Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials (2022) Volume 5 Issue 1 doi:10.24294/can.v5i1.1431 52 Review Article Research progress in applying nanomaterials in the field of functional textiles Fang Wu1,2,3, Jinlong Ge1,2,3*, Yingyue Qin1,2,3, Zongqun Li1,2,3, Qiulin Li4 1 Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Silicon-Based Materials, Bengbu 233030, China. E-mail: Jinlongge2005@126.com 2 Engineering Technology Research Center of Silicon-Based Materials, Bengbu 233030, China 3 School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, China 4 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215011, China ABSTRACT The ways of developing functional textiles based on nanomaterials were introduced, and the latest research achievements of nanomaterials in such aspects as flame retardancy, antibacterial, super-hydrophobic, self-cleaning, UV resistance, and anti-static textiles were reviewed. The main technical obstacles to the large-scale application of nano- materials in functional textiles were pointed out, the possible solutions were discussed, and the development of func- tional textiles by nanomaterials has been prospected. Keywords: Nanomaterials; Functional Textiles; Flame Retardancy; Antibacterial; Self-cleaning ARTICLE INFO Received: 17 December 2021 Accepted: 4 February 2022 Available online: 24 February 2022 COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2022 Fang Wu, et al. EnPress Publisher LLC. This work is li- censed under the Creative Commons Attribu- tion-NonCommercial 4.0 International Li- cense (CC BY-NC 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4 .0/ 1. Introduction With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards and the rapid progress of science and technology, functional textiles have penetrated into every field of the national economy. Using nano- materials to develop textiles with special functions is helpful to en- hance the competitiveness of China’s textile industry. The combination of nanomaterials and functional textiles can accelerate the innovation of the textile industry and lead the development of the textile industry. 2. Methods of modifying functional fabrics by nanomaterials There are four methods to modify functional textiles by using nanomaterials[1]: one is the blending spinning method, in which the nanomaterials are evenly dispersed in the polymer melt, and then the nanomaterial modified functional fibers are prepared by granulation, melt spinning and other processes. This method has little effect on the finishing process and is mainly used to produce chemical fibers or re- generated fibers modified by nanomaterials. The second is the post-finishing method, which uses physical and chemical methods to treat the surface of the fiber or fabric, and then adds the nanomaterials to the finishing agent, and combines the nanomaterials with the fabric through impregnation, coating and spraying. The third is the graft modification method, which endows the surface of nanomaterials with nanomaterials to the surface of textile materials. The fourth is the in 53 situ generation method, in the surface and interior of the fiber in situ generation of nanomaterials to achieve specific functions. 3. Application of nanomaterials in functional fibers and fabrics In recent years, the application of plasma technology, self-healing technology and other new technologies is conducive to the composite of na- nomaterials with fibers and fabrics, realizing the rapid development of single nanoparticle modifica- tion to multiple nanoparticle compounding, mul- ti-functional composite direction, and the develop- ment of many nano-modified functional textiles. 3.1 Flame retardancy Most of the fibers belong to combustible fibers, and the flame retardant finishing of the fabric is helpful to reduce the risk of fire. At present, nano flame retardants used in the textile field include nano phosphorus and nitrogen flame retardants, in- organic nanomaterial flame retardants, organ- ic-inorganic mixed nano flame retardants, biologi- cal flame retardants. Compared with halogen flame retardants, phospho-nitrogen flame retardants have lower toxicity and smoke emission and meet envi- ronmental requirements[2]. Inorganic nano flame retardants include carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene[3], and oxides such as TiO2 [4], SiO2 [5], ZnO[6], hydroxyl oxide[7], hydrox- ide[8], etc. Bio-based flame retardants contain de- oxynucleotides, etc.