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of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

Biopharmaceutical characteristics 

of autologous red blood cells 

ghosts containing cytokines and 

antibiotics 

 

Zhaxybay Zhumadilov1, Kulzhan 

Berikkhanova1, Zarina Shulgau1, 

Alexander Gulyayev1, Zanybek 

Bokebayev2, Nadiyar Mussin2, 

Talgat Nurgozhin1 

 
1Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev 

University, Astana, Kazakhstan; 2Astana 

Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan

 

Vol. 2, Suppl. (2013)   |   ISSN 2166-7403 (online)    

DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2013.103   |   http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

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ZHUMADILOV 

 

 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. 

 

This journal is published by the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh as part  

of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press. 

 

Central Asian Journal of Global Health 

Volume 2, Suppl. (2013)  |  ISSN 2166-7403 (online)  |  DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2013.103  |  http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

  

 

Abstract 

Introduction: Transport systems based on autologous red blood cells for targeted drug delivery can be considered as a promising 

approach in the treatment of surgical infections. Experimental studies have revealed the feasibility of targeted drug delivery by 

encapsulation of cytokines and antibiotics into autologous erythrocyte ghosts. 

 

Purpose: To study biopharmaceutical characteristics of autologous erythrocyte ghosts containing cytokines and antibiotics 

(pharmacocytes).  

 

Material and methods: The erythrocyte pharmacocytes were prepared by the hypotonic hemolysis method, or  the use of human 

red blood cells. The association and dissociation indicators of rifampicin and cytokine substances with the erythrocyte ghosts 

were conducted using standard methods. 

 

Results: We have defined the following extracellular concentrations to be optimal for deposition of drug substances into 

pharmacocytes: for rifampicin – 10 000 μ/ml,  erythropoietin - 1000 IU / ml, TNF-a - 5000 IU / ml, IL-1-β - 5000 U / ml, IFN-γ - 

10 000ME / ml, IL-2 - 50 000 IU / ml, angiogenin - 0.04 mg / ml. Two types of correlations of cytokines and pharmacocytes 

were identified. In this study, we found that 40-60 % of the erythropoietin, IFN- γ and angiogenin were bound to red blood cells 

ghosts, more than 10% of which were bound irreversibly.   For TNF-a,  IL-1-β and IL-2, the red blood cells ghosts were capable 

of binding and depositing within 10-20 % of the input extracellular concentration, and these bindings were almost completely 

reversible. The rifampicin was bound by red blood cells ghosts with 5 % efficiency and also completely reversibly. 

 

Conclusion: The study has shown the effectiveness of inclusion of the studied components, such as erythropoietin, IFN-γ and 

angiogenin into the red blood cells ghosts, with significant efficiency (40-60 %). It presents the potential of using this system in 

targeted delivery of cytokines and antibiotics for treatment of surgical infections, thus facilitating the reduction in toxicity and 

adverse systemic effects of drugs and improving the treatment results. 

Keywords: autologous red blood cells, cytokines, antibiotics 

 

 

 

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