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Publication Productivity in Central 
Asia and Countries of the Former 
Soviet Union 

 
Shalkar Adambekov1, Sholpan 
Askarova2, Sharon C. Welburn1, 
Sharon L. Goughnour4, Ayumi 
Konishi3, Ronald LaPorte1, Faina 
Linkov4 

 
1Graduate School of Public Health, 
University of Pittsburgh, 2National 
Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev 
University, 3East Asia Department, Asia 
Development Bank, 4Department of 
Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive 
Sciences, Magee-Womens Research 
Institute  

 
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ADAMBEKOV 
 

 
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Abstract 

Introduction. Despite the significant number of research institutions and rich scientific heritage, published research from Central 
Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) is traditionally underrepresented in international 
scientific literature. The goal of this paper was to analyze publication patterns in Central Asian countries, and to explore the 
factors that contributed to the publication productivity in Kazakhstan.  
Methods. Publication  productivity was evaluated using data generated by the SCImago Journal & Country Rank over the period 
of 1996-2014 for all of the 15 former Soviet Union Republics for all subject categories. Country specific data, including total 
population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, research and development (R&D) expenditure (% of GDP), number of 
reserchers (per million people), was abstracted from World Bank data. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses compared the mean 
number of publications among Central Asian countries. Separate analyses was done for publication patterns in the health 
sciences. Multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey method 
Results. The analysis of publication productivity showed significant discrepancies in the number of published documents among 
the Central Asian countries. Kazakhstan demonstrated a significant increase in the number of published documents in the period 
of 1996-2014, mainly in the areas of natural and multidisciplinary sciences. Our analyses also showed that the number of 
publications are siginicantly associated with GDP and population size.  
Conclusions. We identified large gaps in publication productivity among the Central Asian countries. The association between 
publication rate with GDP and population size indicates there is a need to adjust for these factors when planning research policy.  

Keywords: Publication productivity, scientific publications, Central Asia, Kazakhstan 

Publication Productivity in Central 
Asia and Countries of the Former 
Soviet Union 

Shalkar Adambekov1, Sholpan 
Askarova2, Sharon C. Welburn1, 
Sharon Goughnour4, Ayumi Konishi3, 
Ronald LaPorte1, Faina Linkov4 

 
1Graduate School of Public Health, 
University of Pittsburgh, 2National 
Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 
3East Asia Department, Asia Development 
Bank, 4Department of Obstetrics, 
Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, 
Magee-Womens Research Institute  
  

Research 

Scientific research conducted in Central Asia is 
underrepresented in the international scientific 
literature. Central Asia is the region consisting of the 
former Soviet Union Republics of Kazakhstan, 
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. 
All of these countries gained independence after the 
dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Despite their 
ethnic and economic diversity, all of the “stans” share 
common cultural and historical roots.1 The economic 
crisis that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union 
led to the degradation of the established Soviet Era 
scientific research infrastructure, leaving researchers 
struggling to compete in  a more opened and integrated 
scientific world.2-4  

As with most other former Soviet Republics, 
much of the research conducted in Central Asia is 
government controlled, and research articles are mainly 

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published in local periodicals in the Russian language. 
These periodicals are generally unknown outside the 
former Soviet Union and are not cross referenced in 
research databases commonly used by global scientists, 
such as Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, etc. 
Therefore, scientific research from these countries is 
underrepresented in the international literature, despite 
notable achievements in the fundamental areas of 
science, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, etc.5  
Therefore, the aim of this manuscript was to examine 
publication productivity of the Central Asian region by 
analyzing the number of articles published by each 
country for the past two decades. Given that the crude 
number of publications and citation indexes are almost 
uniformly utilized as the major criteria for publication 
productivity evaluation both within and across 
countries,6 our study fills an important gap in our 
understanding of publication productivity in Central 
Asia.  

Since most of the journals in Central Asian 
countries are available in print only and not indexed in 
any major databases,5,7 only articles that are accessible 
to global scientists and indexed in Scopus were 
analyzed.  Consequently, the data for this study was 
obtained by analyzing information generated by the 
SCImago Journal & Country Rank.8 This online 
software provides a free and easy to access tool for 
comparing the total number of existing Scopus 
referenced journals, publications, and research areas of 
various countries in different scientific disciplines for 
the period from 1996 to 2014.  

