item: #1 of 35 id: challenge-1 author: Baird, Anne Caroll title: Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for Public Policy date: 2020 words: 3876 flesch: 55 summary: In this article, I consider the importance of making distinctions among types of intimate partner violence, the effects of failure to do so, along with implications for research, advocacy, and treatment. Perception versus Reality The model of intimate partner violence that prevails in the media and public perception is that of the controlling male who inflicts increasingly harsh physical, emo- tional, and psychological harm on his partner until either she successfully leaves or he kills her (Johnson 2008). keywords: controlling; johnson; male; partner; relationship; research; types; victims; violence; women cache: challenge-1.pdf plain text: challenge-1.txt item: #2 of 35 id: challenge-11 author: Buseh, Aaron G.; Kelber, Sheryl T.; Stevens, Patricia E.; Poedel, Robin J.; Park, Chang Gi title: Interpersonal and Attitudinal Factors in Healthcare Utilization among HIV-Infected Urban African American Men date: 2020 words: 9006 flesch: 48 summary: To examine the relation- ship between individual (social demographic) characteristics, health care utilization, stigma, and self-efficacy, and attitudes toward HIV health care providers, a series of analysis were executed. In this sample the Mean=27.56 (SD=7.36) with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93. Attitudes toward HIV healthcare providers. keywords: aids; attitudes; care; efficacy; health care; healthcare; hiv; men; participants; patient; percent; providers; scale; self; stigma; total; utilization cache: challenge-11.pdf plain text: challenge-11.txt item: #3 of 35 id: challenge-13 author: Javaid, Sadia; Barkar, Narviar C.; Shahid, Ali; Jabeen, Shaquifa; Bailey, Rahn Kennedy title: Disparities in Health Care among African Americans date: 2020 words: 4255 flesch: 53 summary: Disparities in Health Care among African Americans Sadia Javaid Narviar C. Barker Ali Shahid Shagufta Jabeen Rahn Kennedy Bailey Meharry Medical College Abstract Many variables determine the quality of health care received by persons of color in the United States. Historically African Americans have not always received equity in health care, access to health care and equality in treatment, which has led to poorer overall health status than Caucasians. keywords: african; americans; cancer; care; disparities; health; insurance; percent; population; rate; white cache: challenge-13.pdf plain text: challenge-13.txt item: #4 of 35 id: challenge-139 author: Mukenge, Tshilemalema; Mukenge, Ida Rousseau title: Children in French-Speaking African Immigrant Families: Assessing Health Disparities, Cultural Resources, and Health Services date: 2005 words: 2 flesch: 35 summary: Chal_v11n2spring 2005.pdf keywords: 2005.pdf cache: challenge-139.pdf plain text: challenge-139.txt item: #5 of 35 id: challenge-15 author: Osiezagha, Kenneth; Kaur, Amandeep; Barkar, Narviar C.; Bailey, Rahn Kennedy title: Suicide and African Americans: An Overview date: 2020 words: 5516 flesch: 54 summary: Misclassification of Suicide Actual studies of suicide among African Americans is compromised by the fact that African American suicides are more likely to be misclassified than any other ethnic group (Phillips and Ruth 1993; Warhauer and Monk 1978). Some researchers suggest that African American suicides may be “disguised” in the form of “victim-precipitated homicides” (Garrison et al. 1991), or as accidental deaths. keywords: abuse; african; american; behavior; factors; health; journal; percent; prevention; rate; risk; states; suicide; youth cache: challenge-15.pdf plain text: challenge-15.txt item: #6 of 35 id: challenge-169 author: Mukenge, Ida Rousseau title: Challenge date: 2019 words: 30503 flesch: 51 summary: Through the NIH- sponsored Local Partnership Program (LPP) initiative, funding has been provided for the development of local community engagement programs in cities where HIV vaccine research studies are taking place. Younge, ET AL. 43 43 Mukenge: Challenge, Vol. 13, No. 2 Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2007 Despite engaging in high-risk activities, college students (including Black college students) have a low subjective perception of HIV risk (Payne, 2006). keywords: