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Prevalence of overweight, obesity, 
and associated risk factors in 
healthy female adolescents in 
Tehran, Iran 
 
Behnaz Abiri1, Parvin Sarbakhsh2, 
Mohammadreza Vafa3,4* 

 
1Department of Nutrition, Faculty of 
Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur 
University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 
Iran;  
2Department of Statistics and 
Epidemiology, School of Public Health, 
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 
Tabriz, Iran;  

3Department of Nutrition, School of 
Public Health, Iran University of Medical 
Sciences, Tehran, Iran 

4Pediatric Growth and Development 
Research Center, Institute of 
Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran 
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 
Iran 
 
*Corresponding author.  
Email: vafa.m@iums.ac.ir

 
Vol. 8, No. 1 (2019)   |   ISSN 2166-7403 (online)  
DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2019.413 |   http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

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Abstract 

Introduction: Obesity is an important health concern worldwide and is a growing problem in Iran. Adolescent  obesity has a major 
role in development of adulthood obesity and its complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of 
overweight, obesity, and associated risk factors in female adolescents living in Tehran, Iran. 
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 2,132 female adolescents aged 14-17 years in Tehran recruited between 
2017 and 2018. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Underweight, overweight, and 
obesity were considered as < 5th, ≥ 85th, and ≥ 95th percentile, respectively, of CDC BMI-for age and sex criteria. Adolescents 
and their mothers filled in the questionnaires on physical activity, computer use, duration of breastfeeding, total sleep time, and 
family socioeconomic status. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0 software. P < 0.05 was considered 
statistically significant.  
Results: The overall prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 24.1% and 6.5%, respectively. The prevalences of overweight 
and obesity were highest in the South District (28.9% and 7.7%, respectively) and were lowest in the North District (19.1% and 
5.2%, respectively). There were significant differences in physical activity level (P < 0.001), total sleep time (P < 0.001), duration 
of breastfeeding (P < 0.01), and daily computer use (P < 0.001) among the four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and 
obese). Regarding the socioeconomic status, parental education level and economic status were significantly higher in those who 
had normal weight compared to other weight groups (in both, P < 0.001).  
Conclusion: This study showed that overweight and obesity among female adolescents in Tehranhave become a major public 
health concern. Level of physical activity, computer use, sleep duration, breastfeeding duration, levels of parental education, and 
economic status were associated with overweight and obesity prevalence. 

Keywords: Overweight; Obesity; Body mass index; Female adolescents; Tehran 

Prevalence of overweight, obesity, 
and associated risk factors in healthy 
female adolescents in Tehran, Iran 
 
Behnaz Abiri1, Parvin Sarbakhsh2, 
Mohammadreza Vafa3,4 

 
1Department of Nutrition, Faculty of 
Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University 
of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;  
2Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, 
School of Public Health, Tabriz University of 
Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 
3Department of Nutrition, School of Public 
Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, 
Tehran, Iran 

4Pediatric Growth and Development 
Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology 
and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical 
Sciences, Tehran, Iran 

Research 

Introduction 

The epidemic of overweight is a growing 
worldwide public health concern.1 It is well established 
that obesity elevates the risk of cardiovascular diseases, 
diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and musculoskeletal disorders 
in adults.2 Recent studies have indicated that obesity in 
adolescence is a strong risk factor for obesity and 
associated morbidity in adulthood, with 50% to 80% of 
obese adolescents becoming obese adults.3 

On the other hand, in many developing 
countries undergoing epidemiologic transition, the 
double burden of malnutrition and overweight co-occur.4  

Although, the contribution of heredity factors 
may account for about 30-70% of obesity,5 the intake of 
high calorie food and decreased expenditure of energy, 

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changing lifestyle and behaviors, also contribute to the 
overweight and obesity epidemic. Breastfeeding is one of 
the earliest initial prevention measures that can be 
implemented to decrease the rates of childhood obesity. 
Previously published studies show a 26% reduction in the 
risk of being overweight or obese in later life of children 
who were breastfed compared to those were formula 
fed.6,7 In addition, prior studies indicate that sleep 
insufficiency elevates the risk of overweight and obesity. 
While the mechanisms are not well understood, sleep 
insufficiency may lead to hormonal alterations, less 
physical activity, and to unhealthy eating patterns 
including elevated consumption of foods with a high 
glycemic index.8 Socioeconomic factors also have a 
notable effect on adolescent weight, since it has been 
demonstrated that populations with low economic level 
have a higher prevalence of childhood obesity, due to 
diet, which is mainly based on a high intake of 
carbohydrates that were established to be the most easily 
obtainable foods for their environment.8 