Detailed analyses of publication productivity 
trends in Kazakhstan and Central Asia have not been 
performed to date, a significant gap that our research is 
aiming to close. The goal of this study was to perform a 
retrospective analysis of publication patterns in Central 
Asian countries between 1996 and 2014 and provide a 
foundation for improving publication productivity in the 
region. 

 

Methods 

Data on the number of publications and the 
number of journals existing in the region was collected 
from SCImago Journal & Country Rank.8 We analyzed 
country rankings and the number of published 
documents for the period of 1996-2014 in the subject 
areas of “All” and “Medicine.” Data from “Country 
search” was collected for 15 former Soviet Union 
Republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, 
Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, 
Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, 
and Uzbekistan). Analysis of subject area “Medicine” 
was performed on countries of the Central Asian region, 
including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, 
Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan in the following 
categories: “Medicine,” “Public health, environmental 
and occupational health,” and “Epidemiology.” The 
number of journals published in each of the 15 post-
Soviet Republics was identified through “Journal 
search” option in the SCImago Journal & Country Rank 
database.  

Data analysis 

Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data.  
Latest available complete data on gross domestic 
product (GDP) per capita, based on purchasing power 
parity (PPP), research and development (R&D) 
expenditure (% of GDP),  total population in the country 
(population size), and number of researchers in R&D 
were collected from the World Bank9 for each country 
included in the study. Number of publications, GDP, 
and population size were log transformed. One-way 
ANOVA analyses compared mean numbers of 
publications of Central Asian countries, and ANCOVA 
was used to compare the mean numbers of publications 
of Central Asian countries after controlling for GDP and 
population size. Multiple comparisons were performed 
using Tukey method. All analyses were conducted in 
SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). 

 

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Results 

Of the former 15 Soviet Union Republics, 
Russia and Ukraine produced the highest number of 
Scopus referenced documents in the subject area “All” 
for the period of 1996-2014, publishing 701,029 and 
133,650 manuscripts, respectively. Of the remaining 13 
countries, Lithuania produced the most publications 
with 32,137 articles (Table 1). Central Asian countries 
published the lower number of publications compared to 
other former Soviet Union Republics, with Kazakhstan 
leading the Central Asian region with 9,652 published 
articles. Turkmenistan has the lowest number of 
publications referenced by Scopus in Central Asian 
region with 284 documents produced during the period 
of 1996-2014.  

 

Table 1. Absolute and population adjusted publication 
rates for 15 former Soviet Union countries for 1996-
2014 

 

While publication productivity patterns are 
similar across the Central Asian region in 1990s and 
2000s, Kazakhstan demonstrated a major increase in the 
number of publications starting in 2012 (Figure 1). 
There was a significant difference among countries in 
the mean number of publications from 1996 to 2014 
(F=180.61, p<0.0001). Further analysis showed that the 
mean number of publications was not significantly 
different between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; however, 
publication rates were significantly different when 
Kazakhtan and Uzbekistan were compared as a group to 
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, which had 
the lowest mean number of publications of all the 
Central Asian countries at alpha level of 0.05.The 
breakdown by year shows an increase in the overall 
number of publications starting in 2012, where 
Kazakhstani authors published 818 scientific papers in 

2012, 1,690 in 2013, and 2,032 in 2014. Kazakhstan’s 
contribution to the world’s scientific literature increased 
from 0.03% in 2012 to 0.08% in 2014.  

 

Figure 1. General scientific publications trends of 
Central Asian countries for 1996-2014 

 

The major contributors to the productivity 
growth are “Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular 
Biology,” “Engineering,” “Multidisciplinary,” and 
“Physics and Astronomy” (Figure 2). Interestingly, 
publications in the subject area “Medicine” contributed 
only 7% of all the publications produced by Kazakhstan 
during the study period, whereas in the US this 
percentage was 27%. Overall, according to the 
SCImago ranking of scientific contribution to health 
related disciplines, Kazakhstan ranks 126th out of 235 in 
“Medicine,” 119th in “Public health, environmental and 
occupational health” out of 223, and 91st in 
“Epidemiology” out of 216 countries with publications 
in the respective fields.  

