Microsoft Word - PRES22_0064.docx DOI: 10.3303/CET2294037 Paper Received: 15 May 2022; Revised: 25 June 2022; Accepted: 03 July 2022 Please cite this article as: Kalaw M.E.L., Bernardo G.P., Promentilla M.A.B., 2022, Optimal Selection of Eco-Friendly Building Insulation Materials using a Spherical Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 94, 223-228 DOI:10.3303/CET2294037 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 94, 2022 A publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.cetjournal.it Guest Editors: Petar S. Varbanov, Yee Van Fan, Jiří J. Klemeš, Sandro Nižetić Copyright © 2022, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608-93-8; ISSN 2283-9216 Optimal Selection of Eco-Friendly Building Insulation Materials using a Spherical Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model Martin Ernesto L. Kalaw*, Gian Paolo Bernardo, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla De La Salle University, 1004 Manila, Philippines martin.kalaw@dlsu.edu.ph Building insulation materials play an important role in improving the energy efficiency of the construction and building sector. These insulation materials may also have environmental impacts attributed to the use of non- renewable raw materials and fossil-based energy consumption. Waste valorization provides an opportunity to use secondary materials for these building insulation materials. Thus, the selection of sustainable building insulation materials should not only consider the thermal properties such as heat and fire resistance but also environmental factors, among others. This paper proposes a decision modeling approach to optimally select the appropriate building insulation material even at the early design stage where the level of uncertainty will be high. The decision model integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with spherical fuzzy sets to model ambiguous human opinion during the evaluation process. A case study is presented to illustrate the method in the prioritization of the insulation materials that include the use of waste materials and geopolymer. Indication suggests a foamed coal fly ash- based geopolymer is ranked 1st among the insulation materials being considered as it performs better in terms of thermal capacitance, embodied carbon and fire rating. 1. Introduction UNEP reported that the building and construction sector recorded the highest share in global energy demand, 35 % in 2019 (UNEP, 2020) and 36 % in 2020 (UNEP, 2021) and the highest global share of energy related CO2 emissions, 38 % in 2019 (UNEP, 2020) and 37 % in 2020 (UNEP, 2021). It has been recognized that the highest impact for cost-effective emission reductions can potentially be contributed by the building sector, and that emission reduction targets cannot be met without supporting energy efficiency initiatives in the building sector (UNEP, 2009). The development of geopolymers as an alternative building material addresses the emerging attention to circular economy and closed-loop systems (La Scalia et al., 2021), reduction in the use of virgin materials (Mohajerani et al., 2019), and sustainable materials and processes (Zhang et al., 2014). Geopolymers, having comparable strength properties to OPC, can be used as a structural material (Ma et al., 2018). It has significant heat and fire resistance (Lahoti et al., 2014) and possesses low thermal conductivity (Emdadi et al., 2014) which merits its adoption for heat flow reduction in the building envelope. Furthermore, life cycle analysis of geopolymers have shown significant achievable reduction in carbon footprint and embodied energy while contributing towards waste valorisation and utilization (Kalaw et al., 2016). Conventionally, heat flow reduction in or out of the building envelope is achieved via low thermal conductivity structural layers with or