To our knowledge, studies evaluating the trends 
of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Tehran 
are scarce. Hence, the present study was designed to 
investigate the prevalence rates of overweight, obesity, 
and associated risk factors in female adolescents aged 14-
17 years in Tehran, Iran.  

 

Methods 

Study design, subjects, and sampling 

This cross- sectional study was conducted 
among female adolescents, aged 14-17 years, enrolled in 
high schools in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in 2017-
2018. The sample of 2,132 female adolescents were 
enrolled based on sample size calculation with 
presumption of 6% obesity prevalence.9 

We classified the study location as North, East, 
Central, West, and South, according to 19 educational 
districts of Tehran city. A random sample of 2,132 

female adolescents was selected in a multi- stage 
sampling technique from the governmental supported 
public high schools. Female adolescents, healthy (not 
suffering from any chronic and acute disease), and aged 
14-17 years were eligible for the study. Adolescents who 
were taking laxative or hormonal medications, who did 
not give signed informed consent by parents or by 
themselves, refused to participate, and those with 
physical disabilities were not investigated. 

Mothers were invited to schools by an invitation 
letter. The aims and methodology of the research were 
explained to them by the members of the research team, 
and written consents was obtained from adolescents and 
their parents. This study was approved by the Ethics 
Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences 
(Tehran, Iran). 

Anthropometric measurements and data collection 

Weights and heights of the participants were 
measured by the trained nutritionists using the same 
standard tools. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 
cm, in standing position and without shoes, using a fixed 
tape meter. Weight was measured using a portable Beurer 
scale (Beurer, Germany) with minimum clothing and 
without shoes to the nearest 0.1 kg. Body mass index 
(BMI) was computed by using the formula. 

Based on CDC criteria, female adolescents with 
BMI-for-age and sex at or above the 95th percentile, 
between 85th and 95th percentile and less than 5th 
percentile were considered as being obese, overweight, 
and underweight, respectively.10 

Designed questionnaires were used to collect 
demographic and lifestyle data, age, physical activity 
level, total sleep time, daily computer use, and duration 
of breastfeeding from students, while socioeconomic 
status of participants were obtained from their mothers. 
Physical activity level was investigated by the Persian 
and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire 
(IPAQ) short form and expressed as Met-Min/week.11 

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Variable                                                                   Value                           Min                  Max 

Age (years)a                                                        15.50 ± 1.06                    14.00               17.00 

Height (cm)a                                                                                   160.38 ± 6.39                  140.00              185.00 

Weight (kg)a                                                       59.66 ± 13.00                  21.30               104.70 

BMI (kg/m2)a                                                       23.14 ± 4.61                    15.00               40.10 

Physical activity (Met-Min/week)b                   730.00 (644.50)                234.00              2023 

Sleep duration (hours)b                                            7.00 (3.00)                      3.00                 9.00 

Computer using time (minute)a                           90.49 ± 37.43                  30.00               240.00 

Breastfeeding duration (month)b                            6.00 (7.00)                      0.00                24.00 

a Values are described as mean±SD 
b Values are described as Median (Interquartile) 

Table 1. Characteristics of the participants 

The socioeconomic status (SES) of the adolescents was 
obtained from their mothers, using an economic indicator 
on the presence or absence of private bedroom, personal 
computer, automobile and travelling on holidays. 
According to this scale, three economic groups were 
idetified: low, medium, and high. Educational levels of 
parents were investigated as a social factor (primary, 
secondary, or university). This socioeconomic frame has 
been commonly used in Iran.12 Total sleep time (in 
hours), daily computer use (in minutes), and duration of 
breastfeeding (in months) were assessed by the 
questionnaire. 