african; aids; american; art; atlanta; attitudes; behaviors; beliefs; center; challenge; college; college students; community; condom; digitalcommons@robert; education; epidemic; et al; factors; gender; group; health; hiv; hiv vaccine; http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol13/iss2/1; iss; journal; library; mukenge; participation; population; prevention; research; risk; sex; social; students; study; university; use; vaccine research; vol; women; woodruff cache: challenge-169.pdf plain text: challenge-169.txt item: #7 of 35 id: challenge-17 author: Puri, M. Rehan; Gbadebo-Goyea, Ernest A.; Barkar, Narviar C.; Bailey, Rahn Kennedy title: Prostate Cancer in African American Males: Psychological Effects of Diagnosis and Prostatectomy date: 2020 words: 5479 flesch: 47 summary: Specific interventions to address psychological distress and overall quality of life for African American prostate cancer patients should be tailored to meet the specific needs of African American men. In their study, Lubeck and colleagues (2001) found that in addition to poorer health status and physical functioning including by more bodily pain, African American prostate cancer patients had poorer emotional functioning and self-esteem and more health-related distress than white men did. keywords: american; cancer; life; men; patients; prostate; prostate cancer; quality; treatment cache: challenge-17.pdf plain text: challenge-17.txt item: #8 of 35 id: challenge-171 author: Taylor, Sandra E.; Jones, Tara title: African American College Students’ Attitudes toward HIV/AIDS: Implications for Historically Black Colleges and Universities. date: 2007 words: 4267 flesch: 44 summary: Much of the literature has stressed the need for prevention and information messages that are tailored to the populations that appear increasingly vulnerable, including African American college students. Results and Discussion The domains related to college students’ thoughts and feelings regarding HIV/AIDS and the resulting themes provide insights as to how African American college students might be inclined to violate risk reduction and safer sex practices. keywords: african; aids; american; college; epidemic; hiv; risk; sex; students cache: challenge-171.pdf plain text: challenge-171.txt item: #9 of 35 id: challenge-173 author: Hodge, Michael; Wade, Bruce H title: HIV/AIDS Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors Among HBCU Students date: 2007 words: 7518 flesch: 55 summary: Bakken and Winter (2002) show that there is an association between family characteristics and age of sexual initiation as well as the lifetime number of sexual partners (both variables that are important in assessing sexual risk). Kirby et al. (1994) provide a review of school based programs designed to reduce sexual risk taking behavior among adolescents. keywords: african; aids; american; behaviors; challenge; college; condom; hiv; partners; risk; sex; students; vol; women cache: challenge-173.pdf plain text: challenge-173.txt item: #10 of 35 id: challenge-177 author: Younge, Sinead N.; Smith, Deidre; Young, Lawrence; Cole, Daphne; Reynolds, Lauren; Dixon, Raqiyah; Robinson, Wilton; Buchanan, Porsche N. title: Intersection Between Race, Gender, and Sexual Risk: Implications for STI/HIV on HBCU Campuses date: 2007 words: 7518 flesch: 55 summary: Bakken and Winter (2002) show that there is an association between family characteristics and age of sexual initiation as well as the lifetime number of sexual partners (both variables that are important in assessing sexual risk). Kirby et al. (1994) provide a review of school based programs designed to reduce sexual risk taking behavior among adolescents. keywords: african; aids; american; behaviors; challenge; college; condom; hiv; partners; risk; sex; students; vol; women cache: challenge-177.pdf plain text: challenge-177.txt item: #11 of 35 id: challenge-179 author: Frew, Paula M.; Archibald, Matthew; Martinez, Nina; Rio, Carlos del; Mulligan, Mark J. title: Promoting HIV Vaccine Research in African American Communities: Does the Theory of Reasoned Action Explain Potential Outcomes of Involvement? date: 2007 words: 7449 flesch: 47 summary: In a longitudinal, within group, cluster analysis of the heterogeneity patterns of sexual risk behaviors among African American youth, Burrow and colleagues (2007) found that patterns of sexual risk were related to lifetime psychiatric diagnoses, which is consistent with previous research in this age group (Shrier, Harris, Kurland, & Knight, 2003). The behaviors of college students in general, and the combination of environment and individual behaviors, warrants further investigation of sexual risk behaviors among Black college students. keywords: african; aids; american; behaviors; challenge; college; factors; hiv; risk; sex; students; use; vol; women cache: challenge-179.pdf plain text: challenge-179.txt item: #12 of 35 id: challenge-183 author: Mukenge, Ida Rousseau title: Challenge, Vol. 16, Issue 1 date: 2020 words: 23898 flesch: 54 summary: The cooperation and material support of other family members is indispensable. It also meant that naming ceremonies, weddings, and funerals continued to be attended by family members of all faiths. keywords: african; american; business; children; christian; community; conversion; customers; entrepreneurs; families; family; ghana; help; information; islam; journal; life; luba; man; marriage; membership; muslim; networks; new; organization; partner; partner violence; people; percent; press; relatives; religion; research; respondents; university; violence; white; wife; women; years cache: challenge-183.pdf plain text: challenge-183.txt item: #13 of 35 id: challenge-187 author: Mukenge, Ida Rousseau title: Challenge date: 2019 words: 139977 flesch: -250 summary: ���� � ���� ������� ���� � ����������������+�� �� ������ ������ ������� ������� �� ��3���� � ������ ��� � �� � �� ��� � ���4E�6� ��� ����� �� � ��� ���� � ���� �� �� ������� ����� �! ���� � ��#�� ��������� �<������� ������ � ��� � � �� ����������� �� ���� �)� ��� ��� � ��������� �� �� �� �� �� ��� �� ���������� ����� �� ��� ���� �#�� 1�������� ����� ������)� ���4� � �6�������� ������� ���� � � ������ ��������� � ����� ���� ��� � �����#� �L��������� ��� ������� � ��� ��� �� � ���� ������ �� � ������� ������ � ��� ���� �� ���� � � �� � ������� ����� ���!�� � ��3����������� �� ������� ��� #��B ���< � ���� ����� ��� �� ���� �� ��� � ���� ����� )�� �<�������� �� �� � ���� � ��� � ����� ������+� ������ �� ���� ��� �������� � ����� ���� ����������� ���� ����������������+7�� ��� �� ������� ���� ��� � � ����� ������ )���� ������ �� �� ���#��(��������+� �� ���� ��� ����������� ������� ��� �� ��������� ��� � ������ ���� ��� ������� ��� ��� �� ����������� ������ ��� �� � �� �� �� ��� ��� �����������������!) � ���� � �������� � �� � ������#��(�� � � �� � ��� �� � � ��� �� &���&� �������� ��� ��� � �� ����� ��� �� �� � �� � �� �� �C����� ��� ����� �� &� �� �� ����#� �-�� ��� �������� ������5 � ����� ��� ���� ��� ���������� ����C9�� � ��� ��������� ������� �H;G������ ��� ��� ���� � �#� � 1���� ��� �� � � � ���� ����� ���� � �� ���� � � ���� �� �� ������ ����� ���� �� � �������� ������������� ��#��-�� ���&C�9/&� ��������&� ���� ������&9�FH��� � �� ������������;C#FG������ ������ ���� ��������� 8 Challenge, Vol. 14 keywords: + �; < �; b �; e �; g �; http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol14/iss2/1 �; � +; � <; � c; � d; � f; � h; � j; � k; � l; � m; � v; � � cache: challenge-187.pdf plain text: challenge-187.txt item: #14 of 35 id: challenge-191 author: O'Bryan, Simone Travis; Braddock, II, Jomills Henry; Dawkins, Marvin P. title: An Examination of the Effects of School-Based Varsity Sport Participation and Parental Involvement on Male Academic Behaviors date: 2008 words: 139977 flesch: -250 summary: ���� � ���� ������� ���� � ����������������+�� �� ������ ������ ������� ������� �� ��3���� � ������ ��� � �� � �� ��� � ���4E�6� ��� ����� �� � ��� ���� � ���� �� �� ������� ����� �! 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keywords: + �; � +; � � cache: challenge-195.pdf plain text: challenge-195.txt item: #17 of 35 id: challenge-197 author: Robertson, Ray V.; Mason, Danielle title: What Works? A Qualitative Examination of the Factors Related to the Academic Success of African American Males at a Predominantly white College in the South date: 2008 words: 36891 flesch: -371 summary: � ���� ����� � ���� � �� �����L�� ��� �� �� � �#�$��� �������� � ����� ������ �� � ����� �� � ���� ��� ��+� �)�� ����� ��� ��� ����� ��� ����� � � �� ����� � ������ ��� �� �����B� ����&//;�#�+� �)�� ���� � ����� ���� �������� ��� � ��� � �L�� �� � ��� �� ��� ������ � ��� ����� ���� �� ��� �� ����� � �� ��� ����� ��� � �����#�#���� ����� � ���������� �����)���� �� ����������� �� ������ �� �� �� ������ � � � �� �� ���� ��� ��3!