CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS 

VOL. 81, 2020 

A publication of 

The Italian Association 
of Chemical Engineering 
Online at www.cetjournal.it 

Guest Editors: Petar S. Varbanov, Qiuwang Wang, Min Zeng, Panos Seferlis, Ting Ma, Jiří J. Klemeš 

Copyright © 2020, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. 

ISBN 978-88-95608-79-2; ISSN 2283-9216 

A Review of the Techniques Used to Reduce the Thermal 

Load of Buildings in Mexico's Warm Climate 

César Ramírez-Doloresa,*, Jorge Andaverde-Arredondob, Gerardo Alcalác, 

Fernando Velasco-Tapiad, Daniel López-Lievanob 

aFacultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Veracruzana, Coatzacoalcos 96538 Veracruz, México.  
bFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Coatzacoalcos 96538 Veracruz, México. 
cCentro de Investigación en Recursos Energéticos y Sustentables, Universidad Veracruzana, Coatzacoalcos 96538 

 Veracruz, México. 
dFacultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Linares 67700 Nuevo León, México. 

 cesramirez@uv.mx 

The heat transfer of buildings contributes directly to the consumption of electricity, because the most common 

alternative to reduce the internal temperature has been the disproportionate use of conventional air conditioning 

systems. The bioclimatic architecture is an alternative of a still limited application. However, nowadays, several 

investigations indicate a significant correlation between heat gain and internal thermal comfort perceived in built 

spaces. This proposal reviews the techniques studied and used to reduce the thermal load coming from outside 

and generated inside buildings located in a warm weather zone in Mexico. These cases are intended to show 

the current status of this research topic, as well as identify areas of opportunity relevant to the analysis and its 

implementation especially in coastal areas. Critical factors to explore include the influence of relative humidity 

on the thermal sensation, as well as warm geographical and climatic conditions, which can be humid tropical or 

arid and dry. 

1. Introduction

Mexico is in a period of energy transition; from approximately 80 % of a sector dependent on petroleum to a 

greater presence of alternative sources. The Mexican government, per its international commitments, has stated 

that this conversion process brings economic benefits to the population: greater energy savings allow benefits 

for the economy and the environment. A policy is being promoted that translates into actions to foment energy 

education, rational management of electricity different productive sectors, as well as the use of renewable 

energy. These strategies are being applied, for example, in Germany and China, where the use of renewable 

energies has been boosted on a small scale and has reduced the dependence on hydrocarbons (Cheung et al., 

2019). It is estimated that, in Mexico, more than 95 % of electricity is provided from two main sources: fossil and 

nuclear fuels. This implies severe damage to the environment (Cancino et al., 2016). However, Mexico has a 

wide variety of natural resources and has a privileged geographical location, which allows the use of renewable 

resources, such as wind resource (predominant in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec), which has increased its 

production from 13.27 PJ in 2012 to 31.48 % in 2015 (Hernandez et al., 2018) and the solar resource (whose 

use has increased in various regions of the country, although exploitation has not been efficient enough 

(Elizondo et al., 2017). One of the purposes of the Mexican government has been (SENER, 2017) the reduction 

in energy intensity per year by 1.9 % in the period of 2016 to 2030. It is expected to reduce by 3.7 % between 

2031 and 2050. Mexico's international commitments indicate that, by the year 2040, the growth of carbon dioxide 

emissions should be slowed down by boosting the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. It is 

in this scenario that reviewing techniques to reduce the thermal load in buildings and identify potential areas of 

application becomes a relevant exercise. Medrano and Escobedo (2017) pointed out that the modernization of 

existing buildings has been carried out in several countries aiming to achieve their efficiency and reducing 

pollutant emissions. Mexico has a great climatic diversity. Towards the north of the territory there is arid climates; 

 

                                                       DOI: 10.3303/CET2081230 
 

 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

 

 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 

Paper Received: 18/02/2020; Revised: 11/07/2020; Accepted: 13/07/2020 
Please cite this article as: Ramírez-Dolores C., Andaverde-Arredondo J., Alcalá G., Velasco-Tapia F., López-Lievano D., 2020, A Review of the 
Techniques Used to Reduce the Thermal Load of Buildings in Mexico's Warm Climate, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 81, 1375-1380  
DOI:10.3303/CET2081230 

1375



towards the south and in coastal areas of the center of the country there is warm or tropical climates; and in the 

mountainous regions, the climates is cold in the highest peaks.The characteristics of the warm regions in Mexico 

are: Medium to high temperatures (greater than 25 °C) in summer and for humid tropics throughout the year, 

while relative humidity is low (less than 50 %) almost throughout the year in arid and dry tropics. In humid tropic 

greater than 80 % throughout the year (Oropeza et al., 2017).The object of this paper is to presents the cases 

of applications studied and developed for hot climates in Mexico, considering the external heat gains as these 

factors control the thermal load in the built spaces, in addition to the internal load generated by users and 

equipment power electricity. 