Statistical analysis  

Statistical analysis was performed by using 
SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Illinois) 
software. All continuous variables had normal 
distribution except for physical activity, duration of 
breastfeeding, and total sleep time. Data were shown as 
mean±SD, unless expressed otherwise. Categorical 
variables are reported as frequencies and percentages. 
Chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences 
between categorical variables. Analysis of variance 
(ANOVA) was used to identify differences between the 

four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and 
obese) for continuous variables. Comparison of non-
normally distributed data was performed using Kruskal-
Wallis test. In addition, we applied ordinal logistic 
regression analysis to estimate the determinatives of 
overweight and obesity. P < 0.05 was considered 
statistically significant. 

 

Results 

This report is based on data from 2,132 female 
adolescents aged 14-17 years in Tehran, Iran, enrolled 
between 2017 and 2018. The characteristics of the study 
participants who were recruited in this study are shown 
in Table 1.  

The prevalence rates of underweight, 
overweight and obesity are demonstrated in Table 2. The 
overall prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight, 
and obesity were 14.3, 55.2, 24.1, and 6.5%, respectively. 
The proportions of overweight and obesity were highest 
in the South District (28.9 and 7.7%, respectively) and 
were lowest in the North District (19.1 and 5.2%, 
respectively). The proportion of underweight was highest

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 Normal Underweight Overweight Obese Total 

District, n (%) 

North 

East 

Central 

West 

South  

 

110 (63.6) 

365 (58.6) 

147 (55.5) 

289 (59.5) 

265 (45.3) 

 

21 (12.1) 

86 (13.8) 

36 (13.6) 

55 (11.3) 

106 (18.1) 

 

33 (19.1) 

135 (21.7) 

65 (24.5) 

112 (23.0) 

169 (28.9) 

 

9 (5.2) 

37 (5.9) 

17 (6.4) 

30 (6.2) 

45 (7.7) 

 

173 

623 

265 

486 

585 

Total, n (%) 1176 (55.2) 304 (14.3) 514 (24.1) 138 (6.5) 2132 

Table 2. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in female adolescents 

in the South District (18.1%) and was lowest in the West 
District (11.3%). 

No significant differences were seen between 
the four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and 
obese) in age and height in each district and overall in the 
city (P ≥ 0.05). There were significant differences in 
regards to physical activity level (P < 0.001), total sleep 
time (P < 0.001), duration of breastfeeding (P < 0.01), 
and daily computer use (P < 0.001), among the four 
groups in each district and overall city. 

There were significant differences in economic 
status among the four groups (underweight, normal, 
overweight, and obese) (P < 0.001). The percentage of 
low economic status was highest in obese group (44.2%), 
and both percentages of medium (68.5%) and high 
(22.4%) economic states were highest in normal group 
(Table 3). 

Significant differences were observed in both 
mothers’ and fathers’ educational level, between the four 
groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese) (P 
< 0.001) (Table 3). The proportion of mother’s primary 
educational level as the maximum education achieved 
was highest in underweight group (36.0%), and both 
proportion of mother’s secondary and university 
education level (67.5 and 21.5%, respectively) were 
highest in normal group (Table 3). Regarding the father’s 

education level, the proportion of primary education level 
was highest in underweight group (33.9%), and the 
highest proportions of secondary and university 
education levels were seen in overweight (59.5%) and 
normal (34.9%) groups, respectively (Table 3). 

Ordinal logistic regression analysis, physical 
activity, daily computer use, total sleep time, duration of 
breastfeeding, economic status, and mothers’ and fathers’ 
educational level were significant predictors of weight 
status in female adolescents (P < 0.001).  

