Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022
Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413

https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2022.6.2.181 

Received 8 June 2021 © 2022 Esen Gökçe Özdamar 
Accepted 20 May 2022 gokceozdamar@hotmail.com
Published online 11 July 2022 gokceozdamar@gmail.com

ARTICLE

The Transformation of Tobacco Factories  
and Depots in İstanbul Waterfront

Esen Gökçe Özdamar
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Turkey

ABSTRACT
Since the 17th century, tobacco has been an important economic 
resource and a source of employment for hundreds of thousands 
of people both in the Ottoman Empire and throughout the Republic 
period. It has been an important source of employment, especially for 
the low-income female population. Tobacco control and management 
were given to the French Régie Company within the framework of 
the capitulations given to the French in the Ottoman Period, and 
subsequently the Tekel (İnhisarlar) administration in the Republic 
Period, also caused many social events. Tobacco, which entered the 
Ottoman lands in the 17th century, was banned several times over 
time for various reasons, as in many societies, and many people 
were punished. Monopoly management of tobacco as Tekel (İnhisar) 
was accepted for the first time in 1862, to centralize its production 
in 1861 and control tobacco smuggling and production. Since the 
19th century, tobacco factories and warehouses have been built 
in districts of İstanbul such as Cibali, Üsküdar, and Kabataş, and 
sometimes they have been temporarily in existing historical buildings. 
With the development of tobacco production and factories, these 
buildings, which served different purposes until the 1980s, were later 
abandoned, some of them were demolished due to urban growth 
and development, and some of them have survived to the present 
day by transformation through restoration and renovation. Therefore, 
this article focuses on the transformation of tobacco factories and 
warehouses in the coastal areas of İstanbul as an industrial heritage.

KEYWORDS
tobacco factory, tobacco depot, İstanbul waterfront, architectural 
heritage, renovation

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Introduction

In the history of İstanbul, there has been a close relationship between the coastal 
regions and the history of industrial buildings, especially the tobacco industry. Since 
the 17th century, tobacco has been an important economic resource and a source 
of employment for hundreds of thousands of people both in the Ottoman Empire 
and throughout the Republic period (Georgeon, 2000, p. 179). Tobacco factories 
also played an important role in the economic development and employment of the 
Ottoman Period and the Republic. Besides this, tobacco has been an important 
source of income for women, especially in families with financial difficulties 
(Özemre, 2007a, p. 41). Tobacco factories and depots take an important place in the 
industrial heritage of Turkey and especially İstanbul, since they were economically 
viable until the 1980s. They were also included in the olfactory memory of İstanbul. 
As A. Y. Özemre (2007a) points out, for those who passed by the factory and 
warehouses of the Tekel (İnhisarlar) administration on the waterfront in Üsküdar, 
which produced tobacco from 1935 to 1985, the building became important as 
a memory of the pure smell of tobacco leaves that burned the throat and the workers’ 
siren was heard (Özemre, 2007b, p. 66; Özemre, 2007a, p. 151).

In his İstanbul Ansiklopedisi (the Istanbul Encyclopedia), Reşad Ekrem 
Koçu (1966) recounts the stories of İstanbul and states that the habit of smoking 
tobacco in the Ottoman Empire began in the early 17th century during the reign 
of Sultan Ahmed I. This habit spread to all parts of society, including the son of 
Sultan Ahmed IV. Tobacco was banned during the reign of Sultan Murad, and 
offenders of the law were executed as a punishment (p. 4133). It is also written that 
tobacco use has become widespread especially among women. Many European 
painters, who were interested in Harem life, depicted women lying down and smoking 
hookah or stick (p. 4134) (Figure 1). Sticks were used from coffeehouses to houses 
and hammams and were kept in cabinets called çubukluk (stick holder) for the use 
of guests or customers. These sticks, which were ceremonially removed by the 
stick maker, were first continued by çubuk ağaları (stick aghas) and subsequently 
by firing. These were then placed in a silver or brass takatuka (a kind of ashtray) 
and given to the guests (p. 4135) (Figure 2). In this period, the production of snuff 
as a pleasurable substance was under the rule of Tekel and it was forbidden to 
bring snuff from outside. Tobacco was mostly used by ordinary people, and snuff 
was used by literate people. There were 94 snuff shops in Galata and Üsküdar in 
İstanbul between 1855 and 1860 and the sale of snuff was prohibited elsewhere 
(Koçu, 1968, p. 5121).

In the Ottoman Empire, tobacco became an important source of income for 
people in the 17th century and from this century on and made the Ottoman state an 
important tobacco exporter (Demir, 2019, p. 420). Tobacco production and processing 
were governed and directed by the state until the Tobacco Monopoly [Tütün Tekeli]
was established in 1862, and the Tobacco Régie Company [Tütün Reji Şirketi] was 
established in 1884 and started tobacco business, cigarette factories in various 
regions (Kurt et al., 2016, p. 272).

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382 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Figure 1
J.-B. Vanmour. (1714). Femme Turque qui Fume sur le Sopha  
[Turkish Woman Smoking on the Sofa]. 

Note. Engraving. Source: Vanmour, J.-B. (1714, p. 45). 

Figure 2
A. I. Melling et al. (1819). Interieur d’un Café Public, sur la Place de Tophane  
[Interior of a Public Cafe, on Tophane Square]. 

Note. Engraving. Source: Melling et al.,  (1819, p. 50).



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 383

Since İstanbul is a coastal city and has water resources, many industrial buildings 
have been in these coastal areas to benefit from the water, such as transportation 
(Doğan, 2013, p. 515). Tobacco factories and tobacco warehouses were established 
in coastal areas and nearby places throughout the city from the 1880s and increased 
after the 1800s with the development of industrialization. This article also focuses on 
the transformation of tobacco factories as an industrial heritage.

Industrial Buildings in the Late Ottoman Empire and Republican Era  
in İstanbul Waterfront

The history of İstanbul’s industrial heritage goes back to the 1450s. Three years before 
the conquest of İstanbul, the first paper mill established in the Byzantine period in the 
1450s was chosen to benefit from the rivers in the region and to provide energy from 
the surrounding mills (Doğan, 2013, p. 515), as the first industrial enterprises in the 
Golden Horn region after the conquest in 1453. There are Tersane-i Amire (Imperial 
Arsenal) and Tophane-i Amire (Imperial Armory) where cannons were poured. The 
armory was also established in the coastal areas in order to provide a connection 
with the port in order to meet the raw material and fuel needs (Doğaner, 1993, p. 76).