without additional insulation layers which carry no structural load. The common type of “add-in layers” insulation materials used in the building and construction sector are generally produced or taken directly from natural resources. This results in depletion of available reserves and to increasing costs (Saygili and Baykal, 2011). The production processes and utilization of these insulation materials such as fiberglass, mineral wool or polyurethane foams also pose health risks to humans (Panyakaew and Fotios, 2011). The assessment on the use of geopolymers as a heat flow reduction material, either as low thermal conductivity and fire-resistant structural materials or as an “add-in layer” building insulation material, is generally based on 223 thermal properties of the geopolymer and the load requirements of the building. However, a deeper evaluation of the sustainability of geopolymers in this application using a multiple criteria assessment method which combines technical, economic, environmental, effect on human health, and others, in comparison with conventional materials, has not been done yet. This study thus aims to evaluate geopolymer materials vis-à-vis other insulation materials using a decision model that integrates Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method with spherical fuzzy set. While AHP is intuitive and flexible in computing priority weights from value judgment, TOPSIS provides more efficient logical technique to rank large number of alternatives and attributes. This technique creates two additional positive and negative ideal alternatives as reference points to guide the decision-maker in choosing the optimal alternative among those considered. Ranking of the alternatives is based on how close the alternative to the positive ideal and how far from the negative ideal in a geometrical sense. AHP and TOPSIS are among the most widely used multi-criteria decision analysis technique as shown by their continuing rapid growth of applications in the literature (Zyoud and Fuchs-Hanusch, 2017). Fuzzy extensions of AHP and TOPSIS are also becoming popular to provide solution in handling uncertain data and ambiguous human opinion in real-life decision-making process in construction and building (Zavadskas et al., 2018). 2. Methodology 2.1 Preliminaries Spherical fuzzy sets are used to represent the fuzziness and ambiguity in providing judgments in linguistic scale in AHP pairwise comparison and rating of alternatives via TOPSIS. This section introduces the definitions related to spherical fuzzy set and its generalization. Spherical fuzzy set was introduced independently in Mahmood et al. (2019), and in Gündoğdu and Kahraman (2019) to model the ambiguous human opinion as a generalization of Zadeh’s fuzzy set and its extension such as that of intuitionistic fuzzy set and picture fuzzy sets. For example, Atanassov’s intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) expressed the fuzziness of human opinion by adding the non- membership function to the ordinary fuzzy set and satisfies that the sum of the membership degree (𝜇) and non- membership degree ( 𝜋 ) does not exceed one (i.e., 0 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝜇, 𝜋) ≤ 1) . Pythagorean fuzzy sets or IFS2 strengthen the concept of IFS by enlarging the space of membership and non-membership with the condition that 0 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝜇2, 𝜈2) ≤ 1. However, there is decision making under uncertain environment which requires not only either a yes (membership degree) or no (non-membership degree) but also some degree of neutrality due to hesitation. Accordingly, Cuong (2014) extends IFS by introducing the neutrality or indeterminacy degree (𝜋) under the condition that 0 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝜇, 𝜋, 𝜋) ≤ 1. Likewise, spherical fuzzy sets