# cey: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called cey.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

> German; Ibid; People; Der; Press; Century; Habsburg; History; State; Europe; Army; Work; Nazi; World; Church; Maria; Country; Women; Power; Community; Ukraine; Bot; Browser; Tapestries; Olearius

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

## German

- Portraying the Enemy: Two German Lutherans’ Turkish Travelogues and the Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq by Wenner, Thorin (2019) - Gerlach uses “Erb- Feind” (archenemy) to describe the Turks in a letter on the potential union between the Habsburg realms and Poland (as they were electing a new king, and Maximilian II was a favorite candidate in these elections).27 Salomon Schweigger calls the Turks the “enemies of the name of Christ” (Feind des Christlichen Namen).28 Salomon Schweigger writes multiple times that God uses the Turks to punish the sins of Europeans, whether they be the inhabitants of Constantinople in 1453, the Germans, or other Europeans. Keywords: busbecq; constantinople; empire; gerlach; german; ibid; letters; ottoman; ottoman empire; peace; salomon; schweigger; society; stephan; turks
- Musicology and German National Identity: A Review of the Issues in Scholarship on the Late Eighteenth Century by Clink, Emily Jane (2019) - Abstract This article explores the concept of German national identity as it has been used by musicologists and offers an alternative, fuller understanding of that concept by placing it in its late eighteenth-century context. This article demonstrates that a richer and more nuanced understanding of the development of “nation” and “identity” has the potential to enhance our understanding of the development of German national identity in music. Keywords: century; concepts; eighteenth; german; ibid; identity; music; national; nationalism; work
- Guardians of the Empire: Nationalism and the Habsburg Army by Manuatu, Benjamin James (2021) - After the Revolutions, while other armies were primarily charged with the defense of a state against external threats, the primary role of the army of Austria was to maintain the delicate internal security of the empire. 16 Correlli Barnett, The Desert Generals (London: Pan Books edn., 1962), 105. 17 Lucian W. Pye, “Armies in the Process of Political Modernization,” in The Role of the Miltiary in Underdeveloped Countries, ed. Keywords: armies; army; austrian; emperor; empire; franz; gellner; german; groups; habsburg; habsburg army; habsburg empire; habsburg monarchy; joseph; language; military; monarchy; nationalism; new; press; state; university; war
- A Fancy of Prince Bismarck? Bismarck’s Strategic Aims for the Expulsions of 1885 by Hall, Sam (2021) - In response to a heightened level of antisemitic agitation during the early 1880s—Jewish homes, shops, and synagogues were damaged in the cities of Thorn, Neustettin, and Stolp—the liberal Landtag deputy Eugen Richter chastised Bismarck for encouraging Jewish persecution through his inaction.25 On the 12th of January 1881, Richter contended that the antisemites began “to cling to the coat-tails of Prince Bismarck” and that they “go right on cuddling up to him and call to him as noisy children surround their father. in Louis L. Snyder, “Bismarck and the Lasker Resolution, 1884,” The Review of Politics 29, no. 1 (January 1967): 44; Otto von Bismarck, Bismarck’s Table Talk, trans. and ed. Keywords: austria; bismarck; expulsions; german; history; hungary; jews; otto; poles; policy; polish; prussian; reichstag; von
- Turning a War Crime into a Weapon: How the Razing of Lidice and Ležáky Aided the Allied Power’s War Effort by Bowman, Jackson (2024) - 69 “Lidice, In Illinois,” The New York Times, July 14, 1942, 18. 68 Alan Gerrard, “12th July 1942, Stern Park Gardens—Lidice Illinois,” Lidice Lives, July 11, 2022, https://lidicelives.org/2022/07/11/12th-july-1942-stern-park-gardens-lidice-illinois/, accessed May 30, 2023. 33 https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Property/HI19157 http://www.speeches-usa.com/Transcripts/wendell_wilkie-eulogy.html https://lidicelives.org/2022/07/11/12th-july-1942-stern-park-gardens-lidice-illinois/ The United States and Great Britain often shared propaganda especially when it concerned the Germans. 73 See an image of the memorial at “12th July 1942, Stern Park Gardens—Lidice Illinois.” 72 “Willkie Speaks,” The Daily Chronicle, July 13, 1942, 1. 71 “Lidice Hailed as a Shrine of Freedom,” Mattoon Illinois Journal Gazette, July 13, 1942, 1. 70 Wendell Willkie, “Eulogy of Lidice,” Stern Park Gardens, IL, July 12, 1942, available at Speech Vault, http://www.speeches-usa.com/Transcripts/wendell_wilkie-eulogy.html, accessed May 30, 2023. Keywords: american; anthropoid; beneš; british; exile; german; government; heydrich; june; lidice; nazi; people; powers; propaganda; states; times; town; united; war
