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Pharmacogenetic research in 

Kazakhstan 

 

Elena Zholdybayeva1, Aisha 

Iskakova1, Aliya Romanova1, 

Erlan Ramanculov2, Kuvat 

Momynaliev1 

 
1National Center for Biotechnology, 

Astana, Kazakhstan; 2Nazarbayev 

University, Astana, Kazakhstan 

 

 

Vol. 2, Suppl. (2013)   |   ISSN 2166-7403 (online)    

DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2013.87   |   http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

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ZHOLDYBAYEVA 

 

 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. 

 

This journal is published by the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh as part  

of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press. 

 

Central Asian Journal of Global Health 

Volume 2, Suppl. (2013)  |  ISSN 2166-7403 (online)  |  DOI 10.5195/cajgh.2013.87  |  http://cajgh.pitt.edu 

  

 

Abstract 

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics is an emerging field of medicine that combines genetics and pharmacology. 

Pharmacogenomic research is relatively new in Kazahkstan, but, in recent years, significant progress has been made in this field. 

The National Scientific Laboratory for Biotechnology has launched several government-funded research projects focused on 

finding genetic markers that determine susceptibility to various drugs. Another goal of pharmacogenetic research in the 

laboratory is to find the pharmacogenomic markers that target cardiovascular diseases, accounting for allelic frequencies in 

selected genes in the Kazakh population. In addition, pharmacogenomic testing kits allow patients to choose the drug dosage. For 

example, the drug Warfarin has been developed within the framework of the "Technology Commercialization Project,” funded 

jointly by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the World Bank.  

Material and methods: The pharmacogenomic studies were conducted using the real-time PCR and direct DNA sequencing. 

DNA was isolated from venous blood or buccal cells, collected from patients.  

Results:  To date, we have identified the most promising areas of research in the field of pharmacogenomics in Kazakhstan. The 

allelic frequencies of a number of polymorphisms in the Kazakh population have been calculated (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, 

CYP3A4, VKORC1, CYP4F2, GGCX, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, NAT2, GSTP1, SLC47A1). A unique repository of DNA samples 

was established and is being replenished during the implementation of aforementioned projects. Development of the testing kit 

for individual selection of Warfarin dosage is nearing completion. A patent, named "Method of Selection Based Dose Warfarin 

Genotyping for the Kazakh Population" has been recently obtained. An application for another patent, titled "Express Method of 

Correction of Warfarin Dosing, Based on Real-time PCR" has received positive evaluation. The results of domestic 

pharmacogenomic studies will allow a more rational selection of drugs and their dosage regimens specific to the Kazakh 

population. 

Keywords: pharmogenomic research, genotyping, allelic frequencies, Kazakhstan 

 

 

 

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