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Non-Communicable Chronic 
Diseases Among Residents of a 
Remote Settlement in the 
Transbaikal Region of the Russian 
Federation 

 
Oleg Gaisenok1,2 
 

 

1Research Center for Medical Forecasting 
and Analysis, Moscow, Russia;  
2United Hospital with Outpatient 
Department, Moscow, Russia 
 

 
Vol. 8, No. 1 (2019)   |   ISSN 2166-7403 (online)  
DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2019.338 |   http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

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Central Asian Journal of Global Health 
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Abstract 

Introduction: Over a quarter of the population of the Russian Federation resides in rural communities. However, the data on 
chronic disease rates in these communities are limited, which makes screening for chronic diseases extremely important. The aim 
of this study was to measure the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases among residents of a remote settlement in the 
Transbaikal region, Russian Federation. 
Methods: A sample of residents from the Transbaikal region settlement was screened in August 2017. The screening included a 
survey to determine the frequency of self-reported chronic diseases as well as sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors. 
Additionally, vascular stiffness was measured by volumetric sphygmography using the VaSera-1500 device. Descriptive statistics 
have been used for data analysis. 
Results: 126 residents were screened for this study. The prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors 
were: hypertension (56.3%), gastrointestinal diseases (33.3%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13.5%), smoking (35.7%), 
obesity (19.1%), and diabetes mellitus (6.3%). Pathological vascular changes typical of atherosclerosis were found by volumetric 
sphygmography in 17.5% of cases, with 5.5% of those cases corresponding to significant forms of severe peripheral atherosclerosis 
(ABI<0.9). An analysis of mortality causes for this settlement for 2016-2017 found that cardiovascular diseases accounted for over 
50% of the total number of deaths. 
Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of detectable chronic non-communicable diseases and their associated risk 
factors. Cardiovascular diseases were the main cause of mortality. Active prevention programs and screenings are required to 
reduce the burden of chronic diseases in this region. 

Keywords: Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases; Screening Programs; Vascular Stiffness; Circulatory System Diseases; 
Mortality 

Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases 
for Residents of a Remote 
Settlement in the Transbaikal Region 
of the Russian Federation 

 
Oleg Gaisenok1,2 
 

 

1Research Center for Medical Forecasting 
and Analysis, Moscow, Russia;  
2United Hospital with Outpatient 
Department, Moscow, Russia 

Research 

Introduction 

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most 
common cause of death in the world. In 2013, 32% (17.3 
million) of all deaths worldwide, were associated with 
CVD.1 Many of these deaths were due to the lack of 
access to cardioprotective medications such as aspirin, 
statins, and antihypertensive drugs.  

The burden of CVD is exacerbated in Russia by 
logistic issues of reaching remote geographic areas and 
the complexity required to coordinate the delivery of 
skilled medical assistance to individuals located 
hundreds of kilometers away from medical facilities. As 
of January 1st, 2018, the rural and urban population of 
Russia were 37.5 million and 109.3 million respectively.2 
The majority of observational and epidemiological 

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of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press. 
 

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Figure 1. Ksenyevka's location on the map of the Russian Federation

studies in Russia are based on urban populations because 
of easier access to the participants. This bias of focusing 
on urban populations, may underestimate the burden of 
CVD and their risk factors in rural Russia, where only a 
few studies have been conducted. Therefore, studies 
focusing on the morbidity and mortality of rural 
population in Russia are needed to fill this important 
research gap. 