- Heidegger’s support for antisemitic measures as Rector of the University of Freiburg, 1933-1934 by Cuniolo, Andrea (2024) - 62 Ott, Martin Heidegger, 188; Rockmore, On Heidegger’s Nazism, 78, 98, 112; Safranski, Heidegger, 310. 61 Heidegger, ‘Now only a god’, 26; Heidegger, ‘The Rectorate’, 491-492. 60 Moheling, ‘Heidegger and the Nazis’, 35; Hermann Heidegger, ‘Preface’, 468-469. 59 Heidegger, ‘Now only a god’, 25. 58 Hermann Heidegger, ‘Preface’, 469. Hermann Heidegger (Genoa: Il Melangolo, 2005), 81. Heidegger, Martin, ‘The Jewish Contamination of German Spiritual Life: Letter to Victor Schower (1929), Martin Heidegger: Philosophical and Political Writings, trans. and ed. Keywords: altre; freiburg; german; heidegger; hermann heidegger; ibid; martin heidegger; nazi; policies; press; testimonianze; university
- Negotiating National Equality in the Austrian Silesian Diet 1905-1914 by Krajnik, Paula (2025) - The inquiry accused German nationalist headmasters, teachers, and agitators of increasingly replacing the Czech or Polish lessons with German instruction with the purpose of turning the respective schools into German schools and to indoctrinating Polish and Czech children, rating this as a violation of Article 19. Instances like these indicate that miscommunication between the majority and minority exacerbated the conflicts around the reform.39 The German deputy Karl Ott proposed a new approach: national electoral cadasters should be established, but their power should depend on the amount of taxes contributed by each electorate. Keywords: compromise; der; diet; electoral; german; language; national; period; reform; silesia; slavic; smsd; und
- Roma & Sinti Culture as Modern German Studies by Nair, Arushi (2025) - In the story-telling of Roma experience, I wanted to see what Roma did, and this was the push from memoirs into poetry. Fonseca, an anthropologist, conducted interviews with Roma families with whom she stayed across Central and Eastern Europe throughout the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. Keywords: culture; die; german; holocaust; ich; poetry; project; reinhardt; research; roma; sinti; survivors; und; work
- How Was the Restructuring of Antisemitism Used to Fuel German Nationalism (1871-1890)? by Warshaw, Flora (2025) - Michael R. Marrus, “European Jewry and the Politics of Assimilation: Assessment and Reassessment,” The Journal of Modern History 49, no.1 (March 1977): 103. 109 Oded Heilbronner, “From Antisemitic Peripheries to Antisemitic Centres: The Place of Antisemitism in Modern German History,” Journal of Contemporary History 35, no. 4 (October 2000): 569. “From Antisemitic Peripheries to Antisemitic Centres: The Place of Antisemitism in Modern German History.” Keywords: antisemitism; german; history; identity; imperial; jews; movement; nationalism; new; no.1; press; review; state; stoecker; university; volkov
- Jewish Women, Identity, and the Aufklärung: The German-speaking Enlightenment around 1800 by Porter, Josephine (2025) - “Berlin Landmarks”: Jewish Women Using a gendered lens, we can find that Jewish women, as women, were able to access civil society despite their role in the inferior sex. While elite Jewish women had also been educated, it was not learning in the traditional Jewish way, but a flawed and defective form of Jewish Bildung. Jewish women, therefore, could not access the Haskalah in the same way as their male counterparts.45 The Jewish women’s experience differed from Christian women’s also; as Jewish women, society projected a sense of being foreign and exotic onto them, viewing them as “eroticised and exoticised feminine [beauties].”46 This perception of the “Jewess” objectified Jewish women; their gender and religion were merged into an exotic form of beauty and morbid curiosity. Keywords: aufklärung; berlin; century; enlightenment; german; identity; jews; salons; society; sphere; varnhagen; women
- Kang Youwei on Austria-Hungary: Lessons for China's Modernization by Tsui, Nicholas (2025) - 28 Youwei Kang 康有为, Kang Youwei Quanji 康有为全集 Abstract This article analyzes how Kang Youwei (1858–1927), a reformer and intellectual in China, used examples from Austria-Hungary to support his plan to reform China. Keywords: austria; china; chinese; emperor; empire; german; habsburg; hungary; ibid; kang; kang youwei; people; power; quanji; system; youwei
- Introduction by Weinshel, Meyer (2025) - Paula Krajnik also addresses 19th century politics, notably in the parts of historic Silesia that remained under Habsburg rule, and sought greater autonomy within Austria-Hungary. As editor, I stress to readers that these terrifying political trends are sadly not new, and have been part of modern German politics for over 150 years. Keywords: articles; german; politics

