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Trends in the leading causes of 
childhood mortality from 2004 to 
2016 in Qatar 

 
Mohammed Al-Thani, Al-Anoud 
Al-Thani, Amine Toumi, 
ShamsEldin Khalifa, Muhammad 
Asif Ijaz, Hammad Akram 
 
Ministry of Public Health, State of Qatar 

 

 
Vol. 7, No. 1 (2018)   |   ISSN 2166-7403 (online)  
DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2018.334 |   http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

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Central Asian Journal of Global Health 
Volume 7, No. 1 (2018) |  ISSN 2166-7403 (online) | DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2018.334|http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

 
 

Abstract 

Introduction: Childhood mortality is an important health indicator that reflects the overall health status of a population. Despite 
the decrease in global childhood mortality rates over the past decades, it still remains an important public health issue in Qatar. 
Methods: The data from 2004-2016 were extracted from the Qatar Ministry of Public Health Birth and Death Database. 
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) was used for coding the causes of death. The childhood mortality rate was defined 
as the probability of a child dying between the first and the fifth birthday, expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 children 
surviving to 12 months of age. The sex ratio was calculated by dividing the mortality rate of males by that of females. Mann-
Kendall trend test was performed to examine time trends. Relative risks were calculated to examine differences by nationality 
(Qatari and non-Qatari) and sex. 
Results: A significant decrease in mortality rate of children aged one to five was observed from 1.76 to 1.05 per 1000 children 
between 2004 and 2016 (Kendall tau=-0.6, p=0.004). Three prominent causes of mortality were motor vehicle accidents, congenital 
malformations of the circulatory system, and accidental drowning/submersion. A statistically non-significant decrease in childhood 
mortality from motor vehicle accidents was oberved for all nationalities (total (Kendall tau=-0.03), Qatari (Kendall tau=-0.14), and 
non-Qatari (Kendall tau=-0.12)). A significant decrease was seen for total accidental drowning and submersion (Kendall tau=-0.54, 
p=0.012), while no statistically significant decrease was seen for total congenital malformations of the circulatory system (Kendall 
tau=-0.36, NS). The Qatari population did have a significant decrease in childhood mortality due to congenital malformations of 
the circulatory system (Kendall tau=-0.67, p=0.003) and accidental drowning and submersion (Kendall tau=-0.55, p=0.016). 
Conclusion: The study is a first attempt to evaluate childhood mortality statistics from Qatar and could be useful in supporting 
Qatar’s ongoing national health strategy programs. 

Keywords: Childhood mortality, Qatar, Childhood mortality causes, Sex ratio, Public Health, Epidemiology 

 
Trends in the leading causes of 
childhood mortality from 2004 to 
2016 in Qatar 

 
Mohammed Al-Thani, Al-Anoud Al-
Thani, Amine Toumi, ShamsEldin 
Khalifa, Muhammad Asif Ijaz, 
Hammad Akram 
 
Ministry of Public Health, State of Qatar 

Research 

Introduction 

The mortality rate for children under the age of 
five is defined as the number of deaths before the age of 
five per 1,000 live births in a region of interest and is a 
commonly used health indicator.1 Decline in under-five 
mortality is a global trend reaching 58% reduction from 
1990 to 2017.2 However, under five mortality is still high 
among countries in the World Health Organization 
(WHO) African region, reaching 100 deaths per 1,000 
live births in some countries.2,3 It is an important health 
indicator that represents the health access, needs, and 
access to services in a region.1,2 

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Year 
Children 
surviving to 12 
months of age 