 

Figure 2. Change in the number of publications by 
subject area in Kazakhstan for 1996-2014 

 

From the World Bank data, we can see that 
Central Asian countries have the lowest expenditures on 
R&D ranging from 0.12% in Tajikistan to 0.16% in 
Kazakhstan. In comparison, Russia, Ukraine, and Latvia 
spent 1.09%, 0.74%, and 0.7%, respectively, on R&D 
(Table 1). Our analyses showed that GDP and 
population size are significantly associated with mean 
number of publications for Central Asian countries 
(p<0.0001). According to World Bank data, Russia, 
Ukraine, and Latvia have the highest number of 
individuals involved in the scientific research, as well as 
the  number of published papers per 100,000 population   
(Table 1) in the post-Soviet region.  

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Discussion 

Our analysis demonstrated that publication 
productivity is vastly different among post-Soviet 
Republics, being relatively low in the Central Asian 
countries. Among Central Asian countries, the number 
of publications from Kazakhstan has surged, reaching 
2,032 publications in 2014 and 9,632 publications total 
from 1996 to 2014. However, these numbers are still 
relatively low compared to other former Soviet Union 
Republics such as Russia or Ukraine. This poses a 
significant problem for the global recognition of 
publication productivity and scientific credibility of 
scientists in Central Asia, as Scopus referenced 
publications are oftentimes used as a measure of 
scientific productivity of scientists in various regions.  

A complete analysis of factors associated with 
differences in publication rates is difficult to produce as 
publication productivity is driven by complex and 
multifactorial influences. According to previously 
published research, the major factors that hinder 
productivity in developing countries are insufficient 
funding, low familiarity with foreign languages (i.e. 
English, in particular), lack of dedicated research 
centers and international peer-reviewed journals, limited 
experience with the process of publishing papers in 
international journals, and insufficient training in the 
research methods.10,11  

One of the biggest strengths of this study is the 
ability to comprehensively look at the publication 
record of the entire Central Asian region over a period 
of two decades. This approach allows us to objectively 
evaluate publication trends for multiple disciplines. The 
limitations of this approach are that it is impossible to 
evaluate trends prior to 1994, and we are relying on one 
measure of scientific productivity (publications cross 
referenced in Scopus).  

Another major factor affecting the researchers’ 
productivity in Kazakhstan and other Central Asian 

countries is the transition from the Soviet style 
education and centralized scientific infrustructure 
system into a more modern and less centralized model 
of science and education.12 Kazakhstan, for example, 
has become a full member of Bologna Process in 
2010.13 According to the UNESCO Institute for 
Statistics,14 the number of people with a Bachelor or 
equivalent degree was 23.1% in Kazakhstan, 0.7% in 
Kyrgyzstan, 15.2% in Tajikistan, and 15.9% in 
Turkmenistan. However, since proficiency in foreign 
languages is not required by higher education 
institutions of Central Asia, most of the established 
researchers in post-Soviet Republics struggle to produce 
high quality English language papers.5,15  

The economic status as well as country 
population size is important factors that could impact 
publication productivity and quality. As previously 
reported, quality of research in developing countries has 
been found to be dependent on funding available to 
conduct scientific research.16 In our model, GDP and 
population size were significantly associated with the 
mean number of publications in the countries under 
investigation, which suggest that there is need to adjust 
for these factors when planning research policy. 

Another important factor is the number of 
international peer-reviewed journals published by each 
country. For example, according to SCImago database 
in 2012, Russia, Ukraine, and Lithuania have the largest 
number of Scopus recognized journals with 230, 37, and 
38 titles respectively, whereas there are only two 
Scopus recognized journals, Eurasian Chemico-
Technological Journal (eurasianchemtech.vub.ac.be) 
and Eurasian Mathematical Journal (emj.enu.kz), in the 
remaining Central Asian countries, and both are 
published in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has recently been 
pushing to increase its publication rate with the addition 
of its own scientific journal, the Central Asian Journal 
of Global Health (cajgh.pitt.edu), which was introduced 
in 2012.17 Starting new peer reviewed English language 
journals could be the best route for encouraging other 

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countries to develop and advance their own publishing 
capacity. While this study was not able to capture all 
factors that may potentially play a role in publication 
productivity of the regions we explored, including 
region specific insentives for publication, availability of 
grnat support, etc,  this study was one fo the first 
attempts to analyze a complex and underinvestigated 
problem.   