and its generalization, T-spherical fuzzy set enlarge the space for the three components (𝜇, 𝜋, 𝜋). Definition 1. Let 𝑋 be in a finite domain and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. T-spherical fuzzy set (TSF) is defined as: 𝑇 = {𝑥, 𝜇(𝑥), 𝜈(𝑥), 𝜋(𝑥) |𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 } with the condition that 0 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝜇𝑡 , 𝜈𝑡 , 𝜋 𝑡) ≤ 1, ∀ 𝑡 ∈ 𝑍 ≥ 1 . Here the three components 𝜇, 𝜈, 𝜋: 𝑋 → [0,1] represents the degree of membership, degree of non-membership, and degree of indeterminacy, respectively. 𝑍 refers to positive integers wherein a particular case of 𝑇 in 𝑋, for example is a spherical fuzzy set (SFS) at 𝑡 = 2 with the condition of 0 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝜇2, 𝜈2, 𝜋 2) ≤ 1, i.e., 0 ≤ 𝜇2 + 𝜈2 + 𝜋 2 ≤ 1. For ease of computation, a spherical fuzzy number is designated as an ordered triple: �̃�𝑠 = (𝜇�̃�𝑠 , 𝜈�̃�𝑠 , 𝜋�̃�𝑠 ). Definition 2. Let 𝑋 be in a finite domain and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. Spherical fuzzy number is defined as a single-valued spherical fuzzy set: �̃� = {𝑥, 𝜇�̃�, 𝜈�̃�, 𝜋�̃� |𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} with the condition that 0 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑚(𝜇�̃� 2, 𝜈�̃� 2, 𝜋𝑆 2) ≤ 1 . SWAM, as defined in Eq(1), is an aggregation operator for n spherical fuzzy numbers (�̃�𝑠1 … . . �̃�𝑠𝑛) in 𝑋 using weighted arithmetic mean such that the weight vector 𝑤𝑖 ∈ [0,1]; ∑ 𝑤𝑖 = 1 𝑛 𝑖=1 where 𝑡 = 2. 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝑀(�̃�𝑠1 … . . �̃�𝑠𝑛) = 𝑤1�̃�𝑠1 + 𝑤2�̃�𝑠2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛 �̃�𝑠𝑛 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖 �̃�𝑆𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 = {[1 − ∏ (1 − 𝜇�̃�𝑠𝑖 𝑡 ) 𝑤𝑖 𝑛 𝑖−1 ] 1 𝑡 , ∏ 𝑣 �̃�𝑠𝑖 𝑤𝑖 , [∏ (1 − 𝜇�̃�𝑠𝑖 𝑡 ) 𝑤𝑖 𝑛 𝑖−1 − ∏ (1 − 𝜇�̃�𝑠𝑖 𝑡 − 𝜋�̃�𝑠𝑖 𝑡 ) 𝑤𝑖 𝑛𝑖=1 ] 1 𝑡 𝑛𝑖=1 } (1) Definition 3. Defuzzification of spherical fuzzy number is defined in Eq(2) as follows: 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(�̃�) = 1 − [ 1 3 {(1 − 𝜇𝑡 )𝛽 + (𝜈𝑡 )𝛽 + (𝜋 𝑡)𝛽 }] 1 𝛽⁄ (2) where 𝛽 ≥ 1 is the distance parameter. Here the 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(�̃�) → [0,1]. 224 2.2 Proposed AHP-TOPSIS with Spherical Fuzzy Number Step 1: Compute the criteria weights by SFAHP (Gündoğdu and Kahraman, 2019). Value judgments are elicited via linguistic ratings to describe the relative importance of one criterion over the other to populate the fuzzy pairwise comparison matrix. The Spherical Fuzzy Number is used to describe the linguistic scale for the intensity of influence as described in Table 1 (Kuok and Promentilla, 2021). Table 1: 9-point spherical fuzzy linguistic scale for AHP pairwise comparison Linguistic term Symbol Μ ν π Score index (SI) Very highly more important VHI 0.900 0.100 0.100 8 Highly more important HMI 0.800 0.200 0.250 5 Moderately more important MMI 0.700 0.300 0.350 3 Slightly more important SMI 0.600 0.400 0.400 2 Equally important EI 0.500 0.400 0.400 1 Slightly less important SLI 0.400 0.600 0.400 1/2 Moderately less important MLI 0.300 0.700 0.350 1/3 Highly less important HLI 0.200 0.800 0.250 1/5 Very highly less important VLI 0.100 0.900 0.100 1/8 Note that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 describe the intensity of importance of criterion 𝑖 over criterion 𝑗. Score indices (𝑆𝐼) in Eqs(4) and (5) are used as entries in the classical AHP matrix to determine the level of consistency of judgments from the respondents. 1 1 n n EI a A a EI     =      (3) for linguistic terms VHI, HMI, SMI, EI: ( ) ( ) 2 2 100* SI         = − − −    (4) for linguistic terms VLI, HLI, SLI, EI: ( ) ( ) 2 2 1 1 100 * SI        =  − − −    (5) The relative priorities of criteria is computed using the spherical weighted arithmetic mean described in Eq(1) to aggregate the row entries in the pairwise comparison matrix. The score function described in Eq(6) is used to compute the crisp criteria score, and them normalized using Eq(7). 