+ �� 3 �� � � �#� ���F�#� +� �)� � ���� �� ��� � ��� ��)���� � ������� � �L�� �� � ��� �� ������� ���� ���3�� ����� � ������ �������� ��� ���� ������ � �� ����� � � ��� �� L�� ��� ���� ���(������ � �������#��+ �� �� ��� � ����� � ����'������� � ��� �� ��� �<�� ���� �� �� ���#� % �� � �� �&//9�� ����� �� ��� �� � �� � ������� �� � �L�� ��� ���������+� �)�� ���� ��� ��� ��� ������ � ���� ��� � �L�� �� ����� ��� ���#�, � ����� �� ������������� ��+� �)� � ���� �� ���� ��� � ��� �� ��3 � �� ��L�� �� ����� ��� ���������� ���� ��� ����������� ��� ����� � �����'��� ����� ��+� �)�� ����� ��� � ��� ��� ����������� �� �� ��< � �������+� �)���� ������ � ��������� ������ �� � ����� � ����������������� ���L�� ���������� ��������# $��� ��� ������ ��� ����� �� � � ������� �� � �� �� ������ �� ��� ����� ������ � ����� ���� K �� ��� ����������� ���� #�B� ����� � �#��&//H�� �� �� � � �������!������ � ����+� �)�� ����������� �������� �� ����� ���� ����<����� �� ��� � � �������L�� ������� ������ ��� � �� ����� � ��� �� �*����� ���.� %�+6������������01�����0����������� ��- 74 Challenge, Vol. 14 %�+6������������01�����0����������� ��- 76 Challenge, Vol. 14 keywords: + �; � +; � l; � � cache: challenge-197.pdf plain text: challenge-197.txt item: #18 of 35 id: challenge-199 author: Mukenge, Ida Rousseau title: Challenge date: 2008 words: 33513 flesch: 56 summary: “Social adjustment experiences of African American college students.” Journal of Counseling and Development 77: 189-197. 12 Challenge 16 Challenge, Vol. 14 Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS), Braddock, Sokol-Katz, Basinger- Fleischman, and Lv (2006) found that, while “academic” and “economic” considerations had the greatest impact on student college choice, college athletic reputation was the most important among the “social” issues students consider in selecting a college to attend. keywords: academic; african; american; art; athletes; athletic; atlanta; black; caddies; center; challenge; college; college choice; college student; digitalcommons@robert; education; faculty; golf; golfers; high; importance; iss; joe; joe louis; library; louis; male; mukenge; national; new; open; percent; pga; professional; reputation; school; seniors; sports; student; study; tournament; university; vol; white; woodruff cache: challenge-199.pdf plain text: challenge-199.txt item: #19 of 35 id: challenge-201 author: Comeaux, Eddie title: Black Males in the College Classroom: A Quantitative Analysis of Student Athlete-Faculty Interactions date: 2008 words: 4709 flesch: 44 summary: One potentially important aspect of the environmental experience involves student athletes’ interactions with faculty, which too often influences their educational outcomes in negative ways (Engstrom, Sedlacek, & McEwen 1995; Sailes 1993). A previous study by Comeaux (2005) lends support to this finding insofar as the nature and quality of interactions between student athlete and faculty matters. keywords: achievement; athletes; college; education; faculty; measures; school; student; study; variables cache: challenge-201.pdf plain text: challenge-201.txt item: #20 of 35 id: challenge-203 author: Braddock, II, Jomills Henry; Lv, Hua; Dawkins, Marvin P. title: College Athletic Reputation and College Choice among African American High School Seniors: Evidence from the Educational Longitudinal Study date: 2008 words: 8433 flesch: 47 summary: They also note that the importance of college athletic reputation tends to be emphasized by males, students from higher SES backgrounds, students who participate in varsity intercollegiate athletics, students attending public colleges and universities, and, interestingly, by students who place strong emphasis on college academic reputation. Florida Abstract This study extends research on college choice, with recent national survey data, by examining what African American students say about the importance of college athletic reputation in choosing which school to attend. keywords: academic; african; american; athletic; choice; college; college choice; factor; high; importance; reputation; school; seniors cache: challenge-203.pdf plain text: challenge-203.txt item: #21 of 35 