Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials (2018) Volume 1 doi:10.24294/can.v1i2.540 1 Study on doctor blade and spin coated cuingase2 thin films Abhay Kumar Singh1,2*, Tien-Chien Jen1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg South Africa 2 Department of Physics, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidhyapith, Varanasi, India E-mail: abhaysngh@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT �Rim �e＀o�� dealm m\n�Remim o� �u䁙n䀀a (�䁙䀀) nano ma�e�ialm alon� �i�R doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �Rin �ilmm meleni�a�ion and �Rei� ＀R\mical ＀�o＀e��iem. �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm �Ric�nemmem a�e o��ained 2 �m and 2.95 �m. �aman m＀ec��omco＀\ o� �Reme �Rin �ilmm leadm �Re cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame �o�ma�ion �\ e[Ri�i�in� �Re ＀ea� a� �ave num�e� 1R1 cm-1. �Re �ell-develo＀ed ��ain ��o��Rm o� m＀in coa�ed �Rin �ilm a�e a＀＀ea�ed in �Re mu��ace mo�＀Rolo�\. WRile �Re ��ain ��o��Rm develo＀men�m in doc�o�al �lade coa�ed �Rin �ilm im �a�Re� Ra�d and �u��\. ED* meamu�emen� �eco�nimed �Re e[im�ence o� �Re com＀omi�ional �a�io ＀�emence o� �Re allo\in� elemen�m �u, 䁙n. 䀀a and *e. �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm a�e e[Ri�i�ed �Re UV- Vimi�le ��anmmimmion ＀ea� in �Re �ave len��R �an�e 240 nm 320 nm. �Re o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀m �o� �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀* �Rin �ilmm a�e o��ained 1.41eV and 1.5 eV. keywords: CIGS; Thin films; Raman spectra; UV-Visible. 1. Introduction Ene��\ conmum＀�ion �imin� in Ruman dail\ li�e and mo�e demandm in �u�u�e. �o �ul�illin� �u�u�e ene��\ demandm invem�i�a�o�m Rave �eco�ni�ed �Re ＀�omimin� �ene�a�le ene��\ �emou�cem one o� �Re ＀o�en�ial �ecRnolo�\ �RicR can delive�. Bamed on �Re �ac� mun in ou� mola� m\m�em ＀�ovidem um an a�undan� mou�ce o� mum�aina�le ene��\. �Re a�undan�l\ ＀�ovidem mun ene��\ im enou�R �o� common Rumani�\ ume. �Re enou�R amoun� o� munli�R� can �e ume �o� �Re common elec��ici�\ �\ conve�min� ＀Ro�ovol�aic (PV) devicem[1]. �Re mul�ila\e�ed PV li�e �u䁙n䀀a*2 (�䁙䀀*), �u(䁙n,䀀a)*e2 (�䁙䀀*e) a�e iden�i�ied am an ＀o�en�ial a�ea �o� �Re �emea�cR, due �o �Rei� enRanced e��icienc\, �i�R lon�-�ime m�a�ili�\ and e[cellen� du�a�ili�\[2-4]. *＀eci�icall\ ac�ive la\e� �䁙䀀* ma�e�ial Ram �een �eco�ni�ed am e[ce＀�ionall\ �ell due �Rei� Ri�R a�mo�＀�ion coe��icien� (a�ound 105 cm-1) �i�R m��on� munli�R� a�mo�＀�ion a�ili�\. Am a＀＀lica�ili�\ ＀oin� o� vie� �䁙䀀* ac�ive la\e� ma�e�ial �Rin �ilmm a�e demi�ed. �Re �\＀ical �Ric�nemm o� �Rim la\e� im �ell de�ined in �Re �an�e 1.5 �m �o 3 �m �o� �Re �em� ＀e��o�min� devicem. �Re va�ioum advan�a�em �䁙䀀* ac�ive la\e� ma�e�ial ma�e �Rem an e[cellen� candida�e am an a�mo��e� la\e� �o� la��e mcale ＀�oduc�ion o� �Rin �ilm PV modulem[5]. Umuall\ Ri�R \ield �䁙䀀* devicem e��icienciem a�e �e＀o��ed �i�R �Re vacuum ＀�ocemmem li�e co-eva＀o�a�ion and m＀u��e�in� [4].Wi�R �Re meve�al advan�a�em vacuum ＀�ocemm �ecRnolo�iem almo Rave me�ioum immuem �o� �Re la��e mcale manu�ac�u�in�, due �o �Rei� lo� ＀�oduc�ivi�\, Ri�R ＀�oduc�ion com�m and com＀omi�ional uni�o�mi�\[5]. �o ove�come �Reme mRo��comin�m invem�i�a�o�m Rave ＀aid a��en�ion �o�a�d al�e�na�ive non-vacuum ＀�ocemmem. �Re non-vacuum ＀�ocemmem can Rave mi�ni�ican� advan�a�em li�e lo�e� �a��ica�ion com�m, Ri�Re� ＀�oduc�ivi�\, uni�o�mi�\ and �ell m�oicRiome��ical �a�io. Ye�, i� im �eali�\ �Re al�e�na�ive non-vacuum ＀�ocemmem �amed �䁙䀀* devicem could no� acRieve mame e��icienciem am Ri�R-vacuum ＀�ocemmem. Bu� al�e�na�ive non-vacuum ＀�ocemmem m�and ou� am com＀e�i�ive ＀�oduc�ion �ou�em in �Re �u�u�e[6]. �Re �䁙䀀* non-vacuum a＀＀�oacRem ＀�edomina�el\ Rave �een invem�i�a�ed ��om �Re �ecRniquem li�e elec��ode＀omi�ion, m＀�a\ ＀\�ol\mim, ＀�in�in� e�c[R- 9]. �o＀\�i�R� © 2018 A�Ra\ Kuma� *in�R et al. doi: 10.24294/can.v1i2.540 EnP�emm Pu�limRe� ���.�Rim �o�� im licenmed unde� �Re ��ea�ive �ommonmA���i�u�ion-Non�omme�cial 4.0 䁙n�e�na�ional �icenme (�� BY-N� 4.0). R��＀://c�ea�ivecommonm.o��/licenmem/ �\/4.0/ 2 䁙nm＀i�e o� di��e�en� m��a�e�iem e[im� �o� �educin� ca��on con�amina�ion in molu�ion-＀�ocemmed �䁙䀀* �ilmm. �Re Ri�Rem� device e��icienc\ �o� �Re molu�ion-＀�ocemmed �䁙䀀* PV Ram �een acRieved �i�R �Re meleni�ined R\d�a�ine-de�ived molecula� �eac�an�m [10].Wi�R �Rim ＀�ocemm majo� d�a��ac� i�m Ri�R �o[ici�\, ＀o�en�ial e[＀lomive and com� o� R\d�a�ine �o� �Re manu�ac�u�in� ＀�ocemm[10]. �o �emolve �Reme immuem invem�i�a�o�m Rave ＀�emen�ed meve�al �ecRnical �e＀o��m on �䁙䀀 nano in� m\n�Remim and �Rei� �Rin �ilmm on di��e�en� mu�m��a�em ��om di��e�en� �ecRniquem[11]. *＀in coa�in� and doc�o�al �lade coa�in� a�e almo iden�i�ied cRea＀e� de＀omi�ion �ecRniquem �o� �Re la��e mcale. 䀀oal o� �Rim �e＀o�� �o ＀�emen� non-�o[ic ni��a�e �ou�e �䁙䀀 nano in� and ＀em� m\n�Remim �o� �Re �Rin �ilmm de＀omi�ion ��om m＀in coa�in� and doc�o� �lade coa�in� �ecRniquem. �Re �ive �imem m＀in and doc�o�al �lade coa�ed meleni�ed �Rin �ilmm �Ric�nemm ＀�o�ile, cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame �o�ma�ion �aman ve�i�ica�ion, *cannin� Elec��on Mic�omco＀ic (FE*EM) ��ain ��o��Rm �o�ma�ion �i�R com＀omi�ional Ene��\ Dim＀e�mive *＀ec��um (ED*) anal\mim, UV-Vimi�le ��anmmimmion ＀�o�ile and o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀m a�e m�udied. 2. Experimental Details: P�ecu�mo� molu�ion o� �Re �䁙䀀 �am ＀�e＀a�ed �\ dimmolvin� �Re a＀＀�o＀�ia�e amoun�m o� �u(NO3)2•[H2O (99.999%), 䁙n(NO3)3•[H2O (99.99%), and 䀀a(NO3)3•[H2O (99.999%) in e�Ranol (80 m�) �i�R �e�＀ineol (20 ml). �Re molu�ion �am �Ren m�i��ed vi�o�ouml\ �o� 3 R, unde� main�ained �em＀e�a�u�e a�ound 500�, a vimcome �lue colou� �u䁙n䀀a (�䁙䀀) molu�ion �i�R �Reolo�ical ＀�o＀e��iem �am o��ained �o� �Re m＀in coa�in�. A��e��a�d Ral� ＀a�� o� �Re o�i�inall\ ＀�e＀a�ed molu�ion �am me＀a�a�ed. �Re me＀a�a�ed molu�ion a�ain Rea�ed a� 1500� unde� �Re con�inuoum m�i��in� a vimcome da�� ��een colou� �䁙䀀 ＀em� �am acRieved �o� �Re doc�o� �lade coa�in�. �Re �䁙䀀 molu�ion m＀in coa�in� �am ＀e��o�med on 2.5 cm [ 2.5 cm moda lime �lamm (*�䀀) mu�m��a�e a� 3000 �＀m. *u�mequen�l\ �Re m＀in coa�in� de＀omi�ed �Rin �ilm �am d�ied on Ro� ＀la�e a� 1500�.