Microsoft Word - 1murphy.docx A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 58, 2017 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Remigio Berruto, Pietro Catania, Mariangela Vallone Copyright © 2017, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608-52-5; ISSN 2283-9216 Energy Analysis of Agricultural Labor Novruz Kasumov*, Evgeny Mozhaev, Svetlana Kasumova, Sergey Slesarenko, Nurlana Kasumova Russian State Agrarian Correspondence University nekasumov@yandex.ru As is well known, sustainable development of agriculture depends on price parity between its products and various sectors of the economy. The basis of pricing must be the amount of useful human energy to produce goods and services. On the example of agriculture, we conducted an energy analysis of the labor and calculated the cost of energy for different categories of workers depending on gender, weight, age and physical activity. The results can be used to eliminate the disparity of prices in the economy. 1. Introduction The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that labor is the basis of pricing as the only power to create value. From the physical and physiological points of view it is energy transformation: the transformation of human energy into goods creates energy intensity of goods through the production process. The monetary value of this energy intensity, in our opinion, is the science-based price for a product or service. To calculate the energy intensity of 1 man-hour and knowing how many man-hours are spent on the production of various types of goods and services, we can correctly determine the energy intensity of total production for the creation of price parity between them, especially in the regulation of cross-sectoral exchange. But the problem is that subsistence expenses of the employee are not uniform and differ in intensity per unit time at the time of sleep, personal time and labor. In addition, there are inconsistencies in the regulations to determine the energy intensity of labor. According to GOST 51750-2001 of the Russian Federation "Methods for determination of energy intensity in the manufacture of products and provision of services in technological energy systems" the total energy intensity of the products is determined according to GOST R 51387: value of energy consumption and (or) fuel for manufacture of the product, including the cost of extraction, transportation, processing of minerals and the production of raw materials, materials, details with regard to the utilization of raw materials. In the energy intensity is associated with fuel and energy analysis. Belarusian colleagues consider that the total energy is the sum of direct and embodied energy per unit area or unit of output". Scientists of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named K.A.Timiryazev (RSAU-MTAA) have focused on the assessment of the energy efficiency of agricultural technologies, without giving the definition of energy intensity of production. In our opinion, the energy intensity is the total amount of anthropogenous energy for the production of goods and services. Besides, the labor intensity is categorized as "very easy, easy, medium, heavy and very heavy." At the same time in the normative document physiological needs for energy and nutrients for different groups of the population of the Russian Federation, developed at the Institute of Nutrition and signed by the Chief Medical Officer of the Russian Federation December 18, 2008, the work is considered as a production and physical activity is divided into "very low, low, medium, high and very high ", with the corresponding coefficients of physical activity. Secondly, the above sources provide different quantitative values of the intensity of labor, and therefore it is necessary to conduct special studies. Calculate the total expenditure of human energy (∑ HE ) to work, in other words, the energy intensity of labor. For example, consider the energy cost of men aged 39 years, weight - 70 kg, physical activity work - very high, for example, the work of the miner). According to the article 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian DOI: 10.3303/CET1758009 Please cite this article as: Kasumov N., Mozhaev E., Kasumova S., Slesarenko S., Kasumova N., 2017, Energy analysis of agricultural labor, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 58, 49-54 DOI: 10.3303/CET1758009 49 Federation: "normal working hours may not exceed 40 hours in a week." Consequently, the average hours of work a five-day working week is 8 hours. The total expenditure of human energy (∑ HE ) a day in intensity are divided into three parts: during sleep ( S E ) (the cost of energy at this time is equal to the value of basal metabolism ( VBM E ), during personal time ( PT E ) (very low physical activity, I group physical activity) and labor energy ( L E ). Consider the expenditure of human energy during 24 hours. Table 1: The average values of the basal metabolism of the adult population of Russia (kcal/day), Men (basal metabolic rate) Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 50 1450 1370 1280 1180 55 1520 1430 1350 1240 60 1590 1500 1410 1300 65 1670 1570 1480 1360 70 1750 1650 1550 1430 75 1830 1720 1620 1500 80 1920 1810 1700 1570 85 2010 1900 1780 1640 90 2110 1990 1870 1720 Table 2: The average values of the basal metabolism of the adult