 

Discussion 

The findings of the present study indicate that 
the overall prevalence rates of underweight, normal, 
overweight, and obesity in 14-17 years old female 
adolescents in Tehran are 14.3, 55.2, 24.1, and 6.5%, 
respectively, with the highest prevalence of overweight 
and obesity in the lowest socioeconomic district (South). 
The results of the current study are different from the 
findings reported from other geographical areas of Iran. 
In a study among the female adolescents aged 15-18 
years in Najafabad highschools (Najafabad, Iran) in 
2011, the overall prevalence rates of underweight, 
overweight, and obesity were 10.6, 20.5, and 6%, 
respectively.9 The higher rates of overweight

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Variable Normal 

 (n=1,176) 

Underweight 

 (n=304) 

Overweight 

(n=514) 

Obese 

(n=138) 

P* 

Economic status 

Low, n (%) 

Middle, n (%) 

High, n (%) 

 

107 (9.1) 

805 (68.5) 

264 (22.4) 

 

88 (28.9) 

184 (60.5) 

32 (10.5) 

 

164 (31.9) 

309 (60.1) 

41 (8.0) 

 

61 (44.2) 

68 (49.3) 

9 (6.5) 

< 0.001 

Maternal education 
level 

Primary, n (%) 

Secondary, n (%) 

University, n (%) 

 

 

129 (11.0) 

793 (67.5) 

252 (21.5) 

 

 

109 (36.0) 

157 (51.8) 

37 (12.2) 

 

 

89 (17.3) 

346 (67.3) 

77 (15.0) 

 

 

43 (31.2) 

71 (51.4) 

24 (17.4) 

< 0.001 

Paternal education 
level 

Primary, n (%) 

Secondary, n (%) 

University, n (%) 

 

 

67 (5.7) 

698 (59.4) 

411 (34.9) 

 

 

103 (33.9) 

166 (54.6) 

35 (11.5) 

 

 

122 (23.7) 

306 (59.5) 

86 (16.7) 

 

 

36 (26.1) 

66 (47.8) 

36 (26.1) 

< 0.001 

*Chi-square test. 

Table 3. Comparison of the socioeconomic variables in the participants in BMI groups 

and obesity in our study may be attributed to the 
differences in sample size, socioeconomic status, 
physical activity level, or eating habits. In another study 
between 2,900 students (1,200 males and 1,700 females) 
aged 11-17 years in Tehran (2004-2005), prevalence of 
overweight and obesity were 17.9 and 7.1%, 
respectively.13 In another investigation, among a sample 
of 398 students (199 girls and 199 boys) aged 10-15 years 
in Tehran (2000-2001), overall prevalence of overweight 
and obesity were 16 and 10%, respectively.14 In the 
investigation the prevalence of overweight in girls (19%) 
was higher than that in boys (14%), but the prevalence 
rate of obesity among boys (13%) was two times as many 
as girls (6.5%).14 

Similar to the increasing trend in adults, the 
proportions of overweight and obesity have elevated 
notably since 1980 among children and adolescents 
worldwide.1,15 But the prevalence of overweight and 
obesity among adolescents in other parts of the world 
differs based on the geographical region. Available data 
demonstrated that roughly 33.8% of adolescent girls aged 
12-19 years were overweight and obese and 20.7% were 
obese in 2011-2012, based on CDC criteria, in the United 
States.16 In China, the China Health and Nutrition Survey 
findings indicated that 8.0% of adolescent girls aged 15-
18 years were overweight/obese in 2011.17 

Obesity definition, the age of participants, and 
the time when the participants were evaluated vary in 

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studies describing the prevalence of obesity, making it 
difficult to compare the rate of overweight and obesity 
among existing studied populations. 

Hence, according to the findings of our 
investigation and similar studies,9,13,18-20 overweight and 
obesity should be considered as serious public health 
challenges at the national level in Iran.20 

There was a significant difference in physical 
activity level between the four groups (underweight, 
normal, overweight, and obese), with the highest level 
among normal weight and the lowest in obese groups. In 
addition, a significant difference was observed between 
the four groups in term of the times spent on computer, 
with the highest duration among underweight and the 
lowest in overweight adolescents. 

Similar to our results, another study with the 
aim of determining the prevalence of overweight/obesity 
in relation to lifestyle among 7-17 years old children and 
adolescents in Lithuania, reported that time spent on the 
computer or TV during the week was not related to being 
overweight/obesity.2 

We hypothesize that absence of the direct 
association between the overweight/obesity and 
computer use does not reflect the other side of 
overweight/obese adolescent inactivity: these 
adolescents might have inactive hobbies (music, art, etc) 
contrary to normal weight and underweight counterparts 
who could be took part in more active hobbies including 
tennis, swimming, etc. Previously demonstrated that 
overweight/obese children are more active and report 
more screen duration than normal weight ones.21 This 
notion is in line with earlier report of Nitzan Kaluski et 
al, who did not show any association between time spent 
at the computer, watching TV or videos, or listening to 
music on physical inactivity and obesity.22 Another 
justification could be a direct kind of the question in the 
questionnaire (computer use), which does not encompass 
other gadgets use (tablets, smart phones, consoles, etc.). 