## Ibid

- Aufstand oder Fehde: Franz von Sickingen and the Implications of the Feud Against Trier (1481-1525) by Callihan, Glenn Allen (2019) - By examining the material and sociopolitical circumstances of Franz von Sickingen and the reactions of not only his peers in the lower nobility but also the princes to Sickingen’s “rebellion,” it becomes clear that the Knights’ Revolt of 1522-1523 is better characterized as a feud between Franz von Sickingen and the Elector of Trier, Richard von Griefenklau. Despite his rather meager office in the Count Palatine’s court, Franz von Sickingen’s financial successes would prove pivotal in his next great undertaking: his feud with the City of Worms.23 Balthasar Schlör, a citizen of Worms, had previously sold his debt to Sickingen, which provided the impetus for Sickingen to declare the feud: he wanted to collect.24 On November 1, 1514, Franz von Sickingen sent the city of Worms a letter which stated that a particular citizen, Nicolas Knobellach, should pay a debt that he owed to Balthasar Schlör. Keywords: city; count; der; feud; franz; franz von; ibid; letter; nobility; princes; scholzen; sickingen; trier; von; von sickingen; zmora
- An Inconceivable Odyssey: The Czechoslovak Legion in Russia, 1914-1918 by Fixler, Nicholas William (2019) - The declaration of Czechoslovak independence and the armistice on the Western Front both occurred at roughly the same time and were twin blows to Legion morale when word arrived of their occurrence in late fall 1918.37 As Czechoslovakia now existed and the German Empire was no longer fighting on the Western Front, the Legion now had no reason to continue to fight, and many Legionaries began to question why they were still in combat in Russia.38 Mutinies and more mundane acts of insubordination happened with greater and greater consistency throughout the last quarter of 1918, to the point that the Czechoslovak Legion was no longer viable as an offensive fighting force, and it was ordered off the line in late January 1919.39 The Hungarian invasion of Czechoslovakia was a further blow to morale, though this occurred after the Legion had been pulled off the line.40 Another challenge that the Legion faced was that it was isolated on foreign soil and caught between competing interests at almost all times. This article shows that, thanks to its unusual structure and state-like attributes, including an independent foreign policy through an independent command and its own mobile economic infrastructure, the Czechoslovak Legion had the wherewithal to fight in and withdraw from Russia successfully. Keywords: army; baerlein; country; czechoslovak; entente; government; ibid; legion; march; russia; war
- Austrian High Enlightenment: Josephinism, Literature and State Building by Sezer, Joshkin Aziz (2019) - The text, Faustin oder das philosophische Jahrhundert (Faustin or the philosophical century) by Joseph Pezzl, was composed during Joseph’s reign. For many, Joseph’s schemes seemed almost quixotic in their scope, from his plowing the fields in Moravia to his “incessant traveling” to his Edict of Tolerance.18 The criticism of his 13 Beales, Joseph II, 2:91. Keywords: austria; empire; enlightenment; faustin; habsburg; ibid; joseph; joseph ii; monarchy; pezzl; press; state; vienna
- Genocidaire Alfried Krupp: The Implications of Memorializing a Criminal Against Humanity by Edwards, Elizabeth (2025) - This research paper argues that the acceptance of the name of a criminal against humanity such as Alfried Krupp as a seemingly legitimate and desirable brand for industrial and commercial enterprises, as well as scholarly, educational, or medical institutions, amounts to an acceptance of Krupp’s crimes and, 7 Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No.10, Nuernberg October 1946-April 1949, (Vol 9: The Krupp Case). In the case of Alfried Krupp, survivors’ voices have not rung loud enough as the name “Krupp” remains an outsized figure when his victims have been forgotten. Keywords: business; concentration; core; crimes; denial; genocide; germany; history; hitler; holocaust; ibid; industry; krupp; labor; laborers; memory; nazi; new; trial; victims; war
- From Self-Fashioning to State Symbol: Empress Elisabeth's Aesthetic Agency, Posthumous Cult, and National Appropriation in Austria by Rutherford, Sylvia (2025) - 12 Ibid., 7. 11 Olivia Gruber Florek, The Celebrity Monarch: Empress Elisabeth and the Modern Female Portrait (University of Delaware Press, 2022), 13. 79 Caitlin Gura, “The Austrian Aschenputtel: Empress Elisabeth of Austria as an Icon of Austrian National Identity,” Trinity College Digital Repository, Trinity Papers (2013): 7, https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.38593922. 78 Erica Carter, “Sissi the Terrible: Melodrama, Victimhood, and Imperial Nostalgia in the Sissi Trilogy,” in Screening War: Perspectives on German Suffering, ed. Keywords: austria; century; elisabeth; empress; empress elisabeth; femininity; figure; florek; franz; gender; habsburg; ibid; identity; image; national; public; schlipphacke; self; sissi; university; world

## People

- Get Yourselves Under Control!: Youth Sexuality in the Third Reich by Zastre, Sydni (2020) - Most likely unintentionally, however, the official structure and activities of the HJ and BDM themselves also offered youth new sexual freedoms and a space in which to exercise them. These women perceived the loopholes and inconsistencies in Nazi sexual regulations and took full advantage of them, seizing hold of opportunities for their own gain, both material and sexual. Keywords: bdm; girls; herzog; hitler; homosexuality; nazi; organizations; people; reich; sex; sexuality; war; youth
- Parasites, Prostitution, and Everyday Vigilance in Socialist Czechoslovakia: An Interview with Dr. Christiane Brenner by Skelton, Victoria (2020) - “Vigilance” was a key term for socialist societies, but it was mostly understood in political way. VS: That sounds incredibly difficult, tracking down people who weren’t supposed to exist in socialist society—the process of rendering invisible members of society visible. Keywords: czechoslovakia; people; prostitution; society; women; work
- The Most Dangerous Man in Europe: How Giuseppe Mazzini's Nationalism Shaped the Italian Unification Period by Anderson, Rachel (2021) - 12 Quoted in Simon Levis Sullam, “The Moses of Italian Unity: Mazzini and Nationalism as Political Religion,” in Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalization of Democratic Nationalism, eds. 22 Mazzini, Life and Writings, I.69; Sarti, “Giuseppe Mazzini and His Opponents,” 82. Keywords: giuseppe; giuseppe mazzini; italian; italy; mazzini; nation; national; opponents; people; sarti; young
- A Historian’s Path: An Interview with Professor Mary Lindemann, Former President of the American Historical Association and German Studies Association by Christian, Nash; Lindemann, Mary (2021) - It's hard to pull all of the strings together and select one thing that says, “This is the importance of disease in world history.” Thus, I combined an interest in going somewhere like Hamburg, where I'd never been, with the thrill of looking at original sources that not that many people had worked on. Keywords: archive; good; history; lot; people; things; time
- Jan Hus: A Connection between Belief and National Identity by Hernandez, Yutsil (2022) - On the contrary, Hus wrote a response to the forty-five articles that had been drawn from Wyclif’s writings, saying that they had been taken out of context and did not represent their true meaning.15 At the Council of 10 “John Hus to The Lords Gathered at the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Bohemia before 14 December 1412,” in The Letters of John Hus, 90. 15 Matthew Spinka, John Hus: A Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), 65. 56 Constance, Hus condemned Wyclif’s teachings yet openly admitted that he found his teachings attractive due to Wyclif’s genuine efforts to convert people to the law of Christ. Keywords: bohemia; church; czech; hus; hussite; jan; john; john hus; letters; movement; people
- Eyewitness Accounts of the War in Ukraine by Stackpole, Anne (2022) - I am especially concerned about the impact of this war on young children, both in Russia and in Ukraine. Because of the nearby threat from Crimea, many people in Odesa believed that they should evacuate and move to a safer part of the country. Keywords: army; children; city; people; train; war
- Challenges to Preservation of Holocaust Memory in Poland by Bobowiec, Natalia (2024) - While there are educators who choose to teach Jewish history and comprehensive World War II history despite the backlash from parents, many teachers hold antisemitic views themselves and consciously choose not to discuss Jewish Holocaust history in their classrooms. Nevertheless there are two 15 Beth Holmgren, “Holocaust History and Jewish Heritage Preservation: Scholars and Stewards Working in PiS-Ruled Poland,” Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 37, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 96–107, doi:10.1353/sho.2019.0004. Keywords: ambrosewicz; attitudes; education; gross; history; holocaust; holocaust memory; islands; jacobs; memory; people; poland; poles; polish; teaching

