Microsoft Word - cet-01.docx CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 46, 2015 A publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Peiyu Ren, Yancang Li, Huiping Song Copyright © 2015, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-37-2; ISSN 2283-9216 Research into a Wireless Smart Parking System Shuangyou W ang*a, Junfang Tianb, Dianru Jiab a Software School, Handan College, Handan, Hebei, 056001, China, b School of Information Engineering, Handan College, Handan, Hebei, 056001, China. wsyhdc@163.com In order to solve problems such as single function, poor real-time performance and low efficiency of the traditional parking lot, this paper designs an intelligent parking system bas ed on a Zigbee wireless network, which is characterized by free license band, dynamic networking, and a self-multi hop network. On the basis of system design, according to the functional requirements of different nodes of the system, a reasonable hardware platform has been designed. The design of the software provides a detailed workflow. Practical testing shows that the system has high detection accuracy. It can fully meet the requirements of efficient management of an intelligent parking area. 1. Introduction With the development of society, car usage has greatly increased. The boom in the automobile market has, however, triggered parking problems. Existing parking management cannot meet the growing demand for vehicles, and parking problems are becoming an obstacle that restricts the healthy development of the urban economy (Y.Y Qin and J.W . Zhang (2015)). Making full use of limited parking spaces to meet the demand for parking has become an urgent problem requiring solution. Therefore, it is of great significance to undertake research on intelligent parking management and practical solutions (H.Z. Liu et al. (2015)). Compared with foreign countries, the use of intelligent parking based on a wireless network is still low in China. An intelligent parking system based on Zigbee can use the perception ability of sensor nodes to monitor and manage each parking space, provide special guidance services, manage parking and provide other functions. 2. System Compositions The proposed parking system uses an ARM processor as the core, which is composed of a vehicle detector, a remote RFID reader, a LED display, a gate, and a parking lot. It is shown in figure 1. Vehicle exit S3C2440 RS232 SDRAM FLASH RFID card reader CC2530 Antenna circuit Ultrasonic sensor Parking detection Power Stepper motor Zigbee Modular Zigbee network Figure 1: A structural diagram of the system DOI: 10.3303/CET1546041 Please cite this article as: Wang S.Y., Tian J.F., Jia D.R., 2015, Research into a wireless smart parking system, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 46, 241-246 DOI:10.3303/CET1546041 241 A detector is responsible for checking whether vehicles pass. A microprocessor reads the data in the RFID card by an RFID reader. An LED screen displays the information for the remaining parking spaces. A gate controls vehicle access. The system will continue to monitor the vehicle; once a vehicle is detected, it immediately prepares an RFID card reading and writing process to read the information of the RFID card, and then the user’s next action is decided. At the same time, an LED screen displ ays detailed information of the parking space to the user (E.J. Sun et al. (2015)). After all the actions are completed, the microprocessor sends a command to the gate control module, which permits the user to go in or out. 3. Hardware Design of the system 3.1 Core microprocessor In the system， the MCU S3C2440 made by SAMSUNG CO is used. This product is designed to provide hand-held devices and general applications and is cost-effective, low-power, and uses a high-performance microcontroller solution in small die size. To reduce the total system cost, the S3C2440 includes the following components separately: 16KB Instruction and 16KB Data Cache, MMU to handle virtual memory management, 8-ch 10-bit ADC and Touch Screen Interface, and 2-ch SPI and PLL for clock generation. The S3C2440 was developed using an ARM920T core, 0.18um CMOS standard cells and a memory complier. Its low-power, simple, elegant and fully static design is particularly suitable for cost- and power-sensitive applications. It adopts a new bus architecture called Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA). 