id: challenge-205 author: Harrison, C. Keith title: “Athleticated” Versus Educated: A Qualitative Investigation of Campus Perceptions, Recruiting and African American Male Student-Athletes date: 2008 words: 7550 flesch: 61 summary: I thought about how well student athletes are treated on campuses more specifically football and basketball, from watching movies it seems that these athletes get everything; personal tours, the girls, and the attention (054). Jocks, or student athletes as they are sometimes called, are very callous and tactless individuals who are also usually morons. keywords: african; american; athletes; black; college; male; new; percent; race; sports; student; study; table; university; white cache: challenge-205.pdf plain text: challenge-205.txt item: #22 of 35 id: challenge-207 author: Reed, Wornie title: The Black Golf Caddy: A Victim of Labor Market Discrimination date: 2008 words: 4125 flesch: 68 summary: Challenge, Vol. 14, No. 1 Challenge 61 The Black Golf Caddy: A Victim of Labor Market Discrimination Wornie Reed1 University of Tennessee-Knoxville Abstract For generations, country clubs and the Professional Golf Association (PGA) Tour featured white golfers crossing manicured fairways, followed by black caddies carrying their bags. In the 1950s and early 1960s, black caddies traveled from event to event across the country on greyhound buses, segregated to the back of the bus, and changing their clothes in the woods or in the parking lot (Caddy Bytes 2007). keywords: african; american; caddies; caddy; club; country; golf; pga; professional; tour cache: challenge-207.pdf plain text: challenge-207.txt item: #23 of 35 id: challenge-209 author: Dawkins, Marvin P.; Farrell, Walter C., title: Joe Louis and the Struggle of African American Golfers for Visibility and Access date: 2008 words: 7830 flesch: 59 summary: Therefore, the press conference announcing the coming of the 1949 UGA and Joe Louis tournaments to Detroit generated significant attention. Also in that year (1949), the UGA championship and Joe Louis Open tournaments were being held in the same city on back-to- back weekends. keywords: african; american; black; boxing; golf; golfers; joe; joe louis; louis; open; pga; tournament; white cache: challenge-209.pdf plain text: challenge-209.txt item: #24 of 35 id: challenge-349 author: Weston, Joan title: The South Rises Yet Again: Wal-Mart and the Post-Civil Rights Consumer Empowerment Movement date: 2009 words: 4848 flesch: 48 summary: Hayes goes on to caution national and multinational corporations to respect African American consumers and to work harder to understand Black America. They must also be mindful to include the cultural narratives of African American consumer empowerment as they engage international sociologists in comparative research on workers in the Pearl River Delta, farmers in Chile, truckers in Mexico and consumers in Brazil. keywords: african; american; black; business; community; consumer; country; empowerment; naacp; new; plantation; states; store; walmart cache: challenge-349.pdf plain text: challenge-349.txt item: #25 of 35 id: challenge-351 author: Williams, Ed title: Evaluation of a School Systems Plan to Utilize Teachers’ Perceptions of Principal Leadership to Improve Student Achievement date: 2009 words: 4490 flesch: 42 summary: Student achievement was measured by performance on the Georgia Criterion-Referenced Competency Tests (CRCT) during the 2004-05 and 2005-06 school years. Because of the pervasiveness of poor performance in urban communities, citizens are demanding tangible improvements in student achievement and discipline. keywords: achievement; climate; discipline; leadership; principal; school; student; teacher; variables cache: challenge-351.pdf plain text: challenge-351.txt item: #26 of 35 id: challenge-353 author: Conyers, Addrain title: Dual Deviants: The Balancing Act of Black Graduate Students date: 2009 words: 8042 flesch: 59 summary: Making use of interview data, this study investigates the life of black graduate students as they manage two spoiled identities, one in the academic world and the other in the black community. Dual Deviants The research mentioned illustrates the simultaneous deviant statuses that Black graduate students must manage. keywords: behavior; black; goffman; graduate; group; language; school; stigma; students; study