## Der

- Buchrezension: Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. by Weisser, Fabia (2020) - Maria Theresia als die gutherzige, weise Regentin, die gegenüber ihrem Volke dieselbe Güte und Warmherzigkeit walten ließ, wie gegenüber jedem einzelnen ihrer sechzehn Kinder. Auch Maria Theresia selbst war von der durch die Aufklärung vorangetriebenen stetigen Säkularisierung und der zunehmenden Kritik am Glauben durch Intellektuelle betroffen, weshalb Keywords: als; auch; auf; das; der; die; kaiserin; maria; rilinger; stollberg; und; von
- Das menschliche Gesicht der Großstadtdämonen: Wie Kulturkritik durch die sprachliche Bildlichkeit des Expressionismus zum Ausdruck gebracht wird by Durda, Romy (2021) - Der Mensch selbst ist es, der der Natur ihren stetigen Lauf nimmt und die Außenwelt zugunsten von Zivilisation und Fortschritt beschleunigt. 3 Tobias Becker und Johanna Niedbalski, „Die Metropole der tausend Freuden: Stadt und Vergnügungskultur um 1900,“ in Die tausend Freuden der Metropole: Keywords: als; auch; auf; aus; ausdruck; außenwelt; beziehung; bis; das; dass; dem; den; der; des; deutlich; die; dieser; durch; dämonen; eigenen; eine; expressionismus; für; gedicht; georg; großstadt; großstädtischen; hat; heym; hier; ihrer; indem; individuum; ist; kann; lebensraum; lyrik; lässt; macht; menschen; menschlichen; metapher; mit; natur; nicht; noch; seiner; selbst; sich; sie; simmel; sind; sondern; städte; umgebung; und; verhältnis; versen; von; vor; wenn; werden; wie; wird; zeigt; zum; zur; zwischen
- A Consciously Un-Revolutionary Revolution: Salzburg 1918 by Ashkenazy, Cole (2021) - A long article in the Chronik described the dangers that existed so long as the “rote Flagge der Revolution” (red flag of revolution) existed and that it was irresponsible to be constantly talking about the revolution.35 The Chronik and Volksblatt were also united in how pleased they were when foreign journalists observed that there were no troubles in the area, one even referring to “Revolution” in quotation marks, and another observing that the Vienna revolution was not at all red.36 The word revolution was also used in the Wacht more often than before. The beginning of the shift for revolution meaning both political and social change dates back to during the 1789 French Revolution; see Ilan Rachum, “Revolution”: The Entrance of a New Word into Western Political Discourse (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999), 244. Keywords: austria; austro; change; der; november; october; republic; revolution; salzburg; sdap; socialists; term; use; vienna; wacht; word revolution
- Die Inszenierung des Todes: Das Funeralzeremoniell Kaiser Leopolds I. in vergleichender Perspektive by Katzenbach, Lennart (2021) - Die Parade und die Die verwitwete Kaiserin war mit ihrem Beichtvater in der Hofburg geblieben.62 Beschlossen wurde der Kondukt von der Stadtgarde. Keywords: aber; als; auch; auf; aus; begräbnis; bei; bestattung; bis; das; dass; dem; den; der; des; des grossen; dessen; die; dieser; durch; ein; eine; fig; friedrich; frühen; für; grossen; habe; hawlik; herrschaft; herrscher; hier; hof; ist; johann; kaiser; königs; körper; leichnam; leopolds; letzten; mit; nach; neuzeit; nicht; noch; nur; rink; sarg; seinen; sich; sie; sind; tod; todes; und; van; verstorbenen; vgl; vom; von; von der; vor; war; water; werden; wie; wien; wiener; wurde; zum; zur; über
- Entzauberung der Berliner Clubszene by Nair, Arushi (2025) - Die Clubs versprachen Safe-Spaces zu sein, aber man merkte schon, wie die sozialen Ungerechtigkeiten reproduziert wurden. Die Berliner Clubs (und auch die Nachtlokale der Weimarer Republik9) Keywords: aber; alle; als; anderen; arbeit; auch; auf; aus; berliner; clubs; clubszene; das; dass; dem; den; denen; der; des; die; dieser; durch; ein; eine; einige; erlebnis; freiheit; für; haben; hat; heute; immer; ist; kann; man; marquardt; menschen; mit; musik; nicht; noch; nur; oder; orte; raum; räume; sehr; sein; selbst; sich; sie; sind; spaces; szene; techno; tresor; türsteher; und; von; war; waren; weil; werden; wie; wird; wurde
- Die ASKÖ und die Arbeitersportbewegung der Zwischenkriegszeit: Ein Vergleich radikaler Rahmung und Verwirklichung des Programms by Crosson, Harper (2025) - Es war dieser Widerspruch, der die faszinierende, aber letztendlich zum Scheitern verurteilte Arbeitersport Agenda der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sport und Körperkultur in Österreich (ASKÖ) prägte. Jedoch kann eine differenziertere und kritischere Analyse der Unterschiede zwischen den proklamierten Zielen der ASKÖ und ihrer Verwirklichung in der Begründung und der Rahmung, die für die Militarisierung des Sports angeführt wurden, erfolgen. Keywords: aber; als; antifascism; arbeiter; arbeitersport; askö; auch; auf; bürgerlichen; dass; dem; den; der; der askö; des; deutsch; die; diese; durch; eine; für; gegen; hat; innen; ist; julius; kuhn; körperkultur; militarismus; mit; nicht; organisation; press; rote; sich; sie; sport; und; unter; vienna; von; war; waren; werden; wettbewerb; wien; wird; wurde; zum

