed in Taíno in the 
early journals and chronicles from expedi-
tions to the Americas. Since Taíno was an 
Arawakan language, as evidenced by 
linguistic research, other related Arawakan 
languages have also been utilized to 
reconstruct pronunciation and phoneme 
aspects of the language. 

Projects of language reconstruction, when 
devised with the intention of contempo-
rary use, often become the podium for 
longstanding cultural debates between a 
variety of social actors. To this end, the 
reclamation of language and culture can be 
understood not only as an emblem of the 
associated group’s resilience and visibility, 
but also as a pathway to pragmatic realms 
such as government recognition or the 
reacquisition of sacred sites and land.  
However, although groups such as the 
GKT have indeed demonstrated a more 
pragmatic facet to Taíno language recla-
mation efforts, it is different from other 
linguistic revival cases in that its main 
purpose is not contemporary use. Felicia-
no-Santos highlights that Taíno language 
practices are not anchored in any set of 
expectations of what Taíno should look or 
sound like. This is because while some 
Taíno/Boricua individuals do draw their 
conception of the language to the ways 
their ancestors spoke, others do not 
necessarily hold that same objective. For 
some individuals, speaking Taíno is not 
about sounding or speaking in the same 
way as their ancestors, but instead about 
reconnecting to their conception of 
nationhood and of what it means to be 
Taíno. As such, scholars note that 
language reclamation efforts are more 
concerned with progress and connections 
than they are with accuracy. Here, activists 
are shown to raise several critical debates 
on the question of Taínoness and on how 
to effectively create markers of continuity 

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   Ibid, 12.
   Forte, Manuel. 2006. The dual absences of extinction and marginality—What difference does an Indigenous presence 
make? “Indigenous resurgence in the contemporary Caribbean: American Indian survival”. New York, NY: Peter Lang. 
   Neeganagwedgin, Erica. “Rooted in the Land: Taíno Identity, Oral History and Stories of Reclamation in Contemporary 
Contexts.” AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 11, no. 4 (2015), 380.        

 

15

visibility and reinforces its presence, 
creating a link between self-identification 
and language. This process is critical 
because it allows the Taíno community to 
shift the framework of what it means to be 
Taíno, and provides a pathway towards 
self-determination where community 
members obtain the space needed to 
develop their own decision making and 
their own self-identification. Ultimately, 
language reclamation is seen as one of the 
avenues available to shift the balance of 
power towards minority groups and to 
allow them the voices and spaces needed 
to deconstruct the colonial narrative of the 
Taíno community as “extinct”.  

If we apply this same conception to the 
language reclamation efforts of the 
General Council of Taíno (GCT) group, 
another key connection between self-de-
termination and language comes to the 
forefront. The GCT has continuously 
criticized the formal or “textbook” format 
of the Taíno language reconstruction 
project, due to their belief that speaking 
Taíno is a spiritual manner. It is important 
to note that the GCT is not against 
language reclamation efforts – instead, 
they argue towards a linguistic project that 
does not necessarily define orthographical 
or phonetic norms, and instead redefines 
the language within the context of culture. 
As such, their argument has shifted the 
debate on language reclamation from the 
realm of structure towards the sphere of 
cultural reconnection. Here, they highlight 
the importance of language as a defining 
element of ideas, expression, and motives, 

rather than a normative structure. Within 
the GCT framework, each indigenous 
group has the voice to define what falls 
under the umbrella of their language. 

Conclusion
Manuel Forte posits that indigenous 
identities in the Caribbean region are 
constantly being reproduced, rather than 
“invented”.  If we apply his argument to 
the case of Taínos in Puerto Rico, how one 
expresses Taíno culture in 2020 will not be 
the same as in 1492. The Taíno case-study 
of language reclamation demonstrates that 
how one expresses indigeneity is relation-
al, and that the pathways utilized by 
communities to connect to the land and 
culture are constantly shifting. While the 
dominant colonial discourse is that Taíno 
people are extinct, various communities in 
Borikén prove otherwise. Oral societies 
convey and document their culture and 
histories in a range of different ways, such 
as songs, crafts, dances, instruments, and 
constructions.  Although language recla-
mation efforts pose various challenges - 
especially in terms of accessing documen-
tation and debates around different defini-
tions of nationhood – it also brings 
forward a critical step in reshaping the 
construction of what it means to be Taíno.

The experiences lived by communities 
such as the Guaka-Ku (GK), the Liga 
Guakía Taína- Ké (LGTK), the Movimien-
to Indígena Jíbaro Boricua (MIJB), as well 
as several others, provide critical insights 
on the intricate accomplishments and 
challenges of language reclamation efforts 

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Works Cited

(January 20, 2022 / 09:38:40)

122864-1b_CaribbeanQuilt_Vol7_rev.pdf  .17


