Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials (2018) Volume 1 
doi:10.24294/can.v1i2.495

1

Nanotransformations in the blanket of materials at the combined
processing by untied granules

V. P. Smolentsev1, A. V. Kuzovkin2

1 Voronezh state technical university, 14, Moskovsky Avenue, Voronezh, 394026, Russia
E-mail: vsmolen@inbox.ru

ABSTRACT
Summary: Nanotransformations of a blanket at the fair dimensional combined processing with imposing of electric

field the tool in the form of untied metal granules are considered. An object of researches are the figurine details applied
in aviation, the missile and space equipment and in the oil and gas industry: driving wheels and a flowing part of cases
of turbo-pump units, screws, krylchatka where there are sites of variable curvature with limited access of the tool in a
processing zone. It is shown that the combination in the combined process of two-component technological
environments of current carrying granules and the electroconductive liquid environment given with a high speed to a
processing zone allows to receive the required quality of a blanket; action of electric field from a source with the
increased tension allows to create at fair dimensional processing the required peening from blows of firm granules. It
gives the chance to raise a resource and durability of responsible knots of the aerospace equipment and oil and gas
equipment, to expand the field of use of the combined processing with untied granules on a detail with the sites not
available to processing by a profile electrode.
Keywords: the combined processing; untied granules; the two-component environment; the mechanism of management

1. Introduction
In aviation and the missile and space equipment is available details spoluzakryty cavities which are difficult for

processing the profile tool. In cavities it is necessary to develop the modes and ways for obtaining the required quality
of a blanket [1, 2], the providing directed nanotransformations of properties of materal of details in the course of the
combined processing. For this purpose follows at fair processing in a blanket of material to carry out the
nanotransformations providing a surface roughness within Ra=0,32-0,63 of a micrometer and squeezing internal
residual tension in detail material.

Mechanism of formation of microroughnesses
The combined processing with a filler, irrespective of the used scheme, is intended for finishing operations of

formation of a blanket of a detail, i.e. at that stage of technological process when there is a formation of characteristics
of quality of the processed surface of a detail including on a nanolevel. The firm granules which are a part of a liquid
component of the technological environment are the tool which, having considerable energy, makes decrease in
microroughnesses of a surface and creation of internal microtension. These factors considerably define operational
indicators of a detail. The blanket is characterized by two key parameters: a roughness of a surface and
physicomechanical properties which have significant effect on wear resistance, durability, resistance to fatigue and
sign-variable loadings and other similar factors.

2. Technique of researches
The research of a condition of a blanket was made by a standard technique and consisted in a research of

samples by means of production of cross mikroshlif of the processed surfaces. Mikroshlifa were exposed to special
chemical processing and etching for identification of structure of material and to their further studying on optical and
electronic microscopes. Besides, on samples, in the location of a near-surface layer with the changed structure and

Copyright © 2018 V. P. Smolentsev et al.
doi: 10.24294/can.v1i2.495
EnPress Publisher LLC.This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/



2

hardness the measurement of microhardness by introduction of indentor on slanting cuts was made.
The condition of a blanket of a detail in case of influence of all technology factors was originally determined (the

combined processing by the scheme with anode dissolution of a surface of a detail and its plastic deformation of a firm
component of a working environment): anode dissolution of material of preparation and removal of a hereditary layer
and simultaneous hardening of a surface of a firm component of a working environment. The surface condition after
processing can be estimated by several characteristics: the size of microhardness and depth of its bedding, character of
residual tension, a roughness of a surface and structure of material in a near-surface layer, i.e. in that layer which
perceives the main electrochemical and mechanical influences of a two-component working environment.

3. Discussion of results of researches
Researches showed that the greatest influence on process of formation on a nanolevel of a blanket of a detail is

played by parameters of the movement of a filler and its physicomechanical properties. Metalgraphic researches
revealed at the changed layer from 4 to 12 microns in depth with the maximum peening directly at the upper bound of
this layer is model. Photos of mikroshlif of the studied samples before processing are presented in fig. 1. Various
materials having a different hereditary blanket were subjected to processing. Besides, conditions and the modes of
processing varied.

The sample from steel 40XH2MA (fig. 1, a and b) was received by draft milling and will subject to
elektrokhimikomekhanichesky processing (EHMP) at more "rigid" modes: granules of a filler were made of steel 45 by
the size d = 5 mm; concentration in MEP - 25 - 30%; electrolyte 15% NaCl solution; the scheme of giving of granules
told them high kinetic energy – about 10 m/s (calculated value); working tension on electrodes - 75 V; the general
distance from a hydraulic element to a detail surface - 50 mm; processing time, as well as in the previous case made 40
seconds.