As proposed by some researchers, a negative 
impact of computer/TV use may be related to an elevated 
intake of sweets and snacks, both because of an effect on 
altering eating behavior and of higher exposure to 
advertisements of food high in sugar and fat.23,24 

In addition, physical inactivity seems to be both 
a cause and a consequence of obesity.25 

We found a significant difference in duration of 
breastfeeding between the four groups (underweight, 
normal, overweight, and obese), with the highest duration 
in normal weight. Prior studies have investigated the 
association between infant feeding and overweight and 
obesity, with different results.26-31 The studies that 
indicated no relationship had comparatively smaller 
sample sizes, were frequently not population- based, and 
limited to young aged groups ranging from 6-8 month old 
infants. In contrast, some other investigations indicated a 
strong and reverse association based on larger sample 
sizes.32-34 In a study conducted by Fallahzadeh et al, 
among 800 school children aged 11-13 years, a reverse 
association between the duration of breastfeeding and 
overweight was reported.35 Karmer et al. demonstrated a 
strong protective relationship of breastfeeding on obesity 
in two samples (clinic and schools) of more than 600 
adolescents of 12-18 years old.32 

Both behavioral and metabolic explanations for 
the observed relationship between breastfeeding and 
obesity have been suggested. Breast milk composition 
alters during feeding and makes satiety signals for the 
infant to stop suckling.36 While in bottle-fed infants, the 
amount consumed is controlled mainly by volume, which 
may lead to overfeeding. Moreover, breastfed infants 
may obtain more control throughout their feeding 
behavior than bottle-fed ones.37 

Bottle-fed infants indicate significant higher 
plasma levels of insulin and a prolonged insulin 
response.38 This is in turn may prompt cell glucose 
uptake and suppress biolysis, hence leading to 
differences in deposition of subcutaneous adipose 

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tissue.39 Odeley et al. have demonstrated that fasting 
insulin is positively related to weight gain and alter in 
triceps skin fold in a cohort of 5- to 9- year old Pima 
Indian children followed during 9 years, a finding 
confirmed in young adults aged 18-30 years.40 The 
weight and fat gain stimulating impacts of insulin in 
young populations could therefore underlie the observed 
relationship of breastfeeding and overweight and obesity. 
Moreover, Ravelli et al. have reported that individuals 
aged 48-53 years who were exclusively breast fed over 
the first 10 days of life exhibit significantly lower fasting 
levels of insulin and glucose than those who were bottle 
fed.41 They also have higher BMI, waist circumference 
and waist-to-hip ratio, which however, were not 
statistically significant.37 In another study conducted by 
Mirzaeian et al. among female adolescents aged 15-18 
years, it was reported that breastfeeding (without 
considering its duration) was significantly related to a 
decreased risk of overweight and obesity.9 While, no 
statistically significant relationship was reported between 
duration of breastfeeding with overweight and obesity in 
the participants.9 

Hence, our study showed that the duration of 
breastfeeding is reversely associated with the prevalence 
of overweight and obesity in female adolescents. 

In the present study, there was a significant 
difference in total sleep time (during 24 hours) between 
the four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and 
obese), with the highest sleep duration (6.98 ± 1.22) in 
normal weight group. This result is similar to the findings 
of the longitudinal study by Kim et al. among adolescents 
to evaluate the associations of sleep patterns, health 
outcomes, and health risk behaviors.42 It was indicated 
that shorter sleep duration was related to obesity.42 These 
results are corroborated by the reports indicating that 
shorter sleep time has contributed to the obesity 
epidemic.43-47 Wheaton et al. indicated that short sleep 
duration was associated with unhealthy weight- control 
behaviors that can result to being obese.47 

