Figure 1:
 Community of Inquiry Framework (Source: Garrison 2016; 2017)




Table 1:
The Distinction between Traditional Classroom Learning and E-Learning
	
	Traditional Classroom Learning
	E-Learning

	Advantages 
	· Immediate feedback
· Being familiar to both instructors and learners
· Motivating students
· Cultivation of a social community
	· Learner-centered and self-paced
· Time and location flexibility
· Cost-effective
· Potentially available to global audience
· Unlimited access to knowledge
· Archival capacity for knowledge reuse and sharing

	Disadvantages 
	· Instructor-centered
· Time and location constraints
· More expensive to deliver
	· Lack immediate feedback in asynchronous e-learning
· Increased preparation time for the instructor
· Not comfortable for some 
· Potentially more frustration, anxiety, and confusion


(Source: Zhang, Zhao, Zhou, & Nunamaker 2004, p.76)




Table 2:
 Survey Item Table Specification
	Construct
	Sub-issue
	Survey Item 
	Note
	Cronbach’s Alpha

	1
	Engagement in online learning – pre-pandemic
	1-3
(3 items)
	No Cronbach’s alpha calculation as it belongs to those yielding nominal or textual data
	-

	2
	Engagement in online learning – during the pandemic (focus on general IT)  
	4-9
(6 items)
	Cronbach’s alpha calculation performed to see internal consistency
	0.69


	3
	Engagement in Synchronous-asynchronous Writing online course
	10-15
(6 items)
	Cronbach’s alpha calculation performed to see internal consistency (excluding one item with yes/no answer)
	0.84


	4
	Learning environment prepared for the Writing online course (materials, assignment, assessment etc.)
	16-21
(6 items)
	Cronbach’s alpha calculation performed to see internal consistency
	0.68


	5
	Learning environment for online vs. face-to face modes
	22-24
(3 items)
	
	0.67


	6
	Learning environment focusing on group work 
	25-29
(5 items)
	
	0.79

	Average Cronbach’s Alpha Value
	0.73





Table 3:
 Online Learning Glitches (IT and non-IT Oriented)
	Statements
	Negative Perception
	Positive Perception
	Mean*

	
	SD
	D
	A
	SA
	

	C2.1 Not having a good internet connection is my problem in joining Writing-A online course.
	7
	14
	18
	4
	2.44

	
	16.28%%
	32.56%
	41.86%
	9.30%
	

	C2.2 Not having enough internet quota is my problem in joining Writing-A online course. 
	11
	11
	13
	8
	2.42

	
	25.58%
	25.58%
	30.23%
	18.60%
	

	C2.3 Not having a computer / laptop is my problem in joining Writing-A online course. 
	14
	15
	9
	5
	2.12

	
	32.56%
	34.88%
	20.93%
	11.63%
	

	C2.4 The specification of my computer / laptop cannot support the online learning properly.
	9
	18
	10
	6
	2.30

	
	20.93%
	41.86%
	23.26%
	13.95%
	

	C2.5 Managing time is my problem in joining Writing-A online course.
	9
	15
	16
	3
	2.30

	
	20.93%
	34.88%
	37.21%
	6.98%
	

	C2.6 Not having a conducive learning environment at home or my boarding house is my problem in joining Writing-A online course.
	10
	13
	15
	5
	2.35

	
	23.26%
	30.23%
	34.88%
	11.63%
	


Note: SD: Strongly Disagree; D: Disagree; A: Agree; SA: Strongly Agree
         * A 4-point Likert scale




Table 4:
 Synchronous-Asynchronous Perception
	Statements
	Negative Perception
	Positive Perception
	Mean*

	
	SD
	D
	A
	SA
	

	C3.1 I joined the scheduled synchronous sessions actively. 
	0
	4
	25
	14
	3.23

	
	0%
	9.30%
	58.14%
	32.56%
	

	C3.2 Apart from the synchronous session, I also did asynchronous session to see any new announcement. 
	0
	3
	26
	14
	3.26

	
	0%
	6.98%
	60.47%
	32.56%
	

	C3.3 Apart from the synchronous session, I also did asynchronous session to see/read the posted materials. 
	0
	4
	26
	13
	3.21