One to five  

mortality 
Childhood Mortality Rate 

  Count Count 
Total 

(per 1000) 
Qatari Non-Qatari Male Female 

2004 13082 23 1.76 1.55 1.96 1.63 1.89 

2005 13291 27 2.03 2.41 1.7 2.66 1.38 

2006 14009 33 2.36 2.15 2.53 2.52 2.18 

2007 15570 24 1.54 1.12 1.9 2.5 0.53 

2008 17530 30 1.71 1.71 1.61 1.13 2.31 

2009 18449 28 1.52 1.34 1.64 1.49 1.55 

2010 19380 31 1.6 1.17 1.88 2.03 1.16 

2011 20617 27 1.31 1.44 1.23 0.67 1.97 

2012 21674 37 1.71 1.24 1.95 1.73 1.69 

2013 23739 25 1.05 1.02 1.07 1.32 0.77 

2014 25469 37 1.45 0.88 1.72 1.85 1.04 

2015 26427 39 1.48 1.22 1.59 1.55 1.39 

2016 26656 28 1.05 0.38 1.33 1.11 0.99 

Table 1. Childhood mortality rates by year, sex and nationality 

Despite the fact that global mortality rates have 
been decreasing over the past few decades, there is a 
focus on further reduction of under-five mortality in 
some nations.4 For example, under-five mortality rates 
ranged from 152 per 1000 live births in Guinea Bissau to 
2.3 per 1000 live births in Singapore.5 In 2013, 
annualized rates of change from the year 1990 to 2013 
ranged from -6.8% to 0.1%.5  The United Nations’ 
sustainable development goal (SDG) aims to reduce the 
under-five mortality in all countries to at least as low as 
25 per 1,000 live births by 2030.2 According to the global 
statistics, over 5.6 million children, or 15,000 every day, 
died in this age group in 2016, making mortality under 
five years of age a major public health issue globally.2 

Childhood mortality (defined as death between the first 
and the fifth birthday) was approximately 13.3 per 1000 
live births globally in 2013.5  Childhood mortality in the 
North Africa/Middle East region and Qatar was 
approximately 5.4 and 2.1 per 1000 live births 
respectively in 2013.5  Generally, the sex ratio of male to 
female mortality aged between one and five years is 
greater than one, and females tend to have better survival 
up to five years when compared to males. In East Asian 
countries, there was an increase in sex ratio from 1.02 in 
1990 to 1.14 in 2012.6 

In this study, we aimed to investigate the trends 
in childhood mortality and the leading causes of death  

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Population Cause of death (with ICD codes) Mean Minimum Maximum Kendall tau P valueϯ 

2004-2016 Year Mortality 

rate 

Year Mortality 

rate 

2004-2016 2004-2016 

Total V01-V99 Transport accidents 0.24 2011 0.05 2005 0.60 -0.03 NS* 

R95-R99 Ill-defined and unknown causes of 

mortality 
0.18 2009 0.11 2012 0.55 -0.01 

NS 

Q20-Q28 Congenital malformations of the 

circulatory system 
0.11 2012 0.05 2009 0.22 -0.36 

NS 

W65-W74 Accidental drowning and 

submersion 
0.11 2016 0.04 2011 0.19 -0.54 

0.012 

C00-C97 Malignant neoplasms 0.05 2016 0.04 2004 0.15 -0.08 NS 

J95-J99 Other diseases of the respiratory 

system 
0.05 2008 0.06 2015 0.19 0.10 

NS 

G90-G99 Other disorders of the nervous 

system 
0.04 2015 0.04 2008 0.17 -0.07 

NS 

Qatari V01-V99 Transport accidents 0.25 2016 0.12 2005 0.64 -0.14 NS 

R95-R99 Ill-defined and unknown causes of 

mortality 
0.13 2016 0.12 2006 0.46 -0.10 

NS 

Q20-Q28 Congenital malformations of the 

circulatory system 
0.06 2010 0.13 2004 0.16 -0.67 

0.003 

W65-W74 Accidental drowning and 

submersion 
0.09 2009 0.13 2005 0.32 -0.55 

0.016 

C00-C97 Malignant neoplasms 0.04 2016 0.13 2012 0.27 0.10 NS 

J95-J99 Other diseases of the respiratory 

system 
0.06 2016 0.13 2015 0.37 0.10 

NS 

G90-G99 Other disorders of the nervous 

system 
0.05 2013 0.13 2008 0.39 -0.14 

NS 

Non Qatari V01-V99 Transport accidents 0.23 2013 0.13 2005 0.57 -0.12 NS 

R95-R99 Ill-defined and unknown causes of 

mortality 
0.21 2008 0.10 2012 0.83 -0.01 

NS 

Q20-Q28 Congenital malformations of the 

circulatory system 
0.14 2012 0.07 2009 0.27 -0.33 

NS 

W65-W74 Accidental drowning and 

submersion 
0.11 2016 0.05 2007 0.24 -0.23 

NS 

C00-C97 Malignant neoplasms 0.06 2012 0.07 2004 0.30 -0.10 NS 

J95-J99 Other diseases of the respiratory 

system 
0.04 2008 0.10 2016 0.16 0.21 

NS 

G90-G99 Other disorders of the nervous 

system 
0.04 2015 0.05 2006 0.13 0.03 

NS 

ϯp-values based on Mann-Kendall trend test, *NS – not significant 

Table 2. The trends in the mortality rate across the top leading causes of child mortality by nationality 