Coastal areas, on the other hand, became one of the important workshops of 
İstanbul in in the 15th century, with the development of shipbuilding (Doğaner, 1993, 
p. 76). That the Golden Horn, which is the inland sea, is a calm and sheltered port, 
and that it provides access to the Marmara Sea and other seas, has been a factor in 
the establishment of industrial facilities in these regions. According to Eyice (1950), 
Tersane-i Amire was built on the foundations of a shipyard built on the northern shore 
of the Golden Horn during the Byzantine Period (as cited in Köksal, 2005, p. 28). From 
the 16th century, shipyards and small workshops were established on the shore of the 
Golden Horn, from Azapkapı towards the west (Doğan, 2013, p. 515).

In the second half of the 17th century, different branches of the industry emerged 
in İstanbul, and tanneries were established around Yedikule-Kazlıçeşme as factories 
that needed water, and these facilities supplied water from the Küçüksu Stream. In the 
last quarter of the 19th century, military factories that did not need water were next to 
barracks, or close to the palace (Köksal, 2005, p. 24). While industrial facilities were 
on the coast until the end of the 17th century, in the 18th century, open wide fields, 
gardens and fewer residential areas and especially out-of-town areas were preferred 
for the construction of factories. Likewise, the waterfront has been preferred both 
as a transportation and energy source. As the transportation network developed in 
urban areas between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, 
new industrial facilities were established in these regions (p. 28). After the industrial 
revolution, most of the industrial structures built by the state and private sector in the 
Ottoman Empire, especially in the 19th century, were located in coastal areas and 
other non-residential areas (p. xviii).

In the Republican era, the Golden Horn was an important place for 
industrialization because it was designated as an industrial zone by Henri Prost in 
the 1936 İstanbul plan. However, Zeynep Çelik (1998) mentions, “industrial growth 

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384 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

from the mid-19th century on both shores of Golden Horn transformed the traditional 
urban layout and social structure of the city and led to the deterioration of the historic 
neighborhoods” (as cited in Günay & Dökmeci, 2012, p. 215). According to Ökçün 
(1997), “at the beginning of the 20th century, 55% of the industrial enterprises in the 
territory of the Ottoman Empire were in İstanbul” (as cited in Köksal & Ahunbay, 
2006, p. 126)1.

Many buildings in the city, which have been a modern architectural heritage 
since the 1980s, were demolished in accordance with the growth of the city and the 
decision to take the industry out of the city in the 1990s. Decisions for demolition 
may be to move, for example, from the Vakko Merter factory built in the 1960s 
because of the decision of the company to move on its own or, as Günay and 
Dökmeci (2012) stated, the example of Sütlüce Slaughterhouse, historical industrial 
facilities were demolished for the reconstruction of larger complexes (p. 220). 
In the 2000s, industrial heritage has been understood better and, in this context, 
many successful applications and transformations have taken place, especially in 
Istanbul (Cahantimur et al., 2010, p. 243). As Cahantimur et al. (2010) stated, since 
the awareness of sustainable development has not been fully developed in the 
revitalization of old industrial sites, there are many successful examples in terms of 
“renewal of the physical fabric and the active economical use of the buildings together 
with their surroundings” (p. 243) does not include and integrate the sustainability 
approach as in the transformation of the old gunpowder factory in Bakırköy into a 
cultural center; the old Mint Buildings to the İstanbul Museum; transforms the old 
fez factory (Feshane-i Amire) into the International Fair and Congress Center and 
the Silahtarağa power plant into a building complex for cultural facilities such as the 
Energy Museum, art galleries, and Bilgi University.

Tobacco Factories and Depots in İstanbul

Tobacco Culture and Development of Tobacco Industry 
in the Ottoman Empire
It is stated in various sources that tobacco was brought to İstanbul for the first time in 
1600–1601 by British, Italian, and Spanish sailors and merchants in the Ottoman 
Empire, it was spread in 1605, and tobacco was called duhan-ı bed-bûy (smelly 
smoke). İbrahim Peçevi (1574–1649?), in his book Târih-i Peçevî (1864), stated that 
the British sold tobacco because “it was good for some diseases and th[ose] people 
with pleasure got used to it so that even the notables of science and statesmen 
were addicted to tobacco” (as cited in Fulin, 2019, p. 47; see also Türkiye’de 
tütünün tarihçesi, n.d.). It has been recorded that tobacco cultivation was carried 

1 Industrial buildings, the number of which reached 256 in the 19th century and decreased to 
43 today, are waiting to be taken under protection as architectural, historical, and technological heritage. 
Today, 12 of the remaining 43 industrial complexes are in the Golden Horn. The transformation of historic 
industrial facilities within the context of the project includes museum complexes such as Rahmi Koç 
Industrial Museum, Silahtarağa Energy Museum, education centers (Kadir Has University, Bilgi University), 
and culture centers (Sütlüce Slaughterhouse, Feshane) (Köksal & Ahunbay, 2006, p. 126).



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 385

out in Macedonia, Yenice, and Karacaali and in the Aegean Region in the Ottoman 
Empire in the 17th century. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the 
country gained priority as an important source of income until 1922 (Yurtoğlu, 2018, 
p. 105; see also Türkiye’de tütünün tarihçesi, n.d.).

In 1554, the first coffee house in Istanbul was opened in Tahtakale, and this place 
also became a place where people meet with tobacco as well as coffee “demolished 
the coffeehouses on the pretext of the fire that broke out in Cibali and imposed 
a tobacco ban” and “even though fires or religious debates were shown as the reason 
for the ban”, “coffeehouses, administrations, and administrators were criticized both 
in Europe and in Ottoman Empire” (Türkiye’de tütünün tarihçesi, n.d.). In this context, 
many smokers were killed in a secret place (Fulin, 2019, p. 50). Tobacco was released 
in 1646. In addition to customs duties on tobacco imports in 1678 and 1686, taxes 
began to be collected from tobacco sales. Tobacco taxes were increased in order to 
cover the expenses of the military station established in 1826 and to reduce the burden 
on the treasury in wars. In the following period, tobacco imports were banned in 1861, 
and Monopoly, which held the monopoly of tobacco, was accepted for the first time 
in 1862 (Türkiye’de tütünün tarihçesi, n.d.).