## Press

- Encounters with Native Americans in Early Colonial Georgia: The Salzburger Emigrants and Their Reports on Interactions with Indigenous Peoples by Weisser, Fabia (2021) - The earliest account of gift giving by local Native Americans to the Ebenezer community was reported by the preachers on May 2, 1733: “A few days ago an Indian came to the neighborhood of Abercorn in a small boat, with his wife and two children. According to Stern, commodities were chosen by Native Americans, who accepted specific 53 Detailed Reports, 8:528. Keywords: americans; boltzius; community; ebenezer; encounters; exchange; georgia; gift; indians; melton; new; peoples; press; reports; salzburgers; trade; university
- Russification and Russianization in Modern Historiography: Recent Developments and Future Directions by Sessums, Nicholas W. (2025) - Consequently, the concept of ‘Russification’ (obrusenie in Russian) became opaque, difficult to define, and inadequate in capturing the range of imperial policies toward the peoples of the borderlands. This scholarship tended to focus on nineteenth-century ethno-national movements and their responses to imperial policies rather than the imperial administration itself. Keywords: borderlands; empire; historiography; national; new; policies; press; russian; russianization; russification; university; work
- Everything Old is New Again: Border Rituals and the Return of History in 'Green Border' by Escoto, Rafael (2025) - 10 Grupa Granica, Report on the Situation of People at the Poland–Belarus Border, October–December 2021 (Warsaw: Grupa Granica, 2021), 30. 9 AIDA (Asylum Information Database), Country Report: Poland—2021 Update (Brussels: European Council on Refugees and Exiles, 2022). The European Commission and the 2021 Humanitarian Crisis on the Poland–Belarus Border,” Refugee Survey Quarterly 42, no. 1 (2023): 83-84. Keywords: belarus; border; crisis; europe; european; history; migration; poland; politics; populism; press; rights

## Century

- An Enlightenment of Spirit: Pietism and Prussian Politics by Vowels, Grace (2020) - The emphasis on suffering as purification and stoicism through pain, shown by the mention of “suffer[ing] in stillness,” is a direct continuation of the ascetism advocated for both by Pietists and the Prussian state.55 Other hymns make mention of sitting at God’s feet and kissing his scepter, images evoking devotion to the king of heaven, but also highly reminiscent of devotion to one’s earthly rulers.56 However, the connections between Pietist literature and Prussian state values do not end in similarities expressed in hymns but also in the exhortations put forth for believers to follow in Pietist theologian Johann Friedrich Starck’s 1728 Daily Handbook for Days of Joys and Sorrow.57 Exhortations are reflections and suggestions of ways in which the reader can live a more godly and Christian life. Long a Protestant territory, the majority of the people in the kingdom were Lutherans, which interestingly contrasted with the Calvinist faith of Prussia’s rulers, who belonged to the Hohenzollern dynasty.20 Initially, the relationship to Pietism was tenuous, as Pietist doctrine strayed from the orthodoxy as the established Lutheran state Church. Keywords: century; church; desideria; francke; frederick; gawthrop; pia; pietism; pietists; prussian; spener; state
- South Slav-Russian Relations in the Last Half of the Nineteenth Century: Intrusion, Resentment, and Mutual Naiveté by Crockett, David J (2020) - Lionel Kochan and Richard Abraham, The Making of Modern Russia, 2nd ed. 4 Charles Jelavich, Tsarist Russia and Balkan Nationalism: Russian Influence in the Internal Affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia, 1879-1886 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), vii. Keywords: anderson; austria; balkan; bulgaria; century; charles; crampton; eastern; jelavich; nationalism; orthodox; ottoman; pan; question; russia; serbia; slavism; stambolov; stefan; war
- Augustin Calmet and the Construction of the Eighteenth-Century Vampire by Craig, Ciaran (2021) - In the eighteenth century, Calmet embarked upon a thorough examination of the evidence for the existence of reported vampires in the lands of Hungary, Moravia, Serbia, and Romania. In order to complete this task, Calmet would investigate numerous incidents of apparent vampirism as well as the particular qualities that define these claims. Keywords: blood; body; calmet; century; europe; moravia; reports; result; superstition; testimony; vampire; vampirism; western; world
- Becoming Begrudgingly Tolerant: Analyzing the Significance of the Emergence and Development of Unitarianism in the Transylvanian Principality during the Mid-Sixteenth Century by Wood-Martin, Andrew (2021) - The synods also help provide a deeper understanding of the practical nature of religious freedom and tolerance in early modern Transylvania. The concept of religious tolerance and toleration has been the subject of much scholarly discussion for centuries. Keywords: anti; balázs; century; church; laws; reformed; region; synod; tolerance; transylvania; unitarian; unitarianism
- Editorial Introduction by Louthan, Howard (2021) - We hear echoes of Comenius in the opening interview of our edition where we feature a conversation with one of the most prominent scholars of Central Europe in North America today. The 2021 Yearbook also captures the geographic and cultural diversity of Central Europe. Keywords: central; century; europe