population of Russia (kcal/day), Women (basal metabolic rate) Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 40 1080 1050 1020 960 45 1150 1120 1080 1030 50 1230 1190 1160 1100 55 1300 1260 1220 1160 60 1380 1340 1300 1230 65 1450 1410 1370 1290 70 1530 1490 1440 1360 75 1600 1550 1510 1430 80 1680 1630 1580 1500 The results of labor intensity calculations for a specific employee with the use of normative documents are presented. The indicators of average energy intensity of labor calculated for all categories of workers, depending on sex, age, body weight and physical activity ratio are presented. According to the universal Declaration of human rights (1948) and the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (1966), "the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be implemented if there is a conditions whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social and cultural rights, as well as their civil and political rights". Their effective implementation is necessary to observe the principle of equal pay for equal labor. However, the average wage level in rural areas is much lower than in other sectors of the economy, although the quantity and quality of labor is the same. This negative fact result in discrimination on a sectoral basis. For her (discrimination) eliminating us a method of energy analysis. Partially these issues were addressed by us in (Kasumov, 2014). In our opinion, the labor is a conscious energy to create goods and is the basis of value and pricing. On the basis of equality of people, the socially necessary equal work should be paid equally regardless of industry sector worker. Therefore, the development of standards for the energy equivalent of 1 man-hour is an urgent task. 50 2. Material and methods To determine the energy intensity (energy equivalent) of labor of various categories of workers we used the "Norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for different groups of population of the Russian Federation. Guidelines" (2008) and the obtained data are compared with materials GOST R 51750-2001. Method of determining energy consumption during the production of goods and rendering of services in technological energy systems (2001). As noted above, total energy expenditure (∑ HE ) per day according to intensity can be divided into three parts: during sleep ( S E ) (cost of energy at this time is equal to the value of basal metabolism ( VBM E ), during personal time ( PT E ) (very low physical activity, I group physical activity) and to labor ( L E ): LPTSH EEEE ++=∑ (1) 3 VBM S E E = (2) 2 )4.1( SVBM PT ExE E − = (3) PTSPhAVBML EExCEE −−= )( (4) where, PhA C - the coefficient of physical activity. Using these formulas, we calculate the average values of the energy intensity of labor all categories of workers, depending on physical activity, body mass, gender and age. Note that the entire adult population, depending on the magnitude of energy expenditure is divided into 5 groups for men and 4 groups for women, taking into account the production of physical activity and other expenditure. 3. Results and discussion The result of the calculation according to the above procedure, we obtained the following values of energy intensity or the energy equivalent of labour between different types of workers depending on the ratio of physical activity. The unit is MJ/hour. Group I (very low physical activity; men and women) workers mainly mental work, physical activity coefficient of 1.4 (civil servants of administrative organs and institutions, researchers, teachers of universities, colleges, secondary school teachers, students, medical professionals, psychologists, managers, operators including equipment maintenance of computers and computer software, programmers, employees of financial- economic, legal and administrative services, employees of design bureaus and divisions, advertising and information services, architects and engineers in industrial and civil construction, tax officers, employees of museums, archives, librarians, specialists, graphic designers, travel Desk, reference services and other related activities). Table 3: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the I group physical activity (MJ/h), Men Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 50 0.405 0.382 0.357 0.329 55 0.424 0.399 0.377 0.346 60 0.444 0.419 0.394 0.363 65 0.466 0.438 0.413 0.380 70 0.488 0.461 0.432 0.399 75 0.511 0.480 0.452 0.419 80 0.536 0.505 0.475 0.438 85 0.561 0.530 0.497 0.458 90 0.589 0.555 0.522 0.480 51 Table 4: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the I group physical activity (MJ/h), Women Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 40 0.302 0.293 0.285 0.268 45 0.321 0.313 0.301 0.287 50 0.343 0.332 0.324 0.307 55 0.363 0.352 0.341 0.324 60 0.385 0.374 0.363 0.343 65 0.405 0.394 0.382 0.360 70 0.427 0.416 0.402 0.380 75 0.447 0.433 0.422 0.399 80 0.469 0.455 0.441 0.419 Group II (low physical activity; men and women) - workers engaged in light labour, the physical activity coefficient is 1.6 (drivers of urban transport, workers food processing, textile, garment, electronic industry, operators of pipelines, packers, drivers of railway transport, local doctors, surgeons, nurses, salespeople, employees of enterprises of public catering, hairdressers, workers housing and maintenance services, restorers of art