In the 19th century, there were tobacco factories outside of İstanbul: Cibali, 
Izmir tobacco factory, Samsun, Adana, Damascus, and Aleppo (Gürdamar, 2019, 
p. 65). Tütün [Tobacco], an economic, agricultural, professional magazine, which 
was firstly published at the end of the 1930s, is an important publication that 
conveys the developments in tobacco in Turkish and French and abroad, as well as 
agricultural control methods.

In 1881, the right to operate the tobacco monopoly obtained for 10 years by the 
Rüsûm-ı Sitte İdaresi [Rüsûm-ı Sitte Administration] financed by the Ottoman Bank 
and Galata Bankers was left to the Duyûn-ı Umûmiye İdaresi [Ottoman Public Debt 
Administration] in order to collect the Ottoman foreign debts (Türkiye’de tütünün 
tarihçesi, n.d). Régie was tasked by the administration with collecting tobacco taxes and 
dividing the proceeds between itself, the administration, and the Ottoman government, 
and had a “monopoly of the rights to oversee tobacco cultivation, purchase tobacco, 
and process tobacco sold in Turkey” (Georgeon, 2000, p. 179). With a specification 
made in 1883, the Administration transferred the business monopoly of tobaccos to 
a French capital-dominated company under the name of Memalik-i Osmaniye Duhanları 
Müşterekü'l Menfaa Reji Şirketi [Société de la Régie Co-intéressée des Tabacs de 
l’Empire Ottoman, Memaliki Osmaniye Duhanları Joint Interest Régie Company] for 
30 years (Türkiye’de tütünün tarihçesi, n.d.; Koçu & Akbay, 1965, p. 3553). 

In this process, reactions to the Régie Administration rose and Régie’s Kolcu 
organization of 7,000 people, comprising Anatolian youth, tortured the public to 
prevent tobacco smuggling, and tens of thousands of people lost their lives in armed 
conflicts (Türkiye’de tütünün tarihçesi, n.d.). Another reason for the hostility towards 
the Régie, as quoted by F. Georgeon (2000), is that this administration is accused 
of “employing too many non-Muslims”, condemning “the harsh (and also ineffective) 
methods they used to suppress tobacco smuggling”, and that the dividend paid to 
the government was too high. It became a “symbol of European imperialism” that 

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386 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

did not care about the interests of the Turkish economy and state has caused many 
people to hold grudges (p.180).

According to A. Y. Özemre (2007b), the institutional name for the concessions 
made by the French to tobacco during the capitulations was Régie Administration. 
After the capitulations were abolished, the management of tobacco passed to the State 
Monopoly Administration, which was a national organization, and this organization 
would later be named Tekel (p. 54). With a decision taken after the proclamation of 
the Republic in 1923, tobacco was taken under a state monopoly within the framework 
of the national economy after Milli Mücadele [the War of Independence], and all the 
assets of the Régie were transferred to the Ottoman Empire. In 1925, all actions 
against the state and tobacco were initiated under the law. Tekel organized tobacco 
and other monopoly products in order to provide more economic benefits. Then, 
tobacco workshops and cigarette factories built and used during the Régie period 
were restructured and made more equipped and functional (Koçu & Akbay, 1965, 
p. 3553; Yurtoğlu, 2018, p. 105).

In the years following the Republic, many factories and depots were built 
permanently in the coastal areas of Istanbul; some of them used existing buildings, 
and some of these buildings were demolished and rebuilt. These existing buildings 
have been transformed into different facilities, such as educational centres, arts, and 
cultural venues, office buildings, or a printing house (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Tobacco Factories and Depots (Both Existing and Demolished) in İstanbul

Note. Tobacco factories and depots (both existing and demolished) in İstanbul:  F1 – Cibali tobacco and 
cigarette factory. F2 – Üsküdar Şemsipaşa tobacco factory and depot. D1 – Paşalimanı tobacco depot. 
D2 – Nemlizade tobacco depot. D3 – Beşiktaş Astro tobacco warehouse. D4 – Akev tobacco depot and 
administration building. D5 – Ekemen tobacco warehouse. 
Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2021e).



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 387

The Transformation of Tobacco Factories and Depots on İstanbul Waterfront

Cibali Tobacco and Cigarette Factory (1884)
Cibali Tobacco Factory, one of the most important factories of the Ottoman Empire and 
the largest tobacco factory in İstanbul was established in 1884 with the establishment 
of Tobacco Régie (Rezan Has Museum, 2021). It is one of the rare workplaces in 
Istanbul where workmanship is passed down from generation to generation (Cibali 
tütün fabrikası, 1994, p. 429). Cibali Tobacco Factory has an important role in 
Turkey’s labor history, especially focusing on women’s participation and labor force 
participation (Rezan Has Museum, 2021).

According to archival records, the building was designed by Hovsep Aznavur 
and Alexandre Vallaury on behalf of the Régie Administration on the foundations of 
a cistern that played an important role in meeting the water needs of İstanbul during 
the Byzantine Period. After the tobacco collected from different regions of Anatolia 
was stored, it was transported from the warehouse to the factory in bales, and the 
leaves were sorted, mixed with different leaves to obtain a blend, then packaged or 
sent to the cigarette packaging (Rezan Has Museum, 2021; Asbagh, 2018, p. 205). 

The location of the factory, which was chosen as Cibali2 on the shore of the 
Golden Horn, provided an advantage in terms of transportation, especially since the 
most important and cheapest means of transportation at that time was maritime (Haliç, 
1994, pp. 501–508; Balsoy, 2009, p. 56). On the other hand, as Koçu and Akbay (1965) 
stated, another important reason for choosing the Cibali region for the location of the 
factory is the low-income group. Tobacco workshops, which could employ workers 
in the factory at that time, were gathered in a place known as Tobacco Customs 
(p. 3553). According to Balsoy (2009), although Cibali had a non-Muslim population, 
almost all of the female workers working in the factory were Jewish or Greek. The proof 
that there are girls is the fact that in the cosmopolitan nature of the Ottoman population 
in the 1900s, Muslim, Jewish, and Greek workers all worked together, shared the same 
grievances, and organized protests to overcome them (p. 56). 

