Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 75(3): 39-46, 2022 Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/caryologia ISSN 0008-7114 (print) | ISSN 2165-5391 (online) | DOI: 10.36253/caryologia-1611 Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Citation: A Cius, CA Lorscheider, LM Barbosa, AC Prizon, CH Zawadzki, LA Borin-Carvalho, FE Porto, ALB Portela-Castro (2022). Contributions of species Rineloricaria pentamaculata (Loricariidae:Loricariinae) in a kary- oevolutionary context. Caryologia 75(3): 39-46. doi: 10.36253/caryologia-1611 Received: March 28, 2022 Accepted: November 23, 2022 Published: April 5, 2023 Copyright: © 2022 A Cius, CA Lorsc- heider, LM Barbosa, AC Prizon, CH Zawadzki, LA Borin-Car valho, FE Porto, ALB Portela-Castro. This is an open access, peer-reviewed arti- cle published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/caryo- logia) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All rel- evant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. Contributions of species Rineloricaria pentamaculata (Loricariidae:Loricariinae) in a karyoevolutionary context A Cius¹, CA Lorscheider2, LM Barbosa¹, AC Prizon¹, CH Zawadzki3, LA Borin-Carvalho¹, FE Porto4, ALB Portela-Castro1,4 ¹ Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá – Paraná, Brasil 2 Colegiado de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Campus União da Vitória, Praça Coronel Amazônas, s/n, 86400-000, União da Vitória - Paraná, Brasil 3 Departamento de Biologia/Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Mar- ingá – Paraná, Brasil 4 Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Campus Regional do Vale do Ivaí, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Espanha, s/n, 86870-000 Ivaiporã-Paraná, Brasil 5 Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá – Paraná, Brasil *Corresponding author. E-mail: ferpsaparolli@uem.br Abstract. Species of Rineloricaria demonstrate an interesting evolutionary history from a cytogenetic point of view, due to the occurrence of extensive variation in dip- loid number (2n=36 -70 chromosomes), with Robertsonian rearrangements mostly responsible for this karyotypic diversity. In this study we present the karyotypic data for a population of Rineloricaria pentamaculata, collected in the Itiz stream, a tribu- tary of the Paraná River Basin (Paraná, Brazil), which exhibited 2n=56 chromosomes distributed in 8m/sm+48st/a (number fundamental equal to 64) and simple NOR sys- tem revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA probe, silver nitrate and positive C band, located on the first submetacentric chromosome pair (pair 5). In addition, the NOR pair showed a size heteromorphism for this region, rich in GC composition (positive CMA3). Clusters of 5S rDNA were located in 14 chromo- somes and the FISH with a telomeric probe was used to map possible evidence of chromosomal fusions, however, it showed only telomeric sites. These results corrobo- rate the data for the species R. pentamaculata and the genus Rineloricaria, showing that they are similar to most of the populations analyzed. About the cytogenetic data of R. pentamaculata, we reaffirm that most populations were conserved, but in those with derived characteristics, Robertsonian chromosomal rearrangements probably contrib- uted to the karyotypic evolution of the group. Keywords: Rineloricaria, chromosomal rearrangements, cytogenetics, Paraná River Basin, karyotypic evolution. 40 A. Cius et al. INTRODUCTION The subfamily Loricariinae contain 252 valid spe- cies distributed by basins of Central and South Amer- ica, and although morphologically the group is con- sidered monophyletic, taxonomic problems have been reported, for example, the tribe Loricariini several spe- cies have similar descriptions (Costa-Silva 2015; Roxo et al. 2019). The genus Rineloricaria (Bleeker 1982) is the most numerous genus in the subfamily Loricarii- nae (Tribe Loricariini), currently consisting of 78 valid species (Fricke and Eschmeyer et al., 2022), distributed throughout the Neotropical region, from the Panama to Argentina, occupying a wide variety of habitats and with restricted information on genetic diversity (Rodriguez and Reis 2008; Vera-Alcaraz et al. 2012). Rineloricaria is also considered a monophyletic táxon, however, it pre- sents historical taxonomic problems such as some