 The study "Epidemiology of cardiovascular 
diseases in different regions of the Russian Federation" 
reported rates of mortality from circulatory system 
diseases (CSD) for 12 regions of Russia.3 In five regions, 
CSD mortality in men aged 25-64 years exceeded the 
national Russian Federation average of 573 per 100,000 
men; three of the five regions had CSD mortality rates 
more than 600 per 100,000 men. Among women aged 25-
64 years, three regions had CSD mortality rates, 
exceeding the average for the Russian Federation.3   

  The Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Risk 
Factors and Diseases in Regions of the Russian 

Federation Study (ESSE-RF) reported on the prevalence 
of major diseases in almost 22 thousand individuals 
across 13 regions of the Russian Federation between 
2012 and 2013. The overall prevalence of cardiovascular 
diseases was as following: arterial hypertension - 43.0% 
(men - 47.9%, women - 39.6%); coronary artery disease 
- 7.9% (men - 8.0%, women - 7.8%); liver diseases - 
36.1% (men - 27.5%, women - 41.3%); and diabetes - 
3.9% (men - 3.7%, women - 4.0%).4 Based on 2013 
standardized total mortality rates for men in the Russian 
Federation the highest mortality rate was in Far Eastern 
Federal District.5  

The Trans-Baikal region (Figure 1), which is 
apart of the Far Eastern Federal District, is one the least 
populated regions in Russia. The Trans-Baikal region 
was not included in the Russian epidemiological study of 
ESSE-RF, and there have been no recent specialized 
epidemiological studies analyzing the morbidity and 
mortality in this region. In addition, current 
comprehensive statistical data on CSD mortality are not 

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Characteristics % (n) 
Age, yrs1 45.3 ± 14.2 
Male 51.6% (65) 
Current Smokers 35.7% (45) 
Mean blood pressure (BP), mm Hg (in the group) 146.0/92.5 ± 23.4/12.3 
BP at the time of the examination: 
  more than 130/80 mm Hg 
  more than 140/90 mm Hg 

 
74.6 % (97) 
52.4% (66) 

BMI, kg /m2 27.4 ± 5.9 
Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg /m2)  2.4% (3) 
Lean (BMI: 18.5 to <25 kg /m2) 37.3% (47) 
Overweight (BMI = 25 to <30 kg /m2) 41.2% (52) 
Obese (BMI> 30 kg /m2) 19.1% (24) 
Obese III (BMI> 40 kg /m2)2 6.3% (8) 
Currently Employed 92.0% (116) 
1Continious variables are listed as mean ± standard deviation 
2Is this a subset of the obese group. 

Table 1. General characteristics of study participants 

available for Trans-Baikal’s rural and remote regions.  

The primary objective of this study was to 
assess the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable 
diseases and their respective risk factors among residents 
of the remote settlement of Transbaikal region. Our 
second objective was to determine the prevalence of 
atherosclerosis and vascular diseases using volumetric 
sphygmography. To our knowledge, this is the first study 
in the past decades to assess chronic diseases in remote 
settlements of the Trans-Baikal region.  

 

Methods 

Study population 

For this cross-sectional study, we surveyed 
Ksenyevka residents who applied for screening in August 
of 2017. Ksenyevka settlement is located in the 
Mogochinsky district of the Transbaikal region. It is 800 
km away from the capital of the Trans-Baikal region, 

Chita (Figure 1), and 100 kilometers away from the 
nearest hospital. Residents were recruited through local 
advertisements. Inclusion criteria for our study were 
settlement residency and consenting to participate in the 
screening. No exclusion criteria were used. All 
participants gave written informed consent before 
participating in this study. 

Survey data 

 Data on sociodemographic, family history, 
and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease were 
collected. Data were also collected on gender, age, 
marital status, education, employment, disability, dietary 
habits, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use. 
Presence of diseases, history of angina pectoris and 
myocardial infarction was assessed using Rose's 
questionnaire.6  

Physical examination 

  Blood pressure was measured using a 
WelhAllyn tonometer (Germany) in accordance with the 

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Disease Frequency (%) n 

Arterial hypertension 56.3 71 
Gastrointestinal diseases 33.3 42 
COPD or bronchial asthma 13.5 17 
Heart rhythm disturbances (including atrial fibrillation) 8.7 11 
Diabetes mellitus 6.3 8 
Previous history of myocardial infarction 6.3 8 
Coronary artery disease 5.5 7 
Neoplasms 5.5 7 
Heart valve diseases 4.0 5 
Previous history of cerebral stroke 4.0 5 
Psoriasis 2.4 3 
Nephritis 2.4 3 
Severe sleep apnea 2.4 3 
Moshkovsky-Shaffar hereditary hemolytic anemia 1.6 2 
Rheumatic diseases 1.6 2 
Thrombophlebitis 0.8 1 
Tuberculosis 0.8 1 
Epilepsy 0.8 1 