[9] Nano flame retardants are usually added into the fibers by means of self-assembly, compounding, surface modification, and microencapsulation to improve the flame re- tardant property of the fibers. Wang et al.[3] applied the impregnation method to finish the PGO on the surface of cotton fabric, which significantly enhanced the flame retardant performance of the cotton fabric. PGO with a large layered structure can effectively insulate oxygen and volatile combustible gases from permeation, thus reducing the heat release rate. At the same time, the presence of phosphorus contributes to catalytic carbonization during combustion, promoting the formation of carbon slag and preventing the infiltra- tion of oxidation and pyrolysis products. Wang et al.[8] constructed a safety coating consisting of pol- ydopamine, layered dihydroxide, and polydime- thylsiloxane on cotton fabric, which significantly improved the flame retardant performance of the cotton fabric and gave it excellent oil-water separa- tion characteristics. Polydopamine and layered di- hydroxide inhibit most smog, while coated polydi- methylsiloxane enhances stain resistance and durability. Ortelli et al.[9] applied the mixture of nano TiO2 and DNA on the surface of cotton by impregnation curing method, which significantly improved the flame retardant performance of the cotton fabric. 3.2 Antibacterial The active components of nano-antibacterial materials used in the textile are mainly heavy metal ionic and photocatalytic. Specifically, metal ion type nano antibacterial materials include nanome- ter-scale Ag[10], Au[11], Cu[12], etc. In the process of use, metal ions dissolve out, destroy the respiration, metabolism, and reproduction pathways of bacteria, to achieve the antibacterial effect. Photocatalytic antibacterial agents mainly use TiO2 [13], ZnO[14], BiVO4 [15], and other semiconductor materials to produce OH– with strong oxidation capacity under the action of photocatalysis, which destroys the res- piration of bacteria and interferes with the material delivery pathway to achieve the antibacterial pur- pose. In order to combine antibacterial nanoparti- cles firmly with fiber surface, the impregnation method, layer deposition method, and in situ syn- thesis method are adopted. In order to make full use of the surface plas- mon resonance effect of silver nanoparticles to pre- sent brilliant colors and their efficient and safe an- tibacterial properties, Wu et al.,[10] adopted a simple solution impregnation method. A cotton fabric with adjustable color and antibacterial, durable, self-healing, and super-hydrophobic properties was prepared by coating the surface of cotton fabric with F–POSS/AgNPs/PEI. The self-healing su- per-hydrophobicity of F–POSS/AgNPs/PEI coated cotton fabric significantly improved the color fast- ness of AgNPs to washing and mechanical wear, 54 and retained the antibacterial properties of AgNPs. Ran et al.[15] fixed CuO/BiVO4 nanocomposite photocatalyst on cotton fabric through the polydo- pamine template, endowed the fabric with photo- catalytic properties, and made it have good antibac- terial activity and UV resistance. Ibrahim et al.[13] prepared Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles doped with Cu2O nanoparticles as nano antibacterial composite materials, and treated them into cotton fabric by impregnation method, endows cotton fabric with self-cleaning, UV resistance and antibacterial func- tions. The cotton fabric has high antibacterial activ- ity due to the production of reactive oxygen species under sunlight. 3.3 Super-hydrophobic In the field of super-hydrophobicity, fibers and fabrics are treated with nanomaterials to construct micro/nano rough structures. Meanwhile, the fiber was chemically modified with low surface energy materials. Micro/nano rough structure can adsorb gas and form nano-sized air film, so that oil or wa- ter cannot penetrate into the fabric, thus showing super-hydrophobic or oil-phobic properties[16]. Commonly used nanomaterials include SiO2[17], TiO2[18], ZnO[19], Al2O3 [20], etc. The commonly used methods include chemical vapor precipitation, lay- er-by-layer self-assembly, sol-gel and so on. These nanomaterials not only improve the su- per-hydrophobic properties of the fabric, but also have antibacterial, self-cleaning, flame retardant, UV resistance and other properties. Yao et al.