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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS
VOL. 65, 2018
A publication of
The Italian Association
of Chemical Engineering
Online at www.aidic.it/cet
Guest Editors: Eliseo Ranzi, Mario Costa
Copyright © 2018, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.
ISBN 978-88-95608- 62-4; ISSN 2283-9216
Potential Evaluation of Agroindustrial Waste from Three
Passifloraces as a Source of Usable Biomass
Deivis Suárez Rivero*a; Olga Marín Mahechaa; Daniel Marin Torresb; Maikel
Suárez Riveroc; Luis Carlos Ballesterosd; Jannet Ortiz Aguilard
a
Fundación Universitaria Agraria de Colombia – UNIAGRARIA.
b
Universidad Nacional de Colombia – UN.
c
Instituto de Ciencia Animal – ICA.
d
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia – UCC.
suarez.deivis@uniagraria.edu.co
Colombia is the country with the highest biodiversity of species of the Passifloraceae family in the world, to
date possess an inventory of 167 species. Some of these have a high commercial importance derived from
their consumption in fresh and processed; reason why they are widely cultivated in different regions of the
country, but especially distributed throughout the Andean Region. Because of the above it is evident that a
significant part of the fruits used in the consumption generate by-products that are going to give to the landfills,
becoming a focus of environmental contamination. Therefore, this project evaluated the potential of the by-
products generated from three Passiflorae edulis Sims, Passiflorae mollissima (Kunth) L.H. Bailey and
Passiflorae quadrangularis L. for their potential use as biomass. For this purpose, fruits were used in
consumption matures of the three-species forming a single batch and performing the analyzes of the variables
in triplicate. Hence, the analysis of the content of holocellulose, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, as well as
determination of the dry matter content and percentage of moisture by lyophilization and organic matter were
carried out using a unifactorial design (residues of the studied fruit). Consequently, as a result of data
processed in the Matlab statistical package through analysis of variance it was evidenced that the analyzed
postharvest residues have a high potential in the three pasifloras evaluated as a source of usable biomass.
Lastly, it is emphasized the pericarp of passion fruit (Passiflorae edulis Sims) becouse it showed higher
percentage contents in the variables cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin what evidenced the potential of these
residues (residual biomass) for the production of so-called " Biofuels - Second Generation".
1. Introduction
It is a fact that the generation of energy from fossil fuels is one of the main human activities that cause
environmental problems. One of these problems is atmospheric pollution due to the emission of toxic gases
and the consequent global warming, among other phenomena. For this reason, energy consumption has
increased, due to the increment in industrial processes and direct consumption in households; thus,
generating the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by other alternatives. Starting from this reality, the
search for alternative energy sources that are renewable and friendly to the environment have been the
subject of much research and participation in worldwide debates. It is then, that the use of residual biomass as
a potential to produce alternative energy is a necessary aspect to deepen due to the different energy sources,
the composition of these sources and the energy potential (CEPAL, 2011 and Suárez et al., 2017).
On the other hand, it is noteworthy that Colombia has been known as a country with a strong agricultural
sector. In this area, more than 177 million tons of residual biomass are being generated per year (Ministry of
Mines and Energy, 2011), which have a significant energy potential associated with it. This constitutes an
opportunity in terms of the possibility of producing renewable alternative energy from its residual biomass,
since as reported by Cadavid-Rodríguez and Bolaños-Valencia (2015), renewable resources currently play a
crucial role in limiting CO2 emissions. This is how the evaluation of the agroindustrial potential of the residual
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DOI: 10.3303/CET1865108
Please cite this article as: Suarez Rivero D., Marin Mahecha O., Marin Torres D., Suarez Rivero M., Ballesteros L.C., Ortiz Aguilar J., 2018,
Potential evaluation of agroindustrial waste from three passifloraces as a source of usable biomass, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 65,
643-648 DOI: 10.3303/CET1865108
biomass of the Passifloraces, can open new alternatives for the biotechnological, chemical and biomass
exploitation industry.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Characteristics of vegetable material.