After continued lack of focus on research and 
development which plagued the former Soviet Union 
Republics in the 1990s, Central Asian countries are 
rebuilding their scientific capacity.13 To our knowledge, 
Kazakhstan is emerging as a leader in publication 
productivity in Central Asia as the result of establishing 
research and development as one of the major goals of 
national policy. The change in the degree awarding 
criteria for graduate degrees, effective from early 2011, 
is an example of such reforms.13 According to the new 
regulations, a candidate for a PhD degree in Kazakhstan 
must publish at least one document in a non-zero impact 
factor journal included in ISI Web of Knowledge 
(Thomson Reuters) or in a journal cited in the Scopus 
database.18 We believe that this is the main reason for 
the dramatic increase in the number of publications 
from Kazakhstani researchers which occurred in 2012. 
As a result, we assume that there is an opportunity to 
increase the publication rate by introducing new and 
effective regulations and policies, which can reinforce 
the necessity of publishing scientific developments in 
international journals. In addition to publication 
productivity, our future studies need to explore 
scientific information dissemination in the region, as 
these two concepts may be closely related.  

Despite the low number of publications in 
several areas including Public Health and Medicine, the 
number of articles published in the international 
journals by Kazakhstani authors has significantly 
increased, whereas other Central Asian countries 
demonstrated only a slight increase in publication rates. 
Consequently, we can assume that policies introduced to 

increase the publication rate of Kazakhstani researchers 
had a positive effect. However, we need to consider that 
the number of publications is still low compared to 
other former Soviet Union Republics, and, as a result, 
more efficient and effective actions are needed to 
increase the number of publications in Kazakhstan and 
Central Asia in general. We would like to suggest that 
with improved policies and increased incentives for 
publishing in English language peer-reviewed journals 
for Central Asian scientists, we can expect an increase 
in the number of publications coming from the region. 

 

Acknowledgements 

Authors express their gratitude to Nazarbayev 
University for providing the grant to complete this 
research. 

 

Conflicts of interest  

The authors report no conflicts of interest. 

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of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press. 

 
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http://www.upress.pitt.edu/upressIndex.aspx
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Table 1. Absolute and population adjusted publication rates for 15 former Soviet Union 

countries for 1996-2014 

Country 

Number of 

published 

documents per 

country* 

Population, 

total** 

GDP per 

capita, PPP 

(constant 

international 

$)*** 

Research and 

development 

expenditure 

(% of 

GDP)*** 

Researchers 

in R&D (per 

million 

people)*** 

Number of 

published 

documents 

per 100,000 

population* 

Armenia 11,741 3,006,154 6,803 0.27 n/a 391 

Azerbaijan 9,048 9,537,823 15,754 0.21 n/a 95 

Belarus 28,941 9,470,000 16,603 0.70 n/a 306 

Estonia 25,458 1,313,645 23,576 2.37 3,485 1938 

Georgia 9,821 4,504,100 6,322 n/a n/a 218 

Kazakhstan 9,652 17,289,111 20,772 0.16 652 56 

Kyrgyzstan 1,318 5,834,200 2,921 0.16 n/a 23 

Latvia 14,403 1,990,351 19,405 0.70 1,904 724 

Lithuania 32,137 2,929,323 22,530 0.92 2,756 1097 

Moldova 5,506 3,556,400 4,179 0.40 781 155 

Russia 701,029 143,819,569 22,570 1.09 3,120 487 

Tajikistan 1,118 8,295,840 2,229 0.12 n/a 13 

Turkmenistan 284 5,307,188 11,361 n/a n/a 5 

Ukraine 133,650 45,362,900 8,282 0.74 1,253 295 

Uzbekistan 8,719 30,742,500 4,412 n/a 534 28 

*SCImago Journal and Country rank, 2014 

**The World Bank, 2014 

*** The World Bank, 2011 

 

  

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Figure 1. General scientific publications trends of Central Asian countries for 1996-2014 

 
  

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Figure 2. Change in the number of publications by subject area in Kazakhstan for 1996-

2014 

 

 

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	Publication Productivity in Central Asia and Countries of the Former Soviet Union
	Abstract
	Keywords: Publication productivity, scientific publications, Central Asia, Kazakhstan
	Publication Productivity in Central Asia and Countries of the Former Soviet Union
	Research