syn- onymous species (Hemiloricaria Bleeker 1862, Ixiandria Regan 1906, Fonchiichtys Isbrücker and Michels 2001 and Leliella Isbrücker, 2001), species complex (R. heter- optera Isbrücker and Nijssen 1976, R. lima Kner 1853, R. cadeae Hensel 1868, R. strigilata Hensel 1868 and R. lanceolata Günther 1868) and doubts about the identity of the genus, due to loss of specimen data from the type locality (Costa-Silva 2015; Covain et al. 2016; Venturelli et al. 2021). Rineloricaria pentamaculata was described by Langeani and Araújo (1994) from specimens collected in the Turvo River (Ourinhos, SP) in the Upper Paraná River basin and has been collected in different environ- ments of the upper Paraná River basin (Table 1). Although cytogenetic studies in Rineloricaria are scarce and were performed in only 16 species (Giuliano- Caetano 1998; Alves et al. 2003; Maia et al. 2010; Rod- rigues 2010; Porto et al. 2011; Rosa et al. 2012; Porto et al. 2014; Ventureli 2014, Primo et al. 2017; Guloski et al 2018, Takagui et al. 2020; Venturelli et al. 2021), these studies have contributed as an important support for studies in species taxonomically complex. Considerable karyotype diversity has been reported in genus, with diploid numbers ranging from 2n=36 in Rineloricaria latirostris (Giuliano-Caetano 1998) to 2n=70 in R. lima (Rosa et al. 2012). In addition, chromosomal polymor- phisms (structural and numerical) were found in six species, called: R. latirostris (Giuliano-Caetano 1998), R. pentamaculata (Porto et al. 2011; Primo et al. 2017), R. lima (Rosa et al. 2012), R. lanceolata (Porto et al. 2014). Robertsoninan chromosomal rearrangements are suggested as the main involved in of karyotypic evolu- tion of Rineloricaria, as they would explain the origin of chromosomal polymorphisms and the extensive numeri- cal and structural chromosomal diversity detected in species of genus (Alves et al. 2005; Porto et al. 2011; Por- to et al. 2014). This hypothesis has been investigated and supported due to evidence of occurrence of these rear- rangements in chromosomes of some species. Cytoge- netic techniques have supported this proposition, such as FISH using 5S rDNA and telomeric probes, showed interstitial telomeric sites (ITS) co-located with 5S rDNA sites on specific chromosomes, in addition to detecting transposable elements associated with sequences of 5S rDNA. (Rosa et al. 2012; Porto et al. 2014; Primo et al. 2017; Guloski et al. 2018). Cytogenetic studies carried out in Rineloricaria pentamaculata show that most populations have con- served characteristics, in relation to karyotype, location and simple NOR system and distribution of constitu- tive heterochromatin. However, in some populations cytogenetic diversity was observed, due to reports of B chromosomes, intrapopulational and interpopulational karyotypic differences, multiple NOR system and vari- ation with respect to the location and amount of chro- mosomes with 5S rDNA sites 5S (Porto et al. 2010- 2011; Venturelli 2014; Primo et al. 2017). This study consists of the cytogenetic characteriza- tion of R. pentamaculata from the Itiz stream (Rio Ivaí sub-basin, Upper Rio Paraná Basin) located in the city of Marialva (Paraná-Brazil), using classical cytogenetic techniques and physical chromosomal mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA, telomeric sequences. Thus, we compile and discuss the cytogenetic data available for the species R. pentamaculata, highlighting the similarities and vari- ations found in the different populations with inferences about karyoevolutionary aspects in this group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytogenetic analysis was conducted on 16 speci- mens (9 females and 7 males) identified as Rineloricaria pentamaculata (NUP 17750 1), collected from the Itiz stream, a small tributary of the Ivaí River (basin of the upper Paraná River, Paraná state, Brazil), Voucher speci- mens were deposited in the Ichthyological Collection of the Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture Research Center (Nupélia) at Maringá State University, Paraná, Brazil. The protocols used in this study were submit- ted and reviewed by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation (Protocol 07/2011) of the Maringá State University. The mitotic chromosomes of R. pentamaculata were obtained from kidney cells as described by Bertollo et al. (1978). Chromosomal banding was performed for detection of constitutive heterochromatin by the C-band 41Contributions of species Rineloricaria pentamaculata (Loricariidae:Loricariinae) in a karyoevolutionary context technique (Sumner 1972) and double staining using the f luorochromes chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and DAPI, according to Schweizer (1976). Nucleolus organizer regions were labeled by silver nitrate (Ag-NO3) staining as described by Howell and Black (1980). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using 18S and 5S rDNA probes was performed based on Pinkel et al (1986). The 18S rDNA probes were obtained from cloned and amplified fragments of Prochilodus argenteus Spix and Agassiz, 1829 (Hatanaka and Galetti 2004), the 5S rDNA probe was isolated from the genomic DNA of Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1850 (Martins and Galetti 1999). In this study, we also used a telomeric DNA probe amplified by PCR, free of DNA, from prim- ers (TTAGGG)n and (CCCTAA)n, based on the method of Ijdo et al. (1991). The rDNA probes were labeled by Nick translation with biotin-16-dUTP and 5S and telo- meric digoxigenin-11-dUTP. Fluorescent signals were detected with avidin-FITC (for 18S rDNA) and with digoxigenin-rhodamine for 5S rDNA probes and telo- meric probe. The metaphases were photographed in an Zeiss Axioskop Microscope with image capture and epifluorescence system. The morphology of the chro- mosomes was established according to the ratio of arms (RB), according to the proportions proposed by Levan et al. (1964), classifying them as metacentric RB from 1.00 to 1.70), submetacentric (RB from 1.71 to 3.00), subtelocentric (RB from 3.01 to 7.00) and acrocentric (RB greater than 7.00). To calculate the fundamental number (NF), metacentric (m) and submetacentric (sm) chromosomes were considered to have two arms, while subtelocentric (st) and acrocentric (a) chromosomes were single-armed. RESULTS The specimens of Rineloricaria pentamaculata had a diploid number of 2n= 56 chromosomes, with 8 m/ sm+48st/a and fundamental number (NF) of 64, in both sexes (Figure 1a). Ag-NOR sites were found the entire short arm of the first pair of subtelo-acrocentric chro- mosomes (pair 5), showed a heteromorphism in the size of the secondary constriction (Figure 1a, in box), con- firmed by FISH with an 18S rDNA probe (Figure 1b). FISH using 5S rDNA probe revealed 14 subtelo/acro- centric chromosomes with sites (pairs: 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 14) located in the terminal regions of these chromo- somes (Figure 1b). Hybridization with a telomeric probe revealed markings in the telomeric regions of all chro- mosomes and absence of interstitial telomeric sites (ITS) (Figure 1c). Few blocks of heterochromatin were detected in some chromosomes, however, the first pair of subtelo/ acrocentric chromosomes presented blocks conspicuous associates the NOR sites (Figure 2d), which also revealed double staining with CMA3 /DAPI and, therefore, rich in CG at the sites Ag-NOR (Figure 2e). DISCUSSION The data obtained in the present study showed simi- larities to those observed for most populations of R. Figure 1. Karyotype for Rineloricaria pentamaculata of the Itiz stream after: a) conventional staining by Giemsa and Ag-NOR located on par Nº 5 (in box); b) double-FISH using 18S rDNA (green) and 5S rDNA (red) probes; c) FISH with telomeric probe. Note the absence of the ITS. Figure 2. Karyotype of Rineloricaria pentamaculata from the Itiz stream showing: d) the heterochromatin distribution pattern after C-banding; e) CMA3/DAPI base-specific profile. 42 A. Cius et al. pentamaculata, in relation to diploid number (2n=56), karyotypic formula (8m/sm+48st/a), fundamental num- ber (NF=64) and simple NOR system located on the first pair of st/a chromosomes (Table 1). However, diver- gent karyotypes were found in the populations from the Upper Paraná basin (PR), that is, 2n=58 e 2n=54 and distinct karyotypic formulas (Table 1). In the popula- tion of R. pentamaculata from the Barra Grande river, Primo et al. (2017) registered a karyomorph B (2n=54) and founded traces of ITS in the centromeric region of a pair of metacentrics (pair 1) suggesting the occurrence of Robertsonian fusion that resulted in the reduction of 2n from 56 to 54 chromosomes. In the population of