2. Techniques to reduce thermal load in buildings

The thermal load calculation is developed within the design stages of a cooling or heating systems installation. 

This process allows the selection of cold or heat-generating machines, air treatment systems, and terminal units 

to meet the comfort demand. This criterion must be included in a building that is under construction. However, 

in the retrofit of already constructed buildings, it is sometimes possible to implement this design to reduce energy 

consumption. This has been considered as one of the main approaches to orient buildings to sustainability at a 

relatively low cost (Ma et al., 2012). Committing the construction sector and specialists to look for techniques 

necessary to save energy and achieve sustainability, without altering the comfort conditions of the occupants. 

ASHRAE (2001) established that the quantification of the load must be precise to determine it correctly, as well 

as the concepts that influence it. These concepts are divided into internal and external loads. The exterior walls 

of a building are decisive in the transfer of heat between the interior and exterior, in regions with significant 

differences between temperatures during the daytime period. An adequate construction system must be taken 

into account to reduce the flow of energy into the interior of buildings. 

2.1 External loads 

The external load depends on the conditions outside and the space being conditioned. (Hassouneh et al., 2010). 

The influential components in external loads include: a) heat conduction through walls, ceilings and floors and 

b) heat transfer by conduction and solar radiation through glazed areas. It is important to emphasize the effects

that solar radiation transmitted directly through glass from the outside may have into the interior. Table 1 shows 

different techniques investigated and implemented to reduce the external load on different buildings in Mexico. 

The techniques are as follows: Different types of walls, reflective coating on exterior surfaces, solar control in 

windows and wall insulation, exterior color, materials for walls and ceilings with high thermal capacity, organic 

phase change materials and green roof. 

Table 1: Techniques to reduce external loads in Mexican buildings 

Region and 

climate 

Technique used Research approach Contributions Type of building 

and References 

Hermosillo 

(Hot dry) 

Different types of 

walls. 

Analysis of costs and 

energy benefits of 

different types of walls. 

For the selection of materials, it 

is enough to know its cost, 

energy performance, proximity to 

the manufacturing site, and 

sustainability of the production. 

Residential 

(Ochoa et al., 2014) 

Hermosillo and 

Temixco 

(Hot dry and 

temperate) 

Model to compare 

the thermal 

performance of 4 

systems 

constructive 

wall/ceiling. 

Evaluation of the time-

dependent heat transfer. 

The steady-state model 

overvalues the transmitted 

energy, but the difference is 

bigger for constructive systems 

with high heat capacity. 

Residential 

(Huelsz et al., 

2014) 

Mexico City, 

Hermosillo, and 

Merida 

(Temperate,hot 

dry and tropical) 

Reflective coating 

on exterior 

surfaces. 

Evaluation of concrete 

roof configurations in 

four different climatic 

conditions. 

The compound roof with 

reflective coating is the best 

configuration in cities warms 

Residential 

(Hernández et al., 

2014) 

Mexicali 

(Hot dry) 

Solar control in 

windows and wall 

insulation. 

Design of a bioclimatic 

house that achieves 

energy efficiency and 

thermal comfort. 

The results in roof and walls with 

techniques that consider an air 

chamber between the wall and 

the material added, followed by 

the addition of insulating. 

Residential 

(Gutiérrez et al., 

2014) 

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Table 1: Techniques to reduce external loads in Mexican buildings (Continued) 

Region and 

climate 

Technique used Research approach Contributions Type of building 

and References 

Hermosillo 

(Hot dry) 

Exterior color of a 

house of social 

interest 

(wall/ceiling). 

Thermal evaluation 

inside a low-cost house, 

varying the coefficients 

of solar absorptivity. 

The use of colors with low solar 

absorptance coefficients in the 

building exterior walls can 

reduce heat gain in the building. 

Residential 

(Alpuche et al., 

2014) 

Acapulco, 

Hermosillo, and 

Chihuahua 

(Hot and hot dry) 

Thermal isolation 

in walls and ceiling. 

Evaluation of scenarios 

to insulate walls and 

ceiling in a single-family 

house model. 

It is best to insulate the walls 

and to have uninsulated roofs 

with high solar reflectance and 

infrared emissivity. 

Residential 

(Lucero et al., 

2016) 

Morelia 

(Hot) 

Materials for 

walls and ceilings 

with high thermal 

capacity. 

Establish ranges of 

thermal comfort for 

users in homes, 

evaluate the thermal 

sensation. 

The concrete system demands 

the use of further heating and 

cooling systems—around 50% of 

the time—in order to provide 

indoor thermal comfort 

conditions. 