Cibali Tobacco Factory was operated by a French company for 40 years (Koçu 
& Akbay, 1965, p. 3553). The factory has become an institution that has provided 
a significant social and economic changes in the Cibali region and the country. Most 
of the country’s tobacco, cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and snuff needs were met by the 
factory (Yurtoğlu, 2018, p. 100). Besides 2,162 workers, 1,500 of whom were women 
and 662 men, there was a fire brigade of 16 people. The factory was defined as a small 
town with a population of almost 2,500, with its factories, hospital, groceries, school, 
fire brigades, sports organizations, syndicates, restaurants, etc., and the police force 
and civil servants (Koçu & Akbay, 1965, p. 3554). As of 1940, approximately 1500 
employees of the factory lived near Cibali, Fener, and Fatih, but most of them were 

2 Cibali is the neighborhood near Haliç or the Golden Horn behind the old Byzantine walls. Cibali 
name derives from the commander Cebe Ali broke the fortification doors and entered the city (Koçu & Akbay, 
1965, p. 3547). “The harbor of Cibali which had storerooms full of goods for Istanbul consumers was an active 
passageway for the goods imported from the port into the city. Cibali was an important trade center in Istanbul 
and it was always remembered for two issues: fire and tobacco; as there were so many fires happened in the 
neighborhood and it was the location of the tobacco factory (Cibali, 1994, p. 428; Haliç, 1994, pp. 501–508).

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388 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

women. A kindergarten was opened for the children of women workers under the age 
of seven in the factory, as well as an operating room, laboratory, and pharmacy have 
been in the health department of the factory included in 1942 (Koçu & Akbay, 1965, 
p. 3553; Yurtoğlu, 2018, p. 101). It is assumed that male workers in the factory were 
experts, while women worked in unskilled jobs (Balsoy, 2009, p. 62). According to 
Besim Ömer, a medical doctor and a pioneering obstetrician in the Ottoman Empire, 
stating that the tobacco industry is one industry that is dangerous for pregnant women, 
and based on statistical data, “45 percent of women in the tobacco industry had suffered 
a miscarriage” because of the inhaling of the tobacco dust (Balsoy, 2009, p. 66).

Figure 4
Cibali Tobacco and Cigarette Factory after the Restoration3 

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2021b). 

Figure 5 
İmalathane Dühan Merkeziye Dersaadet [Tobacco Production Center of Dersaadet 
(alias İstanbul)] 

Note. Source: İmalathane dühan merkeziye Dersaadet (n.d.). Courtesy of Rezan Has Museum.

3 The restoration realized by Mehmet Alper. “The project won the Architectural Heritage category 
of the Europa Nostra Prize 2003 as the best preserved building for preserving and keeping historical 
and cultural heritage alive” (Günay & Dökmeci, 2012, p. 218).



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 389

Figure 6 
Tobacco Bales Arrived to the Factory 

Note. Source: Tobacco bales arrived to the factory (n.d.). Courtesy of Rezan Has Museum. 

Figure 7 
A Picture of the Establishment of the Bridge 

Note. Source: A picture of the establishment of the bridge [Photograph] (n.d.). Courtesy of Rezan Has Museum.

Figure 8 
The Place of Tobacco Grinding Machines Called Havan 

Note. Source: The place of tobacco grinding machines called havan (n.d.). Courtesy of Rezan Has Museum.

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Figure 9 
The Place to Put Tobacco in Packages. Cibali Tobacco and Cigarette Factory before 
the Restoration

Note. Source: The place to put tobacco in packages (n.d.). Courtesy of Rezan Has Museum.

Figure 10
The Place Where Cigarettes are Made by Hand

Note. Source: The place where cigarettes are made by hand (n.d.). Courtesy of Rezan Has Museum.



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 391

Figure 11 
Cibali Tobacco and Cigarette Factory after the Restoration. Street view 

Note. Source: Google, (2022a). 

Figure 12 
Cibali Tobacco and Cigarette Factory after the Restoration. Street View 

Note. Source: Google map, (2022b). 

The factory, which has been processing only tobacco for a long time since its 
establishment, started producing cigarettes in 1900. The factory, which met almost all 
the needs of İstanbul comprised 3 blocks (A, B, and C) with four floors on a large area 
of 8,300 m2, with “dissembling and threshing works” in block A, “cigarette making and 
packaging work” in block B, “the manufacturing under the Directorate maintenance 
and administration departments” was in block C (Koçu & Akbay, 1965, p. 3553). 
The factory comprised eight sections, including separating, threshing, slaughtering, 
cigarette making, packaging, and shipping, as a clutch, cigarette package, tobacco 
package, and cleaning (Koçu & Akbay, 1965, p. 3553; Yurtoğlu, 2018, p. 100). Cibali 
Box Factory, which was next to the factory and operated as a small printing house in 
1932, is also a company that produced boxes used in cigarette packaging later “with the 
addition of new facilities, it was transformed into a factory producing packaging and boxes 
next to the cigarette factory” (Koçu & Akbay, 1965, p. 3553). The cardboards were cut 

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392 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

into cigarette boxes and their pictures and writings were printed (Koçu & Akbay, 1965, 
p. 3553; Yurtoğlu, 2018, p. 101).

In 1925, the factory was taken over by Tekel and modern machines were brought to 
the factory in 1984 (Cibali tütün fabrikası, 1994, p. 429). “The factory edifice comprised 
several buildings that were linked to one another via courtyards or passageways” 
(Balsoy, 2009, p. 57). The building, which has a neoclassical style, “using brick, iron, 
and glass” and Marseille roof tiling, “cast-iron columns and steel beams, the INP used 
in laying brought from France” (Asbagh, 2018, p. 206). The façade of the building has 
been preserved, but its interior has been renewed (p. 207). 

The factory was registered in 1987 (Cibali tütün fabrikasi, n.d.). It was repaired in 
1999–2000, was later transformed into a private university, Kadir Has University, and was 
re-functioned as a university between 2000–2002, with the museum called Rezan Has 
Museum in the building’s basement. During this restoration and renovation project, the 
remains of the Ottoman Bath and Byzantine Cistern were preserved. Later, an additional 
(block D) building was built and an additional floor in the middle of the building, which 
was built by Tekel in 1950, was demolished by Alper because of the lack of originality 
of the additional building. The structure, materials, original walls, or the structure  
of the building were preserved with some additional partitions (Asbagh, 2018, p. 206).

Paşalimanı Tobacco Depot, Üsküdar, 1789
The building was originally built as a granary-depot in 1789 in Üsküdar. In 2005, the 
buildings were transformed into the İstanbul State Theatre Üsküdar Tekel Stage 
(İstanbul Devlet Tiyatroları Üsküdar Tekel Sahnesi), Theatre and Opera Hall. 