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Figure 1. Annual rate and sex ratio of childhood mortality in Qatar by nationality 

by nationality and sex in Qatar from 2004 to 2016. The 
mortality trends and characteristics among infants under 
one year of age in Qatar have already been discussed in 
our previous publication.7 

 

Methods 

Data Management and Handling  

Ethical procedures as per Qatar Ministry of 
Public Health (MOPH) regulations   were followed while 
carrying out the data handling and analysis. The data 
were maintained in a secure environment to assure 
privacy of personally identifiable information. 
Childhood mortality data were extracted from the MOPH 
Birth and Death Registry. Causes of death were coded in 
accordance with the International Classification of 
Diseases guidelines (ICD-10, Version 2016). The 
detailed process of data collection and “cause of death” 
coding was described elsewhere.7 The data contained 
information on date, place, and cause of death, as well as 
included demographic information like sex, age, and 
nationality (Qatari or non-Qatari).7 

Definition 

The childhood mortality rate was defined as 
“the probability of a child dying between the first and the 
fifth birthday, expressed as deaths per 1,000 children 
surviving to 12 months of age.”8 This parameter is 
different than under-five mortality rate which also 
includes children who are under 1 year of age.1 An 
alternative approach to calculate childhood mortality (not 
used here) takes into account the number of deaths per 
1000 live births, but the calculation method used in the 
present article is also acceptable and has been used 
globally in demographic health surveys.5, 8  

Statistical analysis 

The sex ratio was calculated by dividing the 
mortality rates of males by that of the females. To assess 
the trends by sex ratio and each cause of childhood 
mortality, a Mann-Kendall trend test was performed. The 
Mann-Kendall trend test is a nonparametric test for 
monotonic trends in a time series, based on the Kendall 
rank correlation between the value of interest and time.9 
MEDCALC® was used to calculate the difference in the 

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relative risk of the mortality due to selected causes by 
gender and nationality. All trend tests and plotting of 
changes in the mortality rates were carried out using R 
version 3.0.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 
Vienna, Austria). LOWESS (Locally Weighted 
Scatterplot Smoother) smoothing lines were added to the 
plots. 

 

Results 

Overall, a total of 389 deaths were registered 
among children aged one to five in Qatar from 2004 to 
2016 (Table 1). Figure 1 shows that the annual childhood 
mortality rates for all populations decreased significantly 
from 1.76 (Kendall tau=-0.6, p=0.004) in 2004 to 1.05 in 
2016 (Kendall tau=-0.03, p=0.951), with an average rate 
of 1.6 per 1000 live births between these years (2004-
2016).  Based on the Kendall tau, this decrease was more 
significant for Qataris (Kendall tau=-0.6, p=0.004) than 
for Non-Qataris (Kendall tau=-0.4, p=0.044). However, 
there was no clear trend in sex ratio for the total study 
population (Kendall tau=0.03). We also found that the 
trend in sex ratio for Qatari population decreased from 
1.41 in 2004 to 0.49 in 2016 but was not significant 
(Kendall tau=-0.39, p=0.086), and that it increased from 
0.59 in 2004 to 1.24 in 2016 for non-Qataris but again 
was not significant (Kendall tau=-0.18, p=0.428). 

Figure 2. Proportion of Deaths by age for 2004-2016. 

Overall (across all years), the majority of deaths 
occurred among children aged one (33%), followed by 
children aged two (27%), three (24%) and four (16%) 
(Figure 2).  

Table 2 shows the trends in mortality rates 
across the top leading causes of mortality in Qatar by 
nationality. For the total population, even though 
transport accident-related mortality was prevalent, a 
decline was observed over time (Kendall tau= -0.03). 
Deaths in the “external cause of death” ICD category (not 
shown in the table) decreased (Kendall tau=-0.41, p-
value = 0.06) as well. Furthermore, since 2004, the 
mortality due to congenital malformation of the 
circulatory system (Kendall tau=-0.36) and accidental 
drowning and submersion (Kendall tau=-0.54, p=0.012) 
also decreased.  