	
	0%
	9.30%
	60.47%
	30.23%
	

	C3.4 Apart from the synchronous session, I also did asynchronous session to review what has been discussed during synchronous session by looking back at the forum or chat facilities. 
	2
	4
	26
	11
	3.07

	
	4.65%
	9.30%
	60.47%
	25.58%
	

	C3.5 Apart from the synchronous session, I also had a small discussion with classmates. 
	0
	3
	21
	19
	3.37


	
	0%
	6.98%
	48.84%
	44.19%
	


Note: SD: Strongly Disagree; D: Disagree; A: Agree; SA: Strongly Agree
         * A 4-point Likert scale




Table 5:
Writing-A Online Course Learning Environment
	Statements
	Negative Perception
	Positive Perception
	Mean*

	
	SD
	D
	A
	SA
	

	C4.1 The assignments given helped me understand the writing materials better.
	0
	1
	20
	22
	3.49

	
	0%
	2.23%
	48.51%
	51.16%
	

	C4.2 The feedback I received from my teacher helped me improve my writing.
	0
	1
	16
	26
	3.58

	
	0%
	2.33%
	37.21%
	60.46%
	

	C4.3 Writing reflective journals helped me improve my writing
	0
	2
	16
	25
	3.53

	
	0%
	4.65%
	37.21%
	58.14%
	

	C4.4 I got enough materials to learn Writing-A from my teacher.
	0
	2
	21
	20
	3.42

	
	0%
	4.65%
	48.84%
	46.51%
	

	C4.5 Apart from materials I got from my teacher, I also tried to get additional online resources to learn the materials on my own.
	3
	3
	26
	11
	3.05

	
	6.98%
	6.98%
	60.47%
	25.58%
	

	C4.6 I was encouraged to reflect on my learning.
	0
	3
	26
	14
	3.26

	
	0%
	6.98%
	60.47%
	32.56%
	


Note: SD: Strongly Disagree; D: Disagree; A: Agree; SA: Strongly Agree
         * A 4-point Likert scale



Table 6:
Learning Environment (Online vs. Face-to face Modes)
	Statements
	Negative Perception
	Positive Perception
	Mean*

	
	SD
	D
	A
	SA
	

	C5.1. Compared to during pandemic, I mastered the materials more when joining face-to-face classroom instruction.
	2
	5
	22
	14
	3.12

	
	4.65%
	11.63%
	51.16%
	32.56%
	

	C5.2. Compared to during pandemic, I communicated with my friends and teacher better when joining face-to-face classroom instruction.
	1
	4
	23
	15
	3.21

	
	2.33%
	9.30%
	53.49%
	34.88%
	

	C5.3. Compared to during pandemic, I got to know my friends more when joining face-to-face classroom instruction. 
	1
	4
	19
	19
	3.31

	
	2.33%
	9.30%
	44.19%
	44.19%
	


Note: SD: Strongly Disagree; D: Disagree; A: Agree; SA: Strongly Agree
         * A 4-point Likert scale



Table 7:
Learning Environment (Small Group Oriented)
	Statements
	Negative Perception
	Positive Perception
	Mean*

	
	SD
	D
	A
	SA
	

	C6.1 I had my own small group to discuss the assignments. 
	3
	5
	21
	14
	3.07

	
	6.98%
	11.63%
	48.84%
	32.56%
	

	C6.2 During the small group discussion, I got assisted by my classmates. 
	2
	7
	23
	11
	3

	
	4.65%
	16.28%
	53.49%
	25.58%
	

	C6.3 During the small group discussion, I assisted my classmates. 
	1
	10
	20
	12
	3

	
	2.33%
	23.26%
	46.51%
	27.91%
	

	C6.4 Joining Writing-A online course improved my life skills.
	1
	3
	21
	18
	3.3

	
	2.33%
	6.98%
	48.84%
	41.86%
	


Note: SD: Strongly Disagree; D: Disagree; A: Agree; SA: Strongly Agree
         * A 4-point Likert scale