Residential 

(Becerra and 

Lawrence., 2016) 

Hermosillo 

(Hot dry) 

Solar control film 

of SnS-CuxS. 

Evaluation the use of a 

SnS-CuxS solar control 

film in a double glazed 

window. 

The solar control coating in a 

double pane window reduces the 

amount of energy to the indoors 

in 53.88%. 

Residential 

(Xamán et al., 

2016) 

Mexico City 

(Hot and 

temperate) 

Solar control 

systems: 

Cantilever, green 

roof and 

compacted earth 

wall. 

Evaluate the thermal 

performance of three 

experimental modules. 

The experimental module with 

the solar control system and the 

rammed earth walls presented 

the best thermal performance. 

Experimental 

modules 

(Velasco et al., 

2017) 

Durango 

(Semi-arid 

warm) 

Overhangs to 

shade windows  

and change 

windows position. 

Analysis of the thermal 

behavior of existing 

homes to suggest 

passive measures. 

What caused the greatest impact 

on increasing comfort is: shading 

windows and high thermal mass 

night flush during the warm 

season. 

Residential 

(Romero et al., 

2017) 

Hermosillo 

(Hot dry) 

Thermal isolation 

on walls and 

ceiling, and shaded 

windows. 

Analysis of the 

economic viability in low 

energy housing design. 

Investing in low-energy design or 

energy efficiency upgrade is 

always profitable in terms of 

reduced energy consumption. 

Residential 

(Preciado and 

Fotios., 2017) 

Mexico City 

(Hot and 

temperate) 

Organic phase 

change materials. 

Evaluation of phase 

change materials in 

building exterior walls. 

PCMs in exterior walls have 

great potential for passive indoor 

thermal conditioning. 

Experimental cells 

(Lira and Vilchis., 

2017) 

Cuernavaca 

(Semi-warm) 

Green roof. Determining the time 

when the green roof 

does not need irrigation 

as well as thermal 

benefits. 

The results show that the use of 

a green roof decreased the 

temperature by 20.5 °C 

compared to a concrete roof. 

Experimental cells 

(Chagolla et al., 

2017) 

Mecayapan 

(Warm humid) 

Solar control film 

in windows 

Evaluation of the 

thermal load and using 

solar control films  

The use of solar control films 
provides significant benefits as 
the heat gained by radiation can 
be minimized by more than 60%. 

Library 

(Ramírez et al., 

2018) 

Cuernavaca 

(Semi-warm) 

Roof coating Experimental evaluation 

of conventional and 

reflective roof coatings. 

Widespread of these materials in 

the buildings of the country 

would reduce the energy 

consumption from air 

conditioners and the emission of 

greenhouse gases. 

Experimental cells 

(Hernández et al., 

2018) 

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It is important to note that Table 1 only includes cases where (a) real-time assessments have been made, (b) 

there have been recreations of experimental cells and (c) there is a numerical simulation, to have an approach 

to the reality of climatic conditions and construction materials in the cases analyzed. 

2.2 Internal loads 

The internal heat load derives from various elements that can be manipulated by users. According to ASHRAE 

(2001), four components are considered: (a) lighting, (b) heat due to the metabolism of people, (c) laboratory 

device and equipment, and (d) equipment that consumes electricity. Table 2 shows the documented techniques 

that have been used to reduce the internal load in buildings of Mexico during the last six years. There are two 

techniques in this case: Efficient electrical equipment and an efficient lighting system. 

The present compilation allows determining a tendency towards the efforts in the matter, to be able to link the 

investigation to the thermal evaluation of buildings. Regarding the external load, 10 cases for residential 

buildings, 1 case of a library and 4 of experimental cells were documented. Regarding the techniques to reduce 

the internal gain, 6 cases were documented; of which 4 correspond to residential buildings and 2 to school 

buildings. 

Table 2: Techniques to reduce internal loads in Mexican buildings 

3. Heat gain and thermal comfort

Thermal comfort has been studied from different approaches (de Dear et al., 2018). The results indicate that 

there is a link between heat gain and thermal comfort temperature in built spaces. In most buildings, the need 

for thermal comfort of the occupants is sought without considering the existing alternatives to minimize heat 

gain and preserve the health of the occupants. The disproportionate use of mechanical cooling systems 

Region and 

climate 

Technique used Research approach Contributions Type of 

building and 

References 

Querétaro 

(Dry and 

semi-dry) 

Efficient electrical 

equipment. 

Evaluate an intelligent 

monitoring system  

for electrical 

consumption in devices 

used in a building. 

Measuring electric energy in 

sections allows the identification of 

higher consumption areas, 

detecting abnormal conditions in 

electric properties. 

Scholar 

(Trejo et al., 

2013) 

Mérida 

(Warm humid) 

Efficient electrical 

equipment and 

green spaces. 