By nationality, the Qatari population had a 
significant decrease in childhood mortality due to the 
congenital malformation of the circulatory system 
(Kendall tau=-0.67, p=0.003) and accidental drowning 
and submersion (Kendall tau=-0.55, p=0.016). Even 
though a decline in childhood mortality was seen among 
non-Qataris, the trends were not statistically significant 
(Table 2). The relative risk (RR) of death for Qataris 
versus Non-Qataris for the congenital malformations of 
the circulatory system was low (RR = 0.44, CI = 0.18 - 
1.07, p = 0.07) (Table 3). A decline in transport accident-
related mortality was observed among Qataris (Kendall 
tau= -0.14) and non-Qataris (Kendall= -0.12); however, 
this decline was not statistically significant (Table 2). 

Table 4 shows the mean sex ratio and the trend 
of sex ratio by leading causes of death from 2004 to 2016. 
For the total population, the sex ratio was more than 1 for 
a majority of the causes of death and reached 2.75 for 
accidental drowning and submersion with a significant 
decrease in males over the observed period (Kendall 
tau=-0.72, p < 0.001). Qatari males had a higher relative 
risk of mortality due to accidental drowning and 
submersion in comparison to females (RR=7.77, CI = 
0.97 – 62.15, p = 0.053) (data not shown). 

1 year
33%

2 years
27%

3 years
24%

4 years
16%

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Cause of Death Total Number 
of Deaths 

(2004-2016) 

% of total 
Childhood 
Mortality 
(N=389) 

Qatari 
Child 

Mortality 
Rate 

Non-Qatari 
Child 

Mortality 
Rate 

RR (95% 
CI) 

Male 
CMR (n) 

Female 
CMR (n) 

RR (95% CI) 

Overall 389 100% 1.32 1.63 0.81 (0.66 - 
1.00)* 

1.63 1.4 1.17 (0.95 - 
1.42) 

External Causes 127 33% 0.47 0.51 0.93 (0.64 - 
1.33) 

0.57 0.42 1.34 (0.94 - 
1.91) 

Transport Accidents 61 16% 0.25 0.23 1.33 (0.79 - 
2.22) 

0.28 0.20 1.39 (0.83 - 
2.31) 

Congenital 
malformations of the 
circulatory system 

29 7% 0.06 0.14 0.44 (0.18 - 
1.07) 

0.09 0.14 0.68 (0.32 - 
1.42) 

Accidental drowning 
and submersion 

27 7% 0.09 0.11 0.83 (0.37 - 
1.86) 

0.15 0.06 2.75 (1.16 - 
6.50)ϯ 

Malignant neoplasms 14 4% 0.04 0.06 0.67 (0.21 - 
2.13) 

0.07 0.04 1.73 (0.58 - 
5.17) 

*p=0.0551, ϯ p=0.0212 

Table 3. Prominent causes of childhood mortality and relative risks by sex and nationality for 2004-2016

Despite a significant decrease in the mortality 
trend for females (Kendall tau=-0.45, p=0.038) was 
observed, the sex ratio was found to be less than 1 (0.68) 
for congenital malformations of the circulatory system.  

The Qatari population showed a higher mean 
sex ratio for congenital malformations of the circulatory 
system (Q20-Q28) and accidental drowning and 
submersion (W65-W74), which were 2.59 and 3.89 
respectively. For congenital malformations of the 
circulatory system, the mortality trends significantly 
decreased for males (Kendall tau=-0.61, p=0.008), and 
not significantly for females (Kendall tau=-0.30). 

However, for accidental drowning and submersion there 
were no differences amongst both sexes for Qataris 
(Table 4). For accidental drowning and submersion, the 
mortality of the total population had a higher relative risk 
for males than females (RR = 2.75, CI= 1.16 – 6.50, p = 
0.0212) (Table 3).  