[17] combined the bio-based l ben- zoxazine monomer with SiO2 nanoparticles and prepared a bio-based polybenzoxazine/SiO2 coating on polyethylene terephzoate (PET) non-woven fab- ric by spraying and thermal curing, endows the non-woven fabric with super-hydrophobic/super- oleophilic function. The surface contact angle be- tween the finished fabric and water is (156.2 ± 1.5)°, rolling angle is (5.2 + 1.0)°, with good adhesion strength, can be used for various types of oil-water separation. The fabric still shows su- per-hydrophobic stability after severe treatment such as mechanical wear, acid and alkali immersion, and solvent immersion. Guo et al.[18] deposited su- per-hydrophobic and flame retardant coatings on cotton fabrics with a simple two-step spraying method, and prepared fabrics with both flame re- tardant and super-hydrophobic functions. The su- per-hydrophobic and superoleophilic coatings are composed of layered TiO2 and PDMS, while the flame retardant coatings are composed of alkyla- mine sesimiloxane/phytic acid. The finished cotton fabric exhibits high thermal stability, flame retard- ancy, super-hydrophobicity, self-cleaning and oil-water separation properties. In addition, after 50 wear tests and 5 washing treatments, the cotton fab- ric still maintained good hydrophobicity and self-extinguishing ability. Xiao et al.[20] deposited Al2O3 layer and Al2O3 nanoparticles on the surface of the wool fabric by atomic layer deposition tech- nology, effectively increasing the surface roughness of wool fabric, increasing the static contact an- gle between wool fabric surface and water from 130° to about 160°, and achieving higher durability. Alt- hough the fluorine-containing finishing agent has good water-repellent and oil-repellent properties, its high price and bio-cumulative effect limit its further development. In addition, in the actual use process, the modified super-hydrophobic and super- oil-phobic surface structure are vulnerable to me- chanical damage and chemical action, resulting in a decrease in durability. In order to solve this problem, Lahiri et al.[21] deposited the SiO2–alkyl silane coating mixed with boric acid on cotton fabric through a simple dip rolling finish, and then modi- fied it with PDMS to prepare fluorine-free su- per-hydrophobic composite coating on the surface of cotton fabric. The static contact angle between the finished fabric and water reaches (157.95 ± 2)°, rolling angle reached (3.8 ± 0.6)°, showing excel- lent super-hydrophobic characteristics. Coated fab- rics demonstrate excellent robustness and durability, as well as self-healing and oil-water separation. 3.4 Self-cleaning Self-cleaning fabrics can be divided into su- per-hydrophobic self-cleaning and photocatalytic self-cleaning according to the way of self-cleaning. Super-hydrophobic self-cleaning mainly refers to the use of bionics principles to treat fabrics with 55 super-hydrophobic treatment to achieve self-cleaning performance. Commonly used inor- ganic nanomaterials include layered bimetal hy- droxide[8], SiO2 [21,22], etc. Chen et al.[22] prepared super-hydrophobic fabrics by the sol-gel method by deposition of SiO2 on the fabric and grafting of the finishing agent. The fabric remains highly oil-repellent and water-repellent under various harsh conditions (such as ultraviolet radiation, alka- li (pH 12) or acid (pH 2) solution, water treatment at 2 ℃ or 95 ℃), and has excellent self-cleaning and antifouling performance. Photocatalytic self-cleaning mainly uses nano-semiconductor ma- terials with photocatalytic effects, such as BiOI[23], TiO2[24,25], ZnO[26], carbon nitride[27], etc., to gener- ate free radicals under the action of light and de- grade organic pollutants on the fabric into CO2 and H2O, so as to achieve the purpose of self-cleaning. Zahid et al.