## Habsburg

- A Mercurial Monarch and His Magical Metropolis: Rudolf II’s Prague and Its Alchemical Association by Smith, Charlie (2020) - 32 M. C. Jacobs, Strangers Nowhere in the World: The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in Early Modern Europe, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 65. 33 Rafał T. Prinke and Mike A. Zuber, “Alchemical Patronage and the Making of an Adept: Letters of Michael Sendivogius to Emperor Rudolf II and His Chamberlain Hans Popp,” Ambix 65, no. 4 (2018): 334, https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2018.1512776. In 1583 the Habsburg emperor Rudolf II established Prague as his Residenzstadt and thus shifted the political center of gravity within Central Europe to his Bohemian capital. Keywords: alchemy; art; central; court; eds; emperor; europe; evans; habsburg; ivo; karpenko; nature; prague; purš; rudolf; rudolf ii; world
- Women, Power and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Europe: The Case of Maria Theresa by Anderson, Elinor (2020) - 7 Michael Yonan, Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011), 27. 8 Irmard Pangerl, “The Pragmatic Sanction and its consequences. 14 Yonan, Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art, 19. 6 as desirable, fertile, and devoted wives.15 Early portraiture of Maria Theresa largely adhered to these standards. Keywords: art; empress; family; habsburg; joseph; male; maria; maria theresa; politics; portrait; son; theresa; yonan
- Bourbon Ceremony in the Former Habsburg Territory: Maria Amalia and Ferdinand’s Wedding in Parma (1769) by Zhou, Mike (2022) - Predating Maria Amalia and Ferdinand’s wedding, their marriage was also sealed to repair the relationship between Habsburgs and Bourbons. 40 Bourbon Ceremony in the Former Habsburg Territory Maria Amalia and Ferdinand’s Wedding in Parma (1769) Mike Zhou University of Alberta Keywords: amalia; bourbons; descrizione; ferdinand; feste; habsburg; maria; maria amalia; parma; wedding

## History

- On the Boundary of Empire and Nation: A Conversation with Dr. John Fahey on Przemyśl by Allison, Rusty (2022) - In his forthcoming book, Dr. Fahey examines the history of Przemyśl—a Polish city near the Ukrainian border. In this interview, Dr. Fahey provides insights into how the history of Przemyśl can help us understand the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Keywords: fahey; history; przemyśl; rusty

## State

- Caught between Continents: The Holocaust and Israel’s Attempt to Claim the European Jewish Diaspora by Kimmel, Zachary (2020) - Although he was a Czech writer who was not an observant Jew and who died a quarter-century before its founding, Israel nevertheless celebrated the return of Kafka’s work as a homecoming, using the historical memory of the Holocaust to assert itself as the rightful guardian of Jewish cultural material created anytime, anywhere in the world. The logic is grounded in Israel’s belief in its status as the cultural epicenter of international Jewry, the rightful legal inheritor of Jewish materials produced in the Diaspora. Keywords: diaspora; grade; holocaust; israel; jewish; kafka; library; manuscripts; national; new; state; york
- The Unwanted yet Unavoidable Implementation of Religious Tolerance in Early Modern Transylvania by Marschik, Koloman (2021) - Appendix A: Chronological Table Year Event Ruling Monarch 1526 Battle of Mohács: defeat and de facto partition of medieval Hungarian kingdom, coronation in Transylvania of Janos Szapolyai as King of Hungary Janos Szapolyai 1540 Janos Szapolyai dies, succeeded by his son Janos Zsigmond Szapolyai 1556 Roman Catholic Church property seized by diet 1558 Lutheranism recognized as received religion by Transylvanian diet Janos Zsigmond Szapolyai (King of Hungary) 1564 Calvinism/Reformed recognized as received religion by Transylvanian diet 1566 All Catholic Clergy exiled from the state by Transylvanian diet 1568 Diet of Torda: Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Antitrinitarianism are recognized as received religions 1570 Treaty of Speyer: state now officially recognized as the Principality of Transylvania. In order to assess how and why the emerging central European principality of Transylvania implemented religious tolerance even as most other countries descended into interconfessional conflict, one must first define what “tolerant” means in the context of the period. Keywords: báthory; catholic; church; churches; country; diet; hungarian; murdock; prince; principality; state; tolerance; transylvania; zsigmond