According to historian İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı (1977), the building was 
constructed for “Selim III’s warehouse structures built by the sea in order to keep 
food and grain. That there is a mill structure next to the warehouses of Konya means 
Paşalimanı Flour Factory with the mill structure. It shows that the flour milled here is 
stored in the warehouse structures. He stated that the building, which later passed 
under the administration of Tekel, was also used as a tobacco warehouse” (as cited 
in Kona, 2015, p. 58). 

Figure 13
Paşalimanı Tobacco Depot

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2021d). 



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 393

Figure 14 
Paşalimanı Tekel Building and Tobacco Warehouse in Üsküdar 

Note. Source: Çalıkoğlu, (2020). 

Figure 15 
After the Restoration Process, Waterfront Facade 

Note. Source: Yılmaz, (2019, p. 54).

Figure 16 
Street View With The Waterfront, March, 2022 (Right Side)

Note. Source: Google, (2022c). 

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394 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Figure 17 
Street View With The Waterfront, March, 2022 (Left Side)

Note. Source: Google, (2022d). 

Figure 18
After the Restoration Process, inside the Building 

Note. Source: Üsküdar Tekel sahneleri, (n.d.).

The three gable-roofed buildings in the factory are used as the Headquarters 
of the İstanbul State Opera and Ballet and are also used as rehearsal rooms for the 
İstanbul State Opera and Ballet. The other warehouse building is used as the İstanbul 
State Theater Üsküdar Tekel Stage. Besides the theater performances, the İstanbul 
State Symphony Orchestra and the İstanbul State Turkish Folk Music Choir, the group 
rehearses in this building.

Tobacco Depot, Tophane, 1920s
The Tobacco Warehouse in Tophane was built in the 1920s to store and transfer tobacco 
because of its proximity to the Salıpazarı port. The building, comprising 1200 m2 and 
4 floors, continued to function as a warehouse until the 1950s, and in the following years, 
it was used only as a warehouse. The roof of the building was covered with wooden 
trusses, and the attic was used as an office (Tütün Deposu “Depo” Renovasyonu, 
n.d.). “Renovated by Plan A Architecture, facade walls are made of masonry bricks, 
floor carriers are reinforced concrete columns, beams, and all floor floors are built with 
wood. Additional steel beams were laid due to the scaling of the floors over time” (Tütün 
Deposu “Depo” Renovasyonu, n.d.). Since the İstanbul Biennial in 2005, the building was 
used for art exhibitions, and the building was renovated in 2008. In this reconstruction, 



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 395

the “masonry walls of the building were reinforced with glass fiber bands”, the wooden 
solid floors were overhauled, and the comfort of use in the building was ensured with 
heating, ventilation and cooling systems. Since 2009, it has been transformed into 
a center where cultural events, exhibitions, and workshops are held and there is an art 
gallery on the ground floor (Tütün Deposu “Depo” Renovasyonu, n.d.). 

Figure 19
Tobacco Depot in Tophane,  
Built in the 1920s 

Note. Source: The Author, (2020).

Figure 20
Tobacco Depot in Tophane,  
Built in the 1920s

Note. Source: The Author, (2020).

Figure 21
Tobacco Depot in Tophane 

Note. Source: The Author, (2010).

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396 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Other Tobacco Depots
As Sayar (1955) mentioned, tobacco warehouses are places where “processed and 
unprocessed tobacco equivalents are subjected to permanent operations such as 
stacking in warehouses, transferring them at fermentation times according to the 
seasons, blending in processing halls and making them into equivalents” (p. 99).

In different periods, many other buildings in the coastal area of İstanbul were 
used as tobacco depots. An example of this is the Salt Repository (Tuz Ambarı) 
warehouse built in Kasımpaşa to serve a flour factory built in the 19th century. In the 
Ottoman Period, the gunpowder factory was used with different functions in different 
periods, along with the functions of the tobacco warehouse in the Republic Period. 
The building was registered in 2007 and later transformed into an advertising agency 
by the architects Erginoğlu and Çalışlar in 2008 (Büyükarslan & Güney, 2013).

On 1927 Pervititch maps, tobacco warehouses can be seen next to the 
Bezmialem Valide Sultan Mosque in Kabataş and across the highway. The Régie  
building is located next to the Ford Factory, which is located next to Mimar Sinan Fine 
Arts University (Cangül, 2014).

Another building used as a tobacco warehouse is the Esma Sultan Mansion 
(1875), designed by the famous Ottoman architect Sarkis Balyan in Ortaköy and built 
as a wedding gift to Princess Esma Sultan, the daughter of the Ottoman ruler Sultan 
Abdulaziz (Kona, 2015, p. 31). The building changed hands several times after the 
death of the princess. It served as a Greek school since 1918, and after the fire in 
the 1920s, the three-store brick mansion was used as a tobacco warehouse between 
1926–1933 and then as a coal depot. After the dynasty was taken abroad with the 
proclamation of the Republic, the mansion was sold and purchased by the deputy 
in 1952. Later, the building was destroyed in a fire in 1977 and was restored and 
renovated in 2001 to function as a multi-purpose event venue.

Nemlizade Tobacco Depot Paşalimanı, Üsküdar, 1923–1925
Nemlizade Tobacco Depot, which was built between 1922 and 1923 and completed 
in 1925, is the highest and most historical structure of the Bosphorus and is also 
known as the Şark Tobacco Depot. The 705 m2 warehouse was built at the beginning 
of the 20th century as Şark Tobacco Warehouse, a reinforced concrete structure, 
designed by Architect Vedad Bey (Tek) in the First National Architectural style in 1923 
for Tütüncü Kazım Emin Bey in the area that made a nose towards the sea where 
the mansion of Mehmed Mollazâde, one of the old sheikhs. As M. S. Genim (2012) 
mentions, “the building, which was re-sold in 1955, was restored ad transformed into 
an office building, and used as the headquarters of a private holding in 2004 after it 
was used by various institutions for different purposes” (as cited in Kona, 2015, p. 59; 
Nemlizade Tütün Deposu, 2021). 

The building comprises a south-facing hall/workshop with a “U” plan scheme 
and a wellhole and elevator that provide vertical circulation on the middle axis of 
the plan. It is one of the first examples of reinforced concrete use and comprises 
the main carrier shell comprising reinforced concrete columns and beams, and 
an independent carcass system built with carrier beams and poles inside, in order 



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 397

to provide the ventilation system required in tobacco warehouses for ventilation in 
tobacco storage. Each floor has workshops with a repeating plan scheme that serves 
to sort the tobacco and classify them according to its quality. The sheltered area 
obtained with a central courtyard in the south enabled tobacco to be stored without 
being affected by the winds from the sea. The elevator in which the load and the 
passenger are transported together was determined as one of the first applications 
of the period (Nemlizade Tütün Deposu, 2021).