[24] prepared manganese-doped nano TiO2 by sol-gel method, and applied organosilicon adhesive to finish it on textiles. Using meth- ylene blue dye to simulate pollutants, the fabric showed a good self-cleaning effect under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. At the same time, the functional fabric has good biocompatibility and shows antibacterial properties in natural sunlight. Jaksik et al.[25] reported that TiO2 modified by Ag/Au nanoparticles was deposited on cotton fiber through gel sol process to prepare self-cleaning cotton fabric with photocatalytic properties. TiO2 coating with Au and Ag nanoparticles endow cotton fabric with self-cleaning and antibacterial properties. Pedrosa et al.[27] prepared functional fabrics with high antibacterial and self-cleaning properties by treating g–C3N4 and GO on cotton fabric with a simple impregnation method. Using caffeine and rhodamine B as simulated pollutants, the finished cotton fabric effectively degraded the pollutants under visible light irradiation and showed excellent photocatalytic activity, indicating that it has an ex- cellent self-cleaning function. 3.5 UV resistance Adding UV absorbent or blocking agent to fabric can effectively reduce the damage of exces- sive UV to the human body. However, some organic anti-UV protective agents are prone to allergic reac- tions and may be toxic to the human body. Inorgan- ic nanomaterials with non-toxic, stable properties and long-lasting UV resistance are easier to be ac- cepted by the market. Commonly used UV blocking agents of nanomaterials include nano Au[11], BiOI[23], ZnO[28], Ag[29], metal-organic skeleton materials[30], TiO2 [31], graphene[32], etc. These nanomaterials, when combined with the fiber, can enhance the fi- ber’s UV reflection and scattering effect, thus achieving enhanced UV absorption and shielding effect. Yuan et al.[29] successfully deposited Ag/ZnO composite films on polyester fabrics with pure sil- ver and zinc targets by DC magnetron sputtering and RF magnetron reactive sputtering techniques. The results show that zinc coating on silver film before RF reactive sputtering can effectively protect the silver film from oxidation. Ag/ZnO composite film can produce structure color on pol- yester fabric, and give the fabric excellent UV re- sistance and antistatic properties. Xiao et al.[31] successfully deposited nano TiO2 onto silk fiber by atomic layer deposition technology, which en- hanced the thermal stability and mechanical proper- ties of silk fiber and endowed the fiber with excel- lent UV protection characteristics. Li et al.[30] fixed the InOF–1 nanocrystals generated in situ on the surfaces of three kinds of fabrics (cotton, polyester and aramid) based on the solid-phase hot pressing method without adding solvents or adhesives, sig- nificantly improving the UV resistance of the fab- rics. Cao et al.[32] prepared a multifunctional silk fabric with conductivity, UV resistance and water repellency by repeatedly impregnating go and chemical reduction methods by finishing RGO onto silk fabric. 3.6 Antistatic fiber Due to the friction electrostatic effect, the fab- ric is easy to produce spark discharge in the process of use, and the high voltage electrostatic is harmful to health and easy to induce a variety of diseases. In inflammable and explosive places, high voltage static electricity can easily cause hidden dangers, in addition, high voltage static electricity will damage 56 precision electronic instruments, so it is necessary to develop antistatic fabrics. Compared with anti- static materials such as antistatic agents, metal fi- bers, carbon fibers and conductive polymers, nano conductive particles are more suitable for preparing permanent antistatic fabrics due to their simple preparation and wide application range. Conductive particles such as carbon nanotubes[33], MXene[34], GO[35] and SiO2/TiO2 [36] are often compounded with fibers by post-finishing method or blending spin- ning method to improve the antistatic properties of fabrics. Li Liang et al.[35] prepared polyester fabrics with good antistatic properties by using dopamine in situ polymerization to construct polydopamine films on the surface of polyester fabrics and then loading GO. The antistatic fabric has good washing durability thanks to the super adhesive effect of polydopamine. Kelly et al.