�Rim ＀�ocemm �am done �o� all �ive �imem. WRile, �䁙䀀 vimcome da�� ��een colou� ＀em� �am de＀omi�ed on �Re 2.5 cm [ R cm *�䀀 mu�m��a�e ��om �Re doc�o� �lade coa�e�. Du�in� �Re m＀in and doc�o� �lade coa�in� o� �䁙䀀 �Re a��en�ion �am on Romo�enei�\ o� �Rin �ilmm �Ric�nemm. �Re m＀in coa�ed and doc�o� �lade coa�ed �ell d�ied �Rin �ilmm �e�e umed �o� �Re meleni�a�ion. *am＀lem meleni�a�ion ＀�ocemm �e�e done a� 3500�±200� unde� �Re con�inuoum �lo� o� N2 in *e va＀ou� envi�onmen�. 䁙� �am enmu�ed �Re �䁙䀀* �Rin �ilmm com＀omi�ion �a�io 1:0.R:0.3:2. �Re mcRema�ic includin� ＀�e＀a�ed �䁙䀀 nano ma�e�ial �o� m＀in and doc�o�al �lade coa�in�, coa�in� ＀�ocemm, meleni�a�ion m�e＀ and ＀Ro�o��a＀Rm o� �Re meleni�ed �Rin �ilmm im �iven in Figure 1. Figure 1: *cRema�ic, (a-i) �䁙䀀 ＀em� �o� �Re doc�o� �lade coa�in�, (ii) �䁙䀀/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm de＀omi�ion m�e＀, (iii) m�e＀ o� meleni�a�ion, (iv) doc�o� �lade coa�ed �䁙䀀* �Rin �ilm ＀Ro�o��a＀R. 3 *cRema�ic, (�-i) �䁙䀀 nano in� �o� �Re m＀in coa�in�, (ii) �䁙䀀/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm de＀omi�ion m�e＀, (iii) m�e＀ o� meleni�a�ion, (iv) m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀* �Rin �ilm ＀Ro�o��a＀R. �Ric�nemmem o� �Re �o�R me�Rodm made �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm �e�e de�e�mined ��om �Re �Ric�nemm ＀�o�illomen�e�. �o con�i�m �Re cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame in �Reme �Rin �ilmm �Re �aman m＀ec��omco＀ic meamu�emen� �e�e ＀e��o�med. �Re mu��ace m��uc�u�al mo�＀Rolo�iem o� �Re �Rin �ilmm �e�e e[amined ��om �Re *cannin� Elec��on Mic�omco＀e (FE*EM). �o con�i�m �Re ＀�e＀a�ed �䁙䀀* ma�e�ial nano �o�ma�ion and evalua�e �Re o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀m �o� �Re UV- Vimi�le ��anmmimmion m＀ec��a �e�e �eco�ded ��om �Re m＀ec��ome�e�. 3. Results and Discussion: �Re �ive �imem m＀in coa�ed and analo�uem doc�o� �lade coa�e� adjum�ed dim�ance mcale �e��een �Re �ni�e and mu�m��a�e ＀�ocemm, �䁙䀀 /*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm a�e o��ained. A��e� meleni�a�ion (�䁙䀀* /*�䀀) �Rin �ilmm a＀＀�o＀�ia�e �Ric�nemm �no�led�e im an im＀o��an� ＀a�ame�e� �o� �Re o＀�imi�a�ion o� m＀in and doc�o� �lade coa�ed ac�ive la\e�. �Re �Ric�nemm meamu�emen� o� �Re m＀in and doc�o� �lade coa�ed �䁙䀀* /*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm im ＀e��o�med ��om �Re �Ric�nemm ＀�o�illome�e�. �Re o��ained �Ric�nemm ＀�o�illome�e� �emul� ＀lo�m �o� �Reme di��e�en� ＀�ocemmem coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm im �iven in Fi�u�e2. Figure 2: �Ric�nemm ＀�o�ile ＀lo�m �o� �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm. F�om �Re ＀lo� i� im clea� doc�o�al �lade coa�ed meleni�ed �ilm �Ric�nemm (2 �m) lemme� �Ran �Re m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀* �ilm (2.95 �m).�Rim �emul� almo �ivem �Ric�nemmem o� �Reme di��e�en� ＀�ocemmem de＀omi�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm a�e �allin� in �ell �eco�ni�ed �an�e (1.5 �m �o 3 �m) �o� �Re �䁙䀀* ac�ive la\e� ma��ial[12]. Fo� �Re ve�i�ica�ion o� �Re cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame �o�ma�ion in �Reme ��o di��e�en� ＀�ocemmem de＀omi�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm �e �e�e ＀e��o�med �Re �aman m＀ec��omco＀ic meamu�emen�, in �Re �ave num�e� �an�e u＀�o 600 cm-1. �Re o��ained �aman m＀ec��um �o� �Reme �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm im e[Ri�i�ed in Fi�u�e3. 