Figure 22
Nemlizade Tobacco Depot (1923–1925) 

Note. Source: Cangül, (2014). 

Figure 23
Nemlizade Tobacco Depot building on the left side. On the right side, Paşalimanı 
Tekel Building and Tobacco Warehouse is Visible. A Street View. July 2020 

Note. Source: Google, (2020). 

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398 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Figure 24 
View from the Sea, 2019, October 9 

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2021f). 

Figure 25 
View from the Sea, Panorama View, 2019, October 9

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2021g). 

The building was evaluated as Vedad Tek’s attempt at a new structure. The “main 
structure” of the building was constructed as a carcass shell woven by reinforced 
concrete columns and beams consisting of a hollow brick/concrete combination 
similar to the Siegwart system. “A large reinforced concrete shell was made, like a 
hollow box in which the tobacco can be freely placed inside the wooden grill system 
that provides ventilation” (Batur, 2009, p. 43).



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 399

Beşiktaş Astro Tobacco Warehouse, 1929
Beşiktaş Astro Tobacco Factory, built for tobacco production and storage on the 
Beşiktaş coast, was built by the Austrian firm Austro-Turc Tobacco in 1929 by 
Victor Adaman (1880–1948). As seen in Pervitich, the existing wooden mansion 
in this area was burned down and this tobacco shop was built. The architect of the 
building, V. Adaman, built a tobacco warehouse in Beşiktaş and Şemsipaşa tobacco 
warehouse in Üsküdar (Balmumcu, 1948, p. 47). Later, the building was demolished, 
rebuilt, with its facades preserved, and converted into a hotel in 2013.
Figure 26
Beşiktaş Astro Tobacco Warehouse, Map of 2006, Just Before the Demolition

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2021a). 

Figure 27
Beşiktaş Astro tütün deposu [Beşiktaş Astro Tobacco Warehouse]

Note. Source: Beşiktaş Astro tütün deposu [Beşiktaş Astro tobacco warehouse], (n.d.). 

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400 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Figure 28
The Building in the 1950s 

Note. Source: Yusufoğlu & Pilehvarian, (2017, p. 258). 

Figure 29
View from the Sea, 02.10.2019 

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2022b). 

It is known that V. Adaman worked as an apprentice of the French Levantine 
architect, Alexandre Vallaury, for many important buildings in İstanbul. He worked 
on the project and construction of the Tobacco Warehouse in Beşiktaş. The building 
was used as a warehouse and later transformed into a TV factory, which continued 
until 1985. The building, which was abandoned between 1985 and 2005, was about 
to be demolished before it was bought by a holding which signed an agreement with 
a private hotel (Shangri-La Bosphorus, n.d.).

The immovable cultural property was accepted and registered as another with 
the decision of the Warehouse, Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Board 
in 2005. The building was registered as an industrial heritage with its layout, “including 
the number of floors, floor levels, interior and exterior spatial organization, floor 



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 401

heights that differ from the lower floor to the upper floor, together with all these features 
of the exterior facades” but the exterior of the building was destroyed overnight 
while it was converted into a hotel.

In 1936, Beşiktaş Aircraft Factory was turned into an aircraft factory/workshop 
and hangars as a facility established by businessman and entrepreneur Nuri 
Demirağ, following Henri Prost’s 1936 plan, on the land next to the Astro Tobacco 
Depot. The first single-engine aircraft in Turkey and a twin-engine 6-seater passenger 
plane were built in 1938 (Yusufoğlu & Pilehvarian, 2017, pp. 255, 258, 259). These 
workshops, built in the international style, have later been turned into a maritime 
museum. The tobacco warehouse was used by a television company for a while.

Üsküdar Şemsipaşa Tobacco Factory and Depot, Üsküdar, 1935 
Üsküdar Şemsipaşa Tobacco Factory was built in 1935 by Victor Adaman. The location 
of the building is the mansion of Mehmed Ali Pasha (1813–1868), one of the Kapudan 
Pashas [Captain-i-Derya] during the reign of Sultan Abdulmecid Han. It consisted 
of three buildings: the tobacco warehouse, the tobacco processing building on the 
waterfront, and the lodging. A. Y. Özemre (2007b) mentioned in his book, Hasretini 
çektiğim Üsküdar [Üsküdar, which I miss], that “the public always referred to tobacco 
warehouses and tobacco processing places as Régie for a long time” (p. 54). The 
buildings, which were used as a monopoly tobacco processing and warehouse 
for many years, were demolished in 1985 due to the opening of the coastal road 
(Üsküdar’in Kaybolmuş Kültür Eserleri, 2020). 

Figure 30
Üsküdar Şemsipaşa Tütün Fabrikası 
[Üsküdar Şemsipaşa Tobacco Factory and Depot]

Note. Source: Üsküdar, (n.d.). 

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402 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Figure 31
Üsküdar Şemsipaşa Tütün Fabrikası 
[Üsküdar Şemsipaşa Tobacco Factory and Depot]

Note. (İnce, M. Ç., & Yurdaçaliş, N. E., 2013).

Akev Tobacco Depot and Administration Building, Beşiktaş, 1950
The warehouse of Akev Company in Beşiktaş is one of the largest warehouses built 
by private capital (Sayar, 1955, p. 99). Designed by the architect Zeki Sayar in 1950, 
the building is in a 3600m2 area in the Beşiktaş coastal area (Sayar, 1955, p. 99). 
As a tobacco and processing house, “the building is more of a public building than 
a factory or warehouse building in terms of its location in the city, its relations with its 
surroundings, and the architectural order of its exterior” (İnan, 2015, p. 58). It comprises 
3 warehouses, A, B, and C blocks, and an administration building.

Figure 32
Akev tütün deposu ve idare binası [Akev Tobacco Depot and Administration Building]

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2022a). 



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 403

Figure 33
Akev tütün deposu ve idare binası [Akev Tobacco Depot and Administration Building]4

Note. Source: Sayar, (1955, p. 99). 

Figure 34 
Site Plan and Ground Floor Plan 

Note. Source: Sayar, (1955, pp. 100, 102). 

4 The height of the ground floor is 3.60 meters, the height of the other warehouse floors is 
2.70 meters, and the height of the 4th floor, where the processing halls are located, is 4.00 meters.

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404 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Figure 35 
A Street View 

Note. Source: Google, (2021a). 