Table 2. Prevalence of self-reported non-communicable conditions  

National Recommendations.7 Body weight 
measurements were performed using Maxwell electronic 
floor scales (China). Participants were measured once, 
without shoes and wearing light clothing. Height was 
measured using a stadiometer. Participants’ BMI were 
classified using the US Center for Disease Control 
criteria: underweight (BMI <18.5 kg /m2), normal weight 
(BMI 18.5 to <25kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25 to 
<30kg/m2), obese (≥30kg/m2), and obese class III (BMI 
≥40kg/m2).8 

Cardiovascular assessments 

 Individuals were screened for the following 
cardiovascular diseases: arterial hypertension, angina 
pectoris, previous history of myocardial infarction and 
cerebral stroke, cerebrovascular diseases, valvular heart 
diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure.  

We measured vascular stiffness using the 
VaSera VS-1500 volumetric sphygmograph (Fukuda 

Denshi, Japan). The estimated vascular age of the patient 
(EVAP) was determined automatically by the device on 
the basis of a graphical transformation of the Cardio-
ankle vascular index (CAVI) and the age of the patient. 
Date of birth was confirmed using the passport of each 
participant. The following health indicators were 
evaluated: cardiovascular vascular index on the right 
extremities (R-CAVI), estimated vascular age based on 
R-CAVI (R-CAVI age - EVAP), cardiovascular vascular 
index on the left extremities (L-CAVI), estimated 
vascular age based on L-CAVI (L-CAVI age - EVAP), 
ankle-brachial index (ABI) on the right extremities (R-
ABI), and ankle-brachial index on the left extremities (L-
ABI). The following generally accepted intervals were 
adopted as criteria for atherosclerotic vascular lesion: 
ABI 1.0—1.29 - norm, 0.91—0.99 - borderline 
condition, 0.41—0.9 - peripheral arterial disease of mild 
/ moderate degree, <0.40 - severe peripheral arterial 
disease.9 Normative indicators of the CAVI index for the  

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Clinical Parameter Mean ± SD Normal Range % of patients outside of normal 
range 

ABI (right) 1.07 ± 0.09 >1.00 5.5 
ABI (left) 1.07 ± 0.02 >1.00 4.1 
CAVI (right) 7.39 ± 1.45 <8.0 15.1 
CAVI (left) 7.40 ± 1.51 <8.0 17.5 
EVAP (right)1 43.4 ± 17.9 <71 yrs 11.0 
EVAP (left)1 43.4 ± 18.5 <71 yrs 12.6 
PET/ET 0.32 ± 0.05 <0.36 12.6 
1Reference value was determined from the oldest true age of the study participants 

Table 3. Volumetric sphygmography vascular characteristics 

assessment of pathology were as follows: CAVI <8.0 - 
norm; 8.0—9.0 - borderline condition; > 9.0 - 
atherosclerotic lesion.10 

The basic indicator for the assessment of the 
reduced left ventricle (LV) systolic function was an 
indicator PEP / ET> 0.36, which rises above this value 
with a decrease in LV systolic function.11 Based on the 
results of the screening, patients were provided health 
recommendations and referral to cardiologist. 

Mortality data 

 Mortality rates in Ksenyevka for 2016 and 
2017 were obtained using death certificates from the 
local death registry and funeral home in Ksenyevka. 

Statistical analysis 

Continuous variables were represented using 
means and standard deviations and categorical variables 
were listed as frequencies by absolute numbers and 
percentages. 