3.2 ZigBee wireless module In the parking lot, each parking space corresponds to a sensor, and the number of parking spaces in a large parking lot is generally more than one hundred, so the demand for security and transmission efficiency is high. Zigbee technology can be used to transmit controlling information. CC2530 in the Zigbee wireless transmission module has a very high level of integration, and works with an external crystal oscillator and reset circuit (X.T. Yang (2014)). The design of the RF part needs to be the impedance of the antenna plate load circuit. The design of the Zigbee wireless transmission circuit is shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Design of the Zigbee circuit The parking system is designed for the large intelligent management of hundreds of parking spaces. The wireless sensor terminal equipment based on a CC2530 module is installed at each parking space and each zone constitutes a ZigBee wireless sensor network. Each zone contains a ZigBee router and a plurality of wireless sensing terminal equipment with streamlined functions, and the whole area contains a ZigBee coordinator. Wireless transmission is used between ZigBee devices, and communication between the ZigBee coordinator and the host computer monitoring center are carried on by the serial. 242 3.3 The design of the parking detection circuit The main types of space detectors available in China are a magneto-resistive sensor, ground sensor, video parking lot detector, ultrasonic sensors, and so on. But for various reasons, the use of space detectors is limited. For example, a magneto-resistive sensor needs to be buried about 30m underground, and it is difficult to replace the sensor and the ground sensor response. Video detection is easily influenced by weather conditions (Y.J. Zhang and S. Tian (2014)). The detection range of the ultrasonic sensor depends on the wavelength and frequency. The detection range of the compact sensor with millimeter wavelength is 300 mm~500 mm, and the wavelength is greater than 5 mm. The detection range of the sensor can reach 8m. Many factors can affect the accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor, the most important factor being the acoustic velocity with temperature. Thus many ultrasonic wave sensors have temperature compensation. This characteristic can make the analog output type ultrasonic sensor obtain the repetition accuracy of 0.6 mm within a wide temperature range. Therefore this system selects the ultrasonic sensor. The sensor receiving and transmitting circuit of the ultrasonic sensor is shown in figure 3 and figure 4. Figure 3: The ultrasonic receiving circuit Figure 4: The ultrasonic transmitting circuit 4. The design of the system software The system software mainly includes the Zigbee router node program, the Zigbee coordinator, parking detection and so on. 4.1 The design of the Zigbee router node The design of the router node software is mainly responsible for the data acquisition and inf ormation fusion, and can also transmit the data as a secondary function, which allows the terminal acquisition node to be unrestricted by the location of the data collection node, and arranged in the required position. If it is far away, Zigbee routing nodes are just added in the middle for the data relay and forwarding. Then the integrated data is sent to the coordinator (D.Q. Yang and Y.J. W ang (2012)). It is shown in Figure 5. 243 Join network Initialization Enter monitoring state Received signal Send sampled data Send control command Assigned node address Figure 5: The flow chart of router node 4.2 The design of the Zigbee network coordinator The Zigbee network coordinator is responsible for organization and coordination of the entire network and uses the fixed network address 0x0000, which makes it suitable to be the system for the data collect ion point. It is connected to the central controlling system by serial port RS232, and sends reported data to the central control system and stores data into a built-in or general database server. The network coordinator program is shown in figure 6. Initialize the coordinator establish the network Check for data Forward data to the controller by the serial port Waiting for the next data Check INCOMING_MSG_CMD ? N Y Figure 6: The flow chart of the coordinator 4.3 The design of the parking detection Because of the limited energy of the terminal for parking detection, the following measures are taken to save energy: The network parameters are saved to non-volatile memory after finding the network. In the next connection network, the program reads the saved network parameters first to reduce the time used for searching, and closes the wireless transceiver functions after each test or transmission. All the pins are set to a three floating 244 state and the MOS pipe of the infrared emission and receiving unit closes the pull -up resistor automatically, to enter a power-saving mode. To allow the energy-saving parameter to set its own sleep, the clock enters a low power sleep mode and waits for the next clock overflow as a wake-up event. The terminal parking detection node program is shown in figure 7. Initialization / sleep wake Initialization power supply, receiving interrupt, pulse output