Figure 36
The Building from Later Periods

Note. Source: İnan & Cengizkan, (2015, p. 304).

Figure 37
A Street View  

Note. Source: İnan & Cengizkan, (2015, p. 303).

The repository is currently being used as a Nobel publishing house (Sayar, 1955, 
p. 100). Later, during the construction of Barbaros Boulevard, the building remained 
at the lower level of the road level because of the rise in the road elevation, which 
caused the building to reduce its architectural effect to a certain extent.



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 405

Ekemen Tobacco Warehouse and Tobacco Inn, Kabataş, 1952
The Ekemen Tobacco Warehouse and Tobacco Han were designed by Zeki Sayar 
in 1952 in the Fındıklı region. 

These buildings, which are located close to each other on the coastline starting 
from Beşiktaş and extending to Fındıklı, are still standing today and used for 
different functions. Ekemen Tobacco Warehouse, located right next to Tütün Han 
(Tobacco Inn), has also been transformed into an office building, but it has lost 
its original architectural character to a large extent due to its exterior coating and 
additions. Since the plans and projects of these two structures are not published 
anywhere, it is very difficult to trace the changes they have undergone. (İnan, 
2015, p. 58; İnan & Cengizkan, 2015, p. 305) 

Figure 38
Ekemen Tobacco Warehouse and Tütün Inn

Note. Source: İstanbul Şehir haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map], (2021c). 

Figure 39
Ekemen Tobacco Warehouse and Tütün Inn, 1952

Note. Source: İnan & Cengizkan, (2015, p. 306). 

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406 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Figure 40 
Ekemen Tobacco Warehouse after Transformation 

Note. Source: İnan & Cengizkan, (2015, p. 307). 

Figure 41 
Ekemen Tobacco Inn  
after Transformation 

Note. Source: İnan & Cengizkan, (2015, p. 305).

Figure 42
Ekemen Tobacco Inn  
after Transformation 

Note. Source: İnan & Cengizkan, (2015, p. 305).



Changing Societies & Personalities, 2022, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 380–413 407

In summary, the transformation of these factories and warehouses began in the 
1960s and 1970s with the relocation of industrial areas of large cities to sub-centers 
in the region or less developed countries. The reason for the decrease in profits 
because of the increase in production costs is the basis of these urban approaches. 
As T. Erbil mentions, the reflections of these processes and practices were observed 
as collapsed areas in the old locations of the industrial zones in the old city centers. 
Rehabilitation works on some elements of old industrial facilities and old industrial 
zones, “transforming elements of physical, economic and social environment by 
building new affluent housing and business projects for the new users and in some 
rare cases, social projects for the workers of former industrial areas” (Erbil, 2017, 
p. 45). Since the 1980s, industrial production in metropolises has shifted to the 
sector in urban planning projects. With this period, “the sub-urbanization tendency  
of middle-upper class residential areas has gradually decreased and new residential 
areas have been concentrated vertically towards in the old urban centers where 
especially the services and cultural activities are concentrated” (p. 45).

Final Words

Since the establishment of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic, tobacco factories and 
warehouses, which played an important role in the economic development of Turkey, 
could not establish many relationships in terms of their function, like many industrial 
facilities of the period, in the coastal areas where they are usually located. They have a 
predominantly deaf façade in order not to be affected by the light, and it is seen that they 
are mysterious, few people can enter, and they are more disadvantageous compared 
to the transformation of other industrial facilities, except for the Cibali Tobacco Factory.

In this context, tobacco factories have become important buildings in the 
sense of providing economic employment, among other industrial structures; their 
relationship with the coastal areas and the transportation they have established, 
and the smell of society. These industrial facilities, which witnessed and are a part 
of regime changes such as social changes and the transition to the Republic, are 
gradually decreasing today or may be destroyed for various reasons, such as other 
cultural heritage examples. Today, when the access to coastal areas is decreasing, 
it becomes a more important issue for these structures to be transformed into 
cultural, artistic, and educational structures where they can use the interaction with 
the coast more efficiently in order for the structures to survive.

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İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021a). 
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oom=18&title=bilgial&angle=132

İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021b). 
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İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021c). 
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İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021d). 
[Paşalimanı Tobacco Depot]. https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.0314102151998&l
on=29.021654301322993&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=0 

İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021e). 
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İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2021g). [View 
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88682181276&lon=29.019312858581543&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=247 

https://www.factoryreloaded.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Research_database.pdf
https://www.factoryreloaded.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Research_database.pdf
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.04038057937706&lon=29.00542706251144&zoom=18&title=bilgial&
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.04038057937706&lon=29.00542706251144&zoom=18&title=bilgial&
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.02507444078907&lon=28.95901143550873&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=31
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.02507444078907&lon=28.95901143550873&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=31
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.033137668506384&lon=28.991289138793945&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=92
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.033137668506384&lon=28.991289138793945&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=92
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.0314102151998&lon=29.021654301322993&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=0
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.0314102151998&lon=29.021654301322993&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=0
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.05657308746473&lon=29.045791625976555&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=0
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.05657308746473&lon=29.045791625976555&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=0
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.03214423506509&lon=29.019924402236935&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=333
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.03214423506509&lon=29.019924402236935&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=333
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.031488682181276&lon=29.019312858581543&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=247
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.031488682181276&lon=29.019312858581543&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=247


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İstanbul Şehir Haritası [İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality city map]. (2022a). [Akev 
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Koçu, R. E. (1968). Enfiye [Snuff]. In İstanbul İstanbul Ansiklopedisi [The 
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Nemlizade tütün deposu [Nemlizade tobacco warehouse]. (2021, 
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Özemre, A. Y. (2007a). Üsküdar ah Üsküdar [Üsküdar oh Üsküdar]. İstanbul: 
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Özemre, A. Y. (2007b). Hasretini çektiğim Üsküdar [Üsküdar, which I miss]. 
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https://changing-sp.com/
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.045253921948614&lon=29.007993936538696&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=221
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.045253921948614&lon=29.007993936538696&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=221
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.03950257062155&lon=29.005770385265343&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=129
https://sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr/?lat=41.03950257062155&lon=29.005770385265343&zoom=18&title=bilgial&angle=129
http://www.itudergi.itu.edu.tr/index.php/itudergisi_a/article/viewFile/891/811
https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008739092/page/n49/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008739092/page/n49/mode/2up
https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/nemlizade-tutun-deposu/#16/41.031315/29.020144
https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/nemlizade-tutun-deposu/#16/41.031315/29.020144