products, guides, photographers, technicians and operators of radio and television broadcasting, customs inspector, workers police and highway patrol officers and other related activities). Table 5: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the II group physical activity (MJ/h), Men Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 50 0.556 0.526 0.491 0.453 55 0.583 0.549 0.518 0.476 60 0.610 0.576 0.541 0.499 65 0.641 0.602 0.568 0.522 70 0.672 0.633 0.595 0.549 75 0.702 0.660 0.622 0.576 80 0.737 0.695 0.652 0.603 85 0.771 0.729 0.683 0.629 90 0.810 0.764 0.718 0.660 Table 6: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the II group physical activity (MJ/h), Women Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 40 0.414 0.403 0.391 0.368 45 0.441 0.430 0.414 0.395 50 0.472 0.457 0.445 0.422 55 0.499 0.484 0.468 0.445 60 0.530 0.514 0.499 0.472 65 0.556 0.541 0.526 0.495 70 0.587 0.572 0.553 0.522 75 0.614 0.595 0.580 0.549 80 0.645 0.626 0.606 0.576 Group III (medium physical activity; men and women) - workers average weight of labour, the physical activity coefficient is 1.9 (machinists, operators, machine operators, drillers, drivers of electric vehicles, 52 excavators, bulldozers and other heavy equipment, workers greenhouses, growers, gardeners, fisheries and other related activities). Table 7: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the III group physical activity (MJ/h), Men Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 50 0.784 0.741 0.692 0.638 55 0.822 0.773 0.730 0.671 60 0.860 0.811 0.763 0.703 65 0.903 0.849 0.800 0.735 70 0.946 0.892 0.838 0.773 75 0.990 0.930 0.876 0.811 80 1.038 0.979 0.919 0.849 85 1.087 1.028 0.963 0.887 90 1.141 1.076 1.011 0.930 Table 8: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the III group physical activity (MJ/h), Women Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 40 0.584 0.568 0.552 0.519 45 0.622 0.606 0.584 0.557 50 0.665 0.644 0.627 0.595 55 0.703 0.681 0.660 0.627 60 0.746 0.725 0.703 0.665 65 0.784 0.763 0.741 0.698 70 0.827 0.806 0.779 0.735 75 0.865 0.838 0.817 0.773 80 0.909 0.881 0.854 0.811 Group IV (high physical activity; men and women) workers in heavy physical labour, the physical activity coefficient is 2.2 (construction workers, porters, working on maintenance of railway tracks and repair of roads, forestry, hunting and agriculture, woodworkers, athletes, blast furnace steelmakers-casters and other related activities); Table 9: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the IV group physical activity (MJ/h), Men Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 50 1.012 0.956 0.893 0.823 55 1.061 0.998 0.942 0.865 60 1.110 1.047 0.984 0.907 65 1.165 1.096 1.033 0.949 70 1.221 1.151 1.082 0.998 75 1.277 1.200 1.130 1.047 80 1.340 1.263 1.186 1.096 85 1.403 1.326 1.242 1.144 90 1.472 1.389 1.305 1.200 53 Table 10: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the IV group physical activity (MJ/h), Women Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 40 0.754 0.733 0.712 0.670 45 0.802 0.782 0.754 0.719 50 0.858 0.830 0.809 0.768 55 0.907 0.879 0.851 0.809 60 0.963 0.935 0.907 0.858 65 1.012 0.984 0.956 0.900 70 1.068 1.040 1.005 0.949 75 1.116 1.082 1.054 0.998 80 1.172 1.137 1.103 1.047 Group V (very high physical activity; men) workers particularly hard physical labor, the coefficient of physical activity - 2,5 (machine operators and agricultural workers in the sowing and the harvest period, herders and other related activities). Table 11: The average values of energy intensity of labor adult population for the V group physical activity (MJ/h), Men Body weight, kg 18-29 years 30-39 years 40-59 years Over 60 years 50 1.239 1.171 1.094 1.009 55 1.299 1.222 1.154 1.060 60 1.359 1.282 1.205 1.111 65 1.428 1.342 1.265 1.163 70 1.496 1.410 1.325 1.222 75 1.564 1.470 1.385 1.282 80 1.641 1.547 1.453 1.342 85 1.718 1.624 1.522 1.402 90 1.804 1.701 1.598 1.470 4. Conclusions The indicators were calculated on the basis of the state of [2] and can be used in the development of federal and municipal rules and regulations, as well as in the economic activity of enterprises, organizations and institutions of all forms of ownership. The use of the average values of energy intensity of workers in economic practice, reduce social tension in labor relations, lead wages in line with the level of labor costs by sectors of the economy, optimizing the structure of the economy and the proportional, the dynamic development of the real sector economy. References GOST R 51750-2001. The method of determining energy intensity in the production of products and provision of services in technological energy systems accessed 25.05.2010 Kasumov N., 2014a, The determination of the average values of energy intensity labor of different categories of workers depending on the physical activity, Machinery and equipment for the village, 5, 27-29 Kasumov N., 2014b, To the question of the definition of energy intensity of living labor of the employee, Machinery and equipment for the village, 3, 33-34 The international Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights accessed 09.12.2014 The norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for different groups of population of the Russian Federation, Guidelines accessed 09.07.2013 The universal Declaration of human rights accessed: 12.12.2014 54