 

Results 

126 residents were included in this study. This 
accounted for 4.6% of the total settlement population in 
2017 (n=2717)12. The general demographic and 
anthropometric characteristics of patients are presented 
in Table 1. The screening revealed that only 37.3% 
(n=47) of the research participants had a normal body 

weight in accordance with WHO criteria.8 Almost three 
quarters of those surveyed had elevated blood pressure 
values (130/80 mmHg) at the time of the examination 
(74.6%; n=97). More than 25% (n=32) found out about 
the elevated blood pressure at the time of screening and 
were not aware of it prior to the study. Interviews and 
medical record reviews revealed that 20% of participants 
were not regularly taking their prescribed blood pressure 
medication at the time of screening. 35.2% patients with 
arterial hypertension (n=25) were aware of their disease 
diagnosis but were not aware which medications they 
were supposed to take.  76.2% (n=96) had reported 
having chronic disease diagnosis at the time of screening. 
The frequency of major chronic diseases among 
Ksenyevka residents included in this study are presented 
in Table 2. The most common diseases among the 
residents of Ksenyevka were arterial hypertension 
(56.3%), gastrointestinal diseases (33.3%), and COPD 
(13.5%).  

Volumetric sphygmography data was collected 
from 124 residents (98.4%). Results for ankle-brachial 
index (ABI), cardiovascular vascular index (CAVI), 
estimated vascular age of the patient (EVAP), Weissler 
coefficient (PEP / ET) are presented in Table 3. 12.6% 
(n=16) of study participants had an EVAP greater than 
the maximum recorded true age and had disturbances in 
the systolic function based on PET/ET (Weissler’s 
coefficient). Based on the CAVI criterion for 
pathological changes in the vascular system, pathologies  

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Cause of death 2016  
% (n) 

2017  
% (n) 

Cardiovascular diseases 50.0 (22) 65.0 (23) 

Cancer 20.5 (9) 8.6 (3) 

Cirrhosis 0.0 (0) 2.8 (1) 

Diabetes mellitus 2.3 (1) 8.6 (3) 

Infection 0.0 (0) 2.8 (1) 

Suicide 13.6 (6) 5.7 (2) 

Tuberculosis 0.0 (0) 5.7 (2) 

Total 100 (44) 100 (35) 

Table 4. January 2016 to September 2017 mortality rates by clinical indication for the Ksenyevka population 

typical for atherosclerosis were detected in 17.5% (n=22) 
of cases, while in 5.5% (n=7) of patients hadsignificant 
forms of severe peripheral atherosclerosis. 

Mortality trends in Ksenyevka for 2016 and 
2017 are presented in Table 4.  CVDs were the main 
cause of mortality in this settlement. We noted that the 
contribution of cardiovascular diseases in the structure of 
mortality of the settlement slightly increased from 2016 
(50%) to 2017 (65%). In 2016 cancer (20.5%) and 
suicide (13.6%) were the second and the third leading 
causes of mortality, whereas in 2017 second and third 
leading causes weere cancer and diabetes (8.6% each). 
The mortality rate from suicide was 13.6% in 2016 and 
5.7% in 2017. 

 

Discussion 

In this study we explored the prevalence of 
chronic non-communicable diseases and cardiovascular 
health status of residents of Ksenyevka, a remote 
settlement of the Trans-Baikal region, Russian 
Federation. Few studies report on the rural settlements of 
Trans-Baikal region, which has the second highest 

standardized total mortality rate among men in Siberian 
Federal District.5  

In this study, we identified that the most 
prevalent diseases were arterial hypertension (56.3%), 
gastrointestinal diseases (33.3%), and COPD (13.5%). 
One quarter of patients with arterial hypertension did not 
receive the therapy prescribed by the doctor. Almost 
three quarters of those surveyed had elevated blood 
pressure values. 19.1% of study participants were obese 
and 41.2% were overweight. We found that 6.3% of 
screened participants suffered from diabetes mellitus, 
5.5% from coronary artery disease, and 6.3% and 4.0% 
had previous history of myocardial infarction and 
cerebral stroke respectively. We used volumetric 
sphygmography to evaluate vascular stiffness and 
identify preclinical and clinical atherosclerosis. 
Volumetric sphygmography is a simple and convenient 
method for screening programs that has been widely used 
in observational studies.13-16 In our study, pathological 
vascular changes typical for atherosclerosis were 
detected in 17.5% of cases, with 5.5% of them having 
signs of severe stenotic atherosclerosis.   