[37] prepared a new type of silver nanoparticles wool composite by chemical reduction method. Silver nanoparticles give the composites excellent antibacterial and antistatic properties. 4. Technical obstacles and solutions of nanomaterials application At present, the main obstacles in the applica- tion of nanomaterials in the textile field are as fol- lows: one is the problem that the nanoparticles are difficult to disperse evenly in spinning and on the fiber surface. The particle size of nanomaterials is small, the surface energy is high, easy to agglomer- ate; in addition, the polarity difference between some nanomaterials and the spinning solution makes it difficult for the nanoparticles to disperse evenly in the spinning solution, which affects the rheology and spinnability of the spinning solution. The second is to improve the bonding firmness of nanoparticles with fibers and fabrics. The durability and stability of functional textiles can be en- hanced by increasing the binding degree of nano- materials and fibers. Solutions: (1) in situ synthesis of nanomateri- als on the surface or inside the fiber. This method takes advantage of the porous structure of the fiber material, effectively solves the agglomeration problem of the nanomaterial in use, and enhances the binding degree between the nanomaterial and the fiber matrix to a certain extent. (2) The fiber surface is modified, such as plasma treatment, chemical etching, radiation, etc., to improve the roughness of the fiber surface and increase the number of active groups, so as to improve its bind- ing ability with nanomaterials. (3) Surface coating and modification of nanomaterials. Based on graft polymerization reaction, gel-sol method, and so on, use coated modification agents such as surfactants, super-dispersants to achieve the purpose of modi- fying nanomaterials, so as to enhance the binding ability of nanomaterials and fibers. 5. Conclusion Using nanomaterials to develop functional tex- tiles has become one of the main trends in the tex- tile industry. However, due to the unpredictability of nanomaterials in nano-toxicology and their own characteristics, as well as the standardization of functional textiles modified by nanomaterials, all these hinder the further development of functional textiles. How to further accelerate the application of nanomaterials in the field of functional textiles can be carried out from the following four aspects. (1) Develop nano textile standards. Nano-modified functional fabrics are popular in the market because of their excellent properties. Very few businesses take the opportunity to hype nano, shoddy, seriously disrupted the market order. In or- der to solve the chaos of the nano textile market and further standardize the market, it is necessary to standardize the performance testing of functional textiles and accelerate the formulation and im- provement of the standard of nano-modified func- tional textiles. (2) Due to the unique nano-size effect of na- nomaterials, while benefiting mankind, they may cause harm to the human body and the environ- ment[38]. Nanotoxicology has formed new interdis- ciplinary research on the biological effects of na- nomaterials. At present, the research on nano-toxicology is still in its infancy, so it is neces- sary to establish reasonable, effective, and rapid evaluation methods and establish safety evaluation 57 systems and detection standards of nanomaterials, so as to promote the rapid development of nano- materials. (3) At present, China has made a series of re- search achievements in the development of nano-modified functional textiles, and occupies a certain market share. But in general, most are still experimental. (4) The development of new nanomaterials and the application of nanotechnology, mi- cro-electronics, bionic technology, 3D printing technology and textile technology have greatly promoted the development of multi-functional tex- tiles. At present, smart fibers and smart textiles are in the ascendant. Our country should speed up the pace of research and development, and constantly develop functional textiles with multi-function and high added value to form core competitiveness. Acknowledgment This article is supported by the key project of natural science research of universities in Anhui Province “Dilute Soil Doped Pure Silicon MCM- 41 Gentle Oxidation and Product Separation of Aromatic Ring Compounds” (KJ2019A0850), and major project of natural science research in Anhui Province “Controllable Preparation and Surface Functionalization Regulation of Highly Dispersed Spherical Porous Silica” (KJ2019ZD62). Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. References 1. Yang M, Wu G, Li D, et al. Present situation and development trend of application of nanomaterials in modified textiles. China Textile Leader 2019; (9): 71–73. 2. Liang T, Jiang Z, Wang C, et al. A facile one-step synthesis of flame-retardant coatings on cotton fab- ric via ultrasound irradiation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2017; 134(30): 45114. 3. Wang W, Wang X, Pan Y, et al. Synthesis of phos- phorylated graphene oxide based multilayer coating: Self-assembly method and application for improving the fire safety of cotton fabrics. Industrial & Engi- neering Chemistry Research 2017; 56(23): 6664– 6670. 4. Cheng XW, Guan JP, Yang XH, et al. Improvement of flame retardancy of silk fabric by bio-based phytic acid, nano-TiO2 and polycarboxylic acid. Progress in Organic Coatings 2017; (112): 18–26. 5. Nechyporchuk O, Bordes R, Köhnke T. Wet spin- ning of flame-retardant cellulosic fibers support- ed by interfacial complexation of cellulose nano- fibrils with silica nanoparticles. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2017; 9(44): 39069–39077. 6. Gao D, Zhao P, Lyu B, et al. Composite based on poly(acrylic acid)/modified attapulgite/zinc oxide as a flame retardant of cotton fabrics. Cellulose 2020; 27: 2873–2886. 7. Zhou Q, Wu W, Zhou S, et al. Polydopa- mine-induced growth of mineralized γ–FeOOH nanorods for construction of silk fabric with excel- lent superhydrophobicity, flame retardancy and UV resistance. Chemical Engineering Journal 2020; 382: 122988. 8. Wang W, Wang J, Wang X, et al. Improving flame retardancy and self-cleaning performance of cotton fabric via a coating of in-situ growing layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on polydopamine. Progress in Organic Coatings 2020; 149: 105930. 9. Ortelli S, Malucelli G, Blosi M, et al. NanoTiO2@DNA complex: A novel eco, durable, fire retardant design strategy for cotton textiles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2019; 546: 174–183. 10. Wu M, Ma B, Pan T, et al. Silver-nanoparticle-col- ored cotton fabrics with tunable colors and durable antibacterial and self-healing superhydrophobic properties. Advanced Functional Materials 2016; 26(4): 569–576. 11. Zheng Y, Xiao M, Jiang S, et al. Coating fabrics with gold nanorods for colouring UV-protection, and an- tibacterial functions. Nanoscale 2013; 5(2): 788–795. 12. Xu Q, Ke X, Ge N, et al. Preparation of copper na- noparticles coated cotton fabrics with durable anti- bacterial properties. Fibers and Polymers 2018; 19(5): 1004–1013. 13. Ibrahim MM, Mezni A, El-Sheshtawy HS, et al. Direct Z-scheme of Cu2O/TiO2 enhanced self-cleaning, antibacterial activity, and UV protec- tion of cotton fiber under sunlight. Applied Surface Science 2019; 479: 953–962. 14. Du Z, Chen Y, Jensen M, et al. Preparation of 3D crimped ZnO/PAN hybrid nanofiber mats with photocatalytic activity and antibacterial proper- ties by blow-spinning. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2021; 138(9): e49908. 15. Ran J, Chen H, Bai X, et al. Immobilizing CuO/BiVO4 nanocomposite on PDA-templated cotton fabric for visible light photo-catalysis, anti- microbial activity and UV protection. Applied Sur- face Science 2019; 493: 1167–1176. 16. Li S, Huang J, Chen Z, et al. A review on special wettability textiles: Theoretical models, fabrication technologies and multi-functional applications. 58 Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017; 5: 31–55. 17. Yao H, Lu X, Chen S, et al. A robust polybenzoxa- zine/SiO2 fabric with superhydrophobicity for high-flux oil/water separation. Industrial & Engi- neering Chemistry Research 2020; 59(16): 7787–7796. 