For the development of the different tests, it was used the fruit exocarp of Passiflorae edulis Sims (Maracuyá),
Passiflorae mollissima (Kunth) L.H. Bailey (Curuba) and Passiflorae quadrangularis L. (Badea) in good quality
condition, without apparent mechanical damage and fit for human consumption. Only the exocarp was used
since it is the part of the fruit that is not of human consumption and that can be used for the generation of
added value to the chain of the Passiflorae.
2.2 Preparation and lyophilization
The fruits were disinfected by immersion in water with sodium hypochlorite (3 %) with slight agitation. They
were then washed with plenty of water and dried at room temperature. Subsequently, the pulp of the epicarp
(peel) was separated, discarding the latter because it was not an object of study. For each of the tests
described below, dried material was used in an oven at 105 °C until obtaining a constant weight, after drying
and grinding, they were kept in a desiccator to avoid hydration of the tissue. Additionally, part of the raw
material was dried by lyophilization at 0.01 °C and 4.5 mmHg in freeze dryer LABCONCO.
2.3 Determination of Lignin by the Klason method
The aforementioned method corresponds to the TAPPI 222 standard, which consists of carrying out a
quantitative acid hydrolysis of two stages: the first with 72 % sulfuric acid that hydrolyzes the polysaccharides
in oligosaccharides and a second 4 % that breaks the oligomers in monosaccharides. To this end, 1 g of
sample (P1) was used, weighed on a precision scale of 0.0001 g, mixed with 15 ml of 72 % H2SO4 and left to
stand for 24 hours. Subsequently, the contents of the beaker were transferred to a 1000 ml flask and 560 ml of
deionized water was added to pass 72 % H2SO4 to 3 % H2SO4. The flask was connected to a refrigerant tube
and kept boiling for 4 hours in a heating mantle. Once the previous time had ended, the solid could settle and
filtered on a filter plate, previously dried in an oven at 105 °C and weighed (P2).
The filtered solid was washed with abundant hot deionized water until the pH of the wash water ceased to be
acidic. The solid already washed was dried in an oven at 105 °C for 12 hours and weighed (P3), 100 mg of the
dry solid was taken and calcined in muffle at 430 °C for 24 hours, thus obtaining its percentage in organic
matter (MOlig). The lignin content was calculated with the following expression:
Lignin (%) = [( – ) (% ) ][ ( – % )] (1)
Where:
% H is the percentage of water with respect to freeze-dried and milled sample.
2.4 Determination of Holocellulose
For the determination of this variable, acetic acid is used, a compound that acidifies the medium and becomes
sodium dioxide. This allows to degrade the lignin, solubilizing it and clarifying the sample. For this, the ASTM
D-1104 standard was followed, and 2 g of sample (P1) were weighed, with a precision of 0.0001 g, were
weighed in an Erlenmeyer flask of 250 ml capacity and 63 ml of deionized water were added. To the
suspension is added 0.2 ml of CH3COOH and 0.6 g of NaClO2. Said mixture is covered with a watch glass
and it is introduced to the water bath (70-80 ºC), shaking from time to time. This process is repeated twice
more. At the end of the third hour, the Erlenmeyer flask is placed in an ice-water bath until the temperature
drops to 10 °C. It is filtered on a pre-weighed filter plate (P2) and washed with deionized water until the yellow
coloration is eliminated. It is then washed with deionized water, allowed to dry at 60 °C and weighed (P3). The
percentages of humidity (% Hholo) and organic matter (% MOholo), respectively, are determined to the solid
obtained. The content of holocellulose is calculated according to the expression (2).
Holocellulose (%) = [( – ) ( – % ) (% )][ ( – % )] (2)
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Where:
% H is the percentage of water with respect to freeze-dried and milled sample.