2 2 100 3 2 2 i i i i W Ws i W W w           = − − −          (6) �̄�𝑖 = �̃�𝑖 𝑆 𝑠𝑢𝑚( �̃�1 𝑆, �̃�2 𝑆 , . . . �̃�𝑛 𝑆) (7) Step 2: Rank the alternatives using TOPSIS approach TOPSIS ranks the alternatives using the following five steps. First, populate the decision matrix of m alternatives by n criteria with performance scores. The scores could be quantitative or qualitative assessment. For qualitative assessment, the linguistic scale shown in Table 2 is used and Eq(2) is used to transform the linguistic rating to crisp scores. Note that the distance parameter is set to 𝛽 = 19/8 to set the score of moderate/satisfactory rating to 0.50. In the second step, the weighted normalized decision matrix is generated using the following equations: 𝑋𝑖𝑗̅̅ ̅̅ = 𝑋𝑖𝑗 √∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 2𝑛 𝑖=1 (8) 225 𝑉𝑖𝑗 = 𝑋𝑖𝑗̅̅ ̅̅ × 𝑊𝑗 (9) Table 2: Linguistic scale used for qualitative assessment Linguistic rating Symbol μ v π Scores Ideal Best/Perfect IB 1 0 0 1.000 Excellent EX 0.900 0.100 0.100 0.880 Very good VG 0.800 0.200 0.250 0.771 Good GD 0.700 0.300 0.350 0.672 Slightly good/Above satisfactory AS 0.600 0.400 0.400 0.585 Moderate/Satisfactory S 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 Slightly bad/Below Satisfactory BS 0.400 0.600 0.400 0.438 Bad BD 0.300 0.700 0.350 0.373 Very bad VB 0.200 0.800 0.250 0.307 Worst WO 0.100 0.900 0.100 0.236 Ideal Worst IW 0 1 0 0.157 Step 3: In the third step, positive ideal and negative ideal solutions are identified depending on whether the criterion is a benefit or cost type. For example, if the criterion is a cost type, the lower the score, the better the performance of the alternative with respect to that criterion. Thus, the positive ideal is the lowest possible score among the alternatives and the negative ideal is the highest possible score among the alternative with respect to that cost criterion. Likewise, the positive ideal is the highest possible score among the alternatives and the negative ideal is the lowest possible score among the alternative with respect to that benefit criterion. Step 4: A measure of the separation via Euclidian distance from the positive ideal and negative ideal solution is computed in the fourth step using the following equations: 𝑆𝑖 + = [∑ (𝑉𝑖𝑗 − 𝑉𝑗 +) 2 𝑚 𝑗=1 ] 0.5 (10) 𝑆𝑖 − = [∑ (𝑉𝑖𝑗 − 𝑉𝑗 −) 2 𝑚 𝑗=1 ] 0.5 (11) Lastly, the relative closeness to the ideal solution is computed in Eq(12), which was used to rank the alternatives. 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑆𝑖 − 𝑆𝑖 + + 𝑆𝑖 − (12) 3. Results and Discussion The decision matrix used for this case study is given in Table 3 with alternative insulation materials, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, to be ranked using the multiple criteria, C1, C2, C3, C4. The criterion C2, the product of density x specific heat is also known as thermal capacitance and is a measure of thermal storage capacity. As shown in Table 4, the criteria C1, thermal conductivity, and C3, embodied carbon, are classified as Cost criteria, the lower the better; and C2, density x specific heat, and C4, fire rating, are classified as Benefit criteria, the higher the better. Table 3: Characteristics prioritized for the insulation material alternatives Alternative insulation Materials Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m oC) Product of Density x specific heat, cp x d (kJ/kg oC) x (kg/m3) Embodied carbon (kg CO2/kg) Fire Rating A1, geopolymer (foamed, fly ash-based) 0.05223a 196.2a 0.12b VGc = 0.771 A2, fiberglass 0.031d 54.4d 7.7d ASd = 0.585 A3, rock wool 0.03d 130d 2.77d VGd = 0.771 A4, expanded polystyrene 0.031d 37.5d 3.25d ASd = 0.585 A5, sheep wool 0.033d 60d 0.2d ASd = 0.585 Sources: (a) k and d from Shao et al. (2018), cp from Carabba (2018); (b) Kalaw et al. (2016); (c) Provis (2010); (d) Grazieschi et al. (2021). NOTES: VG = very good, AS = above satisfactory, see Table 2. 