PRES22_0231.docx DOI: 10.3303/CET2294158 Paper Received: 07 April 2022; Revised: 22 June 2022; Accepted: 26 June 2022 Please cite this article as: Faradilla A., Azmi N., Sari E., Angwen G.E., Chofreh A.G., Goni F.A., Klemeš J.J., 2022, Sustainable Product Design Concept Metrics for Developing the Eco-Bag from Pineapple Leaf Fiber, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 94, 949-954 DOI:10.3303/CET2294158 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 94, 2022 A publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.cetjournal.it Guest Editors: Petar S. Varbanov, Yee Van Fan, Jiří J. Klemeš, Sandro Nižetić Copyright © 2022, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608-93-8; ISSN 2283-9216 Sustainable Product Design Concept Metrics for Developing the Eco-Bag from Pineapple Leaf Fiber Arnes Faradillaa,*, Nora Azmia, Emelia Saria, Gabriella Estevania Angwena, Abdoulmohammad Gholamzadeh Chofrehb, Feybi Ariani Gonib, Jiří Jaromír Klemešb aUniversitas Trisakti, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Department of Industrial Engineering, 11440, Kyai Tapa No 1, West Jakarta, Indonesia bSustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno Tecknicá 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic arnes.faradilla@trisakti.ac.id Sustainability is a critical issue to be considered by the product designer. Due to the increase in environmental impact caused by the production, sustainability should be implemented in the early phase which is concept development. This study aims to develop the eco-bag concept using the sustainable QFD method and evaluate the developed concept by using metrics for sustainable product design. QFD is used to measure and select the quantitative target and sustainability criteria, whereas the metrics are used to measure the concept evaluation; material, production, use, and end of life. The respondents of this study are career women and students (50 respondents). According to the sustainable House of Quality (HoQ) method, the criteria selected are material, bag size, and price. The score of the metrics concept evaluation is 6.25, which means the concept is good enough to apply sustainable design. This research improves the consideration of the sustainable aspect to facilitate designers in early product concept development. 1. Introduction Environmental pollution is a critical issue that catastrophically affects the world (Zeinalnezhad et al., 2021). One of the causes of this problem is the consumption of raw materials that have a negative impact on the environment, such as atmospheric pollution, discharge to the natural environment, and harmful effects on biodiversity (Sari et al., 2021). Consideration of the sustainability aspect in the product design concept is important (Jiang et al., 2021). Sustainability assessment in concept design can identify the product that has the lowest impact on the environment but provides social and economic aspects (Ahmad et al., 2018). The sustainability concept would have parameters such as safety and using non-toxic materials (Norddahl, 2021). So far, a lot of plastic has been used with all pros and cons (Klemeš et al., 2020). Product designers shall be responsible for the design of a good product and thinking of the environment and society. Most of the harvested fruit, such as pineapple, have not been used in all parts (Nguyen et al., 2021). Indonesia has become one of the largest pineapple-producing countries in the world (Salsabila et al., 2021). Some studies were conducted related to the usefulness of pineapple leaf fiber as a fashion material (Jawaid et al., 2020). Pineapple leaf fiber is a good and strong material that can be used in products (Jawaid et al., 2020). The customers have started to consider of sustainability aspect of the product (Chofreh et al., 2015). The designers need to consider the sustainability requirements of the concept. The early stage of design is the most challenging step because it consumes time and cost; it needs a tool that makes it easier for the designer to combine the voice of the customer and design requirements (Moubachir and Bouami, 2015). QFD is a tool to turn intangible customers' needs into tangible customers' needs. It has been shown in the work of Puglieri et al. (2020), which can be applied in an automotive company in Brazil. This tool is easy to find the relationship among customers' needs but cannot consider the product's whole life cycle. Based on the previous study, QFD is an effective tool to enhance customer satisfaction by combining the ergonomics aspect and comfortability product, 949 and it can minimize the time of concept design (Zadry et al., 2015). Ergonomics is about how to design the product and service to become safer, easily useful, and attractive (Faradilla and Purnomo, 2017). Shvetsova et al. (2021) stated that QFD is used to generate a new design concept criterion. Liu et al. (2021) proved that QFD could be integrated with the Analytic Network Process. This study is about how to design furniture for urban people, especially in the pandemic era. It was conducted in China because this country had successfully prevented COVID-19. However, this study does not show the sustainable criteria clearly of the product, but the result proved that the method of QFD-ANP is applicable and effective in the conceptual design process. Table 1: Sustainable QFD measurement in design concept Authors Methods How the methods measure the sustainable product development concept Shvetsova et al. (2021) QFD+AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) In developing the concept, this study was used QFD and AHP and then designed the best concept of competitiveness and design development efficiency Han et al. (2021) Sustainable Metrics This study has aimed to develop the measurement of sustainability aspect in concept development, i.e., production, material, use, and end life Liu et al. (2021) QFD+ANP (Analytical Network Process) This study aims to design urban furniture using QFD combines ANP, which considers usability, health, and sustainability Frizziero et al. (2021) QFD+IDeS (Industrial Design Structure) QFD is used to develop the bicycle concept, but the assessment of the sustainability aspect is assessed implicitly. According to the result, the sustainability assessment of this concept is the use of bicycles did not cause the pollution, low cost, and