Intermittent 20ms output pulse 5 times shut the external power supply and IO port, and open the power saving Contrast the status of the two parking spaces Same ? Collect voltage and open the wireless connection to send data Turn off the wireless connection and the wireless module Set the wake-up time and start to sleep N Y Figure 7: Parking detection flow chart 5. Experimental Results During the test of the network data transmission, and the test of transmission between coordinator and the data concentrator, the gateway is connected to the data concentrator through the serial interface RS232 and to the computer by the data collector. The system has a coordinator node, two router nodes and four terminal nodes. The efficiency of test network data transmission is the efficiency of data receiving by [10] the data receiving end. In the process of testing, 10 ms, 20 ms, 30 ms, 40 ms, 50 ms were used to test under different weather conditions. The rate of packet loss was 0 when the period of transmission was 50 ms. In order to record the packet sending and receiving, a serial port debugging program was used. The results are shown in table 1. Table 1: Network data transmission test structure Weather Sunny day Sending cycle (ms) total number of sending (byte) total number of receiving (byte) Loss rate (%) 10 5867210 4083561 30.40 20 6102548 4992034 18.19 30 790568 662837 16.16 40 2089452 2064358 1.20 Cloudy day 50 3068725 3068725 0 10 5260533 3912709 25.62 20 5926706 4832408 18.46 30 790568 662837 16.15 40 3105874 3026470 2.55 50 4257906 4257906 0 245 6. Conclusions This paper presents an intelligent parking system based on Zigbee technology, which can realize access without barriers, parking detection, parking guidance, and other functions. It can greatly improve the intelligent management of the parking lot. When vehicles enter or leave the parking lot, a low frequency stimulator wakes the HF RFID tags of their units, and the units remain in a dormant state when vehicles are away from the parking lot. Thereby it greatly reduces the power consumption of the vehicle mounted unit, and prolongs its service life. When the vehicle is parked, the vehicle location is combined with the CC2530, and the actual distribution within the parking lot is updated. The information is transmitted through the Zigbee backbone network to ensure two-way interaction of information. The system is low cost, has high reliability and high practicability, as indicated through the tests undertaken. References Hou W.Y., Dang M., Cui Y., 2015, Outdoor parking information perception and release management system, Journal of Anhui University (Natural Sciences), vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 56-61 Li Y.J., Peng Q., Yang J., 2015,Research and design of ward calling device, Review of computer engineering studies, vol. 2,no. 1, pp. 39-42, DOI: 10.18280/rces.020107. Liu H.Z., Li X.H., Du Y.R., 2015, ZigBee-based intelligent management system for parking lot, Modern Electronic Technique, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 124-126. Qiao X.M., 2012, Design of Parking Direction and Parking Space Management System Based on RFID, Computer Measurement & Control, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1404-1407. Qin Y.Y., Zhang J.W., 2015, Intelligent parking lot system based on internet of things, Journal of Hebei University of engineering (natural science edition), vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 94-96, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673- 9469.2015.02.023. Sun E.J., Shi Z., Li W., 2015, Intelligent Management System of Large Public Underground Garage. Modern Architecture Electric, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 50-53. 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2162.2015.02.010. Sun H., Chen Y.R., 2013, Underground parking information system based on wireless sensor network, Journal of University of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 664-670, DOI: 10.7523/j.issn.2095- 6134.2013.05.014. Wang C., Zhu S.M., 2015, A design of fpga-based system for image processing, Review of computer engineering studies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25-30, DOI: 10.18280/rces.020104. Yang D.Q., W ang Y.J., 2012, Research on an intelligent parking system based on ZigBee, Internet of things technologies, no. 8, pp. 44-47. Yang X.T., Yuan D., Gao X.H., 2014, The Design of Wireless Intelligent Parking System Based on Zigbee, Journal of Jilin Architectural and Civil Engineering, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 62-64. Zhang Y.J., Tian S., 2014,Design of Intelligent Illustration and Parking Guidance System for Underground Parking Lot, Process Automation Instrumentation, no. 4, pp. 64-66, DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000- 0380.2014.04.019. 246