## Europe

- How Global Was Eastern Europe during the Cold War? by Leeming, Rosie (2022) - As one Kuwaiti diplomat insisted in 1983, Cold War spatialities were irrelevant: “Kuwait is a completely open market; no political consideration is given. EEC overcame aversions to import quotas, and Eastern European states ceded the necessity of multilateral negotiations, blurring Cold War spatialities. Keywords: cold; cold war; eastern; eastern europe; eds; europe; european; global; socialist; south; soviet; spaces; students; university; war; west; western; world
- Introduction by Weinshel, Meyer (2024) - This current issue continues our mission to promote scholarship of Central Europe among undergraduate students from across the disciplines. The temporal and topical range of student research published here reflects the breadth and depth of academic research in undergraduate programs across the world today. Keywords: central; europe

## Army

- The Cult of the Duel: Giving Satisfaction at the University of Vienna and in the Joint Army, 1867-1914 by Hammond, Sophie (2020) - There was a high number of Jewish university students in the Empire, and by 1900, over 18.3% of the reserve officer corps was Jewish.38 But in contrast to the number of Jewish reserve officers, the number of Jewish career officers was few. Keywords: army; burschenschaften; deák; duel; honor; nationalism; officers; schnitzler; students; university; vienna
- With Fire and Sword: Military Factors in the Disintegration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Dueholm, Mikolaj (2021) - 18 Grześkowiak-Krwawicz, Queen Liberty, 56. 77 perspective, positing that the failure to expand the standing army did not represent simple opposition to military reforms per se, but a conscious rejection of the power such innovations would give the monarchy.19 Historians cite many examples of innovations the Commonwealth was willing to make without having to modify its political structure, for instance the establishment of weapon foundries and penning of influential treatises on siege craft.20 Essentially, the nobility was happy to adopt certain aspects of the military revolution as long as they did not change the political status quo. It identifies lack of a professional army, overreliance on cavalry, failed attempts at reform, funding problems, and unrestricted power of the magnates as the primary military factors leading to the eventual partition of the Commonwealth. Keywords: army; commonwealth; cossacks; frost; king; liberty; lithuanian commonwealth; magnates; military; nobility; poland; polish; power; reform; revolution; szlachta; troops

## Work

- Introduction by Weinshel, Meyer (2025) - Since becoming senior editor of the CEY in 2023, one of my goals was to better integrate the Center for Austrian Studies student staff into the journal’s operations. Our capacity to publish new articles also reflects recent developments at the Center for Austrian Studies that took place over the course of the past year. Keywords: journal; work

## Nazi

- Nazi Germany: A Class Timeline by Drummond, Elizabeth A.; Backer-Peral, Veronica; Baudler, Eva; Cox, Dwayne; Duncan, Thomas; Irving-Peterson, Riis; Joiner, Preston; Lighthart, William; Long, Meghan; Malinowski, Michael; Mansdorfer, Christopher; Massey, Emily; McKay, Thea; Medina, Nicolas; Notter, Sophia; Salvini, Nathaniel; Turkson, Nana (2019) - Elizabeth A. Drummond Associate Professor & Chair Department of History Loyola Marymount University Timeline Contributors Veronica Backer-Peral, History & Film/TV Production double-major, LMU ‘22 https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1N9I15seuO6C8ya6X07MBWK1_jKlUVCzwlllc2ouR3M0&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=7&height=800 https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1N9I15seuO6C8ya6X07MBWK1_jKlUVCzwlllc2ouR3M0&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=7&height=800 http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/home.cfm http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/home.cfm https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm 87 Eva Baudler, History & English double-major, LMU ‘20 Dwayne Cox, History & Screenwriting double-major, LMU ‘19 Thomas Duncan, History major, LMU ‘19 Riis Irving-Peterson, International Relations & Communication Studies double-major, LMU ‘19 Preston Joiner, History major, LMU ‘21 William Lighthart, History & International Relations double-major, LMU ‘21 Meghan Long, English & Music double-major, LMU ‘19 Michael Malinowski, English major, LMU ‘19 Christopher Mansdorfer, Political Science major & History minor, LMU ‘19 Emily Massey, History major, LMU ‘20 Thea McKay, History & Theatre Arts double-major, LMU ‘20 Nicolas Medina, History major, LMU ‘19 Sophia Notter, International Relations major, LMU ‘21 Nathaniel Salvini, History major, LMU ‘21 Nana Turkson, History major, LMU ‘21 In spring 2019, students in Nazi Germany (HIST 4373/JWST 4998), an undergraduate course at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, collaborated on the creation of a digital timeline about the history of Nazi Germany. Keywords: lmu; nazi

## World

- Acts of Survival: Children’s Writings From the Sajmiste Concentration Camp by Deheer, Sorcha (2025) - The siblings were among hundreds of Jewish children who fled Germany for unoccupied France. Much like children’s play mimics the social environment, the diaries of camp and ghetto children reproduce the experiences of those around them. Keywords: camp; childhood; children; diary; experiences; hilda; holocaust; survival; war; world; youth; đura

## Church

- “Warriors of God” and Their Perceptions during the Hussite Wars by Hooker, Chloe (2025) - He moved to Prague in 1386 to attend the University of Prague, where he studied theology, graduated in three years with a B.A., and spent three more years getting an M.A. In 1398, he became a faculty 7 Fudge, The Magnificent Ride: The First Reformation in Hussite Bohemia. 6 Selected Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, translated and edited by Ernest F. Henderson, (London/New York 1892, 220-261): The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV, 1356 A.D. 5 Fudge, The Magnificent Ride: The First Reformation in Hussite Bohemia. Keywords: bohemia; church; crusade; czech; doc; fudge; god; heretics; hussite; jan; prague; sigismund; university; žižka