2.5 Determination of cellulose content
It was determined according to the ANSI / ASTM standard (American National Standards Institute). To this
end, 1 g of holocellulose (P1) was weighed on an analytical balance with a precision of 0.0001 g, and placed
in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask. 5 ml of 17.5 % NaOH was added by mixing with a magnetic stirrer and adding
2.5 ml of 17.5 % NaOH every 5 minutes until a total of 12.5 ml was consumed; it was kept 30 minutes at room
temperature. In the same way, 16,5 ml of deionized water was subsequently added at 20 °C to go from 17,5 %
to 8.3 % NaOH; it was homogenized and kept for 1 hour at room temperature.
Then, it was filtered on filter plate a weight known (P2), and washed three times with 50 ml of 8.3 % NaOH
and subsequently with deionized water. The suction is cut and 7.5 ml of 10 % CH3COOH are added leaving 3
minutes in contact with the sample. The vacuum was again connected and washed with deionized water until
the filtrate was neutral. It was dried at 105 °C in an oven for 12 hours and weighed (P3).
To determine the calculation of cellulose content is done according to the expression:
Cellulose(%) = [( – ) (% ) (% ) ] [ (% ) ( – % )] (3)
2.6 Determination of hemicellulose
The content of hemicellulose was calculated by the difference between the content of holocellulose and that of
cellulose.
2.7 Statistical analysis
A single analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the averages of the samples by treatment at a significance
level of 95 % (α = 0.05) was carried out to establish whether any differences exist for the variables under
evaluation (Suárez, 2011). If there was no significant difference between the samples, a multiple range test
was performed using the statistical package the statistical Matlab.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Determination of the Dry Mass by lyophilization and preliminary indicators
Basically, drying by lyophilization was applied on 50 grams of each raw material in triplicate to evaporate the
water through the surface of the product and transfer it to the surrounding air, that is, to sublimate the ice. In
this sense, as shown in Figure 1, the highest results in terms of this indicator were presented for the pericarp
(exocarp and mesocarp only) of Maracuyá (6.78 ± 1.07 g), although no difference was evidenced significant
with respect to the Curuba (6.16 ± 0.31 g), they did present it when comparing their results with the Badea
(3.73 ± 0.92 g).
Figure 1. Dry mass of the three raw materials determined by lyophilization.
The previous difference can be given in large measure to that the Badea, although it has a pericarp (exocarp
and mesocarp) of greater diameter than the Curuba and Maracuyá, it is spongier; that is, it has a greater
number of spaces with large amounts of water in its structure, coinciding with what was expressed by Dorado
et al. (2013) and by Ortiz et al. (2015) for other vegetables structures.
0,00
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3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
Badea Maracuyá Curuba
D
ry
m
as
s
by
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op
hi
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g)
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On the other hand, the Maracuyá, which presented the highest values of dry matter, has a leathery
appearance; that is, its pericarp is drier. This result is consistent with those shown for the percentage (%) of
humidity in the raw materials studied. When reviewing figure 2, the highest percentage of moisture
(determined by lyophilization) was present in the pericarp (exocarp and mesocarp) of the badea (92.55 ± 1.85
%), differing significantly from the other two raw materials (Curuba with 87.67 ± 0.63 % and Maracuyá with
86.44 ± 2.14 % of Moisture) which do not differ from each other.
83.00
84.00
85.00
86.00
87.00
88.00
89.00
90.00
91.00
92.00
93.00
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BADEA MARACUYÁ CURUBA
%
F
re
ez
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dr
ie
d
M
oi
st
ur
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Figure 2. % humidity of the three raw materials determined by lyophilization.
Likewise, when performing the analysis of table 1, which reflects the variables Percentage (%) of Organic
Matter and Percentage (%) of Holocellulose, for the two indicators, the three raw materials show values that
differ significantly among them; but additionally, they are consistent with those shown in figures 1 and 2 of this
article. It is then that the highest values for % of Organic Matter (% MO) and % of Holocellulose were
presented in the Maracuyá.