In photos of mikroshlif (fig. 1) on a nanolevel the uniform changed superficial microlayer of metal of which more
dense arrangement of grains of material is characteristic is clearly visible. Measurement of microhardness showed its
increase due to mechanical influence of a filler up to HRCE value 43.5 that above than at preparation where this
indicator makes 35.5 HRCE. Change of microhardness of a blanket of a detail proves formation in it internal, and -
as by us it was established – the squeezing microtension. At boundary, greatest possible at the used schemes of
processing and the equipment, the processing modes (the photo on rice 1; 2, a, b), the size of a peening made Un  of
22,5% at the general depth of hn of 10 microns. The maximum of a peening is observed at its upper bound.

The sample presented in fig. 1 c and d, was made of steel 38H2MYA, and fair milling was the previous operation
of machining. At its processing "the soft modes" were used: diameter of the granules of a filler made of the most
widespread steel 45, equaled 5 mm; their concentration in a total amount of a working environment - 25 - 30%; as
electrolyte fifteen percentage solution of chloride of NaCl sodium were used; granules moved to the processed surface
with the rated speed of 5 m/s; working tension on electrodes - 50 V; size MEP - 50 mm; time of processing of the area
of a detail equal to an effective spot made 40 seconds. Mikroshlify of this sample reflect existence of the strengthened
layer with depth of hn ≈ 4,5 microns and Un  13,5%. On a surface of a detail there are no microcracks and a
mikrorastravlivaniye on borders of grains in the strengthened layer. It demonstrates presence of the squeezing residual
tension which increases the fatigue durability of a detail. The performed measurement of microhardness, showed that
unlike not changed state (34.5 HRCE) it increased due to processing up to the size of 39.5 HRCE.

a b



3

c d
Figure 1: Results of a research of a blanket of the detail subjected to elektrokhimikomekhanichesky processing with use of a

filler and imposing of electric field: a - steel 40XH2MA before processing (increase by 200 times); b - steel 40XH2MA after

processing (increase by 200 times); c, d - steel 38H2MYA after processing (increase in 200 and 320 times)

The research of an external surface of the samples characterized earlier at various sizes of an interelectrode interval
(MEP) was made for visual assessment of results of the combined processing with use of a firm conducting filler.
Photos of an external surface of samples from steel 38H2MYuA are presented in fig. 2. The appearance of a surface of
samples from steel 40XH2MA received at change of size MEP from 40 to 70 mm is given in fig. 3, other technological
modes of processing when carrying out an experiment did not change.

The analysis of these surfaces allows to draw a conclusion that when processing with a filler there is no
rastravlivaniye on borders of grains of material of a detail. Some decrease in size of a roughness of a surface of a detail
at increase in MEP can be explained with decrease in amount of total energy of the working environment participating
in a shaping. Similar experiments were made for other processed materials.

Figure 2: Shlif is exemplary from steel 38H2MYAafter EHMP at various sizes MEP: a – size MEP is 35 – 40 mm; b – size

MEP – 70 – 75 mm (increase in 300 times)

Figure 3: Shlifa of samples from steel 40XH2MA after EHMO at various sizes MEP: a – size MEP is 40 - 42 mm; b – size MEP

– 70 - 71 mm (increase in 300 times)

4. Conclusion
To the main scientific results, the received authors, it is necessary to carry:
- elements of the theory of nanotransformations and the method of a dimensional shaping based by complex

influence on a nanolevel of the electric field providing electrochemical dissolution of nanolayers of an allowance,
and untied granules of the tool;

а

а



4

- justification of influence of the dimensional combined processing with a filler on change of nanostructure of
a blanket of a detail that provides high-quality preparation of a surface under anode removal of an allowance at
achievement of the set characteristics of quality of a blanket providing increase in operational properties of products;

The practical value of researches consists in:
1. Creation of process of the dimensional shaping of details of conducting materials which allowed to expand the

field of technological use of electrochemical processing with a firm conducting filler on a dimensional shaping of
surfaces of various profile, remote for the tool.

2. Implementation dimensional a shaping of details of difficult geometry with obtaining the required characteristics
of quality of a blanket that gives the chance to raise operational characteristics of products.

3. Creation of technological processes of a dimensional shaping of the surfaces, remote for the integral tool, which
allowed the technologist to the mechanician to expand the knowledge base on EHMO with a firm conducting filler.

4. Implementation of the technology solution of a problem of dimensional processing of surfaces of the details
located under a negative corner to an axis of symmetry of a stream of a working environment (the patent of Russia[1])
and thin-walled details (the patent of Russia[2]).

References
1. Patent of Russia No. 2166417. The device for the combined electroprocessing /Смоленцев ВП, Kuzovkin AV,

Boldyrev AI, Smolentsev GP//Byul.Izobr., 2001, No. 13.
2. Patent of Russia No. 2072281. A filler granule for the combined electroprocessing /Смоленцев ВП, Boldyrev AI,

Kuzovkin AV//Byul.Izobr., 1997, No. 3.