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Reducing the incidence of CVD and its 
complications in Russia will require the introduction of 
preventive programs both at the population and state 
institutions level.17 Non-pharmacological preventive 
programs, aimed at modifying known risk factors, is a 
critical part of reducing the burden of CVD. The North 
Karelia project in Finland aimed at promoting healthy 
lifestyles, resulted in a significant reduction in blood 
pressure and total cholesterol in the population, as well 
as a reduction in the percentage of smokers from 52% to 
32%. This led to a reduction in mortality rates from 
coronary heart disease in Finland by 65%18. 

Anticoagulants and statins are effective drugs 
cardiovascular disease, in which low adherence is a 
problem.19,20 We have found that many patients have low 
adherence to prescribed treatment and do not follow the 
doctor's recommendations. One of the reasons for the low 
adherence to taking statins is the perceived lack of 
clinical effect by the patients.21 Preventive population 
screening programs are an effective tool that allows 
timely detection CVD in patients, as well as informs 
necessary treatments and motivates healthy lifestyle.13,14 

Data on the prevalence of diseases among those 
surveyed in Ksenyevka showed higher prevalence of 
hypertension and diabetes compared to ESSE-RF study, 
whereas the prevalence of CAD and gastrointestinal 
diseases was lower.4 Interestingly, vascular age of patient 
was higher than the patient's chronologic age in 23.2% of 
screened Moscow residents compared to 12.3% of 
screened participants in Ksenyevka14. Sumin A.N. et al 
reported the 16.6% prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus 
in Western Siberia22. The authors also reported that 
CAVI increase in a population sample of Western Siberia 
associated with type 2 diabetes.22 Interestingly, the 
suicide rate has decreased most than two times in 2017 
compared to 2016. Suicide prevention should be an 
important priority of the future intervention programs. 

There were a few limitations for our study. First, 
study used self-report for the identification of several 
chronic diseases. Second, we surveyed only a small 

percentage of the settlement population (4.6%). The low 
recruitment may reflect the lack of motivation of the 
community to improve health in our study population or 
short recruitment period. Assessment period was 3 days 
which was another potential reason for the small turn-out. 
Third, there was a risk of volunteer and healthy worker 
bias, as 92% of the participants were of working age, 
which may not be reflective of the entire settlement. This 
study did not collect data on participant nationality; 
however, the overwhelming majority self-identify as 
Russians.23 This study did provide a general depiction of 
the major clinical conditions of Ksenyevka, which has 
never been previously reported in scientific medical 
journals. 

 Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular 
disease in our study and previous data on cardiovascular 
disease prevalence in the Russian Federation, we suggest 
that health care efforts emphasis preventative strategies 
especially in the remote regions. Regular simple 
screening programs for cardiovascular risk factors would 
also assist in efforts to increase patient adherence to 
treatment regimens, to monitor health status, and to 
maintain a healthy lifestyle.24,25  

The study reported a large percentage of 
detectable chronic non-communicable diseases and risk 
factors in a remote settlement population in the Trans-
Baikal region of the Russian Federation. Cardiovascular 
diseases were the main cause of mortality. Our findings 
support the need for preventive screening programs to 
effectively identify chronic non-communicable diseases 
and reduce know risk factors for these diseases. 

 

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GAISENOK 

 
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Central Asian Journal of Global Health 
Volume 8, No. 1 (2019) |  ISSN 2166-7403 (online) | DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2019.338|http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

 
 

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http://www.statdata.ru/nacionalnyj-sostav-rossii

	Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases Among Residents of a Remote Settlement in the Transbaikal Region of the Russian Federation
	Abstract
	Keywords: Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases; Screening Programs; Vascular Stiffness; Circulatory System Diseases; Mortality
	Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases for Residents of a Remote Settlement in the Transbaikal Region of the Russian Federation
	Research