Our results propose that shorter sleep duration 
may be related to overweight or obesity. Several 
mechanisms that might connect inadequate sleep to 
higher BMI values have been suggested. It has been well 
established that inadequate sleep is related to lower levels 
of anorexigenic hormones, such as leptin, in contrast with 
increased serum concentrations of orexigenic hormones 
such as ghrelin.48,49 Serum levels of cortisol also 
increased toward the evening in states of total and partial 
sleep insufficiency.50 Cortisol has a lipogenic influence, 
which may lead to weight gain in chronic sleep 
insufficiency.50 In addition, lower physical activity has 
been indicated as other mechanism that might lead to 
weight gain in those with insufficient sleep.51 The results 
of another study propose that the relationship between 
sleep insufficiency and obesity may in part be the result 
of alterations in neuronal activity when exposed to food 
stimuli. These alterations apparently influence brain parts 
known to be connected to motivation and desire and may 
demonstrate an elevated tendency to eat food in those 
who are not getting sufficient sleep.52   

In our study, there was a significant difference 
in economic status between the four groups 
(underweight, normal, overweight, and obese). Low 
economic status was more prevalent in obese group. 
While both, middle and high economic states were more 
frequent in normal weight group. Moreover, level of 
maternal and paternal education was higher in normal 
weight group. Family socioeconomic status has been 
indicated to be inversely associated with the prevalence 
of overweight and obesity,53 with the highest prevalence 
of overweight being in the lowest socioeconomic 
groups.23,54 Previous investigations indicated that higher 
levels of maternal or paternal education were related to 
the lower risk of being overweight in children. Finnish 
LATE study reported that paternal education had inverse 
relationship, mediated by parent’s BMI, with overweight 
in older boys. However, maternal education indicated 
indirect relationship.55 Level of parental education is a 
strong socioeconomic determinant associated with eating 
behaviors and screen time.2 Children of less educated 

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parents with low income reported to consume nutrient-
poor but calorie-dense beverages more frequently instead 
of nutrient-dense beverages.56,57  

It is well known that the impact of SES on 
overweight and obesity differs in differently developed 
regions.58,59 

The strengths of our study include the 
population- based approach, and a large sample size. The 
study was conducted by the same trained research team 
by using the same standard tools. 

This study also has few limitations. First, the 
cross-sectional design, which can result in uncertainties 
regarding the temporality of cause and effect of the 
observed relationships, and self- reported responses, 
which are suspected to error and under- or over- 
reporting. Second, we did not evaluate dietary intake of 
the adolescents, as well as their parent’s BMI. These 
factors may contribute to overweight and obesity. 
Parental history of obesity is one of the most important 
known risk factors for obesity in the offspring, more than 
doubling the risk.60 Third, data on breastfeeding duration 
were collected based on mother’s recall, which may be 
subjected to recall and/or reporting bias. Collecting data 
many years later may lead to misclassified exposures and 
subsequently incorrect conclusions. Forth, we evaluated 
only BMI as the measure of adiposity, but it does not 
differentiate fat and lean body mass. 

In conclusion, the results of this study 
demonstrate that overweight and obesity among female 
adolescents in Tehran, Iran, is now a major public health 
challange. With respect to the findings, several factors 
such as level of physical activity, times spent on 
computer, sleep duration, breastfeeding duration, levels 
of parental education and economic status have important 
effects on weight gain. Hence, public health strategies are 
needed to combat with elevated rates of overweight, 
obesity, and subsequent complications in adolescents. 
More research on the risk factors is needed before 

preventive public health strategies can be developed and 
put into practice. 

 

Acknowledgements 

We thank the students and their parents for their 
cooperation and participation in this study. This work 
was financially supported by the Vice Chancellor of 
Research, Iran University of Medical Sciences. 

 

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Volume 8, No. 1 (2019) |  ISSN 2166-7403 (online) | DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2019.413|http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

 
 

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Volume 8, No. 1 (2019) |  ISSN 2166-7403 (online) | DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2019.413|http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

 
 

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	Abstract
	Abstract
	Keywords: Overweight; Obesity; Body mass index; Female adolescents; Tehran
	Keywords: Overweight; Obesity; Body mass index; Female adolescents; Tehran
	Research
	Research
	Research