Table 1. Quantification of preliminary variables
VARIABLE
RAW MATERIAL
Badea Maracuyá Curuba
% MO 0.28±0.15a 3.83±0,99c 0.99±0.07b
% Holocellulose 0.022±0.01a 0.68±0.13c 0.17±0.03b
(Equal letters show no significant differences between treatments and different letters show significant differences between
treatments)
It is noteworthy, according to Prado-Martínez (2012) that the Holocellulose corresponds to the total of
polymeric carbohydrates that are in the material; that is, the mixture of degraded cellulose, not degraded and
hemicellulose, which would be a favorable feature of this raw material (Maracuyá) from the point of view of
pulpable aptitude.
3.2 Determination of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
The average values obtained from the content of lignocellulosic material (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin)
in the three raw materials used are shown in table 2. This table shows that for the cellulose content the three
raw materials showed values that differed significantly from each other, being the Curuba peel the one that
showed the highest values with 0.825 ± 0.006 %, with significant differences from the rest of the treatments.
Different is what is appreciated when analyzing the results shown for hemicellulose and lignin, where the
highest results are expressed for the pericarp of Maracuyá with 0.4965 ± 0.17 % and 1.026 ± 0.20 %
respectively, differing significantly from the rest of the treatments.
For the three indicators analyzed, the lowest and eloquently unequal results to the rest of the raw materials
under study, were presented for the Badea with a % Cellulose of 0.0034 ± 0.001, a % Hemicellulose of 0.018
± 0.009 and a % Lignin 0.133 ± 0.045. All the results can be influenced by the structure of the tissues that
make up the pericarp (epicarp plus the mesocarp) and by the drying method by lyophilization that was used,
which is much more efficient than conventional methods in furnaces or forced conversion furnaces. By the
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way, it should be noted that hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin according to Xiu and Ball (2012) and Suárez et
al. (2016), are intertwined to form the cell wall of the cells that make up the different plant tissues. Its structure
and chemical composition will determine the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of the structure
and, therefore, the yields and the composition of the fractions obtained in the thermal decomposition
processes (Sullivan and Ball, 2012; Rosso et al., 2015).
Table 2. Quantification of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin variables.
VARIABLE
RAW MATERIAL
Badea Maracuyá Curuba
% Cellulose 0.0034±0.001a 0.184±0.05b 0.825±0.006c
% Hemicellulose 0.018±0.009a 0.4965±0.17c 0.086±0.022b
% Lignin 0.113±0.045a 1.026±0.20c 0.174±0.06b
(Equal letters show no significant differences between treatments and different letters show significant differences between
treatments)
It is then, that Nadh - Benarji (2016) notes that the production of bioethanol based on sugars and starches has
been the subject of controversy for the generation of food competition, this is how more sustainable sources
come from agricultural byproducts, forest residues or energy crops which are called lignocellulosic biomass or
also called second generation.
Additionally, these authors point out that these raw materials have limitations given the high lignin and
hemicellulose content of their structures as well as the high crystallinity of the cellulose and low surface area,
so that in many cases it is essential to perform a physical pretreatment, chemical or biological with the
purpose of improving the yield in biofuel production (Tejada et al., 2014). Since the composition of
lignocellulosic materials depends on several factors (Muñoz - Muñoz et al., 2014), it is necessary to adapt
certain parameters for each raw material, thus making structural sugars accessible to fermentation.
4. Conclusions
The amount of Passion Fruit bagasse (pericarp) that is produced in Colombia, not only at the industrial level,
but also at the domestic level far exceeds the other two passionflower (Passifloraces) under study, this
together with the fact that this (Maracuyá) showed the highest values for all the evaluated indicators, thus
becoming the waste that contributes the greatest amount of lignocellulosic compounds.
The agroindustrial residues of passifloraces represent raw material with important agroindustrial potential,
since not only does it contain a high percentage of cellulose, but it does not require strong pretreatments to
decompose its lignin fraction given the structure of the tissues that make up the cell wall, where only a primary
membrane rich in cellulose and hemicellulose is developed.
The values lower than 1% in Cellulose and other compounds for the three species, could be given to the
degree of maturation of the fruits and to the readsoción of the elements that make up the exocarp during the
maturation process.
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