the Tauá stream (Porto et al. 2011), two karyotypic formu- las were detected and the one with 9m/sm +47st/a origi- nated from 8m/sm + 48st/a, and that meiotic nondis- junction and chromosome fusion mechanisms promoted this karyotypic alteration, besides, B microchromosomes (0-3B) were also described for this population, whose origin has been suggested as centric fragments origi- nated from chromosome rearrangements (Porto et al. 2010; Table 1). Therefore, we suggest that the cytogenetic characteristics detected in the present study and in most populations of R. pentamaculata, be considered a primi- tive condition for the species. In the Loricariidae family, from a cytogenetic point of view, the diploid number of 2n=54 chromosomes has been suggested as a plesiomor- phic characteristic, and that due possible chromosomal rearrangements such as fusions and fissions occurred throughout the evolution of loricariids, promoted the increase and decrease of diploid numbers (Artoni and Bertollo 2001; Kavalco et al. 2005, Mendes-Neto et al. 2011; Alves et al. 2012). Possible promoters of chromosomal rearrangements and consequently of chromosomal polymorphisms were investigated in the species of Rineloricaria. Interstitial telomeric sites (ITS) have been related to the centric fusion events, corroborating the hypothesis that these rearrangements the involvement with changes in karyo- typic formulas, NF and reduction of diploid number in some populations of Rineloricaria, such as in R. lanceo- lata (Porto et al. 2014), R. latirostris (Primo et al. 2017) and in two species from the Iguaçu River (R. cubatoni and R. maackii, in preparation). Primo et al. (2017) con- ducted cytogenetic analysis on a population of R. penta- maculata from the Barra Grande River whose specimens showed diploid number of 2n=54 chromosome with the first metacentric chromosome pair bearer of an ITS. The telomeric sequences located in an interstitial position it has been considered traces of centric fusion occurred between acrocentric chromosomes originating metacen- tric chromosomese with consequent reduction of the diploid number from 56 to 54 chromosomes and altera- tion of karyotypic formula (table 1; Primo et al. 2017). However, even though ITS were not observed in the population of the Itiz stream and the cytogenetic data show conserved characteristics, this method is not suffi- cient to postulate the occurrence of centric fusion chro- mosomal rearrangements. On the other hand, repetitive telomere-like DNA sequences that are components of heterochromatin and located in an interstitial position could be misinterpreted as ITS, these sequences would Table 1. Cytogenetic data available for Rineloricaria pentamaculata. River/Basin/State 2n (NF) Karyotype Formula NOR rDNA 5S Ref Ag-NOR rDNA 18S Taquaral River/ Paranapanema/ SP 58(62) 4m/sm+54st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a pair 3) 10 sites/te 1 Juruba/ Tibagi River/ PR 56(70) 14m/sm+42st/a - te (1th st/a, pair 3) 12 sites/te 2 Barra Grande River/ Ivaí River / PR 56(70)* 14m/sm+42st/a - te (1th st/a, pair 3) 10 sites/te 54(64)** 10m/sm + 44st/a - te (1th st/a, pair 4) 8 sites/te Tauá Stream/ Alto Paraná River basin / PR 56(65) 9m/sm+47st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a) - 3 56(64) 8m/sm+48st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a) - Tatupeba River/ Alto Paraná River basin PR 56(64) 8m/sm+48st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a) and 4th st/a) - Keller River/ Alto Paraná River basin / PR 56(64) 8m/sm+48st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a) - Jacucaca River/ Alto Paraná River basin / PR 56(64) 8m/sm+48st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a) 12 sites 4 Água do Oito Stream/Tibagi River/ Alto Paraná River 56(64) 8m/sm+48st/a te (1th st/a) - - 5 Quexada River/ Alto Paraná River / PR 56(64) 8m/sm+48st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a) 12 sites 6 Itiz stream/ Ivaí River / Alto Paraná River PR 56(64) 8m/sm+48st/a te (1th st/a) te (1th st/a) 14 sites/te 7 Subtitles: 2n: diploid number; NF: fundamental number; m: metacentric; sm: submetacentric; st: subtelocentric; a: acrocentric; te: terminal; SP: São Paulo; PR: Paraná; Ref: references: 1- Rodrigues 2010; 2- Primo et al. 2017: * karyomorph A and ** Karyomorph B;.3- Porto et al. 2011; 4- Maia et al. 2010 and Venturelli 2014; 5-Maia et al. 2010; 6-Venturelli 2014; 7- Present study. 