Environmental and 

energy evaluation of 

housing considering the 

GHG avoided. 

The strategies of eco-technology 

and green-space could prevent 

more than 1 million tons of GHG 

emissions and provide additional 

social, environmental and 

economic benefits. 

Residential 

(Cerón et al., 

2013) 

Mexico city 

(Hot and 

temperate) 

Efficient lighting 

system. 

Savings obtained from 

an efficient lighting 

system. 

The existing lighting system is 

inefficient while providing 

unsatisfactory illumination. 

Scholar 

(Seifried et al., 

2014) 

Mexico 

(N.A) 

Efficient TVs and 

lighting of 

compact 

fluorescent lamps 

and LEDs. 

Estimate of the impact of 

energy efficiency 

standards for different 

appliances in residential 

electricity consumption. 

The climate change mitigation 

policy needs to continue promoting 

the scaling up in the efficiency of 

the main residential appliances. 

Residential 

(Martínez & 

Sheinbaum, 

2016) 

Merida 

(Warm humid) 

Control device 

in the lighting 

system. 

Evaluation of the 

benefits of lighting 

system control. 

The benefits of advanced control 

devices called “multiple types” for 

lighting in buildings could be 

substantial, such as energy, 

economic, social and 

environmental. 

Residential 

(Diaz et al., 

2018) 

Mexicali 

(Hot dry) 

Replacement of 

appliances, and 

window air 

conditioner or 

mini-split. 

Actions that achieve a 

significant reduction in 

the energy consumption 

of a single-family house. 

The replacement of central air 

conditioning equipment is the 

energy efficiency action that, by 

itself, produces higher savings. 

Residental 

(Suástegui et 

al., 2018) 

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becomes a critical alert for excessive electrical consumption. It is relevant to know the alternatives that can be 

used in hot climates, to minimize the consumption of electricity and providing thermal comfort. For this purpose, 

it is necessary to consider the type of building the activities carried out by the users, as well as the type of 

clothing, orienting the built space to the criteria of sustainable development and energy efficiency (Nguyen et 

al., 2012). Among the main variables for the determination of internal thermal comfort is the external temperature 

of the place where the building is located, this variable being essential when estimating the temperature at which 

the built space should operate. Likewise, it is crucial to know if the space works under a mechanical system of 

cooling or natural ventilation. 

4. Conclusions

Passive and low energy techniques have been shown to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in the world. 

These techniques have succeeded in reducing the consumption of electricity derived from mechanical cooling 

and heating systems, as well as reducing the thermal load. The application of these techniques in existing 

buildings located in warm climates provides an alternative solution for the management and saving that is 

required of energy resources. In new buildings, these techniques must be included in the construction criteria, 

since they can offer main and collateral benefits. These benefits include a decrease in electricity consumption, 

lower heat gains, adequate comfort temperature and a revaluation of the property. As this research shows, 

different techniques can achieve the desired thermal efficiency. In the case of external heat gains, solar control 

films can be used to minimize heat gain from solar radiation, which is considered the source of greatest profit in 

a built space, as well as the Change Phase Materials (CPM) that lack further and implementation. While within 

the alternatives of greater efficiency, for when internal loads are analyzed, there are types of electrical equipment 

of greater efficiency and lower electrical consumption, labelled as energy-saving equipment, certified for sale in 

Mexico. The global trend is clear, and the increasing amount of research work in this area indicates that the 

development of new materials for construction is a concern of construction experts. The works reviewed in this 

research, although carried out in different regions of Mexico, coincide with the idea of modernizing the built 

spaces, analyzing the behavior of passive techniques and technological elements that allow achieving energy 

efficiency. It is important to note that in warm regions, as well as in coastal, the use of Heating, Ventilation, and 

Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems is a basic necessity for the development of daily activities, due to the influence 

of high relative humidity and high temperatures, as is the case in southeastern Mexico. It is important to 

emphasize that external heat gains are influenced due to geographical position, while internal heat gains are 

influenced by the activity and configuration of the building. In Mexico, it is necessary to promote the development 

of techniques in natural ventilation or earth-to-air heat exchangers, as alternatives to reduce dependence on 

the use of HVAC, as well as testing various techniques documented in this paper in different types of buildings. 

An analysis of the techniques to adjust the relative humidity should be included in future thermal comfort work 

in buildings. The significant findings of this investigation have made it possible to determine: a) the region with 

the most proven techniques to reduce the thermal load from the outside is located in the northwest of Mexico. 

For the interior thermal load the region with the most proven techniques is in central Mexico, b) the techniques 

have been used and studied mostly in residential buildings for both scenarios and c) the most used techniques 

are solar control films, different types of glass, for outdoors and more energy-efficient appliances, for indoors. 

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