new habits for health awareness Rihar and Kušar (2021) QFD +Concurrent Engineering Sustainable HoQ is used to assess the changes in the sustainable requirement of the old and new versions of the product Donnici et al. (2021) QFD+SDE (Stylistic Design Applications) SDE was performed to obtain the new concept of the car. The sustainability aspect is considering the ecological (fuel consumption) included in the HoQ matrix as the criterion Rianmora and Werawatganon (2021) QFD Kano Model The customer's wants into product characteristics were translated in HoQ. Then, classify the product's characteristics into three categories; must have, attractive, and expected. The sustainability aspect is explained implicitly Ocampo et al. (2020) Fuzzy QFD (FQFD) The framework was developed by combining the QFD and Fuzzy as multiple attribute decision making. The sustainability criteria were proposed are energy use, waste of food, and resource consumption Hsu and Lin (2021) Fuzzy QFD (FQFD) This study combines Fuzzy and QFD to construct the model of consumer brand attachment and brand experience Alinizzi et al. (2020) Fuzzy QFD (FQFD) This method has been used to combine the requirement of sustainability aspect (socio-economic and environment) and customer requirement Zadry et al. (2015) QFD Design Long Spinal Board (LSB) using QFD based on criteria to improve the customers' satisfaction The sustainable aspect of product design is sometimes stated at the abstract level, for example, green products and global warming. It needs the tools to measure the level of the sustainable aspect in the concept development phase. Metrics sustainable product design concept is developed to measure the score of sustainability aspect in early design concept (Han et al., 2021). The result of the concept that was developed will measure the sustainable aspect such as material, production, use, and end of life. Table 1 presents the application of QFD in designing the concept product. It shows that QFD can be combined with the sustainable criteria, but the result was shown yet how knowing the sustainability has an impact on the concept product. The study case of this paper is how to design the concept of the bag for the working woman and the student, which considers the sustainability aspect. The material that is used is pineapple leaf which many found in Indonesia. Respondents for the preliminary study are used, career women and woman students. The chosen 950 respondents are performed because career women and woman students have many activities using the bag. Therefore, it would be able to support their activities, such as working, hangout and going to campus. The Previous studies used sustainability QFD to develop the concept but did not measure the sustainable score of the concept, and this paper aims to develop the eco-bag concept from pineapple leaf material using sustainable QFD and then evaluate that concept using metrics for sustainable product design. 2. Methods The stages of this study were conducted in four phases; Identity customer needs, developing the sustainable House of Quality (HoQ), developing the concept, and evaluating the concept metrics for sustainable product design. The respondents of this study are 50, which are 13 career women and 37 students (N = 50). 2.1 Identify customer needs It is important to understand what customers need, perceptions, expectations, and behaviours about the eco- bag. The voice of the customer's questionnaire was spread to the respondents to obtain the customer's needs. The questions of questionnaires are about the function, the likely-unlikely, and the expectation of the eco-bag. The answer statement of the customers will be translated into the customer's needs which are entered into the HoQ matrix. 2.2 Developing the sustainable HoQ In the HoQ matrix, there is a relationship between customers' needs and importance ratings from the previous questionnaire. The importance rating used is a 1 (low) to 5 (high) scale (Bossert, 1991). In determining the requirements of the eco-bag, one needs to consider the trade-off of the cases. For example, based on the requirements, the eco-bag has to be unique, low in price, high quality, and use green material. Some people want to eco-bag, which is high quality as the primary criterion, but some people state that the price is the primary criterion. Designers must prevent this trade-off from fulfilling the primary criteria without considering the other side. Benchmarking is important to be rated and analyzed. The function is to find the weakness of competitors' eco- bag that can be considered to develop in the new product. It can be strategies to emphasize the strength and improvement of eco-bag. These bags used green material, but according to the questionnaire, the respondents stated that these bags are not ergonomic, the price is high, the detail design is unspecified, and just has one design: a shoulder bag. 2.3 Developing the concept This stage is developing several eco-bag concepts based on sustainable HoQ. In this study, the method is used by using a classification tree. Then, it continued by using a combination table to provide the alternative concepts. After that, the screening concept method was used to select the best concept that fulfilled all of the requirements (Ulrich et al., 2020). 2.4 Evaluating the concept using sustainable product design metrics The chosen concept was measured by using sustainable product design metrics. These metrics are provided for material, production, use, and end of life, and every metric has a different attribute for assed, as shown in Table 2 (Han et al., 2021). The concept is analyzed and calculated using Eq(1), Eq(2), Eq(3), and Eq(4). The formulation used for calculating every metric is shown as 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐!"#$%&"' = 9 × + ∑ (𝑀( + 𝑀)) × 𝑀* + &,( 𝑁 1 8 + 1 (1) 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐-%./01#&.2 = 9 × (𝑃( × 𝑃) × + 𝑃*) × 𝑃4 12 + 1 (2) 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐56$ = 9 × 𝑈( × (𝑈) + 𝑈*) 8 + 1 (3) 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐72/ .8 9&8$ = 9 × (𝐸( + 𝐸) + 𝐸*) × 𝐸4 12 + 1 (4) 951 3. Result and Discussion There are two results of this study, sustainable HoQ, and sustainable concept metrics measurement. According to the statistical analysis, the data is sufficient and valid. The sufficient score of N' is 11.94 (N'