For the congenital malformations of the 
circulatory system among the non-Qatari population, the 
mean sex ratio was less than 1 with a significantly higher 
decline in mortality for females (Kendall tau=-0.45, 
p=0.038). Moreover, a higher mean sex ratio for 
malignant neoplasms was seen (2.23) but no significant

Figure 3. The distribution of the three major causes of child mortality from 2004 to 2016.

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change in the mortality trends between the years 2004 
and 2016 was seen among both sexes. The sex ratio for 
diseases of the respiratory system was 0.72, with a 
significantly increasing trend among non-Qatari males 
from 2004 to 2016 (Kendall tau = 0.54, p = 0.031). 

Figure 3 shows the distribution of the three 
major causes of childhood mortality from 2004 to 2016. 

While a declining trend in transport accidents was 
observed from 2004 to 2016, it was not significantly 
different for the total population and nationality 
subgroups.  

The Qatari population showed a significant 
decrease in mortality rates for congenital malformations 
of the circulatory system (Kendall tau = -0.67, p = 0.003)

Population Cause of death (ICD code) 
Mean Kendall tau 

Males P value Kendall tau 
Females P valueϯ 

2004-2016 2004-2016 2004-2016 2004-2016 2004-2016 

Total 

V01-V99 Transport accidents 1.39 -0.13 NS -0.04 NS 

R95-R99 Ill-defined and unknown causes of mortality 1.32 -0.09 NS 0.13 NS 
Q20-Q28 Congenital malformations of the circulatory 
system 0.68 -0.15 NS -0.45 0.038 

W65-W74 Accidental drowning and submersion 2.75 -0.72 0.001 -0.16 NS 

C00-C97 Malignant neoplasms 1.73 0.04 NS 0.1 NS 

J95-J99 Other diseases of the respiratory system 1.12 0.21 NS 0.14 NS 

G90-G99 Other disorders of the nervous system 0.8 0.02 NS -0.1 NS 

Qatari 

V01-V99 Transport accidents 1.15 -0.24 NS 0.04 NS 

R95-R99 Ill-defined and unknown causes of mortality 1.94 -0.07 NS 0.1 NS 

Q20-Q28 Congenital malformations of the circulatory 
system 2.59 -0.61 0.007 -0.3 NS 

W65-W74 Accidental drowning and submersion 3.89 0.07 NS 0.07 NS 

C00-C97 Malignant neoplasms 1.46 -0.41 NS 0.35 NS 

J95-J99 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0.97 -0.17 NS 0.33 NS 

G90-G99 Other disorders of the nervous system 0.65 0.02 NS -0.26 NS 

Non Qatari 

V01-V99 Transport accidents 1.57 0.01 NS -0.01 NS 

R95-R99 Ill-defined and unknown causes of mortality 1.15 0.03 NS 0.1 NS 
Q20-Q28 Congenital malformations of the circulatory 
system 0.62 -0.05 NS -0.45 0.038 

W65-W74 Accidental drowning and submersion 1.91 -0.3 NS -0.1 NS 

C00-C97 Malignant neoplasms 2.23 0.16 NS -0.12 NS 

J95-J99 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0.72 0.54 0.031 0.07 NS 

G90-G99 Other disorders of the nervous system 0.96 0.12 NS 0.02 NS 

ϯp-values based on Mann-Kendall trend test, *NS – not significant 

Table 4. The sex ratio (males to females) for total mortality and for the leading causes of child mortality in Qatar 
(2004-2016) 

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and accidental drowning/submersion (Kendall tau= -
0.55, p = 0.016). The latter was also significant for the 
total population (Kendall tau = -0.54, p = 0.012).  

 

Discussion 

Based on the data from MOPH, this study 
described the trends in childhood mortality in the State of 
Qatar from 2004 to 2016. We found that the rates of 
mortality among children declined significantly from 
1.76 per 1000 in 2004 to 1.05 per 1000 in 2016 (Figure 
1). Globally, child mortality rates (per 1000 live births) 
reduced from 22.1 in 2000 to 13.1 in 2013 respectively.5 
In 2013, the childhood mortality rates (per 1000 live 
births) were slightly higher in nearby Kuwait (1.8) and 
Oman (2.0) in comparison to Qatar (1.05); however, the 
rates were calculated using a different approach in our 
study and may not be comparable with other countries 
mentioned here.5 Moreover, the childhood mortality 
trends for the three leading causes of deaths have been 
decreasing over the past 12 years in Qatar. There was no 
clear trend of change in sex ratio found for the total study 
population. Moreover, the average childhood mortality 
rates by nationality (2004-2016) were 1.4 and 1.7 for 
Qataris and non-Qataris respectively, which are 
somewhat similar. This may be attributed to the universal 
healthcare access available in Qatar. The state offers a 
special health-card system for both non-nationals as well 
as nationals to obtain subsidized and, in some instances, 
free health services through a major public healthcare 
system.  