## Maria

- Book Review: Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger’s Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit (Maria Theresa: The Empress in Her Time). by Weisser, Fabia ; Brueckel , James (2020) - 22 Book Review: Barbara Stollberg- Rilinger’s Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit (Maria Theresa: The Empress in Her Time). A queen-empress out of a picture book, Maria Theresa is remembered as a beguiling beauty and kind-hearted, wise regent with constant concern for the wellbeing of her court and subjects. Keywords: maria; stollberg; theresa

## Country

- The 1958 US Trade Mission to Yugoslavia and the United States' "Wedge" Policy: A Technocratic Connection by Smiley, Jacob (2021) - In an article published in the American business magazine Industrial Marketing, Fred Wittner asked a question that he thought may be on the minds of many Americans: “Why should the United States send a trade mission, at taxpayers’ expense, to a Communist-controlled country such as Yugoslavia?”44 Wittner’s answer to this question was complex, portraying Yugoslavia as a country that occupied a unique position within the framework of the ever heightening Cold War. 24 “What Should Trade Missions Do?,” 4. 25 Fred Wittner, “U.S. Trade Missions and Expanding World-Wide Circulations of American Business Magazines,” Circulation Seminar for Business Publications, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago, August 12, 1959, Fred Wittner Papers, Box 2, Folder 1, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison. 26 “United States Trade Missions Overseas,” 1. Keywords: cold; country; fred; fred wittner; missions; states; trade; trade mission; united; united states; war; wittner; yugoslavia

## Women

- The Ideal Woman: Sexology, Sex Reform, and Engineering Marriage in Weimar Germany by Epes, Cassie Lee (2019) - German women are often still lumped together in historical works as a collective and enthusiastic fighting force, despite the fact that many women were eager for the war to end. This period witnessed advancements in the field of sexology and unprecedented change for German women as they flooded the workforce and gained full suffrage. Keywords: de velde; female; germany; ideal; marriage; new; sex; van; van de; velde; war; weimar; women

## Power

- Power, the State, and Belonging in Central Europe by Dillenburg, Elizabeth (2020) - We hope you enjoy exploring this issue of Central Europe Yearbook. 1 Editorial Introduction Power, the State, and Belonging in Central Europe Elizabeth Dillenburg The Ohio State University at Newark Welcome to the 2020 volume of the Central Europe Yearbook. Keywords: power; volume

## Community

- The Extraordinary Efforts of Ordinary People in Ukraine by Herman, Kristalena (2022) - After breaking from Polish-Lithuanian rule, a treaty was created with Moscow that allowed Ukraine a measure of autonomy while still recognizing that Moscow was “superior”; however Russia did not respect the terms of this treaty and treated Ukrainians with contempt.7 After becoming disillusioned by the alliance and the treatment of the Ukrainian people, Ukraine created a new treaty with Poland.8 Ukraine did not gain full independence until January 1918, but this was short lived and followed by years of violence and oppression perpetuated by the Soviet state. After Russia again invaded Ukraine in 2022, the lives of many Ukrainians were forever changed. Keywords: community; help; support; ukraine; ukrainians; war; zhytomyr

## Ukraine

- Introduction by Louthan, Howard (2022) - Kristalena Herman (University of Cambridge), a Peace Corps volunteer in Ukraine from 2019 to 2020, considers the experience of men and women who continue to live in Ukraine, some very close to the frontlines. Anne Stackpole (Leiden University), who is based in Warsaw, has conducted an interview with a group of Ukrainian refugees who recount their harrowing escape from the Russians in the days immediately following the invasion. Keywords: ukraine

## Bot

- “A Leap into the Unknown”: The Creation and International Reception of a Website on the History of the Prague Spring by Riesinger, Fabian; Hesse, Verena (2019) - Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Impressum | DatenschutzerklÃ¤rung -- Imprint This website is running Anubis version 1.23.1. Made with â�¤ï¸� in ðŸ‡¨ðŸ‡¦. Keywords: bot

## Browser

- Comenius at 350: A Celebration by Dvorak, Sam; Petrasko, Mark; Poulson, Lucy (2021) - Learn more Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Opera Safari Remind me later About Copyright Contact us Terms Privacy Policy & Safety © 2025 Google LLC Update it to get the best YouTube experience and our latest features. Keywords: browser

## Tapestries

- The Jagiellonian Genesis Tapestries (1553) by Stackpole, Anne (2022) - Home Search this site Embedded Files Skip to main content Skip to navigation Home Introduction The Commission The Tapestries in History Reading Tapestry Gallery References Home Introduction The Commission The Tapestries in History Reading Tapestry Gallery References More Home Introduction The Commission The Tapestries in History Reading Tapestry Gallery References The Jagiellonian Genesis Tapestries (1553) Start Tour Google Sites Report abuse Page details Page updated Google Sites Report abuse Keywords: tapestries

## Olearius

- The Travels of Adam Olearius: A Gateway to Globalization in the Seventeenth Century by Harris, Emmey (2024) - The Travels of Adam Olearius Keywords: olearius

## Epilogue

For more detail, about this study carrel, see the computed home page. For more detail about study carrels in general, see the read me file.

Created: 2025-12-22