43Contributions of species Rineloricaria pentamaculata (Loricariidae:Loricariinae) in a karyoevolutionary context not be involved with centric fusion events (Meyne et al. 1990; Ocalewicz 2013; Bolzán 2017). In addition to ITS, other repetitive DNA sequences are considered hotspot for chromosomal rearrange- ments, contributing to the understanding of the karyo- typic diversity of the genus. In R. lima, 5S rDNA sites associated with TTAGGGn were observed in centro- meric position in some meta-submetacentric chromo- somes suggesting as susceptible sites for chromosomal breaks (Rosa et al. 2012). Glugoski et al. (2018) found transposable elements associated with 5S rDNA sites and TTAGGGn sequences in a population of R. lati- rostris (river of Pedras, Ventania-PR Brazil) and that these elements are probably also involved with chro- mosomal rearrangements and the karyotypic variabil- ity of the species. However, transposable elements were not observed associated with repetitive regions of the genome (5S rDNA and/or TTAGGGn) in populations of R. latirostris (Laranjinha river, Ventania-PR Brazil), R. pentamaculata, R. stellata and R. capitonia (Primo et al. 2018) and this presente study, such analysis was not performed. Thus, the expansion of molecular cytogenetic studies in the genus are essential for the better under- standing of the types of rearrangements that caused chromosomal variability, as well as the mechanisms involved in the karyotypic evolution of Rineloricaria. The simple NOR system located in the terminal position of the first pair of subtelo-acrocentric chromo- somes is a conserved characteristic among the popula- tions of the species and Rineloricaria genus, and was also detected in the present study (Alves et al. 2003; Rodri- gues 2010; Maia et al. 2010; Porto et al. 2011; Rosa et al. 2012; Porto et al. 2014; Primo et al. 2017; Venturelli et al. 2021), except for R. pentamaculata from the Tatupeba stream, which showed NOR system multiple with two pairs of subtelo-acrocentric chromosomes containing 18S rDNA sites, one of the pairs being the first pair of subte- lo-acrocentric chromosomes (Porto et al. 2011; Table 1). The NOR phenotype detected in the present study and in most populations of R. pentamaculata and in other species of Rineloricaria indicates an origin from a com- mon ancestor. In the Loricariidae most species, showed that the simple NOR system located in terminal position and constitutive heterochromatin generally associated with this region are suggested as an ancestor phenotype. (Júlio-Jr 1994; Artoni and Bertollo 1996; Ribeiro et al. 2015; Prizon et al. 2016; Venturelli et al. 2021). However, in species of Loricariidae with multiple NOR system and the occurrence of B chromosomes, these characteristics were considered apomorphic. (Artoni and Bertolo 1996; Artoni and Bertolo et al. 2001; Kavalco et al. 2005; Porto et al. 2010-2011; Rubert et al. 2016). Likewise, spécimens of R. pentamaculata from the Itiz stream showed similarity to other cytogenetic stud- ies in the pattern of constitutive heterochromatin dis- tribution (Maia et al. 2010; Porto et al. 2011; Venturelli 2014; Primo et al. 2017). The association of constitu- tive heterochromatin and NOR, detected in the present study, has been frequently reported in fish and shared by all species of Rineloricaria has been interpreted as a synapomorphic trait and comes from a common ances- tor. (Giuliano-Caetano 1998; Porto et al. 2011; Venturel- li et al. 2021). In addition to corroborating the data on the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in R. pentamaculata, we show the composition of CG-rich heterochromatin (CMA3 positive) and emphasize the importance of descriptive and comparative cytogenetics. Furthermore, it is observed that most species of Rinelori- caria, especially R. pentamacula, exhibited low consti- tutive heterochromatin profiles, with a varied distribu- tion being found in the interstitial and pericentromeric regions, occupying low portions of the long or short chromosome arms (Primo et al. 2017). Physical mapping of 5S rDNA sequences in spe- cies of Rineloricaria, especially in R. pentamaculata, has increased since 2011 and of the 11 cytogenetically characterized species, seven presented studies of 5S rDNA sites, showing variation in location and quantity (7 to 14 sites, table 1). For the genus Rineloricaria, these regions are evidenced in more than one pair of chromo- somes (Rosa et al. 2012; Primo et al. 2017; Glugoski et al. 2018; Venturelli et al. 2021), however, it is not possible to establish a pattern, suggesting that these sites is a spe- cies-specific character. Information on diploid number and 5S rDNA distribution, has been used as a support to distinguish species of Rineloricaria that are morphologi- cally similar, with difficulties in characterizing and vali- dating the taxonomic status of the species. (Venturelli et al, 2021). A hypothesis that could explain the multiple sites of 5S rDNA detected in species of Rineloricaria is that tranposable elements promoted the dispersion of cop- ies of these genes throughout the genomes (Primo et al. 2018; Glugoski et al. 2018). Furthermore, according to Glugoski et al. (2018) in R. latirostris, showed multiple degenerate 5S rDNA, would be involved with the inser- tion of the transposable element hAT. Unequal crosso- ver has been suggested to explain the existence of these degenerate sequences, establishing a breakpoint region susceptible to chromosome breakage, non-homologous recombination and Robertsonian fusion (Rb), and thus corroborating the hypothesis that both 5S rDNA sites and transposable elements may be involved with chro- mosomal polymorphisms and the karyotypic variability 44 A. Cius et al. observed in Rineloricaria (Glugoski et al. 2018). Therefore, the present study contributes to aggregate and stimulate cytogenetic studies in the species Rinelori- caria pentamaculata and others species of Rineloricaria. Futhermore, we postulate that the diploid number of 2n=56, karyotypic formula 8m/sm + 44st/a, NF=64 and simple NOR system located in the first pair of ts/a chro- mosomes reinforcing this chromosomal structure as rep- resentative of this species and probably, a plesiomorphic condition for R. pentamaculata. On the other hand, for those populations that presented apomorphic cytogenet- ic characteristics (Tauá and Tatupeba streams and Barra Grande river, Table 1), Robertsonian rearrangements could have caused these variations, and that 5S rDNA sequences and the transposable elements promoted these rearrangements, contributing for the karyotypic evolu- tion to the species. 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Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Volume 75, Issue 3 - 2022 Firenze University Press Chromosome Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in the Picasso Triggerfish (Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Family Balistidae by Classical and Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques Kamika Sribenja1, Alongklod Tanomtong1, Nuntaporn Getlekha2,* Chromosome number of some Satureja species from Turkey Esra Kavcı1, Esra Martin1, Halil Erhan Eroğlu2,*, Fatih Serdar Yıldırım3 L-Ascorbic acid modulates the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of salinity in barley meristem cells by regulating mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations Selma Tabur1,*, Nai̇me Büyükkaya Bayraktar2, Serkan Özmen1 Characterization of the chromosomes of sotol (Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel.) using cytogenetic banding techniques Kristel Ramírez-Matadamas1, Elva Irene Cortés-Gutiérrez2, Sergio Moreno-Limón2, Catalina García-Vielma1,* Contributions of species Rineloricaria pentamaculata (Loricariidae:Loricariinae) in a karyoevolutionary context A Cius¹, CA Lorscheider2, LM Barbosa¹, AC Prizon¹, CH Zawadzki3, LA Borin-Carvalho¹, FE Porto4, ALB Portela-Castro1,4 Cadmium induced genotoxicity and antioxidative defense system in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotype Durre Shahwar1,2,*, Zeba Khan3, Mohammad Yunus Khalil Ansari1 Biogenic synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles using Melissa officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. extracts and evaluation of their biosafety potential Denisa Manolescu1,2, Georgiana Uță1,2,*, Anca Șuțan3, Cătălin Ducu1, Alin Din1, Sorin Moga1, Denis Negrea1, Andrei Biță4, Ludovic Bejenaru4, Cornelia Bejenaru5, Speranța Avram2 Polyploid cytotypes and formation of unreduced male gametes in wild and cultivated fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) 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