Our study indicated that deaths due to external 
causes, including transport accident related deaths in 
Qatar, were similar to the findings from other countries 
such as the Republic of Korea, Japan, the United States, 
and the United Kingdom.10-13 A decreasing pattern in 
mortality due to external causes was also seen among 
these countries, similar to our findings in Qatar.10-13 A 
decline in transport accident related mortality was 
observed in the present study, and even though this trend 

was not statistically significant, it could be an early 
reflection of the effectiveness of programs implemented 
in Qatar. In 2007, a new law was passed in Qatar to 
control morbidity and mortality associated with road 
traffic accidents.14 The law included provisions for 
prohibiting children under 10 years of age to sit in the 
front seats of moving vehicles and also forbade the use of 
any portable devices such as mobile phones while 
driving.14 Furthermore, educational programs have been 
introduced in Qatar, including those targeting child 
passenger safety and promoting the use of a child/infant 
car seats.15 In addition, a National Road Safety Strategy 
2013-2022 has been developed to decrease traffic 
accident related morbidity and mortality. The strategy 
multi-dimensionally targets traffic-related policies and 
infrastructure, as well as community education and 
awareness.16 

The other two common causes of mortality 
discussed in this publication are accidental 
drowning/submersion and the congenital malformation 
of the circulatory system. A statistically significant 
decline from 2004 to 2016 was observed for accidental 
drowning and submersion for both the total population 
and Qataris. For the non-Qatari population, a non-
significant decline was noticed. Among the Qatari 
population, the mortality due to the congenital 
malformations of the circulatory system has significantly 
decreased. For all three leading causes of mortality, the 
non-Qatari population had a non-significant decline. 
Mortality risk due to accidental drowning and 
submersion was higher among males compared with 
females for all national groups. The higher predisposition 
of drowning-related mortality among males has also been 
observed in other studies.17,18 However, in a Brazilian 
study, a slightly higher rate of childhood mortality due to 
malformations of the circulatory system was seen among 
females.19 

Significant decreases were found for congenital 
malformations of the circulatory system among females 
in the total population, among Qatari males and non-

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Qatari females (Table 4). Furthermore, a significant 
decline in mortality due to accidental drowning and 
submersion was also seen among males in the total 
population (Table 4).  

The major strength of this study was that the 
data came from a comprehensive birth and death registry 
system with a uniformly collected and accurate country-
level childhood mortality information for 2004-2016. 
Data pertaining to the unknown causes of mortality is one 
of the challenges of our data collection system that may 
potentially impact mortality rates. The state of Qatar has 
a relatively stable Qatari citizens’ population compared 
to non-Qataris or expatriates. This can potentially lead to 
the selection bias in mortality indicators since expatriate 
population consists of relatively young healthy 
individuals. 

Our results could be useful in supporting 
Qatar’s current national health strategy initiatives and 
also align with sustainable development goal that  focus 
on ensuring healthy lives and promote well-being for 
citizens of all ages.2,20 These findings could also be 
essential for policymakers, researchers, and other 
professionals from regional countries as a reference or as 
a guideline tool. In summary, childhood mortality, 
though steadily decreasing, requires ongoing efforts and 
resources to be further reduced. 

 

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AL-THANI 

 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 United States License. 

 
This journal is published by the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh as part  

of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press. 
 

Central Asian Journal of Global Health 
Volume 7, No. 1 (2018) |  ISSN 2166-7403 (online) | DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2018.334|http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

 
 

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	Trends in the leading causes of childhood mortality from 2004 to 2016 in Qatar
	Abstract
	Keywords: Childhood mortality, Qatar, Childhood mortality causes, Sex ratio, Public Health, Epidemiology
	Trends in the leading causes of childhood mortality from 2004 to 2016 in Qatar
	Research