412 Esen Gökçe Özdamar

Rezan Has Museum. (2021). Cibali tütün fabrikası [Cibali tobacco factory]. https://
sanalgezinti.com/yeni/rezan-has-muzesi/index.html 

Sayar, Z. (1955). Akev tütün deposu ve idare binası [Akev tobacco warehouse 
and administration building]. Arkitekt, 28, 99–103. http://dergi.mo.org.tr/
dergiler/2/214/2932.pdf 

Shangri-La Bosphorus, Istanbul. (n.d.). Press Kit. http://www.shangri-la.com/
uploadedFiles/Shangri-la_Hotels/Istanbul,_Shangri-La/press-room/press-kit /
Shangri-La-Bosphorus-Istanbul-Press-Kit(1).pdf 

The place of tobacco grinding machines called havan [Photograph]. (n.d.). Photo 
album of the Régie Period signed by Guillaume Berggren, 1884. Rezan Has Museum 
Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

The place to put tobacco in packages [Photograph]. (n.d.). Photo album of the 
Régie Period signed by Guillaume Berggren, 1884. Rezan Has Museum Archives, 
İstanbul, Turkey.

The place where cigarettes are made by hand [Photograph]. (n.d.). Photo album 
of the Régie Period signed by Guillaume Berggren, 1884. Rezan Has Museum 
Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

Tobacco bales arrived to the factory [Photograph]. (n.d.). T. C. İnhisarlar İdaresi 
fotoğraf albümü, 1940 [T. R. Monopoly Administration photo album, 1940]. Rezan Has 
Museum Archives, İstanbul, Turkey.

Tütün deposu “depo” renovasyonu [Tobacco warehouse “warehouse” renovation]. 
(n.d.). Arkiv. http://www.arkiv.com.tr/proje/tutun-deposu-depo-renovasyonu/1120

Türkiye’de tütünün tarihçesi [The history of tobacco in Turkey]. (n.d.) Tütün 
Eksperleri Derneği. http://www.tutuneksper.org.tr/tutun-bilgisi/turkiyede-tutun/
turkiyede-tutunun-tarihcesi 

Üsküdar. (n.d.). İ.B.B. Atatürk Library Digital Archive and Search in E-Sources 
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Üsküdar’in Kaybolmuş Kültür Eserleri. (2020, January 21). Üsküdar’ın 
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posts/1509252192559195/ 

Üsküdar Tekel sahneleri [Üsküdar Tekel stages]. (n.d.). Akdağ Architecture.  
https://www.akdagmimarlik.com/tr/portfoy/uskudar-tekel-sahneleri 

5 Доступ к информационному ресурсу ограничен на основании Федерального закона 
от 27 июля 2006 года №149-ФЗ «Об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите 
информации».

https://sanalgezinti.com/yeni/rezan-has-muzesi/index.html
https://sanalgezinti.com/yeni/rezan-has-muzesi/index.html
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/214/2932.pdf
http://dergi.mo.org.tr/dergiler/2/214/2932.pdf
http://www.shangri-la.com/uploadedFiles/Shangri-la_Hotels/Istanbul,_Shangri-La/press-room/press-kit/Shangri-La-Bosphorus-Istanbul-Press-Kit(1).pdf
http://www.shangri-la.com/uploadedFiles/Shangri-la_Hotels/Istanbul,_Shangri-La/press-room/press-kit/Shangri-La-Bosphorus-Istanbul-Press-Kit(1).pdf
http://www.shangri-la.com/uploadedFiles/Shangri-la_Hotels/Istanbul,_Shangri-La/press-room/press-kit/Shangri-La-Bosphorus-Istanbul-Press-Kit(1).pdf
http://www.arkiv.com.tr/proje/tutun-deposu-depo-renovasyonu/1120
http://www.tutuneksper.org.tr/tutun-bilgisi/turkiyede-tutun/turkiyede-tutunun-tarihcesi
http://www.tutuneksper.org.tr/tutun-bilgisi/turkiyede-tutun/turkiyede-tutunun-tarihcesi
http://ataturkkitapligi.ibb.gov.tr/yordambt/yordam.php?aDemirbas=Krt_024883
http://ataturkkitapligi.ibb.gov.tr/yordambt/yordam.php?aDemirbas=Krt_024883
https://www.facebook.com/465035476980877/posts/1509252192559195/
https://www.facebook.com/465035476980877/posts/1509252192559195/
https://www.akdagmimarlik.com/tr/portfoy/uskudar-tekel-sahneleri


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Vanmour, J.-B. (1714). Femme Turque qui Fume sur le Sopha [Turkish woman 
smoking on the sofa] [Engraving]. Recueil de cent estampes representant differentes 
nations du Levant, gravées sur les tableaux peints d’après nature en 1707 & 1708, 
par les ordres de M. de Ferriol, ambassadeur du roi a la porte, et mis au jour en 1712 
& 1713 par les soins de M. Le Hay [Collection of one hundred prints representing 
different nations of the Levant, engraved on paintings painted from nature in 1707 & 
1708, by the orders of M. de Ferriol, ambassador of the king at the door, and brought 
to light in 1712 & 1713 by the care of M. Le Hay]. Chez Basan. https://archive.org/details/
gri_33125015119957/page/n42/mode/thumb 

Yılmaz, B. (Ed.). (2019). Projeler yapılar 4: Kültür yapıları [Projects structures 4: 
Cultural buildings]. İstanbul: YEM.

Yurtoğlu, N. (2018). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde tütün tekeli ve sigara fabrikalarının 
tarihsel gelişimi (1923–1950) [A historical development of Tobacco Monopoly and 
cigarette factories in the Republic of Turkey (1923–1950)]. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce 
Dergisi, 5(17), 81–116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atdd/issue/40027/475958 

Yusufoğlu, N. T., & Pilehvarian, N. K. (2017). Beşiktaş Tayyare Fabrikası 
(1936–1943) [Beşiktaş Aircraft Factory (1936–1943)]. Megaron. Yildiz teknik 
üniversitesi mimarlik fakültesi e-dergisi, 12(2), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.5505/
megaron.2017.87004 

https://changing-sp.com/
https://archive.org/details/gri_33125015119957/page/n42/mode/thumb
https://archive.org/details/gri_33125015119957/page/n42/mode/thumb
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atdd/issue/40027/475958
https://doi.org/10.5505/megaron.2017.87004
https://doi.org/10.5505/megaron.2017.87004