226 Table 4: Criteria for evaluation, type of criterion, and pairwise comparison of criteria (row vs column) Criterion Type C1 C2 C3 C4 C1, thermal conductivity Cost EI MMI HMI MMI C2, density x sp heat Benefit MLI EI HMI EI C3, embodied carbon Cost HLI HLI EI HLI C4, fire rating Benefit MLI EI HMI EI Table 4 shows the sample pairwise comparison matrix used in SFAHP to determine the importance weights of the criteria. The entries reflect the subjective judgment describing the relative importance of one criterion over the other. For example, in row 1 and column 2, MMI means that C1 is considered to be moderately more important (MMI) than C2, in row 1 and column 3, HMI means that C1 is considered highly more important (HMI) than C3, and so on. These judgments are then represented by the spherical fuzzy number (see Table 1). Eq(1) is used to compute the spherical fuzzy weights of each criterion. The fuzzy weights are then defuzzified and normalized using Eq(6) and Eq(7) respectively to compute the priority weights (𝑤𝑖̅̅ ̅). The values of (𝑤𝑖̅̅ ̅), shown in Table 5, are then used to determine the weighted normalized decision matrix using Eq(8) and Eq(9) to obtain the values in Table 6. Table 5: The alternatives vs criteria matrix with computed normalized weights Criteria Alternatives C1 C2 C3 C4 Criteria Type Cost Benefit Cost Benefit Weights, 𝑤𝑖̅̅ ̅ 0.327 0.270 0.134 0.270 A1 0.052 196.200 0.120 0.771 A2 0.031 54.400 7.700 0.585 A3 0.030 130.000 2.770 0.771 A4 0.031 37.500 3.250 0.585 A5 0.033 60.000 0.200 0.585 Table 6: Weighted normalized decision matrix C1 C2 C3 C4 A1 0.641 0.779 0.014 0.518 A2 0.380 0.216 0.873 0.393 A3 0.368 0.516 0.314 0.518 A4 0.380 0.149 0.368 0.393 A5 0.405 0.238 0.057 0.393 Using Eq(10) and Eq(11), the Euclidean distance from the ideal best, 𝑆𝑖 +, and from the ideal worst, 𝑆𝑖 − are computed, and then the performance score, 𝑃𝑖, was determined using Eq(12). The summary of results is shown in Table 7. Table 7: Summary of results material 𝑆𝑖 + 𝑆𝑖 − 𝑃𝑖 Rank A1 geopolymer (foamed, fly ash-based) 0.089 0.208 0.700 1 A2 fiberglass 0.194 0.087 0.310 5 A3 rock wool 0.082 0.157 0.657 2 A4 expanded polystyrene 0.180 0.109 0.377 4 A5 sheep wool 0.150 0.140 0.481 3 The pairwise comparison as seen in Table 4 is based on conventional selection criteria that gives more priority to insulation properties and lesser emphasis on environmental concerns. Thus, from Table 5, it is seen from the computed weights that thermal conductivity (C1) is the highest priority in consideration, followed by product (C2) of density x specific heat (thermal capacitance), and fire rating (C4), while embodied carbon (C3), is the least. It is seen that the multi-criteria combination of material properties, C1, C2 and C4, and an environmental factor, C3, the performance scores calculated showed the alternative A1, geopolymer (foamed, fly ash-based) to be ranked number 1 among the selected alternative insulation materials. Ranked 2nd is rock wool, 3rd is sheep wool, 4th is expanded polystyrene and 5th is fiberglass. 227 4. Conclusions In this case study of using spherical fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (SFAHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for a multi-criteria comparison of conventional insulation materials with geopolymers (foamed, fly ash-based), the potential of foamed geopolymers as an alternative building insulation material is brought to light. Based on the criteria selected and the weighting provided, as an initial set for this case study, the geopolymer alternative is ranked best. 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