18. Guo W, Wang X, Huang J, et al. Construction of durable flame-retardant and robust superhydropho- bic coatings on cotton fabrics for water-oil separa- tion application. Chemical Engineering Journal 2020; 398: 125661. 19. Cheng Q, An X, Li Y, et al. Sustainable and biode- gradable superhydrophobic coating from epoxidized soybean oil and ZnO nanoparticles on cellulosic substrates for efficient oil/water separation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2017; 5(12): 11440–11450. 20. Xiao X, Cao G, Chen F, et al. Durable superhydro- phobic wool fabrics coating with nanoscale Al2O3 layer by atomic layer deposition. Applied Surface Science 2015; 349: 876–879. 21. Lahiri SK, Zhang P, Zhang C, et al. Robust fluo- rine-free and self-healing superhydrophobic coat- ings by H3BO3 incorporation with SiO2–alkyl– silane@PDMS on cotton fabric. ACS Applied Ma- terials & Interfaces 2019; 11(10): 10262–10275. 22. Chen J, Liu Z, Wen X, et al. Two-step approach for fabrication of durable superamphiphobic fabrics for self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and on-demand oil/water separation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2019; 58(14): 5490–5500. 23. Zhou P, Zhang L, Sui X, et al. A facile method for fabricating color adjustable multifunctional cotton fabrics with solid solution BiOBrxI1–x nanosheets. Cellulose 2020; 27(6): 3517–3530. 24. Muhammad Z, Papadopoulou EL, Giulia S, et al. Fabrication of visible light-induced antibacterial and self-cleaning cot ton fabrics using manganese doped TiO2 nanoparticles. ACS Applied Bio Materials 2018; 1(4): 1154–1164. 25. Jaksik J, Tran P, Galvez V, et al. Advanced cotton fibers exhibit efficient photocatalytic self-cleaning and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Photochemis- try & Photobiology A: Chemistry 2018; 365: 77–85. 26. Zhao J, Zhu W, Wang X, et al. Environmental- ly benign modification of breathable nanofibrous membranes exhibiting superior waterproof and photocatalytic self-cleaning properties. Nanoscale Horizons 2019; 4: 867–873. 27. Pedrosa M, Sampaio MJ, Horvat T, et al. Visi- ble-light-induced self-cleaning functional fabrics using graphene oxide/carbon nitride material. Ap- plied Surface Science 2019; 497: 143757. 28. Khan MZ, Militky J, Baheti V, et al. Growth of ZnO nanorods on cotton fabrics via microwave hydro- thermal method: Effect of size and shape of nano- rods on superhydrophobic and UV-blocking prop- erties. Cellulose 2020; 27: 10519–10539. 29. Yuan X, Xu W, Huang F, et al. Polyester fabric coated with Ag/ZnO composite film by magnetron sputtering. Applied Surface Science 2016; 390: 863– 869. 30. Li GP, Cao F, Zhang K, et al. Design of anti-UV radiation textiles with self-assembled metal-organic framework coating. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2020; 7(1): 1901525. 31. Xiao X，Liu X, Chen F, et al. Highly anti-UV properties of silk fiber with uniform and conformal nanoscale TiO2 coatings via atomic layer deposition. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2015; 7(38): 21326–21333. 32. Cao J, Wang C. Multifunctional surface modifica- tion of silk fabric via graphene oxide repeatedly coating and chemical reduction method. Applied Surface Science 2017; 405: 380–388. 33. Liu R, Liu J, Hu Z, et al. Dopamine-carbon nano- tubes composite antistatic finishing of wool fabrics. Knitting Industries 2020; (4): 41–44. 34. Wei L, Ma J, Zhang W, et al. Enhanced antistatic and self-heatable wearable coating with self-tiered structure caused by amphiphilic MXene in water- borne polymer. Langmuir 2020; 36(23): 6580–6588. 35. Li L, Liu J, Hu Z, et al. Graphene oxide loading on polyester fabrics and antistatic properties. Journal of Textile Research 2020; (9): 102–107. 36. Zhang X, Wang J, Ge Y, et al. Antistatic and an- ti-ultraviolet finish of polyester fabrics with Fe3+, Ag+ doped SiO2/TiO2 composite sol. Advanced Textile Technology 2015; (5): 19–25. 37. Kelly FM, Johnston JH. Colored and functional silver nanoparticle-wool fiber composites. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2011; 3(4): 1083– 1092. 38. Liu K. Safety evaluation status of nanomaterials for textiles functional finishing. China Textile Leader 2020; (4): 26–30.