4 Figure 3: �aman m＀ec��um �o� �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm. �aman ＀ea� o� PV ac�ive cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame �䁙䀀* ma�e�ial a＀＀ea�m a� 1R1 cm-1 �o� m＀in and doc�o� �lade coa�ed �Rin �ilmm[13,14].�Re Ri�Re� value o� �Re �aman ＀ea� in�enmi�\ �o� �Re doc�o� �lade coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm mi�R� �e due �o i�m Ri�R o�de� mu��ace �e�lec�ivi�\ in com＀a�imon �o m＀in coa�ed �Rin �ilm. �Re non a＀＀ea�ance o� o�Re� ＀�ominen� �aman ＀ea�m in m＀in and doc�o� �lade coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm �evealm a Romo�eneoum cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame �o�ma�ion. �Re Romo�eneoum cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame �o�ma�ion ma�em �Rem ＀o�en�ial �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm �o� �Re PV a＀＀lica�ion[13,14]. �o ve�i�\ �Re mic�om��uc�u�al mu��ace ��ain ��o��Rm in �Reme �Rin �ilmm ＀e��o�med �Re FE*EM meamu�emen�. *u��ace mo�＀Rolo�\ and ED* ＀a��e�m �o� �Re m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm im e[Ri�i�ed in Figure 4 (a, �). Figure 4: FE*EM mu��ace mo�＀Rolo�\ and ED* m＀ec��um; (a, �) �o� �Re m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm; (c, d) �o� �Re doc�o� �lade coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm. 5 WRile �Re mu��ace mo�＀Rolo�\ and ED* ＀a��e�m �o� �Re doc�o� �lade coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm im �iven in Fi�u�e. 4 (c, d). �Re mu��ace mo�＀Rolo�ical anal\mim o� m＀in de＀omi�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm �ivem �ell develo＀ed ��ainm ��o��Rm �i�R a com＀ac� ��ain connec�ivi�\ (*ee Fi�u�e.4 (a)), �Rile a �eve� ��ain ��o��Rm (�i�id Ra�d and �u��\) and �ainm connec�ivi�\ im a＀＀ea�ed �o� �Re doc�o� �lade coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm (*ee Fi�u�e.4 (c)). �Rim ma\ �e due �o involvemen� o� ��o dim�inc� de＀omi�ion �ecRniquem. Ho�eve�, �o�R ＀�ocemmem de＀omi�ed �Rin �ilmm ED* ＀a��e�m �ivem �Re ＀�emence o� allo\in� elemen�m �u, 䁙n, 䀀a and *e in �Rei� com＀omi�ional �a�io. 䁙� im �ell em�a�limRed �ac� �Ra� nano dimenmion ma�e�ialm mRould e[Ri�i� UV-Vimi�le a�mo�＀�ion o� ��anmmimmion ＀ea� u＀�o 500 nm �an�e[15,16]. �Re�e�o�e, �e Rave ＀e��o�med �Re UV-Vimi�le ��anmmimmion meamu�emen� �o� �Reme m＀in and doc�o� coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm. �Re o��ained UV-Vimi�le ��anmmimmion m＀ec��umm o� �Reme ��o di��e�en� ＀�ocemmem de＀omi�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm im e[Ri�i�ed in Figure 5 (a, �). Figure 5, (a, �); UV-Vimi�le ��anmmimmion m＀ec��a �o� �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm. Bo�R ＀�ocemmem de＀omi�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm Rave mRo�n �Re UV-Vimi�le ��anmmimmion ＀ea� �elo� �Re 280 nm. �Rim con�i�mm �Re nano dimenmion �o�ma�ion o� �䁙䀀* ac�ive la\e� ma�e�ial. Addi�ionall\, �i�R �Re Rel＀ o� UV-Vimi�le ��anmmimmion m＀ec��a can almo o��ain o＀�ical ene��\ �and. Kno�led�e o� �Re o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀ im an im＀o��an� ＀a�ame�e� �o� �Re PV ac�ive la\e� ma�e�ial. �o evalua�ed �Re di�ec� o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀m �o� ��o di��e�en� ＀�ocemmem de＀omi�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm �auc� ＀lo�m im �iven in Figure 6 (a, �). Figure 6, (a, �); �auc� ＀lo�m �o o��ain o＀�ical ene��\ �and �o� �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm. 6 O＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀m �o� �Reme �Rin �ilmm can �e o��ained �\ e[��a＀ola�ion o� no�mal line �R�ou�R �Re m＀ec��um cu�ve a�e. �Re [-a[im cu� ＀oin� o� �Re e[��a＀ola�ed no�mal line di�ec�l\ �ivem �Re value o� �Re o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀ �o� �Reme �Rin �ilmm. �Re evalua�ed o＀�ical �and �a＀ (1.41 eV) o� doc�o� �lade coa�ed �Rin �ilm im �eve� �Ran m＀in coa�ed �Rin �ilm (1.5 eV). �Rim �emul� demonm��a�em m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀ im mo�e a＀＀�o＀�ia�e �o� �Re PV ume �Ran doc�o� �lade �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm. 4. Conclusions 䁙n conclumive �ema��m, �e Rave m\n�Remi�ed �䁙䀀 ma�e�ial �i�R �Re non �o[ic �ou�e and de＀omi�ed �Rei� �Rin �ilmm on *�䀀 mu�m��a�em �\ �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�in� me�Rodm. �o ma�e �䁙䀀* cRalco＀\�i�e ＀Rame com＀omi�ion �Re de＀omi�ed �䁙䀀 �Rin �ilmm Rave meleni�ed. �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm �Ric�nemmem Rave demonm��a�ed, i� �allm in �Re �\＀ical a＀＀lica�le �an�e �o� �Re PV ac�ive la\e� ma�e�ial. �aman m＀ec��omco＀ic �emul� Ram �evealed �Re cRalco�enide ＀Rame �o�ma�ion in doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm. �Re FE*EM mu��ace mo�＀Rolo�ical ou�come Ram ve�i�ied �Re �ell develo＀ed ��ain ��o��Rm �i�R mu＀e�io� ��ainm connec�ivi�\ �o� �Re m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm am com＀a�e �o doc�o� �lade coa�ed �Rin �ilm. *�oicRiome��\ o� �Re �䁙䀀* com＀omi�ion �o� �Re m＀in and doc�o� �lade �Rin �ilmm Rave �een ve�i�ied ��om �Re ED* ＀a��e�nm. Wi�R �Re Rel＀ o� UV-Vimi�le ��anmmimmion ＀a��e�m o� �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �Rin �ilmm �Re nano dimenmion �o�ma�ion in �䁙䀀* ac�ive la\e� Ram con�i�med. �Re o＀�ical ene��\ �and �a＀m �o� �Re doc�o� �lade and m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilmm Rave o��ained 1.41 eV and 1.5 eV. On �Re �amim o� �Re ou�lined �ecRnical ＀R\mical ＀�o＀e��iem �Re m＀in coa�ed �䁙䀀*/*�䀀 �Rin �ilm can Rave mo�e u�ili�\ �Ran doc�o� �lade coa�ed �Rin �ilm. Acknowledgement: Au�Ro� AK* �Ran��ul �o Unive�mi�\ o� JoRannem�u��, De＀a��men� o� MecRanical En�inee�in� *cience (APK), Facul�\ o� En�inee�in� and �Re Buil� Envi�onmen� (FEBE), �o� �Re mu＀＀o�� unde� �Re *enio� �emea�cR Ammocia�e ＀�o��am. References 1 A�Ravan VA, 䀀ood�ello� BW, Pan�Rani M䀀, �.*�einRa�en, e� al. �olloidal �䁙䀀* and �Z�* nanoc�\m�alm: A ＀�ecu�mo� �ou�e �o ＀�in�ed ＀Ro�ovol�aicm [J] J. *olid *�a�e �Rem. 2012; 189: 2–12. 2. 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