cache: challenge-353.pdf plain text: challenge-353.txt item: #27 of 35 id: challenge-355 author: Williams, George W. title: Racial Differences in Somatic Symptoms of Depression date: 2009 words: 4998 flesch: 61 summary: Kessler et al. 2001; Mojtabai, Olfson and Mechanic 2002; Office of the Surgeon General 2001; Perlick et al. 2001; Snowden 1999). For example, acute pain has not typically been included in widely used depression diagnostic criteria (Williams et al.). keywords: black; care; depression; et al; health; index; pain; respondents; symptoms cache: challenge-355.pdf plain text: challenge-355.txt item: #28 of 35 id: challenge-5 author: King, Mansa Bilal Mark title: Interfaith Families through Conversion to Islam: Akan Muslims in Southern Ghana date: 2020 words: 6276 flesch: 60 summary: That is, readers may wonder how Muslim families respond to their children embracing Christianity or some other faith. It also meant that naming ceremonies, weddings, and funerals continued to be attended by family members of all faiths. keywords: akan; christian; conversion; families; family; fante; ghana; islam; muslim; religion; years cache: challenge-5.pdf plain text: challenge-5.txt item: #29 of 35 id: challenge-51 author: Secret, Philip E; Clayton, Obie title: A Historical Description of Black Homicide and Suicide Differentials in the United States: 1950-86 date: 1994 words: 2 flesch: -91 summary: v05_no02_issu 01_challenge_december94.pdf keywords: v05_no02_issu cache: challenge-51.pdf plain text: challenge-51.txt item: #30 of 35 id: challenge-55 author: Tuch, Steven A.; Sigelman, Lee; Martin, Jack K. title: Fifty Years After Myrdal: Blacks'  Racial Policy Attitudes in the 1990s   date: 1994 words: 2 flesch: -91 summary: v05_no02_issu 01_challenge_december94.pdf keywords: v05_no02_issu cache: challenge-55.pdf plain text: challenge-55.txt item: #31 of 35 id: challenge-57 author: Char, S. V. title: Economics of Life and Death: Mortality and Survival Rates for African-Americans date: 1994 words: 2 flesch: -91 summary: v05_no02_issu 01_challenge_december94.pdf keywords: v05_no02_issu cache: challenge-57.pdf plain text: challenge-57.txt item: #32 of 35 id: challenge-7 author: Mukenge, Tshilemalema title: Family and Religion in Luba Life: Centrality, Pervasiveness, Change and Continuity date: 2020 words: 5942 flesch: 57 summary: In addition to the fact that in levirate or sororate one of the biological parents continues to live with them, Luba children are raised in such a way that the loss of a parent does not become a major disruption in their lives. Luba ancestors protect marriage and legitimate procreation by prohibiting Mukenge 25 the infidelity of the wife, by forbidding the man to house his legitimate wife, especially the senior wife, in a home he has reviled with extra-marital relations, or to return to her wife the same day he has had sexual intercourse with another woman. keywords: ancestors; bridewealth; children; family; life; luba; man; marriage; members; new; power; religion; spirits; wife cache: challenge-7.pdf plain text: challenge-7.txt item: #33 of 35 id: challenge-73 author: Willie, Charles V. title: A Sociology of Immanence and Transcendence: Reflections on the Legacy of Benjamin Mays date: 1995 words: 3 flesch: 90 summary: Chal_v6n1August 1995 .pdf keywords: chal_v6n1august cache: challenge-73.pdf plain text: challenge-73.txt item: #34 of 35 id: challenge-81 author: Little, Milton title: Business, Philanthropy and Higher Education date: 1995 words: 3 flesch: 90 summary: Chal_v6n1August 1995 .pdf keywords: chal_v6n1august cache: challenge-81.pdf plain text: challenge-81.txt item: #35 of 35 id: challenge-9 author: Rhodes, Colbert; Butler, John Sibley title: Organizational Membership and Business Success: The Importance of Networking and Moving Beyond Homophily date: 2020 words: 7787 flesch: 47 summary: Black entrepreneurs who remain in networks of ho- mophily may prefer membership in black voluntary organizations. Black entrepreneurs whose marketing strategy was to provide personal service to customers are more likely to belong to black voluntary organizations. keywords: american; business; community; customers; entrepreneurs; help; information; journal; membership; networks; organization; percent; ties cache: challenge-9.pdf plain text: challenge-9.txt